the simple sentence

7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence

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E_English Grammar Course

LECTURE 3

The Simple Sentence



1. Clause Patterns

2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings

3. Concord

4. Negation

5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations

Issues



Clause Types1

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Clause types Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types

Clause types transformed



Clause Types1

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Clause types

S, V, O, C, A

They appointed him head of office last week .

S V O C A




Clause Types1

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Clause types


Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required

for the complementation of the verb.



Clause Types1

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Clause types


I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.

He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled.

(Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).

He is eating (the cake).



Clause Types1

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7 Clause types


1. SVA Mary is in the house.

2. SVC Mary is kind.

3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.

4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.

6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.

7. SV The lady smiled.



Clause Types1

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7 Clause types


Passive transformation

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents



Clause Types1

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7 Clause types



Many critics disliked the play

(SVOd)

The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])



Clause Types1

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7 Clause types



Mom considered him a genius.

(SVOC)

He was considered a genius (by Mom).

(SVC [A])



Clause Types1

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7 Clause types


SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

1. SV SVC

The baby is sleeping The baby is asleep

2. SV SVC

Two loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient

3. SVC SVA

He is jobless He is without a job.



Clause Types1

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Which clause type does each of the following

sentences belong to?

1. He’s getting angry.

2. He got through the window.

3. He’ll get a surprise.

4. He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. He got himself into trouble.

6. He got her a splendid present.



Clause Types1

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1. SVC He’s getting angry.

2. SVA He got through the window.

3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.

4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.

6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.

One verb can belong to a number of different classes.



Sentence elements and their meanings2

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Sentence elements

syntactically definedSubject

Object

Complement

Adverbial

See Quirk, pp170




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Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty It

2/3




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agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

She opened the door.

2/4




2/4


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The key opens the door.

2/5




2/5


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The door opens.

2/6




2/6


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

ITShe has a new shirt.

2/7




2/7


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

This room accommodates 20 people.

2/8




2/8


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

Tomorrow is my birthday.

2/9




2/9


agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The meeting ended successfully.

2/10




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agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.

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We opened the door.

He invented the telephone.

We passed the building.

Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

effected

locative

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Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

recipient

We paid him a visit.

We gave him some money.

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He is tired.

He becomes tired.

Semantic Roles of the Complements

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

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Semantic Roles of the Complement

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

We found the room empty.

They left the room empty.

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Concords3

CONCORDS Grammatical concord

Notional Concord

Concord by Proximity

Concord with coordinated

subject

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Concords3

Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

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Concords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plur This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.

SUBJECT (clause) VERB sing

What they are doing now is my concern.

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Concords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

The child was an angel.

The children are angels.

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Concords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

He injured himself.

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Concords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

The boy likes his toys

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Concords3

Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

NoneThe verb agrees with the

idea of plural rather

than the actual

singular form of the noun

3/8



Concords3


Collective noun

None

What he says isn’t true.

(= The thing he says isn’t true)

What they like best are tea and coffee.

( The things they like…)

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Concords3


Collective noun

NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.

(All members of the cabinet…)

The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)

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Concords3


Collective noun

None

None of the students like Grammar.

None of the cheese is fresh.

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Concords3

Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

The verb tends to agree

with whatever noun or

pronoun closely precedes

it, instead of the head

word of the subject

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Concords3



Either… or

One in ten take drugs.

3/13



Concords3



Either… or There are two chairs and a desk there.

There is a chair and two desks there.

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Concords3



Either… or

Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

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Concords3


subjectCoordinated subject

representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the same

thing/ person

normally takes

a plural verb

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Concords3


subjectCoordinated subject



thing/ personThe hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.

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Concords3


subject

Coordinated subject



thing/ person

His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.

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Negation4

The negation of a sentence is accomplishedby inserting not between the operator andthe predication.

E.g.

The attempt has succeeded.

The attempt has not succeeded.

We may win the match. We may not win the match.

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Negation4

1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives

2. Negative intensification

3. Alternative Negative elements

4. Scope of negation

5. Focus of negation

6. Relationship between scope and focus of

negation7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

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Negation4

Assertives Non-assertives

Some

Someone

Somewhere

Somehow

To some extent

Already

A great deal

Too A long way

Too

A long time

Any

Anyone

Anywhere

In any way

At all

Yet

Much

Either Far

Very

Long

Non-assertive forms = items

that do not naturally

occur outside negative,

interrogative, and

conditional sentences.

E.g.

I saw him somewhere.

I didn’t see him

anywhere.

(Quirk p.184)

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Negation4

Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification

to a negative.

I found nothing at all the matter with him.

I have no excuse whatever.

I'll never, never go there again.

I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.She has never spoken to me even a single word.

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Negation4

Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another

element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.

I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

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Negation4

Scope of Negation Normally extends from the negative

word itself to the end of the clause.

E.g.

I definitely didn’t speak to him.

(It’s definite that I did not.)

I didn’t definitely speak to him.

(It’s not definite that I did.)

= The stretch of language

over which the negative

meaning operates

4/7



Negation4

Focus of Negation 1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary.

Somebody loves Mary but it’s not

John.

2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary.John likes Mary but it’s not love.

3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY.

John loves somebody else but

it’s not Mary.

The contrastive nuclear stress

falling on a particular part of aclause indicates that the contrast of

meaning implicit in the negation is

located at that spot and the rest of

the clause can be understood in a

positive sense.

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Negation4

Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.

(I listened none of the time.)

I didn’t listen ALL the time.

(I listened some of the time.)

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope

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Negation4

Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,

does John love Mary or not?

John doesn’t LOVE Mary because she is a teacher.

John doesn’t love Mary because

she is a TEACHER.

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope.

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Negation4

Main verb negation vs .

Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negationincludes the meaning

of the auxiliary itself

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)

You can’t be serious.

(It is not possible that…)

You can’t go swimming.

(You are not allowed…) She can’t ride a bicycle.

(She is not able to…)

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’t

You needn’t pay that fine.

(You are not obliged to…)

It needn’t be my fault. (it is not necessary that…)

4

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.

(You are not allowed to…)

4

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

1. May not (=possibility)

They may not bother to come if it’s wet.

(It is possible that they will not

bother to come.)

4

4/16



Negation4


Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

N i4

4/17



Negation4


Auxiliary negation


Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)

He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)

They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.

N ti4

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation


Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.

(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.

N ti4

4/19



Negation4


Auxiliary negation


Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)

N ti4

4/20



Negation4


Auxiliary negation


Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


You mustn’t keep us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)

N ti4

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Negation4


Auxiliary negation


Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)

He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)

Q ti C d & E l ti5

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation5

Types of simple sentencesStatements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Q ti C d & E l ti5

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Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.

Questions Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions


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Questions



5/5




Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questions

Has the boat left?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:

Has the boat left already?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:

Hasn’t the boat left yet?


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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions

• Rising tone = neutral assumption

• Falling tone:

Positive assumption + positive expectation

Negative assumption + negative expectation


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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Declarative Questions

You’ve got the explosive?

He didn’t finished it?


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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Exclamatory Questions

Negative Y-N

Hasn’t he grown!

Wasn’t it good!

Positive Y – N

Am I hungry!

Do I look annoyed!


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Questions


Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose

• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)

• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)

• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)

• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)


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Questions


Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv

• When will you come back? (A time)

• Where should I put these? (A place)

• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)

• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…


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Questions


Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?

Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?


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Questions

Commands

Exclamationssentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,

or sometimes of questions with the initial modal- particularly with invitations or requests.


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CommandsWithout subject

With subject

With ‘let’


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With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Be reasonable Negative: Don’t make noise


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Ques o s, Co ds & c o5


With subject

With ‘let’ ‘You’ as subject Infinite pronoun S


5/16



Q ,5


With subject

With ‘let’ ‘You’ as subject

-You there be quiet!

-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.

- Will you come in and sit down?


5/17



Q ,


With subject

With ‘let’ Indefinite Pronoun S

Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!

Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!


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Q ,

Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.

Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.


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Q ,


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation


5/20



Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation

What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!


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Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation What a book!How wonderful!

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