e_english grammar course chapter vii the simple sentence
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course
Chapter VII
The Simple Sentence
![Page 2: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Clause Patterns
2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings
3. Concord
4. Negation
5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations
IssuesIssues
![Page 3: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformed
1/1
![Page 4: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
S, V, O, C, AThey appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
2/1
![Page 5: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Obligatory clause elements are those which are required for the complementation of the verb.
3/1
![Page 6: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).
4/1
![Page 7: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
1. SVA Mary is in the house.2. SVC Mary is kind.3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.7. SV The lady smiled.
5/1
![Page 8: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
6/1
![Page 9: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
Many critics disliked the play (SVOd)
The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])
7/1
![Page 10: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
Mom considered him a genius.(SVOC)
He was considered a genius (by Mom).(SVC [A])
7/1
![Page 11: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
1. SV SVCThe baby is sleeping The baby is asleep
2. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.
8/1
![Page 12: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
Which clause type does each of the following
sentences belong to?
1. He’s getting angry.
2. He got through the window.
3. He’ll get a surprise.
4. He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. He got himself into trouble.
6. He got her a splendid present.
9/1
![Page 13: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Clause TypesClause Types1
1. SVC He’s getting angry.
2. SVA He got through the window.
3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.
4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.
6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.
One verb can belong to a number of different classes.
10/1
![Page 14: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty It
1/2
![Page 15: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
She opened the door.
2/2
![Page 16: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
This key can open the door.
3/2
![Page 17: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The door opens.
4/2
![Page 18: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
ITShe has a new shirt.
5/2
![Page 19: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
This room accommodates 20 people.
6/2
![Page 20: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
Tomorrow is my birthday.
7/2
![Page 21: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The meeting ended successfully.
8/2
![Page 22: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.
9/2
![Page 23: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
We opened the door.
He invented the telephone.
We passed the building.
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
effected
locative
10/2
![Page 24: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
recipient
We paid him a visit.
We gave him some money.
11/2
![Page 25: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
He is tired.
He becomes tired.
Semantic Roles of the complement
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
12/2
![Page 26: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
Semantic Roles of the Complement
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
We found the room empty.
They left the room empty.
13/2
![Page 27: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
1/3
CONCORDS Grammatical concord
Notional Concord
Concord by Proximity
Concord with coordinated subject
![Page 28: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
2/3
![Page 29: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plurThis dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.
SUBJECT (clause) VERB singWhat they are doing now is my concern.
3/3
![Page 30: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The child was an angel.
The children are angels.
4/3
![Page 31: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
He injured himself.
5/3
![Page 32: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The boy likes his toys
6/3
![Page 33: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun
7/3
![Page 34: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
What he says isn’t true. (= The thing he says isn’t true)What they like best are tea and coffee. ( The things they like…)
8/3
![Page 35: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.(All members of the cabinet…)
The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)
9/3
![Page 36: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
None of the students like Grammar.None of the cheese is fresh.
10/3
![Page 37: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or
pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject
11/3
![Page 38: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
One in ten take drugs.
12/3
![Page 39: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… orThere are two chairs and a desk there.There is a chair and two desks there.
13/3
![Page 40: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.
14/3
![Page 41: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
normally takes a plural verb
15/3
![Page 42: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
The hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.
16/3
![Page 43: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ConcordsConcords3
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.
17/3
![Page 44: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/1
The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication.E.g.
The attempt has succeeded.The attempt has not succeeded.
We may win the match. We may not win the match.
![Page 45: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/2
1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives
2. Negative intensification
3. Alternative Negative elements
4. Scope of negation
5. Focus of negation
6. Relationship between scope and focus of negation
7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation
![Page 46: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4
4/3
Assertives Non-assertives
Some
Someone
Somewhere
Somehow
To some extent
Already
A great deal
Too
A long way
Too
A long time
Any
Anyone
Anywhere
In any way
At all
Yet
Much
Either
Far
Very
Long
Non-assertive forms = itemsthat do not naturallyoccur outside negative,interrogative, andconditional sentences.
E.g.I saw him somewhere.I didn’t see him anywhere.
(Quirk 7.35 p.184)
NegationNegation
![Page 47: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/4
Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.
I found nothing at all the matter with him.
I have no excuse whatever.
I'll never, never go there again.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.
She has never spoken to me even a single word.
![Page 48: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/5
Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)
An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.
I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.
![Page 49: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/6
Scope of NegationNormally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause.
E.g.I definitely didn’t speak to him.
(It’s definite that I did not.)I didn’t definitely speak to him.
(It’s not definite that I did.)
= The stretch of language over which the negative
meaning operates
![Page 50: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/7
Focus of Negation 1.'JOHN doesn’t love Mary.
Somebody loves Mary but it’s not
John.
2. John doesn’t 'LOVE Mary.
John likes Mary but it’s not love.
3. John doesn’t love 'MARY.
John loves somebody else but
it’s not Mary.
The contrastive nuclear stress falling
on a particular part of a clause
indicates that the contrast of
meaning implicit in the negation is
located at that spot and the rest of
the clause can be understood in a
positive sense.
![Page 51: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/8
Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.
(I listened none of the time.)
I didn’t listen ALL the time.
(I listened some of the time.)
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of
the focus we can realize the
extent of the scope
![Page 52: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/10
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation
![Page 53: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/11
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negation includes the meaningof the auxiliary itself
![Page 54: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/12
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)You can’t be serious.
(It is not possible that…)You can’t go swimming.(You are not allowed…)She can’t ride a bicycle.(She is not able to…)
![Page 55: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/13
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’tYou needn’t pay that fine.(You are not obliged to…)
It needn’t be my fault.(it is not necessary that…)
![Page 56: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/14
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.(You are not allowed to…)
![Page 57: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/15
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. May not (=possibility)They may not come if it’s wet.
(It is possible that they won’t come.)
![Page 58: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/16
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
![Page 59: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/17
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)
He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)
They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.)
![Page 60: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/18
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.)
![Page 61: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/19
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)
![Page 62: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/20
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You mustn’t make noise. (It is obligatory that you don’t make noise)
![Page 63: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
NegationNegation4
4/21
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)
He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)
![Page 64: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/1
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
![Page 65: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/2
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.
![Page 66: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/3
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
![Page 67: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/4
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
![Page 68: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questionsHas the boat left?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Has the boat left already?
Yes-no questions with negative orientation:Has the boat left yet?
![Page 69: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/6
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions• Rising tone = neutral assumption• Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation
![Page 70: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/7
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsDeclarative Questions
You’ve bought a new car?
He didn’t finish it?
![Page 71: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/9
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lend the book to? (Wh-word = Oi)
![Page 72: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/10
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv• When will you come back? (A time)• Where should I put these? (A place)• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…
![Page 73: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/11
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?
Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?
![Page 74: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/12
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
ExclamationsSentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main verb,
or sometimes of questions with the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.
![Page 75: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/13
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
![Page 76: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/14
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Be reasonableNegative: Don’t make noise
![Page 77: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/15
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’‘You’ as subject Indefinite pronoun S
![Page 78: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/16
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’‘You’ as subject-You there be quiet!-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.- Will you come in and sit down?
![Page 79: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/17
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’Indefinite Pronoun SPositive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!
![Page 80: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/18
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.Negative: Let’s not open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.
![Page 81: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/19
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
![Page 82: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/20
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!
![Page 83: E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012900/55144ec1550346494e8b5011/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/21
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamationWhat a book!
How wonderful!