the south atlantic quarterly 111

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The South Atlantic Quarterly 111:1, Winter 2012

DOI 10.1215/003828!"1#2!3$

%n&li'h tran'lation ( 2012 Du)e *ni+er'ity re''

-ro o' e'aio' e la' eanciacion en un conteto ilitari4ao,

e. Ana %'ther ece6a 7ueno' Aire': ASO, 200!9 u'e ;ith

eri''ion

The liit' o olitical eanciation are e+ient at

once in the act that the 'tate can ree it'el ro a

re'triction ;ithout an <ein& really ree ro thi'

re'triction, that the 'tate can <e a ree 'tate ;ithout

an <ein& a ree an. The erect olitical 'tate i',

<y it' nature, an=' 'ecie'"lie,

a' oo'e to hi'

aterial lie. All the reconition' o thi' e&oi'tic lie

continue to ei't in ci+il 'ociety out'ie the 'here

o the 'tate, <ut a' >ualitie' o ci+il 'ociety. Where

the olitical 'tate ha' attaine it' true e+eloent,

an?not only in thou&ht, in con'ciou'ne'', <ut in

reality, in lie?lea' a t;ool lie, a hea+enly an an

earthly lie: lie in the olitical counity, in ;hich

he con'ier' hi'el a counal <ein&, an lie in

ci+il 'ociety, in ;hich he act' a' a ri+ate ini+iual,

re&ar' other en a' a ean', e&rae' hi'el into

a ean', an <ecoe' the laythin& o alien o;er'.

?@arl ar, On the Be;i'h Que'tion

Ci'tory ;ill not <e )in to ri&i certaintie': ;e



roo'e thi' a' the 'tartin& oint to aroach the

i'cu''ion o counterhe&eony an eanciation.

There are e; iea' a' eely roote in critical

thou&ht a' tho'e re&arin& ;hat or 'ocial

tran'oration 'houl ta)e. Thi' a)e' it ii"

aEl Ornela'

ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation':

Fote' or a De<ate

1#! The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

cult to en&a&e any e<ate on the toic, a' the o'ition' at 'ta)e are re'ente

a' irreuci<le or at lea't utually eclu'i+e.

The ele+ance o the De<ate

The i'cu''ion o the hori4on' o 'ocial 'tru&&le i' neither an acaeic

i''ue nor, in the en, a theoretical one. The hi'torical eerience o 'ocial

'tru&&le, an e'ecially the hi'tory o re+olutionary roce''e', eon'trate'

that the oint' o reerence that ro+ie the 'tren&th an iea' that

orient 'tru&&le an 'ocial tran'oration are o riary iortance. While

it i' the ;or)er' an their or&ani4ation' that throu&h 'tru&&le con'titute

the 'u<Hect o 'ocial tran'oration, ;hat ;e call oint' o reerence 7or&ani4ation',

<ut al'o ne;'aer', clu<', an ore recently, &rou' o intellectual'9

ha+e <een a<le to a)e iortant contri<ution' in orulatin&

analy'i' an 'trate&ie' ae>uate to the hi'torical oent in'oar a' they

ta)e into account the realitie' o the tran'orational 'u<Hect.

In thi' 'en'e, ;e thin) it i' +ery iortant to inten'iy the e<ate

concernin& the hori4on' o 'ocial 'tru&&le. Thi' <ecoe' e+en ore rele+ant

i, ollo;in& erry Aner'on=' characteri4ation o the atin Aerican



'ocial reality, Cere an only here, the re'i'tance to neoli<erali' an to

neo"ieriali'

conHu&ate' the cultural ;ith the 'ocial an national. That

i' to 'ay, it entail' an eer&in& +i'ion o another tye o or&ani4ation o

'ociety an another oel o relation' aon& 'tate' on the <a'i' o the'e

three ierent ien'ion'.J1

The ri'e o 'ocial 'tru&&le' an the eerience o &o+ernent' 'el"ientiyin&

a' letJ ro+ie a i+er'e an contraictory reality that in+ite'

u' to inno+ate in our relection' an to ia&ine, al<eit oe'tly, ne; ath'

o 'ocial tran'oration in our countrie'. Such a tran'oration e<oie'

the 'tate e'ire o o+eent' an citi4en' throu&hout atin Aerica,

<ut it al'o 'ee' to <e cau&ht in a cycle in ;hich?o+in& ro the ri'e o

'ocial o<ili4ation' to a chan&e in the orce' o &o+ernent?e+erythin&

reain' ore or le'' the 'ae.

ac)&roun

With re'ect to the relation'hi <et;een counterhe&eony an eanciation,

it i' nece''ary to are'' t;o i'concetion'. -ir't, ;e u't reco&ni4e

that in <oth line' o thin)in& the 'tate i' re'ente a' the e<oient

o he&eony. Thu', rather than a')in& ;hether to ta)e the 'tate into

Ornela' G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 1#

account, counterhe&eony an eanciation o'e i'tinct ;ay' o conrontin&

an relatin& to the 'tate. Secon, ;e ;oul li)e to eha'i4e the

hy<ri nature o atin Aerican 'ocial eerience'. Soe author' ha+e

attete to e'ta<li'h an eclu'i+e tyolo&y ;here<y articular actor'

e<oy one iea or another 7counterhe&eony or eanciation9. Thi'

i' the ca'e e'ecially re&arin& Kaati'o, ;hich 'oe are eterine



to rere'ent a' a o+eent that oe' not ta)e the oinant o;er into

account. In reality, in o't o the aHor 'ocial 'tru&&le' currently e+eloin&,

;e can 'ee <oth tenencie'. Within the o+iento Se Terra 7ST

the anle'' Wor)er'= o+eent9 in ra4il, the ini&enou' o+eent' in

oli+ia an %cuaor, an the Kaati'ta' in eico, ;e 'ee the eer&ence

o roo'al', line' o thin)in&, an initiati+e' that 'ee) to e+elo <oth

counterhe&eonic an eanciatory roce''e'. In thi' 'en'e, it i' iortant

to eha'i4e that ;hile their or' o oin& olitic' are ierent than

the re+ailin& one' 7in in'titutional olitic'9, the character o the current

o+eent' i' <oth 'ocial an olitical.

ecau'e thi' analy'i' attet' to coare the ter' an ractice'

o 'ocial actor', ;e u't <e attenti+e to the an&er o allin& into a taonoy

o 'ocial 'tru&&le in ;hich the characteri'tic' o ierent roce''e'

are i'olate ro their hi'torical contet, an the contraiction' inherent

in the con'truction o conte'tatory 'ocial 'u<Hect' are con+erte into cla''iication'

throu&h ;hich they can <e >ualiie or i'>ualiie. We 'houl

<e careul to a+oi, ro the +ery <e&innin& o our analy'i', the tenency

to e''entiali4e the e<ate unerlyin& iea' o counterhe&eony an eanciation.

The challen&e ;e ace i' to o+ercoe o'ition' that ten to <e

erely i'i''i+e an to <e&in to en&a&e in a real e<ate that ;ill allo;

u' to contri<ute to the ela<oration o ne; ath' or atin Aerican 'ocial

'tru&&le'. Thi' contri<ution <e&in' ;ith the iea that counterhe&eony

an eanciation 'hare coon eleent', an it 'ee)' to aroach, ;ith

clarity, the liit' o <oth, incluin& their inherent contraiction' an tenencie'.

In &eneral ter', it aear' that caitali't oination ha' reache

an etreely hi&h le+el o e+eloent, ere''e <oth in it' tenency to



con+ert the entire lanet 7nature an 'ocial relation'9 into cooitie'

an in the a<'ence o alternati+e' or +ia<le ruture' ;ith 'uch oination

in the re'ent oent. In ;hat ollo;', ;e outline tho'e eleent' o the

conteorary contet that <ear irectly on the ur'uit o a+enue' or 'ocial

tran'oration.2

1#8 The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

The haracteri4ation o Ce&eony

Soe ar&ue or the +aliity an 'tren&th o *S he&eony. Aon& tho'e

;ho conten that thi' he&eony i' in ecline, there are t;o oo'in& ar&uent'.

The ir't ertain' to the correlation o orce': i *S he&eony i',

in act, ;ea)enin&, it 'houl <e not con'iere relati+e to the lace that

the *nite State' once occuie 7or in'tance, at the en o Worl War II9,

<ut rather it 'houl <e con'iere ;ith re'ect to the actually ei'tin&

oo'in& orce'. Thu', <ecau'e no ri+al caitali4e' on the he&eon=' ;ea)ne'',

;e li+e in a 'tate o uniolarity: The ;ea)enin& o Forth Aerica='

he&eonic caacity corre'on' not to the 'tren&thenin& o the other ole,

<ut to a ri'e in ;orl;ie i'orer.J3 The 'econ ar&uent, <y contra't,

reer' to the ultiien'ional character o he&eony, 'uch that e+en i

the *nite State' 'uer' 'i&niicant rece''ion' in the econoic real, ;e

u't 'till ta)e into account it' a<'olute oinance in the ilitary 'here

an, e'ecially, in the cultural arena. e&arin& the latter, the Aerican

;ay o lieJ i' the ;orl arai& o 'ociality, ;ith no ri+al other than that

o an unattracti+e I'laic unaentali'.

The Fe; Terrain o la'' Stru&&le

The le+el o e+eloent attaine <y caitali't he&eony, articularly

;hen ne; technolo&ie' co<ine ;ith the a<'ence o a noncaitali't alternati+e



to that he&eony, ha' eant a i'location o the <ounarie' o

'ocial conlict. A' caital ha' tene to ecee the liit' o nature 7or

in'tance, throu&h &enetic en&ineerin&9 an e+en the liit' o the lanet

7or eale, throu&h 'ace eloration9, the 'u<'tratu o 'ocial conlict

o+e' throu&h the 'ace' o eloitation 7the ar)et, the actory9 to;ar a

olitic' o territory a' 'uch?that i', 'ocial conlict ean' to all 'here' o

'ocial lie an ten' to ere'' it'el o't acutely in tho'e area' that con'titute

the +ery <a'i' o lie: counitie', their conition' o ei'tence, an

their &eo&rahical 'ace' an 'y<ol'.#

The tran'oration o caitali't he&eony 'i&nal' rooun chan&e'

in or' o 'ocial 'tru&&le. In'titution' con'tructe throu&h cla'' 'tru&&le

'ince the Inu'trial e+olution ha+e tene to i'aear, e'ecially tho'e

relate to 'ocial 'tatu' an the oulation=' li+in& an ;or)in& conition'.

Toay, ro the er'ecti+e o o;er an ro that o the 'u<Hect' ;ho

re'i't it, conlict' are re'ente a' irreuci<le. Thu', a' the teorality o

re'i'tance ta)e' on ore raical or' an 'trate&ie', rere''ion increa'Ornela'

G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 1#$

in&ly <ecoe' the recour'e o o;er. At the 'ae tie, there i' a tenency

to;ar increa'in& olitical olari4ation. In eect, ne; or' o oination

lea+e 'cant roo or tho'e or' o oo'ition that eer&e alon& the

line' o 'ocial eocracy, a or o olitic' that ;oul 'ee) to rein+i&orate

a or o caitali' that no lon&er ei't'.

In thi' contet Ana %'ther ece6a 'ea)' o the ilitari4ation o

'ocial lie, 'y'teatic counterin'ur&ency, an the iu'ion o i'cilinary

'ace' throu&hout the ;hole o 'ociety a' the tyical re'on'e' o he&eonic

'u<Hect'.5 I he&eony <ecoe' accentuate, the le+el o eclu'ion



create <y conteorary caitali' ten' to increa'e it' ra&ility: in truth,

;e are enterin& a erio o latent in'urrection. In a i'ute that i' a' uch

or lie a' it i' or territory, ne; or' o 'ocial conlict &raually ac>uire an

anticaitali't hori4on a' the or o re'i'tance.

Are''in& the ra&ility o he&eony re+eal' the orce o re'i'tance in

'ocial 'tru&&le'. -or author' 'uch a' Bohn Collo;ay an aEl Ki<echi, the

increa'in& a&&re''i+ene'' o caital i' a eon'tration o it' o;n ;ea)ne''

in the ace o the eclue an o 'ocial 'tru&&le.! Siilarly, ece6a ar&ue'

that 'ocial 'tru&&le' are the riary liit to caitali', &i+en that ro the

technolo&ical oint o +ie; it alreay ha' the re'ource' to ac>uire a''i+e

roit' an to inten'iy it' oination. Thi' er'ecti+e 'uort' the +ie;

o he&eony a' a 'ocial con'truction an 'ocial relation. It i' iortant to

eha'i4e thi' a'ect 'o a' not to <ecoe trae <y 'ole con'ieration

or the 'tren&th an 'oliity o conteorary he&eony. Siilarly, the roce''e'

o 'ocial in'urrection an in'ur&ency con'titute the o''i<ilitie' or

ruture ;ith caitali', o''i<ilitie' that, in the noral 'coe o 'tru&&le,

cannot <e o<'er+e.8 Let, there ;ill <e no eit ro the conteorary or

o oination, reerre to a' neoli<erali', i there i' no real an rooun

ruture ;ith the re+ailin& 'ituation.

Threa' o Di'cu''ion

Such i' the contet or the ollo;in& line' o i'cu''ion an e<ate re&arin&

counterhe&eony an eanciation. Scheatically, counterhe&eony

'ee)' to create an alternati+e o;er, ;hile eanciation 'ee)' to en

the relation' o o;er. Such characteri4ation' are clearly inae>uate or

e'cri<in& the coleity o the roce''e' o 'ocial 'tru&&le.

The ir't line o i'cu''ion concern' the characteri'tic' o the 'ocial



'u<Hect o tran'oration. ounterhe&eony 'ee)' the creation o a 'ocial

150 The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

'u<Hect that can 'ucce''ully conront con'titute o;er. A' 'uch, it 'ee)'

a ultiacete 'u<Hect ;ho ;oul con'truct a unitary olitical or&ani4ation

an roo'e &enerali4e alternati+e', <oth in ter' o 'u<'tanti+e thee'

or a national a&ena an al'o at the territorial le+el, a'irin& to create a

orce oeratin& at the national le+el.

The roce'' or the con'truction o thi' 'u<Hect ollo;' the &eneral

line' roo'e <y Antonio Mra'ci re&arin& the 'tru&&le or he&eony.$

-ir't, the &oal i' not 'ily to ta)e 'tate o;er ro the oinator' <ut

rather to con'truct ;ithin ci+il 'ociety the ounation' or a ne; 'ociety an

a ne; 'tate that e'troy' the he&eony o the <our&eoi'ie. Cere, the iea

o ta)in& o;er i' not 'een a' a oint o earture or 'ocial tran'oration.

10 In the roce'' o 'ocial 'tru&&le', artial an cororati't <attle' are

'ai to in a &eneral conuit in the action o olitical or&ani4ation. Accorin&ly,

the Mra'cian lo&ic o a ;ar o o'ition'J?that i', the &raual creation

o a ;orl+ie; that ;oul &ain accetance a' a ne; uner'tanin&

o truth?i' e''ential or the hori4on' an rhyth' o the con'truction o

the tran'orati+e 'u<Hect. The author' ;ho een the nece''ity to <uil

a counterhe&eonic roHect 'ee continuity <et;een the ari' oune,

re+olutionary eerience' 7u''ia, hina, Nietna, u<a, an entral

Aerica9, an attet' to eocrati4e caitali' 7or eale, the oular

*nity in hile9, to the e&ree that each o the'e attete to create ne;

+i'ion' o the ;orl that 'anne the ;hole o their 'ocietie'. -inally, there

are +er'ion' o the ar&uent that in'i't on the +aliity o the enini't iea

o or&ani4ation?the con'truction o the arty a' a 'eciali4e or&an or



'trate&y an olitical irection?a' unaental to the counterhe&eonic

roce''.11

-ro the er'ecti+e o eanciation, the 'u<Hect to <e con'tructe

i' al'o ultile, thou&h characteri4e <y i+er'ity an roote ore in ci+il

'ociety 7in oular 'tru&&le'9 than in the olitical 'here. It' e''ential ierence

;ith the counterhe&eonic roHect i' that eanciation eha'i4e'

the iea o recueratin& control o+er the rouction o the tran'orational

'u<Hect. A<o+e all other o<Hecti+e', the eanciatory roHect conront' the

aily eenencie' an ore''ion' li+e <y ini+iual' an counitie'.

-or that rea'on, it tac)le' an e''ential a'ect o caitali't oination: the

e'truction o counity. In eect, <uilin& counity tie' or eenin&

ei'tin& counitie' i' a con'tituent roHect o the tran'orati+e 'u<Hect

the counity i' the 'ace an the +ehicle o the eanciatory roHect. In

thi' 'en'e, the airation o ierence a' a con'tituent roHect o the 'u<Hect

o eanciation i' o'e a' the a'iration to o+ercoe the 'earation'

Ornela' G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 151

that characteri4e 'ocial lie uner caitali'. The 'tru&&le u't thereore

co+er all ractice' an 'ocial 'ace'.12

Turnin& in;ar, in aition to their olitical ta')', the'e counitie'

al'o unerta)e a 'ur+i+al eort that rioriti4e' the occuation an re'i&niication

o a territory. The eort' o counitie' in 'tru&&le ai to 'ati'y

their <a'ic nee'?oo, health, eucation, an 'el"een'e?

a' eleental

conition' o ei'tence or 'u<Hect' re'i'tin& o;er. The e''ential olitical

acti+ity ;ithin an eanciatory roHect i' the con'tant an ynaic

roce'' o 'el"airation.



A' a con'e>uence o eclu'ion an increa'in&

o+ereloitation, the airation o ierence <ecoe' the 'ontaneou'J

oe o 'u<Hect con'truction. The eanciatory roHect ha' one o it' root'

in the ilution an near"inei'tence

o the traitional olitical 'here, an

or thi' rea'on it' ieiate contet i' eine <y a<anonent <y the

'tate, the a<'ence o caital, the lac) o eectation', an the eerience

o rere''ion a' the rincial 'tate ere''ion to;ar the ar&inali4e.

Thu', in contra't to counterhe&eonic roHect', rather than rioriti4in& the

con'truction o totali4in& iea' that 'an the ;hole o 'ociety, eanciatory

roHect' 'ee) to 'u<+ert the reoinant olitical culture 7<oth o the

oinator' an o the et9 in a+or o the roo'ition o unity in i+er'ity.

The any or' that 'el"airation

ta)e' 7loo)in& in;ar, ;al)in&

the 'ee o the 'lo;e't e<er, arri+in& late <ut to&ether9 re+eal one

o the o't no+el an contro+er'ial eleent' o the eanciatory roHect:

uncertainty re&arin& the ilea' o'e <y o;er an oination. The

ir't eci'ion to <rea) ;ith ieiate oination' an eenencie' i'

ra'tic an clear 7lar&ely <ecau'e it i' in rincile a &e'ture o 'ur+i+al9,

<ut the uture o the 'tru&&le aear' rano an ineterinate, ;ith

only +ery &eneral &uieline', 'uch a' the 'earch or tran'arency ;ithin

an <et;een or&ani4ation', coherence <et;een i'cour'e an ractice, the

'earch or hori4ontality, an the reHection o the alication an etho

o traitional rere'entation 7arliaentary eocracy, hierarchical 'ocial

or&ani4ation', an the lo&ic o eiciency9.13 In other ;or', eanciation

i' a etho rather than a ro&ra or a olicy 'trate&y.



A 'econ line o i'cu''ion concern' the ro<le o the 'tate. -or the

counterhe&eonic roHect, the 'tate unction' a' one o the unaental

'ace' o any olitical 'trate&y. In )eein& ;ith the ari't le&acie' 7enini't

an Mra'cian, a' ;ell9, it 'u&&e't' that o+ercoin& oination nece''arily

in+ol+e' the e'truction o the 'tate an the con'truction o another

one. Aon& the rincial ar&uent' ae or the centrality o the 'tate in

'ocial tran'oration are the ollo;in&:

152 The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

G Niolence i' the re'ult o the in'u<orination o the 'u<altern

cla''e' an i' the recour'e ar ecellence o the oinator' to contain

that in'u<orination. The 'tate i' a unaental 'ace in ;hich

the rere''i+e recour'e' at the i'o'ition o oinant &rou' are

concentrate. Thu', the con'truction o another 'ocial orer ;oul

re>uire ilitary action an rere''ion on the art o the ne; 'tate,

a&ain't <oth reactionary national orce' an orei&n one'.

G Mi+en the 'ocial atoi4ation that characteri4e' caitali', the 'tate

lay' the crucial role o 'ynthe'i4in& the 'ocial relation' in ;hich ini+iual

a&ent' are en&a&e. A' uch in the econoic a' in the olitical

'here 7an incluin& in the 'ocial 'here9, the 'tate or&ani4e' an

eiate' 'ocial relation'. It i' the inal cohe'i+e actor o a 'ociety

'tructurally i+ie into cla''e'.J1# In the counterhe&eonic roHect,

the con'truction o another 'ocial orer can haen only throu&h the

'tate, <ecau'e only the 'tate connect' an unite' actor' ;ho ;oul

other;i'e <e i'er'e. A' concentrate o;er, the 'tate i' a unaental

'ace or he&eony, an a' 'uch, it can <e a unaental actor

to roote tran'oration': State' are iortant to air the



ri&ht' that ha+e <een eroriate ro the eole: ;ho coul re'cue

the uni+er'al olicie' o eucation, health, health care, hou'in&, i

not 'tate' Deocrati4e 'tate', ;ith articiatory <u&et'.J15 In thi'

'en'e, it i' ar&ue that the ne; 'tate lay' a unaental role in the

orulation o ne; notion' o truth an o a ne; he&eonic ia&inary

that e<oie' the a'iration' o tran'orati+e 'u<Hect', a' in

the oration o 7le&al an in'titutional9 i'o'iti' that ut into ractice

the tran'oration' re>uire or 'u<Hect' <ecoin& he&eonic.

G There i' al'o a ractical ien'ion to thi' i'cu''ion, ;hich

in+o)e' the 'ocial"olitical

realitie' o our countrie' in orer to ar&ue

or the iortance o actin& in the iel o in'titutional olitic'.1!

%+en a' it reco&ni4e' the aHor contraiction' acin& olitical artie'

an orce', thi' o'ition ar&ue' that in'titutional olitic' are crucial

or oenin& the roa to a counterhe&eonic roHect ;ithin the

lo&ic o eocrati4in& eocracy,J a' roo'e <y oa+entura e

Sou'a Santo'.1 It i' li)e;i'e ar&ue that the creation o a ;orl ;ithout

he&eonie' a''e' throu&h the con'truction o a counterhe&eonic

roHect, ;hich oen' the ;ay or the ean'ion o a ore raical

eocracy. Accorin& to thi' lo&ic, counterhe&eony, urin& it'

ha'e o actin& in 'tate 'ace', ena<le' the a''a&e ro the accuulation

o orce' to the olitical leaer'hi o 'ociety.


y contra't, the er'ecti+e o eanciation eha'i4e' the role o

the 'tate a' a illar o oination. It i' not a >ue'tion o turnin& one=' <ac)

on the 'tate, <ecau'e it i' clear that the 'tate i', in any ;ay', an onire'ent



reality or all 'ocial 'u<Hect'. In'tea, the er'ecti+e o eanciation

'u&&e't' an attitue o etachent an eha'i4e' the i'location o the

'tate ro the center o thin)in& an acti+itie'. The 'tate i' a actor, <ut it

i' neither the ir't, nor i' it the o't iortant, in the con'truction o a

roHect or 'ocial eanciation.

The <e't")no;n

ar&uent' or thi' o'ition ra; on tho'e hi'torical

eerience', articularly clear in the neoli<eral erio, ;here 'tate eiation'

ha+e <een 'o etie o their content that they <ecoe illu'ory.18

The hano+er o 'o+erei&nty to &lo<al he&eonic o;er' <y national &o+ernent'

ha' re'ulte in the 'u<'e>uent lo'' o the ean' o action on

the art o atin Aerican 'tate'. Thu', the erorance o &o+ernent'

'uch a' that o ui4 InPcio ula a Sil+a in ra4il or o ri'tina @irchner in

Ar&entina 'ee' 'hac)le to the neoli<eral a&ena that the &o+ernent'

continue to aly an in thi' re&ar unerin' the attitue o ')etici'

re&arin& atin Aerican 'tate'.

Thi' ar&uent i' not, ho;e+er, 'uicient to elain the rooun

re+er'al o er'ecti+e o'e <y the eanciatory roHect ;ith re'ect to

the 'tate. Thi' o'ition i' roote, rather, in the ;or) an ractice o reco&nition/

)no;in& 7re9conociientoR an the 'el"relection

that characteri4e'

the con'truction o the 'u<Hect on the roa to eanciation. It i' the er'onal

an collecti+e 'ynthe'i' o ;hat the 'tate rere'ent' in the lie o the

collecti+e' an the counitie' that or' the <a'i' or e+eloin& a i'tance

ro the 'tate.

There are t;o no+el i''ue' re&arin& the olitical 'here o the 'tate



that characteri4e the roHect' o eanciation: ir't, the ruture ;ith reali't

ra&ati' at the center o the olitical 'y'te, an 'econ, the reuiation

o the i+iin& role o the artie'. The eerience o olitical culture

roote in the eerci'e o o;er lea' to the reHection o the traitional 'ace'

an or' o olitic', a' ;ell a' a reHection o 'earation' in &eneral 7ana&er'

ro ana&e, anual ;or) +er'u' intellectual ;or), etc.9. Aon&

other', the'e are the ar&uent' that rele&ate the >ue'tion o the 'tate to a

le''er 'tatu': it i' e+eryay lie that tran'er' to the eterior actor' that in

noral olitical an 'ocial 'tru&&le are in'ie o the o+eent' 7'uch a'

the arty or an the union or9. Thi' o'ition rere'ent' an aarent

arao ;ithin the iea o eanciation. ritic' o thi' concetion ar&ue

that <ecau'e it cannot <loc) it'el out ro the action' o the 'tate, eanci15#

The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

ation run' the ri') o <ecoin& unctional to oination. In re'on'e to

thi' criti>ue, ;e can air that the eanciatory roHect inclue' i+er'e

or' an e&ree' o ialo&ue ;ith the 'tate: ro the ra&e o the i>uetero'1$

at <ein& orce to accet 'tate ;or) lan' to the Kaati'ta 'trate&y to

con'truct a national con'en'u' on ini&enou' ri&ht' an culture. There i'

no ieali', uner'too a' the lo'' o a 'en'e o reality, in the cour'e o

eanciatory roHect'. The >ue'tion re'ie' in the 'coe an o''i<ilitie'

or ean'ion o thi' oe o re'i'tance. Thi' >ue'tion oe' not een

eclu'i+ely on the o'ition' aote <y the 'u<Hect' that e<oy eanciation

<ut in'tea on all 'ocial orce' in contention, e'ecially tho'e conte'tin&

the re+ailin& orer.

Thu', or 'tru&&le' in atin Aerica, it i' crucial to uner'tan

;hether or' o 'el"&o+ernent



an 'el"or&ani4ation

;ill <e a<le to

ari'e an e+elo in the ore cole contet' than they ha+e hitherto

encountere. The rooun 'ocial, cultural, an econoic 'tratiication o

lar&e citie' 'tan' a' an in'urounta<le o<'tacle or ractice' <a'e in

ace"to"

ace

encounter'. Fe+erthele'', the ir't 'te' ae in thi' irection

aear encoura&in&: or in'tance, the or&ani4ation o the city o %l Alto

in oli+ia an the eerience' o coorination <et;een nei&h<orhoo' in

Ar&entina an *ru&uay eon'trate that inno+ati+e or' o olitic' can

<e rein+ente in the ur<an area'.

e&arin& the role o the 'tate, the er'ecti+e o eanciatory

roHect' oer' three line' o in>uiry. -ir't, i' the 'tate actually an ae>uate

+ehicle or 'ecurin& the i'tri<ution o ;ealth an 'ocial ri&ht'20 On the

one han, the ero'ion o the 'tate a' re'ult o the tran'oration' o caitali't

rouction an neoli<eral ere&ulation 'tron&ly liite it' re&ulatory

o''i<ilitie', ;ith the eect that the ro<le reache' <eyon the 'coe o

the eenent nation"'tate.

On the other han, it coincie' ;ith the act

that o;er=' accuulation o ilitary orce colicate' any 'trate&y that

ha' +iolence a' it' ir't iel o conrontation. Thereore, ;e enter into a

'et o araoical 'ituation', ;here only initiati+e' o ruture allo; or the

continuance an the a+ance o 'tru&&le, at the 'ae tie that the le+el' o

conrontation inten'iy. Secon, are 'trate&ie' a' ;ell a' ci+il an eaceul

re'i'tance 'earately aear coletely in'uicient to conront o;er



'oe hi'torical eerience' aear to a)e ro&re'' <y co<inin& the t;o

or', ;here the >ue'tion o or&ani4e +iolence aear' a' 'el"een'e,

an oen'i+e action i' ta)en only in ecetional oent'. The thir line

o i'cu''ion i' the orientation o alliance'. In thi' iel, eri+e ro the

a<o+e, the ierence' <et;een the t;o are le'' clear.


-or counterhe&eony, alliance' are ictate <y a lo&ic o unity or

the uro'e o action it' hori4on i' the creation o a 'u<Hect caa<le o conrontin&

he&eonic orce'. Thu', ;ithin counterhe&eonic roHect' there

i' an ini+iuali4ation o 'u<Hect' ;ho act in the >ue't or a ne; he&eonic

roHect <a'e in their o;n concetion'. In thi' 'en'e, there i' a 'yetry

<et;een the t;o roce''e' 7he&eonic an counterhe&eonic9 in that

they 'ee) to create 'ocially acceta<le +i'ion' o the ;orl, ;ith the eect

that e+en the tran'orational roHect a''ue' in art a lo&ic o o;er, in

thi' ca'e, the lo&ic o eiciency. In 'u, the counterhe&eonic o'ition

ar&ue' or the nee to rioriti4e the 'tru&&le a&ain't a coon eney o+er

ierence' <et;een otential allie'.21

One little"i'cu''e

a'ect that i' crucial <ecau'e o it' ilication'

or the iel o or&ani4ation i' that the olitical culture' o the et ha+e

aote the iea o olitical nece''ityJ a' the rincial oeJ o relation

<et;een 'ocial actor'. Thi' nece''ity a)e' o<tainin& re'ult' it' central

i''ue an rele&ate' to a 'econ lane the relation' con'tructe throu&h

'ocial action.

The iea o eanciation 'ee)' rather the con'truction o hori4ontal

an tran'arent tie', <a'e in ainity, an thu' relation' ;ith olitical



in'titutional actor' <ecoe >uite colicate. De'ite thi' an on nuerou'

occa'ion', the nee to 'ur+i+e or the o''i<ility to achie+e 'oe crucial

a+ance lea' eole to enter into alliance' that <rea) ;ith the &eneral

lo&ic o ainity. -ro the er'ecti+e o eanciation, thi' i' one o the

o't cole terrain', &i+en the inciient nature o the eerience' that

'u'tain it.22 The riary iiculty 'te' ro the act that the'e alliance'

o ainity can re'ult in the i'olation 7an in the etree, annihilation9 o

eanciatory roHect', a<o+e all in conHuncture' 7'uch a' the ula or @irchner

&o+ernent'9 ;here in'titutional olitic' oer' certain oortunitie'

or chan&e or at lea't the chance to recuerate 'tren&th.

The ourth line o i'cu''ion i' the or&ani4ational roce''. The

counterhe&eonic roce'' roo'e' to con'truct 'u<Hect' <a'e in the

olitical 'here: artie', con+ention', &o+ernent', an coalition' o 'tate'

to oo'e *S he&eony. In the rae;or) o ininite ;ar, the eha'i' i'

on the ur&ency to create olitical ere''ion',J +ia<le alternati+e'J that can

cur< the 'a+a&ery o ;ar an oen the roa to the other o''i<le ;orl.J23

In thi' iel, a crucial an contro+er'ial roo'al i' the con'truction

o a olitical +an&uar in char&e o elineatin& 'trate&ie', eucatin& the

oulation, an articulatin& orce',J 'oethin& that &enerally ilie' concentratin&

eort' on the con'truction o a arty. Cere the 'eciali4ation

15! The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

an i'tinction <et;een 'trate&i't' an ilitant' are thou&ht to allo; or

inter+ention in olitical e+ent' in'oar a' the incororation o 'ocial leaer'hi

into the olitical or&ani4ation rene;' olitical lie an 'tiulate' the

accuulation o orce or eecti+e inter+ention. In articular, the +an&uar

'houl contri<ute eci'i+ely in the >ualitati+e lea to;ar the uniication



o 'ocial 'tru&&le' ;ith olitical 'tru&&le', a' it i' char&e ;ith the ine'caa<le

ta') to thin) 'trate&ically a<out the i''ue', analy4e the 'ocial reality,

ileent roHect' o olitical oration, all that concern' a +an&uar.J2#

In contra't, the iea o eanciation clearly reHect' the oration o

ne; +an&uar'. The con'truction o ne; or' o or&ani4ation ha' three

ae': ainity, the >ue't or hori4ontality, an a''e<lie' a' 'ace' or the

reuniication o 'ocial lie. The'e eleent' ro+ie the <a'i' or a counal

or o or&ani4ation that oo'e' the lo&ic o olitical eicacy ;ith the

'tren&th o tie' internal to the rhyth o the counity an an iea o

chan&e roote in the e+eryay lie o 'ocial actor'.25

Within it' eeriental character, thi' roo'al concern' the unity

o aroach an articiation, &i+en that it i' only in ractice an ;ith the

eranent articiation o all actor' that another oe o or&ani4ation i'

con'tructe. On thi' terrain, Collo;ay roo'e' that the central rincile

o thi' ne; olitical culture i' the reuiation o 'u<'titution: Stren&thenin&

the oentu to;ar 'el"eterination

ilie' a reHection o the

roce'' o 'u<'titution, a reHection o the roce'' in ;hich ;e 'ay to 'oeone,

you a)e the eci'ion or e,= an thereore a reHection o leaer'hi,

an a reHection al'o o 'tate or'.J2! o&ically, thi' etho introuce' a

la& <et;een the rhyth' o the olitical in'titution' an the rhyth' o

or&ani4ation o tran'orational 'u<Hect', &i+in& ri'e to 'e+ere re''ure'

an i'ute', incluin& tho'e ;ith otential allie'.

One o the o't iortant oen >ue'tion' here i' ;hether the or&ani4ational

or' that characteri4e <oth iea' can <e coati<le. ecent

eerience ha' 'ho;n that the hierarchical or' o the artie' are oo'e



to the ore hori4ontal an irectly eocratic or' ractice <y 'oe

o+eent'. In thi' ;ay, ;e can cite the ca'e o the Kaati'ta' ;ho i 7an

continue to o9 ractically e+erythin& o''i<le to achie+e a re'ectul an

roucti+e ialo&ue ;ith the in'titutional olitical orce' an articularly

;ith the let"leanin&

artio e la e+olucin DeocrPtica 7D9. The'e

attet' ha+e re+eale that the lo&ic o re'i'tance an that o in'titutional

olitic' en in oen conlict, clo'in& any o''i<ilitie' o unitary 'tru&&le.

oli+ia ro+ie' u' ;ith a ierent 'cenario, ;here the ;ea)ne'' o

the 'tate an the lon& erio o &enerali4e cri'i' ha+e <ecoe the terOrnela'

G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 15

rain or the oration o 'ocioolitical o+eent'. That i', thi' <ecoe'

the terrain o 'u<Hect' or ;ho there i' no ierence <et;een 'ocial an

olitical o+eent 'uch that it i' they ;ho act irectly in eterinin& the

national a&ena an the i+er'e a'ect' o national ana&eent throu&h

the action in the entire terrain o 'tru&&le: in'titutional, union"<a'e,

an

in'urrectional.J2 eyon the i+er'ity o eerience', <oth the con'truction

o the unity o 'ocial 'tru&&le' an the rere''i+e orce o the 'tate a'

the la't 'tron&hol o the &o+ernin& action continue to <e o<'tacle' to o+ercoe,

rai'in& unaental >ue'tion' or 'ocial 'u<Hect' re&arin& ;hich

'trate&ie' to ollo;.

On&oin& relection a<out the tan&i<le ei'tence o ne; or' o or&ani4in&

i' al'o crucial. The eerience o recent year' eon'trate' that

hierarchie' ei't ;ithin o+eent' claiin& an eanciatory hori4on,

that to lea <y o<eyin& anar o<eecienoR an hori4ontality are a'iration',



4i&4a&&in& tenencie', rather than realitie' irly 'ituate in the

counitie' that &i+e the lie.28 In the ace o the'e ro<le', 'ocial 'u<Hect'

+inicate ractice a' the eterinin& criterion, &i+en that the le&acie'

o the ol olitical culture are 'tron& an the ne; olitical culture run' the

ri') o <ein& rele&ate to ere i'cour'e. Thu' it i' iortant to note the

in'i'tence o the'e actor' on the nece''ity to e+elo a ne; olitical culture

an ne; olitical ractice'. Inee, the %HUrcito Kaati'ta e i<eracin

Facional 7%KF9 it'el ha' ro+ie the o't eale' in thi' re&ar ;hen

'ea)in& a<out the o<'tacle' that olitical"ilitary

oel' o or&ani4ation

o'e to the ci+il authoritie' re'on'i<le or <uilin& autonoy. The %KF

al'o ha' reeately re'ente the nece''ity or Kaati'ta counitie' to

colla<orate ;ith other 'tru&&le' to eeat the are aroach.

Within the 'ae line o e<ate there i' an iortant i'cu''ion

a<out the roce'' o rere'entation. Social re'i'tance ha' <rou&ht to li&ht

or' o rere'entation i'tinct ro tho'e re+ailin& in the in'titutional

olitical 'here 7arliaent, artie', union'9 that eha'i4e re'on'i<ilitie'

an 'er+ice rather than o'ition' an rere'entation. I ;e a&ree ;ith

Arano artra that there are no or&ani4ation' ;ithout rere'entati+e',2$

;e u't a''ue the le&acy o the olitical hi'tory o our countrie', ;hich

ha' a i'a'trou' recor in ter' o the e&eneration o the 'ocial an olitical

leaer'hi.30 Thi' i' ;hy ;e a''i&n 'uch iortance to the 'tru&&le'

o the ini&enou' eole o the continent, ;ho ut or;ar the iea that

a rere'entati+e 'houl <e thou&ht o a' a 'o)e'er'on, a ele&ate ;ho

'houl conor to their anate, an that accounta<ility i' e''ential or

the health an ro&re'' o the or&ani4ation. Aroun the'e ae' o hori4on158



The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

tality, the anate o the a''e<ly, accounta<ility, an the rotation o rere'entati+e',

alon& ;ith the raical >ue'tionin& o the ini+iual leaer,

they e+elo an or&ani4ational 'chee in ;hich there are not rere'entati+e'

<ut rather reerent' an ;here olitical leaer'hi <ecoe', little <y

little, acilitation. Their' i' a roo'al ;here the +an&uar cee' it' lace to

collecti+e action, a roo'al that, it i' ;orth notin&, i' not unconnecte to

re+olutionary 'ocial 'tru&&le.

Co; ar i' it o''i<le to aat thi' contri<ution an incororate it

into the ractice' o olitical or&ani4ation' In rincile, the roe''ionali4ation

o olitic' 7the illar o the con'truction o the arty9 aear' to

annul the o''i<ilitie' or raical inno+ation' that ;oul allo; u' to thin)

o olitic' a' a >ue't or collecti+e ;ell"<ein&

rather than a ean' or ac>uirin&

;ealth. Other ractice' 'uch a' the rotation o rere'entati+e', accounta<ility,

an ter liit' are roo'al' that 'lo;ly <ecoe +ia<le alternati+e'

to the hierarchical or' that characteri4e artie' an union'.

A ith line o i'cu''ion ha' to o ;ith the ynaic' o the 'tru&&le'.

-or the counterhe&eonic roHect, thi' i' anie'te a' an ur&ent ynaic

in ;hich the teoralitie', econoy, an allocation o acti+itie' an rioritie'

are rae <y the correlation o anta&oni'tic orce'. The'e are treate

a' ur&ent 'cheule' to ;hich tran'orati+e 'u<Hect' 'houl aat. The

'trate&ie', rhyth', an alliance' o the counterhe&eonic roHect 'houl

'ati'y re>uireent' that are alo't incoati<le: aintain the 'trate&ic

irection o the anti'y'teic 'tru&&le an at the 'ae tie re'on to

the nee' o the current conHuncture. In the'e 'ituation' ;hat ha' oten



haene i' that the conHuncture en' u ta)in& receence, unoin& the

lon&"ter

roHect.

-ro the er'ecti+e o eanciation, ;hat i' reerence i' another

teorality, another +i'ion o the rioritie' in the 'tru&&le ;here eha'i'

i' lace on the internal roce'' o the 'u<Hect'. Or&ani4ation' an

o+eent' ;ith ini&enou' an ea'ant root' ha+e a+ocate 'tron&ly

or thi' +ie;, o'in& it in irect oo'ition to a caitali't +i'ion o teorality.

Alon& the 'ae line', in ierent &eo&rahie' an or', other 'u<Hect'

ha+e <e&un to orulate 'iilar aroache', ;here the co'olo&y

o ori&inary eole' i' 'u<'titute <y the nece''ity to re&ain control o+er

ieiate nee': ;hat the i'cour'e o o;er call' i'illu'ionent ;ith

olitic' i' actually a concern or internal teorality, an i ;hat aear'

a' olitic' oe' not ta)e the into account, eole'= +i'ion an action turn

to;ar their o;n 'ace', ;here they can con'truct the ean' or collecti+e

action. Thi' i' one o the a'ect' ;here the t;o er'ecti+e' cla'h orceOrnela'

G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 15$

ully. ounterhe&eonic o'ition' in'i'tently reroach tho'e 'u<Hect' ;ho

o not re'on to the nee' o the conHunctureJ an, in eect, 'u'tain the

o;er' that <e. The Kaati'ta', the ST, an 'ector' o the i>uetero' ha+e

<een cla''iie a' etrei't', elu'ional, riiti+e, reori't', unctional

to the 'y'te, an any other thin&' <ecau'e they i not conor to the

lo&ic o the in'titutional 'ace' o olitic'.

In 'uary, ;e in that counterhe&eonic an eanciatory

thin)in& con+er&e in the nece''ity to ruture the he&eony o caital an

it' locali4e a&ent', a' ;ell a' in the a'iration to con'truct a <roa unity



aroun thi' 'trate&ic einition. In contra't, the ynaic' o or&ani4ation

an the con'truction o the tran'orational 'u<Hect ily 'tar) ierence'.

An in any articular terrain', 'uch a' the +an&uar, articiation

in olitical in'titution', an tactical choice', the'e ierence' ten to

<ecoe oenly contraictory, clo'in& roa' to uniie action. Ta)in& into

account the con+er&ence' an i+er&ence', the counterhe&eonic roHect

ri+ile&e' olitical 'tru&&le, ;herea' the con'truction o autonoy con'titute'

the central ai' o the eanciatory roHect.

y Way o onclu'ion: A -uture Scenario

A' i' clear ro thi' eo'ition, the i'cu''ion a<out counterhe&eony

an eanciation i' in it' initial 'ta&e'. The all o the 'ociali't <loc an

the triuh o neoli<erali' on a ;orl 'cale i a;ay ;ith the theoretical

an olitical reerence' o the et, ;ith the con'e>uence that ;e are no;

reoenin& an initiatin& ne; i'cu''ion'. y a''e''ent i' that the eort'

currently uner ;ay in <oth irection' are enclo'e in ia''e' ;ithout

ieiate aarent eit.

With re'ect to the counterhe&eonic roHect, to the lon& li't o

a't re+olutionary eerience' 7;hether nationali't, 'ociali't, couni't,

or li<eratory, their outcoe ;a' the re'toration o caitali't oination9

an o eocratic &o+ernent' 7e'ecially the oular *nity in hile9, ;e

'houl a the colete i'aointent' o MutiUrre4 in %cuaor, ula in

ra4il, the D in the +ariou' 'tate &o+ernent' in eico, a' ;ell a' the

alterin& erorance o ri'tina @irchner in Ar&entina. oo)in& <ac) on

the'e i+er'e eerience' allo;' u' to con'ier, at lea't a' a hyothe'i', that

the con'truction o a countero;er ;a' not enou&h to carry out the con'truction

o another ;orl.



-ro the counterhe&eonic er'ecti+e, it aear' that the unity o

the orce' conte'tin& he&eony ha' <een ehau'te in electoral triuh'

1!0 The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

or in the reo+al o the &o+ernent'. The neoli<eral i'o'iti' characteri4e

<y control o the inancial circuit that ena<le' other' to coit <lac)ail

a&ain't the currencie' an inancial ar)et' o our countrie', the

einu'triali4ation o the roucti+e 'tructure accoanie <y the oination

o the ultinational cororation', an the etreely hi&h incoe

concentration that create' 'ocially ri+ile&e &rou' ;ith +a't 'ocial o;er

o<+iate the content o the electoral +ictorie' o the counterhe&eonic alliance'.

In the a<'ence o a ruture ;ith neoli<eral o;er', the &o+ernent'

o the et continue to ileent neoli<eral olicie' an a+or in'tea the

ruture o unity, u'hin& or ne; i+i'ion' that ;ea)en the counterhe&eonic

<loc in the ace o oinant o;er.

-ro the er'ecti+e o eanciation, the a+ance' attaine <y the

autonoou' roHect' o not yet allo; u' to i'cern a 'olution or ruture

;ith caitali't he&eony. Mi+en the relati+e ra&ility o the'e eerience'

7ra&ile in the ace o he&eonic o;er9, their ean'ion een' on 'ocial

roce''e' ;ho'e occurrence aear' unli)ely. One o the'e i' the &raual

ean'ion o autonoy thi' roce'' conront' the liit' o 'cant 'uort

ro the inte&rate 'ocial 'trata o 'ociety an increa'in& rere''ion on

the art o the 'tate an the oinator'. Co;e+er iortant they ay <e,

the'e roHect' continue to <e liite to 'eciic 'ector' o our 'ocietie':

their conition' o o''i<ility an their ynaic are alien to the o't inte&rate

'ector' o our 'ocietie'. The attet to con'truct an alliance only

;ith the ar&inali4e 7;hich, it i' true, are the aHority o 'ociety9 can lea



to the ea en' o the a't. In thi' 'en'e, ;e 'ea) ore o a heuri'tic or

the tran'oration o 'ociety than o a re+olutionary theory. Nenturin& a

heuri'tic o 'ocial chan&e, ;e roo'e that the ;a&er o the eanciatory

roHect i' the o't +ia<le in that it attac)' ;hat con'titute' the <a'e o caitali't

oination: 'ocial 'tratiication. The triuh o caitali' 'houl

<e uner'too a' the e'truction o any other 'en'e o truth an any other

coon intere't that i' not that o the he&eonic roHect: hence the 'trate&ic

lace occuie <y the counity a' the +ital 'ace o re'i'tance an

the con'truction o alternati+e'.

In the rae;or) o the eanciatory roHect, 'ocial tran'oration

ten' to lace the con'truction o counitie' an counity tie' a' it'

hori4on an rincial ai, attenin& a' ar a' o''i<le to the other o<Hecti+e'

an ur&encie' o the conHuncture. Thi' i' <ecau'e o+ercoin& caitali't

relation' ean' 'ocial ractice' an con'truction' that ro&re''i+ely

eliinate 'ocial 'tratiication ;ith the &oal o creatin& 'ace' o action to

counterhe&eonic 'u<Hect'. It re>uire' the con'truction o autonoou'

Ornela' G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 1!1

'ace' that 'er+e a' a reerence or 'ocial 'tru&&le an, e'ecially, that 'er+e

a' an alternati+e to caitali' or 'ector' o ;or)er' inte&rate into the

'y'te. Thi' con'truction re'on' to three e''ential nece''itie' o the

'tru&&le: the creation o <a'e' o 'ur+i+al that are relati+ely autonoou'

;ith re'ect to o;er the eerientation ;ith ne; alternati+e 'ocial

realitie' an the ro&re''i+e creation o a coon terrain o encounter

an reco&nition in ter' o e>uality ;ith the inte&rate ;or)er'. An 'o

the ro<le i' not 'o uch the ar&inality o autonoou' eerience' a'

the iiculty ;ith ;hich other 'ocial 'ector' ay unerta)e 'iilar ractice'?



'iilar in etho <ut ierent in content, o cour'e?that in orer

to e+elo u't corre'on to the 'ituation o each one o the 'ector' an

'ocial &rou' in+ol+e.

Are''in& thi' challen&e al'o rai'e' the >ue'tion o the )no;le&e'

o the et: the centrality o the 'tate, the nee to ta)e o;er, an the nece''ity

o con'tructin& the arty are >ue'tione in'i'tently in the rae;or)'

o the eanciatory roHect. In articular, autonoy a''ert' that he&eony

cannot ei't ;ithout oination <ecau'e he&eony i' a or o hoo&enou'

o;er. Thu', rather than con'tructin& ne; iea' o truth, it roo'e'

the nece''ity to inno+ate in the iel o the or', in the etho' o

'tru&&le, an in the con'truction o another ;orl that, ra;in& on <oth

hi'torical le''on' an recent eerience', 'houl a)e 'ace or i+er'ity,

re'ect or the other, an the eer&ence o +alue' alternati+e to tho'e o

caitali't 'ociety.

?Tran'late <y rena aletti

Fote'

Thi' e''ay i' an a<ri&e +er'ion o ontrahe&eonia' y eanciacione': Fota' ara un

e<ateJ 7ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation': Fote' or a De<ateJ9 in o' e'aio' e la'

eanciacion en un conteto ilitari4ao 7The hallen&e' o %anciation' in a ilitari4eontet9,

e. Ana %'ther ece6a 7ueno' Aire': ASO, 200!9, $5V121.

1 erry Aner'on, The ole o Iea' in the on'truction o Alternati+e',J in Fe; Worl

Ce&eony: Alternati+e' or han&e an Social o+eent', e. Atilio oron 7ueno'

Aire': ASO, 200#9, 35V50. *nle'' other;i'e note, all tran'lation' ro Sani'h

to %n&li'h ;ere ae <y the tran'lator o the e''ay.

2 The'e ar&uent' are <a'e on %ir Saer an Ana %'ther ece6a, re'entation' 7urin&

the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar, Fational Autonoou' *ni+er'ity o



eico, In'titute or %conoic e'earch, eico ity, ay 13VBune 2, 200#9 'ee al'o

%ir Saer, Ce&eonia e contra"he&eoniaJ

7Ce&eony an ounterhe&eonyJ9,

in Ce&eona' y eanciacione' en el 'i&lo XXI 7Ce&eony an %anciation in the 21't

entury9, e. Ana %'ther ece6a an %ir Saer 7ueno' Aire': ASO, 200#9.

1!2 The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

3 Saer, Ce&eonia e contra"he&eonia,J

20.

# See Ana %'ther ece6a, %l 4aati'o: De la inclu'in en la nacin al uno en el >ue

>uean too' lo' uno'J 7Kaati'o: -ro Inclu'ion in the Fation to the Worl

Where All Worl' -itJ9, in AUrica atina y el 7e'9oren &lo<al neoli<eral: Ce&eona,

contrahe&eona, er'ecti+a' 7atin Aerica an Mlo<al Feoli<eral 7Di'9orer: Ce&eony,

ounterhe&eony, er'ecti+e'9, e. Bo'U ara Moe' an arie"laue

Sout'

7ueno' Aire': ASO, 200#9, 301V20.

5 Ana %'ther ece6a, SuHeti4ano el O<Hecto e %tuio, o e la 'u<+er'ion ei'teolo&ical

coo eanciacinJ 7Su<Hecti+i4in& the O<Hect o Stuy, or, On the Su<+er'ion

o %i'teolo&y a' %anciationJ9, in o' e'aio' e la' eanciacion en un conteto

ilitari4ao 7The hallen&e' o %anciation' in a ilitari4e ontet9 7ueno' Aire':

ASO, 200!9, 13V3#.

! See, or eale, Bohn Collo;ay, han&e the Worl ;ithout Ta)in& o;er: The eanin&

o e+olution Toay 7onon: luto re'', 20059, 1#0V5# an aEl Ki<echi, Autonoa'

e eanciacione': Aerica atina en o+iiento 7Autonoie' an %anciation': atin

Aerica in o+eent9 7ia: *ni+er'ia e San arco', 2009, 21V!!.

ece6a, SuHeti4ano el O<Hecto e %tuio.J

8 -ranci'co inea, re'entation 7in the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar9.



$ Antonio Mra'ci, State an i+il Society,J in Selection' ro the ri'on Fote<oo)', e.

an tran'. Quintin Coare an Meorey Fo;ell Sith 7Fe; Lor): International, 1$19,

20!V.

10 In thi' re'ect, ;e 'houl <e ;ary o the interretation' that Atilio oron 7Ce&eony

an Ieriali' in the International Sy'te,J in Fe; Worl Ce&eony, 131V529 ha'

calle caricature' o Mra'ci an enin, ;hich reuce theori4ation' o re+olutionary

chan&e to a tactic o cou =Utat, thin)in& that o;er i' a thin& an the 'tate i' it'

in'truent.

11 ece6a i'cu''e' the o't orthoo aroache' to uner'tanin& the re+olutionary

'u<Hect, ;hich con'ier cla'' a' a o'ition in rouction an ;hich liit the con'truction

o the 'u<Hect to relation' o eloitation. ece6a, %l 4aati'o,J 303V5.

12 Bohn Collo;ay ;rite', The 'eciic conoration o the roletariat, uner'too a'

a i+er'e collecti+e anta&oni'tic to caital,J an thereore o the 'ace' o the con'truction

o re+olutionary alternati+e' i' locate in the hi'torical conluence o all the

ien'ion' that lie e+elo' in 'ociety in a articular tie an lace. Bohn Collo;ay,

Di&nity=' e+olt,J in Kaati'ta'Y ein+entin& e+olution in eico, e. Bohn Collo;ay

an %lona elPe4 7onon: luto, 1$$9.

13 In the ;or' o a e<er o the o+iiento e Tra<aHaore' De'ocuao'VSolano

7*neloye Wor)er' o+eentVSolano9, We on=t theori4e a<out ho; ;e ;ill o

thi' or that toorro;. . . . Fo, ;hat ;e 'ay i' that i toay ;e o not <e&in to chan&e

thi' reality an rouce a er'on <a'e in 'oliarity, caa<le o &i+in& hi' or her lie an

<ein& a art o the counity, then ;e ;ill 'tay ;here ;e are. We o not nee olitical

ocuent' or theoretical reiction' a<out o''i<le chan&e. -or u', the ro<le i'

toay. Toorro;, ;e ;ill 'ee. It i' toay that ;e nee to ;ea+e the 'ocial la;' that ;ill

e'troy caitali'. The challen&e i' thi', to ;or) ;ith tho'e at your 'ie. An there i'

no li<rary ;ith ar, ao, or -oucault that can 'a+e u' ;ithout ha+in& one thi' ;or).J



ara %'ther Milio, Bor&e Bara y AnrU' -ernPne4, i>uetero' el TD: %l oer 'e

Ornela' G ounterhe&eonie' an %anciation' 1!3

con'truyeJ 7Bor&e Bara an AnrU' -ernPne4, ic)eter' o the TD: o;er I' on'tructeJ9,

P&ina/12, Octo<er 1#, 2002.

1# Atilio oron, So<re el oer y el e'taoJ 7On o;er an the StateJ9, 7in atin Aerica

in o+eentJ 'einar9.

15 %ir Saer, re'entation 7urin& the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar, Fational

Autonoou' *ni+er'ity o eico, In'titute or %conoic e'earch, eico ity,

ay 13VBune 2, 200#9.

1! See Arano artra, A6oran4a' y utoa': a i4>uiera eicana en el tercer ilenioJ

7Fo'tal&ia an *toia: The eican et in the Thir illenniuJ9 7aer re'ente

at the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar9 Saer, inter+ention.

1 oa+entura e Sou'a Santo', Introuction: Oenin& u the anon o Deocracy,J

in Deocrati4in& Deocracy: <eyon the i<eral Deocratic anon 7Fe; Lor): Ner'o,

2009.

18 -or eale, the Kaati'ta' air, There i' a tie to a'), a tie to ean, an a

tie to act.J Mloria u6o4 aire4, Inter+ie; ;ith Su<coanante arco': A Tie

to A'), a Tie to Dean, an a Tie to Act,J Aerica' ro&ra 7;e< ne;'letter9,

Banuary 1!, 200#, ;;;.ciaerica'.or&/archi+e'/1120. They al'o eclare that all o

the oor' o the olitical 'y'te are clo'e, leain& the 'tru&&le to another iel, the

con'truction o autonoy: To turn to the traitional olitical cla'' a' an ally= in the

'tru&&le o re'i'tance i' a &oo eerci'e . . . in no'tal&ia. To turn to the neoolitician'

i' a 'yto o 'chi4ohrenia. * there, there i' nothin& to o, ecet to act a' i nothin&

can <e one. The 'ocial 'hi i' arit, an the ro<le i' not that ;e lac) a catain.

It 'o haen' that the ruer it'el ha' <een 'tolen, an it i' not &oin& to turn u any;here.

There are tho'e ;ho are e+ote to ia&inin& that the ruer 'till ei't' an



i&ht or it' o''e''ion. An there are tho'e ;ho a)e o an i'lan, not a reu&e or 'el"'ati'action

<ut a 'hi or inin& another i'lan an another an another.J Su<coanante

In'ur&ente arco', Se+en Thou&ht' in ay,J e+i'ta e<ela, no. 720039.

1$ i>uetero' i' a ter u'e to e'cri<e Ar&entinean ic)eter' o't oten a''ociate ;ith

the ilitant' o the TD'.

20 See Bohn Collo;ay, coent 7ae in the oen e<ate on The Ta)in& o o;er,

It' Naliity or an %anciatory roHectJ 'einar, olle&e o hilo'ohy, Fational

Autonoou' *ni+er'ity o eico, 200#9.

21 -or Arano artra, autonoou' ynaic' u't <e lin)e ;ith counterhe&eony in

orer to achie+e real tran'oration. artra, Zaracole'Y De'cirano la tecea+a e'telaJ

7aracole'Y Deciherin& the Thirteenth TrailJ9, eoria, no. 1! 720039: 10.

22 One coul elain thi' a'ect, or eale, <y eainin& the Kaati'ta' an their

national an international alliance', any o ;hich ha+e <een ;ea) or ha+e aile

to <e con'i'tent <et;een i'cour'e an ractice. In 'oe o the Kaati'ta initiati+e',

there ha' <een a eenence on eole ;ho are not art o the 'ocial 'tru&&le <ut ;ho

are )ey i&ure' in the 'y'te o o;er ;ithin their o;n countrie'. In &eneral ter', it

i' iortant to analy4e the iicultie' o the eole in all our countrie' to act in a uniie

a'hion.

23 See Atilio oron, Inter+ention 7in The Ta)in& o o;er, It' Naliity or an %anciatory

roHectJ 'einar9 an %ir Saer, e'ecially in reerence to o<ili4ation' a&ain't

the *nite State'= in+a'ion o Ira>. Ce ar&ue', That etraorinary o+eent ;a'n=t

1!# The South Atlantic Quarterly G Winter 2012

a<le to 'to the ;ar, <ut that ;oul <e a')in& too uch o it. ut the ro<le i' that

orce ;a' not con+erte into a olitical or&ani4ational orce. So ;e ha+e the ro&re''i+e

u<lic oinion an con'er+ati+e &o+ernent. . . . A' lon& a' ;e o not 'ol+e thi'

i''ue o the relation <et;een 'ocial orce an olitic' in a ne; ;ay, the accuulation



o orce' ;ill <e lo't an <ecoe u'ele''.J Saer, Ce&eonia e contra"he&eonia,J

33.

2# Saer, inter+ention.

25 Accorin& to a e<er o the Solano TD, To u', it i' ore iicult to e+elo the

o+eent in thi' hori4ontal ;ay <ut it ;ill al'o <e a lot ore iicult to e'troy. Thi'

'tan' in oo'ition to the cla''ical concetion' ;here con'ciou'ne'' coe' ro

out'ie o the eole, ;here a &rou o ilitant' ha' the real con'ciou'ne'' an thi'

con'ciou'ne'' i' <rou&ht to the eole an allo;' or tran'oration. I ar&ue, on a er'onal

le+el, thatR a' e''e u a' that concetion o the ;orl ;a' in orthoo olitic',

'oethin& ne; aeare an I a not 'ayin& that thi' ne; thin& i' &oo, 'ily that

it i' ne;.J %l Too, %ntre+i'ta al TD Solano, tra<aHaore' or la autonoia y la i&niaJ

7Inter+ie; o TD Solano, Wor)er' or Autonoy an Di&nityJ9, e e Soliariae'

e<ele', Bune 10, 200#, ;;;.'oliariae're<ele'.)ol&ao'.co.ar/'i

.harticle1.

2! Collo;ay, inter+ention. The eerience o the uneloye ;or)er' in Solano &i+e'

u' another er'ecti+e on thi' roce'': Welari' . . . ha' ar)e u' +ery eely

a' a eole, an <rea)in& ;ith thi' ;a' one o the o't arin& ruture' that ;e

attete. . . . It i' eactly that a''i+e 'u<Hect that nee' an or&ani4er, a leaer . . . to

'ol+e it' ro<le. . . . %+en i our rincile' are tho'e o autonoy, hori4ontality, an

irect eocracy, oten there i' 'till an eectation that ;e attet to recon'truct a

leaer, a ana&er on ;ho ;e lace our hoe'. . . . I ;e 'ay that ;ithin the o+eent

there are no reerent', ;e ;oul <e lyin& <ecau'e there are eole ;ho ue to

their role' <ecoe +ery 'tron& reerent', an our challen&e i' to uner'tan ;hat to o

;ith the'e reerent', ho; ;e can . . . ha+e other e<er' ature into ierent role',

an in thi' ;ay con'truct 'oethin& truly collecti+e.J eortaHe a Fe)a Bara: TD e

SolanoJ 7Inter+ie; ;ith Fe)a Bara: Solano TDJ9, a -o&ata, Banuary 200#.



2 [l+aro Marca inera, inter+ention 7at the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar9.

28 Ki<echi e'cri<e' ho; a<o+e an <elo; the 'ocial 'u<Hect' that are not Taylori4e conor

an act in ierent ;ay' ;ith re'ect to oinant current' in olitical in'titution',

<ut that ;ithin the'e ei't 'eciali4ation' an role' that rerouce hierarchie'.

To colicate the i'cu''ion e+en ore, ;e u't note that the'e hierarchie'

aon& the 'u<Hect' ;ho 'ee) eanciation can al'o <e 'een a' <arrier', a' een'e'

a&ain't the eternal that a)e o''i<le eerientation ;ith noncaitali't relation'hi'

;ithin counitie'. In 'hort, ;hat ;e ;i'h to hi&hli&ht i' the con'truction o

a ne; tye o or&ani4ation that i' hi&hly contraictory. aEl Ki<echi, re'entation 7at

the atin Aerica in o+eentJ 'einar9.

2$ Arano artra, >ue'tion to Ki<echi urin& hi' re'entation 7at the atin Aerica in

o+eentJ 'einar9.

30 Thi' i' an a'ect that 'houl <e eha'i4e, 'ince e<er'hi in a 'ocial o+eent

oe' not rotect one a&ain't the ten'ion' o clienteli', <ureaucratic action, or corrution

ure an 'ile: a clear an raatic eale i' that o the corrut leaer' ;ho

or ore than thirty year' ;ere re'on'i<le or control o+er the eican ;or)er' an

roite ro it.

the south atlantic quarterly 111

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