The Scope Of Semantics

Class : 5B

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Naming

• Language might be thought of as a communication system with on the one hand “the signifier”, and on the other “the signified”.

• Signifier ----------- Signified • a word the object in • in the language the world that it • stands for/ refers to/ • denotes

• Problems with this view: Words, then, are ‘names’ or ‘labels’ for

things.

It seems to apply only to nouns; therefore, it seems impossible to extend the theory of naming to include the other parts of speech.

Adjectives : beautiful, handsome, difficult, etc

Verbs : run, think, swim, etc Others: prepositions, conjunctions,

pronouns

• Abstract Nouns ??? – e.g. love, hate, inspiration, nonsense

That is to say: Words are not just names of

things Words are not simply names of

the objects of our experience.

• Even where there are identifiable physical objects, the meaning is not necessarily the same as its denotation.

Scientific vs Common knowledge • e.g. tomato vs apple?

One possible way working out the problem:

• Some words actually denote objects That children learn some of them

as labels. The reminder are used in some way

derived from the more basic use.

• Bertrand Russell : object word • Learned ostensibly, by pointing at objects dictionary word • To be defined in terms of the object words.

CONCEPTS

• According to de Saussure, as we have seen, the linguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified, these are, however, more strictly a sound image and a concept, both linked by a psychological 'associative' bond.

Ogden and Richards saw the relationship as a triangle.

Bloomfield (1933)

S ----------- r ……………s ----------- R

Stimulus------ words ----- Response, this view shows that meaning is as a description from a situation which

there are stimulus (S) that may cause someone to say something (r) and the response ( R) is an effect of

the words said by someone (s)

The definition of sense:

Sense is abstract and de-contextualized, and it refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. Sense is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations. It is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form.

The definition of reference:

Reference is what a linguistic form points to in the real world.It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the metalinguistic world of experience.

A- Sense many references

B- Reference many senses

C- Sense no reference

D- Reference no sense ***

The Word

The word is the product of naming.

There are two kinds of words :• Full words, e.g : tree, sing, boy, like, etc.• Form words, e.g : it, the, of, and, etc.

Look at the example below :The boy likes to play.The girl hates to fight.

Ullman made the distinction of the words :• Transparent words :

Are those whose meaning can be determined from the meaning of their parts, e.g : Chopper, driver, etc

• Opaque words :

Are the words whose meaning can not be determined from the meaning of their parts, e.g : hammer, porter, spanner, etc.

There are a lot of terms appeared in relation to the words and meaning.

Minimum free form Morpehemes

Phonaestethic Idioms

The Sentence

The sentence is the expression of a complete thought.

English sentence will minimally have a subject noun phrase and the verb phrase. E.g : birds fly.

There are two possible meanings in the sentence :• Meaningful sentence• Ambiguous sentence

Lyons suggested the distinction between :

Sentence meaning (written)

Utterance meaning (oral)

More complex , there are other kinds of meaning related to the sentence :

Prosodic and Paralinguistic Irony ( says something means another)

Intonation’s reference A problem associated with the sentence

Variety of social relation (context)Speech act