The Spread of Religious The Spread of Religious and Political Reformsand Political Reforms

RELIGIOUS REFORMSRELIGIOUS REFORMS

Originally, the first advocates of Filipino Originally, the first advocates of Filipino unfair condition in the Philippine were unfair condition in the Philippine were three Filipino priests, who were the three Filipino priests, who were the Church–Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Church–Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gómez and friar Jacinto Zamora. They Gómez and friar Jacinto Zamora. They insisted on the abolition of insisted on the abolition of discrimination to Filipino priests in discrimination to Filipino priests in Catholic Church in the Philippine Catholic Church in the Philippine because the discrimination prevented because the discrimination prevented Filipino priests from promoting to upper Filipino priests from promoting to upper positions. positions.

The Spanish colonial authorities The Spanish colonial authorities executed and hanged three priests in executed and hanged three priests in 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila by 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila by making false charge as the making false charge as the ringleaders of the 1872 Cavite mutiny, ringleaders of the 1872 Cavite mutiny, which was the rebel by workers in the which was the rebel by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard. Their executions, Cavite Naval Yard. Their executions, which called the GOMBRUZA, which called the GOMBRUZA, triggered the Propaganda Movementtriggered the Propaganda Movement

GOMBURZAGOMBURZA

POLITICAL REFORMSPOLITICAL REFORMS

Propaganda movementPropaganda movement Jose Rizal, Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Marcelo H. Del PilarPilar and and

Mariano PonceMariano Ponce comprised the main comprised the main staff of staff of La La SolidaridadSolidaridad, official organ , official organ of the Philippine propaganda of the Philippine propaganda movement in Spain; they were called movement in Spain; they were called the “Glorious Trinity of the the “Glorious Trinity of the Propaganda Movement”.Propaganda Movement”.

The limited higher education in the The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many direction, but by the 1880s many sons of wealthy Filipinos were sent to sons of wealthy Filipinos were sent to Europe to study. There, nationalism Europe to study. There, nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere in the liberal atmosphere

Out of this talented group of overseas Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose the so-called Filipino students arose the so-called Propaganda Movement. On Dec 13, Propaganda Movement. On Dec 13, 1888 they established in Barcelona the 1888 they established in Barcelona the La Solidaridad. This movement called La Solidaridad. This movement called for the annexation of the Philippines, for the annexation of the Philippines, Filipino representation in the Spanish Filipino representation in the Spanish legislature, freedom of speech and the legislature, freedom of speech and the press, and Filipino equality before the press, and Filipino equality before the law.law.

Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished. The president of La Solidaridad flourished. The president of La Solidaridad was Rizal's cousin, Galicano Apacible. was Rizal's cousin, Galicano Apacible. Among the other officers were Among the other officers were GracianoGraciano Lopez- Lopez-JaenaJaena, vice-president, and Mariano , vice-president, and Mariano Ponce, treasurer. Rizal, in London at the Ponce, treasurer. Rizal, in London at the time, was named Honorary President. time, was named Honorary President. Unfortunately, Apacible could not hold the Unfortunately, Apacible could not hold the wrangling reformists together. It took the wrangling reformists together. It took the prestige of Rizal and the political wisdom prestige of Rizal and the political wisdom of del Pilar to unite the Filipinos in Spain of del Pilar to unite the Filipinos in Spain and to coordinate their efforts. and to coordinate their efforts.

Jose Rizal was this movement's most Jose Rizal was this movement's most brilliant figure and his writings had a wide brilliant figure and his writings had a wide impact in the Philippines. Marcelo H. Del impact in the Philippines. Marcelo H. Del Pilar joined the Masonic Order in Spain in Pilar joined the Masonic Order in Spain in 1889, one of the first Filipinos initiated into 1889, one of the first Filipinos initiated into the mysteries of Masonry in Europe. He co-the mysteries of Masonry in Europe. He co-founded Logia Revoluccion in Barcelona and founded Logia Revoluccion in Barcelona and revived Logia Solidaridad 53 when it revived Logia Solidaridad 53 when it floundered into stormy seas where he floundered into stormy seas where he became its Worshipful Master and with Jose became its Worshipful Master and with Jose Rizal as Orator Rizal as Orator

He was crowned 33° by the Gran Oriente He was crowned 33° by the Gran Oriente Espanol. He spearheaded the secret Espanol. He spearheaded the secret organization of Masonic lodges in the organization of Masonic lodges in the Philippines as a means of strengthening Philippines as a means of strengthening the propaganda movement. Mariano the propaganda movement. Mariano Ponce also became a mason in Spain Ponce also became a mason in Spain and became Secretary of Logia and became Secretary of Logia Revoluccion and Logia Solidaridad 53. Revoluccion and Logia Solidaridad 53. He attained the rank of 33° mason under He attained the rank of 33° mason under the auspices of the Gran Oriente the auspices of the Gran Oriente Español. Español.

Specifically, the Propagandists Specifically, the Propagandists aims were:aims were:

1. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament;

2. Secularization of the clergy;3. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;4. Creation of a public school system independent of the friars;5. Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local

products to the government);6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association;7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government

service.8. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain9. Secularization of Philippine parishes. 10.Recognition of human rights

Jose Rizal, Marcelo H, Del PilarJose Rizal, Marcelo H, Del Pilar

La SolidaridadLa Solidaridad

On Feb 15, 1889, the Filipino On Feb 15, 1889, the Filipino propagandists were able to get together propagandists were able to get together behind a new publication which they behind a new publication which they called La Solidaridad, and which for its called La Solidaridad, and which for its more than five years of existence more than five years of existence became the principal organ of the became the principal organ of the Propaganda movementPropaganda movement. It existed up to . It existed up to Nov 15, 1895.Nov 15, 1895.

Its first editor was Its first editor was GracianoGraciano Lopez- Lopez-JaenaJaena but he was soon succeeded by but he was soon succeeded by Marcelo H. del Marcelo H. del PilarPilar. La Solidaridad . La Solidaridad was a political propaganda paper was a political propaganda paper with a liberal, reformist orientation with a liberal, reformist orientation dedicated to the task of fighting dedicated to the task of fighting reaction in all its forms.reaction in all its forms.

The contributors of the La The contributors of the La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos.Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos.

Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel),Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel), Jose Jose RizalRizal (Laon Laan), (Laon Laan), Mariano PonceMariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulo, (Naning, Kalipulo,

Tigbalang), Tigbalang), Antonio LunaAntonio Luna (Taga Ilog), (Taga Ilog), Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa),Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa), Dr. Pedro Paterno, Dr. Pedro Paterno, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Isabelo delos Reyes, Eduardo de Lete, Isabelo delos Reyes, Eduardo de Lete, Jose Alejandrino. Jose Alejandrino.

Some friends of the Propaganda Some friends of the Propaganda Movement also contributed, notably Movement also contributed, notably Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist) and Dr. Miguel (Austrian ethnologist) and Dr. Miguel Morayta (Spanish historian, Morayta (Spanish historian, university professor and statesman).university professor and statesman).

Other revolutionary papers of the Other revolutionary papers of the time includetime include

KalayaanKalayaan La LibertadLa Libertad La IndependendaLa Independenda La Republica FilipinasLa Republica Filipinas La Revolucion, El Renacimiento, La Revolucion, El Renacimiento, and La Vanguardia. and La Vanguardia. Most revolutionary papers were published Most revolutionary papers were published

outside the Philippines either in Madrid or outside the Philippines either in Madrid or Barcelona due to Spanish censorship in Barcelona due to Spanish censorship in the colony.the colony.

La Liga FilipinaLa Liga Filipina

When upon his return to the Philippines in When upon his return to the Philippines in July, 1892, July, 1892, RizalRizal organized the La Liga organized the La Liga Filipina, this constituted a forward step in Filipina, this constituted a forward step in the reformist ideas of the times in the sense the reformist ideas of the times in the sense that the new group sought to involve the that the new group sought to involve the people directly in the people directly in the reform movementreform movement. . Many elements of society who were anxious Many elements of society who were anxious for change were attracted to the Liga, for change were attracted to the Liga, among them, among them, Andres Andres BonifacioBonifacio who became who became one of the founders of the organization.one of the founders of the organization.

As listed in the constitution Rizal As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the Liga's aims were:prepared, the Liga's aims were:

To unite the whole archipelago into one To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous compact, vigorous, and homogenous bodybody

Mutual protection in every want and Mutual protection in every want and necessitynecessity

Defense against all violence and injusticeDefense against all violence and injustice Encouragement of instruction, Encouragement of instruction,

agriculture, and commerceagriculture, and commerce Study and application of reforms.Study and application of reforms.

As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. These were innocent, even naive objectives These were innocent, even naive objectives that could hardly alleviate the social ills of that could hardly alleviate the social ills of those times, but the Spanish authorities those times, but the Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, a scant four days after the July 6, 1892, a scant four days after the Liga was organized.Liga was organized.

With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became inactive until, through the efforts of became inactive until, through the efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized. reorganized. ApolinarioApolinario MabiniMabini became the became the secretary of the Supreme Council. Upon his secretary of the Supreme Council. Upon his suggestion, the organization decided to suggestion, the organization decided to declare its support for declare its support for La La SolidaridadSolidaridad and the and the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the paper, and defray the expenses of deputies paper, and defray the expenses of deputies advocating reforms for the country before advocating reforms for the country before the Spanish Cortes. the Spanish Cortes.

The splitThe split

At first the Liga was quite active. At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters in efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few various districts of Manila. A few months later, however, the Supreme months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the Council of the Liga dissolved the society. society.

A few months later, however, the Supreme Council A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society. The reformist of the Liga dissolved the society. The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils leaders found out that most of the popular councils which Bonifacio had organized were no longer which Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the Madrid propagandists willing to send funds to the Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio, they had become convinced because, like Bonifacio, they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile. Afraid that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile. Afraid that the more radical rank and file members might that the more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and unwilling to involve capture the organization and unwilling to involve themselves in an enterprise which would surely themselves in an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted for dissolution.the Liga opted for dissolution.

The Liga membership split into two The Liga membership split into two groups: the conservatives formed the groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the and secret society, the KatipunanKatipunan, , which Bonifacio had organized on the which Bonifacio had organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan. very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.

Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)

BornBornAugust 30, 1850August 30, 1850Cupang, Bulacan, Bulacan, PhilippinesCupang, Bulacan, Bulacan, Philippines

DiedDiedJuly 4, 1896 (aged 46)July 4, 1896 (aged 46)Barcelona, SpainBarcelona, Spain

NationalityNationality Filipino Filipino Pen namesPen namesPlaridel, Dolores Manapat, Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Carmelo, Puhdoh, Piping Dilat, L.O CrameCarmelo, Puhdoh, Piping Dilat, L.O Crame OccupationOccupationWriter, Journalist, Lawyer, Writer, Journalist, Lawyer, Newspaperman, and PoetNewspaperman, and Poet Known forKnown forLa Solidaridad and Propaganda La Solidaridad and Propaganda MovementMovement editor of the vernacular section of editor of the vernacular section of the (Tagalog Newspaper), the first the (Tagalog Newspaper), the first Philippine bilingual newspaper, in 1882. Philippine bilingual newspaper, in 1882.

Graciano Lopez JaenaGraciano Lopez Jaena“Prince of Filipino Orators”“Prince of Filipino Orators”

BornDecember 18, 1856BornDecember 18, 1856JaroJaro, , IloiloIloilo, , PhilippinesPhilippines

DiedJanuary 20, 1896 (aged 39)DiedJanuary 20, 1896 (aged 39)MadridMadrid, , SpainSpain

OccupationOccupationWriterWriter, , editoreditor, , oratororator, and , and journalistjournalist Known forFray Botod and Known forFray Botod and La La SolidaridadSolidaridad Founded La Solidaridad but when the Founded La Solidaridad but when the

publication office moved from Barcelona publication office moved from Barcelona

to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded

Marcelo H. del Pilar. Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Mariano PonceMariano Ponce

(1863-1918)(1863-1918) Researcher, historian, bibliographer, Researcher, historian, bibliographer, diplomat, physician, folkloristdiplomat, physician, folklorist outstanding reformist and an active outstanding reformist and an active member of the Propaganda Movement. member of the Propaganda Movement. Born in Baliwag, Bulacan, on March Born in Baliwag, Bulacan, on March 23, 1863.In Spain23, 1863.In Spain he was among the he was among the founders of La Solidaridad and founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-Filipino. Asociacion Hispano-Filipino. Among his significant works was EfemeridesAmong his significant works was Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical events in Filipinas, a column on historical events in the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania Española (1892-1893) and El Ideal (1911-1912). Española (1892-1893) and El Ideal (1911-1912).

Mariano PonceMariano Ponce

He wrote Ang Wika at Lahi (1917), a He wrote Ang Wika at Lahi (1917), a

discussion on the importance of a discussion on the importance of a

national language. national language. During his works as a writer, he used the During his works as a writer, he used the

pen name Naning, Kalipulo and Tikbalang pen name Naning, Kalipulo and Tikbalang

to hide his identity from the Spaniards. to hide his identity from the Spaniards. He served as Bulacan's He served as Bulacan's

representative to the National Assembly. representative to the National Assembly.

Died in HongKong on May 23, 1918.Died in HongKong on May 23, 1918.

General Antonio LunaGeneral Antonio Luna

(1866-1899)(1866-1899) born in Urbiztondo Street, Binondo, born in Urbiztondo Street, Binondo, Manila on October 29, 1866 to Don Manila on October 29, 1866 to Don Joaquin Lunaand Doña Laureana Joaquin Lunaand Doña Laureana Novicio, a prominent and rich couple Novicio, a prominent and rich couple from Ilocos Norte. from Ilocos Norte. His older brother was Juan Luna, His older brother was Juan Luna, the famous painter. the famous painter. He studied in the University of Santo He studied in the University of Santo tomas where his paper entitled “Dos cuerpos tomas where his paper entitled “Dos cuerpos fundamentales de quimica” was awarded first fundamentales de quimica” was awarded first place. place.

General Antonio LunaGeneral Antonio Luna

He started writing in La He started writing in La

Solidaridad, the organ of Solidaridad, the organ of

the Propaganda Movement in the Propaganda Movement in

Spain seeking reforms to Spain seeking reforms to

alleviate conditions in the alleviate conditions in the

Philippines. Philippines. Writing under the pen name Writing under the pen name

General Antonio LunaGeneral Antonio Luna

Taga-Ilog, he wrote articles Taga-Ilog, he wrote articles

entitled “Impresiones” and “El entitled “Impresiones” and “El

hematozoario paludismo”.hematozoario paludismo”. He contributed articles to La He contributed articles to La

Solidaridad. Solidaridad. He was assassinated in He was assassinated in

Cabanatuan City, on June 5, 1899Cabanatuan City, on June 5, 1899

Dr. Jose P. RizalDr. Jose P. Rizal

(1861-1896)(1861-1896) The Philippines' national hero. The Philippines' national hero. Born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861. Born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861. Published his masterpiece Noli Me Tangere in Published his masterpiece Noli Me Tangere in Berlin(Germany) in 1887 and his second novel Berlin(Germany) in 1887 and his second novel El Filibusterismo in Ghent(Belgium) in 1891. His El Filibusterismo in Ghent(Belgium) in 1891. His two novels stirred the conscience of his people.two novels stirred the conscience of his people.

Dr. Jose P. RizalDr. Jose P. Rizal

He contributed various literary He contributed various literary works to La Solidaridad. works to La Solidaridad. For his leadership in the For his leadership in the reform movement and for his reform movement and for his incendiary novels, incendiary novels, Rizal was arrested and later Rizal was arrested and later killed by musketry in Bagumbayan, killed by musketry in Bagumbayan, Manila, on December 30, 1896. Manila, on December 30, 1896. His execution was the last straw His execution was the last straw for other Filipinos who called for a bloody revolution for other Filipinos who called for a bloody revolution

against Spain.against Spain.

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