THE SKI SHOP Debbie: Have you seen the ski shop thats just opened in the High Street? Nicola: Yes, it opened last week, didnt it? I havent been in there yet. Debbie: I went in yesterday. Its really good. I brought some gloves. Were going to Italy next winter, and I can buy clothes there. Nicola: I havent skied for ages actually. Ive got some skis Ive had them for years. I used to ski a lot when I was younger. Debbie: Where did you go? Nicola: We went to Austria a few times. Debbie: Ive been to Scotland twice, but Ive never done any skiing abroad. Im really looking forward to Italy. WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT PERFECT FOR? to CONNECT past and present situations. The Present Perfect Tense Like a bridge between the past and the present. I arrived in Istanbul in It is I have lived in Istanbul for ten years. I have lived in Istanbul since Past Present Present Perfect To form the present perfect: HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE I have (ve) gone You We They She has (s) gone He It I have not (havent) gone You We They She has not (hasnt) gone He It Have I gone? You We They Has She gone? He it Statement Negative Question Use of the present perfect Traditionally, the present perfect is described as referring to indefinite time, that is, to events or actions that start in the past and extend into the present and even possibly into the future. The present perfect is generally presented in contrast to the simple past, which describes events that are over and completed. WHEN DO WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT? The present perfect tells us about the past and about the present. We use it for an action in the period leading up to the present. The shop has just opened. The post hasnt come yet. Have you ever ridden a horse? The visitors have arrived. We can also use the present perfect for repeated actions. Debbie has been to Scotland twice. Weve often talked about emigrating. Ive ridden lots of times. We can also use the present perfect for states. Some typical time expressions with the present perfect are just, recently, lately, already, before, so far, still, ever/never, today, this morning/ evening, for weeks/ years, since Some of these are also used with the past simple. Ive had these skis for years. The shop has been open a week. Ive always known about you and Diana. The adverbs are frequently used in the present perfect: Yet Already Just Ever/ never Recently/lately The train hasnt arrived in Istanbul yet Theyve already visited Ayers Rock Ive just seen a very original advertisement Have you ever seen a kangaroo? Alan has recently written an article on that very subject. The present perfect is used to express continuative or durative time, that is, to describe an event or action that occurs over a period of time. This is stable time. The present perfect often co-occurs with such expressions of time as for and since. How long have you owned this car? I have owned this car since I have owned this car for two years. He has loved her since the day he first saw her. He has loved her for five years. PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE The shop has just opened. The shop opened last week. STATE: Ive had these skis for years. I had those skis for years. (Then I sold them.) Ive been here since three oclock. I was there from three oclock to about five. (Then I left.) Compare the past simple for an action: I bought these skis years ago. I arrived here at three oclock REPEATED ACTIONS: Gayle has acted in more than fifty films. (Her career has continued up to now.) Gayle acted in more than fifty films. (She is dead, or her career is over.) Look at this news report. There has been a serious accident on the M6. It happened at ten oclock this morning near Preston when a lorry went out of control and collided with a car The present perfect is used to give the fact of the accident and the past simple for details such as when and how it happened. We often use the present perfect to first mention a topic and the past simple for the details. ADVERBPRESENT PERFECT Today I havent seen him for today. This week It has rained three times this week. In my life I have done some silly things in my life. So far We have won every race so far. Until now He has read five novels until now. Recently Three shows have been cancelled recently. Lately I havent been to the theatre lately. Since I have lived in Ankara since For I have lived in Ankara for ten years now. Just She has just arrived Already He has already submitted his project. Yet I havent had lunch yet. ADVERBSIMPLE PAST Today I saw him at school today. Yesterday I broke my arm yesterday. Last week It rained three times last week. Ago He went to Istanbul three days ago. Recently Three shows were cancelled recently. for I lived in Tarsus for two years-from 1993 to 1995 GOING INTO HOSPITAL Mrs. Webster: I shall have to go into hospital some time to have an operation on my leg. Ted: Are you on the waiting list? Mrs. Webster: yes, Ive been waiting for three years. Ted: Three years! Thats awful! Youve been suffering all that time. Mrs. Webster: Well, I have to use the wheelchair, thats all. Ted: they've been cutting expenditure, trying to save money. Its not right. Mrs. Webster: My son David has written to them three times. Hes been trying to get me in quicker. I dont know if itll do any good. WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS FOR? To show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. To form the present perfect continuous: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + DOING POSITIVENEGATIVEQUESTION I/WE/ YOU/THE Y I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking? HE/SHE/ IT He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking? Use of the present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous for an action over a period of time up to now, the period leading up to the present. Ive been waiting for three years. The government has been cutting expenditure. How long have you been using a wheelchair? The roof has been leaking. The carpets wet. We can use the present perfect continuous for repeated actions up to now. Adam has been writing letters to the hospital. Theyve been going to evening classes in Arabic. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Completion: This country has welcomed several hundred refugees from Kosovo in the last few weeks. Continuation: This country has been welcoming political refugees for many years. Repeated action: She has played with the Symphony orchestra three times this season. Duration: She has been playing with the Symphony orchestra all season. Permanent situation: People have eaten a lot less meat over the last twenty years or so. Temporary situation: People have been eating less meat recently because of the crisis. Focus on present results: I ve done the accounts- here they are. Focus on the activity: Ive been doing my accounts all afternoon. WHEN IS IT USED The future perfect is used to refer to events or actions in the future that will take place before another future point in time. By, by the time, when and before phrases are often found with the future perfect. WWe don't want to spend all day in the museum. I think we'll have seen enough lunch-time. WWont they have completed the new road next year? II will have finished my homework my mother comes back. I get to the age of fifty, I will have visited all the countries. by by the time By the time TThe child will have gone to bed he finishes his homework. WWe will have done half the journey we stop for lunch. TThe mouse will have escaped from the kitchen the cat comes. PProfiteers will have made lots of money political conflicts in the country end. when before FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE SubjectAuxiliary verb Main verb + Iwill havefinishedit by 10am. + Youwill haveforgottenme by then. - Shewillnothavegoneto school. - Wewillnothaveleft. ? Willyou havearrived? ? Willthey havereceivedit? AND It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. REMEMBER The Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. B By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. Y You will have noticed how complicated the subject is when the lesson is over. I If we dont stop him, he will have eaten and drunk everything. PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V 3 They will have completed the project before the deadline. The project will have been completed before the deadline. ACTIVE PASSIVE Adverbs such as in a week, in ten days, in three years are often used with the future perfect tense. She will have graduated from university in two years. They will have completed the construction in three weeks. He will not have finished eating in five minutes. They will not have gone to Ankara from Edirne in six hours time. Julia will have moved to the new house in ten days. The number of poor people will have increased in a few years all around the world. WHERE WE USE THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1. Completed Action Before Something in the Future The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. * By next November, I will have received my promotion. * Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? * By the time he is twenty-two, hell have taken his degree. * Sarah won't have completed her studies until she's twenty-five. * Wont you have painted your room by Friday? * Tom will have finished his exercises by the time of the exam. * The children will have eaten the cakes by the time you bring the tea. 2. Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-continuous Verbs) With non-continuous verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. * I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. * By Monday, Susan will have had my book for a week. Although the use of Future Perfect is sometimes limited to non-continuous verbs, the words live, work, teach and study can be used in this way even though they arent non-continuous verbs. 3. The Future Perfect Tense can sometimes tell probability or assumption. In this case, this tense doesnt show future meaning. Its 9 oclock. My daughter will have come back from the party. Certainly she will have received a good mark. The plane wont have arrived yet. The match wont have started yet. The Future Perfect Tense doesnt show specific day or time when the action will be done !!! FOR EXAMPLE; C C lara will have done her homework by Friday night. W W e will have learnt English by June. JJ ulia will have come here by five oclock. The Future Perfect Continuous is used to express the action which started in the past and will continue in the future or we use this tense to express the action which will start in the future and will continue in the future. WHEN IS IT USED Because the future perfect continuous shows duration of an event or action, it is often used with expressions that begin with. BBy the time Sally finishes her dissertation, she will have been working on it for seven years. TTomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson is over. BBy the next elections, this government will have been running the country for four years. for FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE SubjectAuxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Main verb + Iwill havebeenworkingfor four hours. + Youwill havebeentravellingfor two days. - Shewillnothavebeenusingthe car. - Wewillnothavebeenwaitinglong. ? Willyou havebeenplayingfootball? ? Willthey havebeenwatchingTV? 1947TODAY People began watching TV. > People watch TV By the year 2017, people will have been watching TV for 70 years. TIMELINE OF EVENTS ABOUT THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. AND She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Ankara. DONT FORGET The Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. YYou won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. YYou won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. NOT CORRECT CORRECT WILL + HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V3 PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE TT he famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. TT he mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE PASSIVE Pay attention to the usage of by the time with the verb be. Normally, when we use by the time in the subordinate clause, we use in the main clause. BB y the time he retires from his job, he will have been in this city for twenty years. BB y the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for a month. Future Perfect 1. Duration Before Something in the Future WHERE WE USE THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. * They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tom arrives. * James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. * How long will you have been studying when you graduate? * A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long. 2. Cause of Something in the Future Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show and. causeeffect *Jennifer will be tired when she gets home because she will have been jogging for over an hour. * Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she will have been studying English in the United States for over two years. SHARED USAGE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use the future perfect and the future perfect continuous with the simple present to show the order of events. The event that will take place first uses the perfect. By the time she gets home, we will have finished playing football. When my uncle phones me, I will have been cooking. FIRST ACTIONSECOND ACTION FIRST ACTION ON THE CONTRARY TO THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE; The Future Perfect Continuous Tense cannot be used with non-continuous verbs. N N ed will have been having his driver's license for over two years. N N ed will have had his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct Correct SOME EXAMPLES ABOUT CONTINUOUS VERBS CookLiveStudy DanceMakeTeach DigPlayTravel DriveRainWait LearnRunWatch LieSitWork QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE PERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Situation: Doctors began using morphine in the 1860s. Question: By 2011, how long will doctors have been using morphine? 2. Situation: I became a computer programmer in I am still a computer programmer. Question: In 2050, how long will I have been a computer programmer? 3. Situation: I lent Jimmy $20 on Tuesday, and he said that he was going to return the money on Thursday. Today is Saturday. Question: By tomorrow, how long will Jimmy have owed me money?