the roots, verb forms, and primary derivatives of the sanskrit language- whitney

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BRIEF RECORD

Author: Whitney, William Dwight

Title: The Roots, Verb Forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language. A

Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar.

Publ.: Leipzig : Breitkopf und Härtel 1885

Description: xiii, 247 p.

Series: Bibliothek indogermanischer Grammatiken, 2

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THE

ROOTS, VERB-FORMS,AND

PRIMARY DERIVATIVES

O F T H E

SANSKRIT LANGUAGE.

A SUPPLEMENT TO HIS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,

BY

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY,PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN YALE COLLEGE.

THIS WORK IS COPYRIGHT.

LEIPZIG,B R E I T K O P F A N D H Ä R T E L .

LONDON, TRÜBNER & Co. 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL, E. C 8.

ENTD STA. HALL.

1885.



(The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved.)

Printers : Breitkopf & HÍrtel, Leipzig .



P R E F A C E .

This work is intended especially as a Supplement to my Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879), giving, with a ful-ness of detail that was not then practicable, nor admissible as part of the grammar itself, all the quotable roots of the language, with the tense and conjugation-systems made from them, and with the noun and adjective (infinitival and par-ticipial) formations that attach themselves most closely to the verb; and further, with the other derivative noun and adjective-stems usually classed as primary: since these also are needed, if one would have a comprehensive view of

the value of a given root in the language. And everything given is dated, with such accuracy as the information thus far in hand allows — whether found in the language throughout its whole history, or limited to a certain period.

My leading authority has necessarily been that magni-ficent thesaurus of authentic information respecting the Sanskrit language of every period, the great St. Peters-burg Lexicon of Böhtlingk and Roth. 1 This I have gone carefully over, excerpting all the material needed for my

purpose. So far, indeed, as concerns the epic and clas-sical literature, the Lexicon has been almost my sole source, since my own collections, for verification or of- additional material, though not wholly wanting, have yet been al-together insignificant as compared with it. But in the older language, of Veda and Brāhmaṇa and Upanishad and Sūtra, I have done much more independent work. I have, namely,

1

With its abbreviation and supplement, the minor lexicon of rajaka; in the Additions and Corrections, to the end of I.



v i PREFACE.

gone over all the texts of the earlier period accessible to me, including (by the kindness of Professor Weber) the as yet unpublished Kāusītaki-Brāhmaṇa and Kāṭhaka, and (by the kindness of the late Dr . Burnell) the immense Jāiminīya or Talavakāra - Brāhmaṇa, which has as yet hardly been accessible to any one e l s e ; 1 and from them I have ex-cerpted all the noteworthy verbal forms and (less completely) the primary derivatives; thus verifying and occasionally correcting the material of the Lexicon, supplying chance omissions, and especially filling in not a few details which

it had not lain in the design of that work to present in their entirety.

As a matter of course, no such work as the present can pretend to completeness, especially at its first appearance. The only important texts of which we have exhaustive verbal indexes are the Rig-Veda and the Atharva-Veda, nor is it known that any other is in preparation; and only where such indexes exist can the inclusion of all that a text contains be assured. But I trust it will be found that

the measure of completeness here attained is in general proportioned to the importance of the material: that it is the more indifferent forms and derivatives which, having been passed over by the Lexicon, have escaped my glean-ing also. I expect to continue the work of verification and addition, and to make an eventual future edition perceptibly nearer to perfection in its details, and possessing such im-provements in plan as my own experience and the criticisms

of others may suggest.2

It is unnecessary to add that 1 The extant texts of which I have most painfully felt the lack are:

The (Cashmere) Pāippalāda Atharva-Veda, which is in Professor Roth's hands alone; the latter half of the Māitrāyaiiī-Saṁhitā, as yet wanting in Schroder's edition, and the Kapiṣṭhala-Saṁhitā; and the unpublished Sūtras, as the Āpastamba (every new number of Garbe's edition of which brings valuable additional items of material) and the Cāṅkhāyana.

2 A conspectus of the work, with specimens, and with invitation of criticisms and suggestions, was published in the Proceedings of the American Oriental Society for May, 1882 (Journ. Am. Or. Soc, vol. xi., pp. cxvii ff.); and a leaf of specimens, with certain improvements, was sent out somewhat later to many Sanskrit scholars; but nothing was received in return.



PREFACE. vi i

corrections and additions of any kind will be welcomed by me, and duly acknowledged.

Of the verb-forms which, though not yet found — and, for the most part, destined never to be found — in recorded use, are prescribed or authorized by the Hindu grammarians, a liberal presentation is made under the different roots: such material being always distinguished from the other by being put in square brackets. It is in no part given at first hand, but only as reported by Western authorities: the Lexicon, Westergaard's Radices, and the various Euro-pean grammars; all of these supplement rather than con-tradict one another; and any occasional disagreement among them is passed over, as relating to a matter of too little consequence to be worth reporting.

The periods in the life of the language which are acknowledged and distinguished by appropriate notation are six: the Veda (marked with v . ) , the Brāhmaṇa (with B . ) , the earlier or more genuine Upanishads (with u.), the Sūtras (with s.) , the epics, Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa

(with E.), and the classical or common. Sanskrit (with c ) . This classification, however, is by no means an absolute one, and calls for certain explanations and limitations, as follows.

Under 'Veda’ (v.) are included only the indexed texts of the Rig-Veda, Sāma-Veda, and Atharva-Veda. In strict-ness, certain passages of the Atharva-Veda should have been excluded, as being in prose and Brāhmaṇa-like; and, what is of much more importance, the older and better part of the mantra-material in the various samhita's of the Yajur-Veda, in the Brāhmaṇas, and even in the Sūtras, is quite as good Veda as most of the Atharvan, some of it even as parts of the Rik. In the present condition of things, how-ever, it did not seem to me practicable to draw the divis-ion-line otherwise than in the partly arbitrary way in which I have drawn it . When the mantra-material is col-lected from all places and compared (as it by all means ought soon to be), it will be possible to use the term

‘Veda’ in a more exact sense, both inclusively and exclus-ively — though between what is genuinely old and what



v i i i PREFACE.

is in an artificially antique style a definite separation will

probably never admit of being made. It is further to be stated that in the following lists nothing is intended to be marked with simple v., as 'Vedic', that does not occur in the Rig-Veda; what is not Rig-Vedic, though it may be found in both the other collections, is marked AV., or sv. , or both, as the case may be. On the other hand, if anything occurring only in the Rik among the three Vedas is found also in later periods, the fact that it does not chance to be met with in the Atharvan or Sā-

man is too unimportant to notice, and (save perhaps in exceptional cases) it is marked V . B . or the like.

Between Brāhmaṇa, Āraṇyaka, and Upanishad, again, the line of division is an evanescent one, and perhaps hardly worth the attempt at drawing. But I have followed the method of distinguishing by a u. the small number of these treatises that have an existence separate from Brāhmaṇa or Āraṇyaka, while not distinguishing the two latter from one another. The sign u. is the one of least importance and least frequency in the system adopted.

The division of Sūtras (s.) is a plainer one, except so far as these treatises contain mantra-material in their quoted verses (as already intimated) — and brāhmana- material also in their quoted formulas. The proper language of the Sūtras themselves is a true continuator of that of the Brāhmaṇas.

As epic (E.) are reckoned only the two great poems,

the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa. And in these it has, of course, been impossible to distinguish between the older and the more recent parts: although, beyond a question, a con-siderable part "of both is in no manner distinguishable from the general later literature, except by a degree of archaizing neglect of the strict requirements of the native grammar.

Everything else that is Sanskrit falls under the head of classical ( a ) , or of the language as written under the

domination of the native system of grammar. Here the only subdivision which one is tempted to make is to mark



PREFACE. i x

separately those forms and words which are found usedonly in the commentaries, and which are therefore open toa heightened suspicion of artificiality; but this I have nottried to do.

- A plus-sign (+) indicates that the given formation isfound to occur from the specified period onward, even tothe latest or classical period.

Instead of a per iod , an individual text is sometimesreferred to — yet not upon any very definite and consistentplan (except in the case of the Vedas, as explained above).

A ‘superior' figure (e. g. RV1

. ) indicates the number of timesa word or form has been met with — yet this, again, onlyin exceptional instances, and not in the case of everyunique or very rare occurrence.

So far as the present-systepa is concerned, only somany specimen-forms are given as suffice to illustrate themode of formation. It would have been space and timethrown away to instance in each case the various sub-formations — modes, participles, imperfect — that occur, since

one form implies clearly enough the possible existence of the rest. The form taken as representative specimen isordinarily the 3d singular, as being often more characteristic than the 1st; and that person is even occasionallygiven when, in verbs of infrequent use, it is not itself actual ly quotable. Irregular or exceptional forms, whetherof the earlier or of the later la ng ua ge , are then added inparenthesis. Eve ryw her e, an appended ‘etc.’ means that

other forms of the same make occur: yet I find on reviewthat I have not used this sign consistently , and its absencemust not be taken always as indicating more than that thevariety of forms quotable is comparatively small. The variousmodes of present-formation are intended to be given in theorder of their relative regularity or frequency; to each isprefixed in brackets the number belonging to it in the orderof the conjugation-c lasses as given by the Hindu grammarians — since, however meaningless and unworthy of re

tention this may be, it is still widely used, not only in thegrammars, but even by general writers on language.



x PREFACE.

In the other tense-systems, while in the main the samemethod is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give,on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, aconspectus of the various tense and mode-formatio ns fromthe same stem (not, of course, the participles, except forthe aorist). Thus , for exa mple , no quotable precative ,either active or middle, is designedly omitted under theaorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditionalunder the first future; nor any pluperfect under the perfect.Moreover, in vi ew of the rarity of the 2d sing, perfect act ive,

and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its formation , every example of it is given that has been found tooccur. The order in which the aorists are presented is thesystematic one, without reference to their frequency of use.

Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are includedas belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive participle , the infinitives, and the gerunds (along with that in-am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbiallyused accusative is not always easy to draw); the gerundives

are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system tobe worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordinglyrelegated to the list of derivatives.

Of the secondary or derivative conjugations, only examples enough are given to show the form of the stem — unless, indeed, some unusual or irregular forms are metwith, in which case they are duly noted. To cite, for example, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative

conjugation, or even its perfects, all of them made uponprecisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless.The causative aorist s, however, since they are made directly from the root, are of course put along with the otheraorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actuallycome from the causative stem (as atisthipat, blbhisas, etc.).All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the commoncausative passives (any others are quite rare), are noted sofar as found.

In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of genuinely primary character, but also those which have



PREFACE. x i

come to assume a primary aspect in the language, even though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge-rundives in -tavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu), and -anīya

(from -ana), the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for-mations in ya (among which hardly any, if any, are really primary). These are in general placed next after the forms from which they are presumably derived. Apart from this, the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems or those without suffix standing at the head; but such an

arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does any particular importance belong to i t , considering how easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre-sence or absence of any given formation; and some incon-sistencies will doubtless be found. Reduplicated stems are put after the others, and last of all the quasi -primitive for-mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con-

jugation-stems. Notation of the period of occurrence is made in the same way as for the verb-forms. A hyphen

put before a stem indicates that it has not been found quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound; one following a stem (much more rarely) shows it to occur only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems or in denominative conjugation.

Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied only where the word is found actually so marked in accen-tuated texts.

It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere between the derivatives of a root and words that do not belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un-certainties and chances of error. It has been my intention to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the opposite — and certainly I have in not a few cases put under certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots I have great misgivings; but doubtless also there are words

omitted, by oversight or by failure of judgment, which ought to have been included. All such errors, it is hoped,



x PREFACE.

In the other tense-systems, while in the main the samemethod is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give,

on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, aconspectus of the various tense and mode-formations fromthe same stem (not, of course, the participles, except forthe aorist). Thus , for exa mple, no quotable precative,either active or middle , is des ignedly omitted under theaorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditionalunder the first future; nor any pluperfect under the perfect.Moreover, in vi ew of the rarity of the 2d sing, perfect act ive ,

and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its formation, every example of it is given that has been found tooccur. The order in which the aorists are presented is thesystematic one, without reference to their frequency of use.

Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are includedas belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive participle, the infinitives, and the gerunds (along with that in-am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbiallyused accusative is not always easy to draw); the gerundives

are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system tobe worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordinglyrelegated to the list of derivatives.

Of the secondary or derivat ive conjugations, only ex amples enough are given to show the form of the stem — unless, indeed, some unusual or irregular forms are metwith, in which case they are duly noted. To cite, for example, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative

conjugation, or even its perfects, all of them made uponprecisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless.The causative aorists. however, since they are made di rectly from the root, are of course put along with the otheraorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actuallycome from the causative stem (as atisthipat, blbhisas, etc.).All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the commoncausative passives (any others are quite rare), are noted sofar as found.

In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of genuinely primary character, but also those which have



PREFACE. Xi

come to assume a primary aspect in the language, even though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge-rundives in -tavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu), and -anīya

(from -ana), the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for-mations in ya (among which hardly any, if any, are really primary). These are in general placed next after the forms from which they are presumably derived. Apart from this, the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems or those without suffix standing at the head; but such an

arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does any particular importance belong to i t , considering how easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre-sence or absence of any given formation; and some incon-sistencies will doubtless be found. Reduplicated stems are put after the others, and last of all the ouasi -primitive for-mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con-

jugation-stems. Notation of the period of occurrence is made in the same way as for the verb-forms. A hyphen

put before a stem indicates that it has not been found quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound; one following a stem (much more rarely) shows it to occur only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems or in denominative conjugation.

Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied only where the word is found actually so marked in accen-tuated texts.

It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere between the derivatives of a root and words that do not belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un-certainties and chances of error. It has been my intention to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the opposite — and certainly I have in not a few cases put under certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots I have great misgivings; but doubtless also there are words

omitted, by oversight or by failure of judgment, which ought to have been included. All such errors, it is hoped,



xii PREFACE.

will be viewed with a reasonable degree of indulgence,

considering the novelty and the extreme laboriousness of the undertaking. Its main intent is to furnish the meansof examining in their chronologic entirety the groups of words and forms that cluster about the so-called roots inSanskrit, that they may be studied, and have their relations determined, with more complete understanding: andthat intent will be gained in spite of minor omissions andinaccuracies. Regarding it as primarily an assemblage of materials for study, I have not hastened to anticipate the

results of comparison by penetrating behind the aspect of things as shown in the Sanskrit language itself, or to reduce the materials to an Indo-European basis and form of statement. A few intimations as to the more obviouslyprobable connections of certain roots are given in brief notesat the end of exposition of forms and derivatives.

The representative form of the roots is naturally thatadopted in the grammar to which this work is a supple

ment . Although loath to differ from the Petersburg lexiconupon such a point, I cannot regret having adopted the r

instead of the ar or ra-form (e. g. kr, krp, instead of ^ar,

krap) of the many roots exhibiting both elements in theirforms and derivatives. So long as we speak of the Sanskritroot vid, and not ved, so long it seems to follow that weought to speak of the root vrt, and not vart, whatever maybe the Indo-European value of the root in the one case orin the other. Th e meanings added after the roots by no

means claim to be exhaustive; they are in general intendedonly to identify the root.

As a matter of course , not a few matters of doubtfulclassification present themselves in connection wit h the verb-forms, of which the scope of the work does not allow adiscussion. Such are here and there noted by a question-mark. The classes of forms that contain the most puzzl ingproblems are the reduplicated ones, and the present stems

ending in ya: upon these no new light has been thrownsince the publication of the author's Grammar, in which thedifficulty of their treatment was noticed.



PREFACE . xiii

In the indexes of stems given at the end of the volume,

a classification is adopted which is intended to facilitate thehistorical comprehension of the language, by distinguishingwhat belongs respectively to its older and to its later periodsfrom that which forms a part of it throughout its wholehistory.

It may be added that the manuscript left the author'shands complete in July, 1884; the delay in its appearanceis owing to his distance from (the place of printing and

publication.I desire to express my obligation to Professor Lanmanfor kindly aiding the accuracy of the work by giv ing theproof-sheets an additional revision.

New Haven, July, 1885.

W. D. W.



ABBREVIATIONS.

AA. Āitareya-Āraṇyaka. AB . Aitareya-Brāhmana. AŚS. Āśvalāyana-Śrāuta-Sūtra. AGS. Āśvalāyana-Gṛhya-Sūtra. AV. Atharva-Veda. AVP. do. Pāippalāda-Text. B. Brāhmaṇas.

BAU. Bṛhad-Āraṇyaka Upaniṣad. Bö. Böhtlingk's minor Lexicon. BR. Böthlingk and Roth (Lexicon). C. Classical Sanskrit. ŚB . Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa. ŚŚS. Śāṅkhāyana-Śrāuta-Sūtra. ŚGS. Cāṅkhāyana Gṛhya-Sūtra. E. Epic Sanskrit. GB . Gopatha-Brāhmana. GGS. Gobhilīya-Gṛhya-Sūtra.

JB. Jāiminīya-Brāhmaṇa. JUB. Jāiminīya-Upaniṣad-Brāhmaṇa. K. Kāṭhaka.

KB . Kāuṣītaki-Brāhmaṇa. KŚS. Kātyāyana-Śrāuta-Sūtra. LŚS. Lāṭyāyana-Śrāuta-Sūtra. M. Mahābhārata. MS. Māitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā. MU. Māitrī-Upaniṣad. PB. Pañcaviṃśa-Brāhmaṇa.

PU . Praśna-Upaniṣad. R. Rāmāyaṇa. RV. Rig-Veda. s. Sūtras. ṢB. Ṣaḍviṃśa-Brāhmaṇa. sv. Sāma-Veda. SVB. Sāma-Vidhāna-Brāhmaṇa. TA. Tāittirīya-Āraṇyaka. TB. Tāittirīya-Brāhmaṇa. TS. Tāittirīya-Saṁhitā. U .

Upanishads. v. Vedas. vs. Vājasaneyi-Saṃhitā.

For further explanations, see the Preface.



SANSKRIT ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.

√ aṃh, 'be narrow or distressing'.

Such a root is inferable from the derivatives:

aṃhatí RV. áṃhas v. +

aṃhú V . B / aṃhīyas B.S. áṅghri? B. + aghá v. +

áhi v. + ahī RV .

The verb-form anāha RV 1 . is of wholly doubtful meaning and connection.

√ 1 akṣ, 'attain'.

Present. [1.] ákṣat R V 1 . , akṣase E 1 . Perfect, [ānakṣa,] ākṣāṇá? RV 1 . Aorist. [3. ācikṣat. —] 5. ākṣiṣus R V 1 . [Future, okṣiṣyati, okṣyati; akṣitā, aṣṭā.] [Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, aṣṭa; akṣitvā, aṣṭvā.]

[Secondary Conjugations: Passive, akṣya-. — Intensive.

— Desid erati ve, ācikṣiṣa-. — Causative, akṣaya-.] Derivatives: akṣiṣṭha JB.

A secondary root-form from √ 1 aś, aṃś, and occurring in a few isolated forms. Indra and Agni are called akṣiṣṭhāu vahiṣṭhāu devānām at JB. i. 304.

√ 2 akṣ, 'mutilate'.

Pres. [5.] -akṣṇoti etc. A v. ŚB. V erb, -aṣṭa V . B . S .

Only used with prefix n i s ; does not appear to have anything to do with

the preceding root. √ aṅg, 'move'.

Pres. [I.] angatu c1. [Perf. etc. ānaṅga et c. etc.] [Sec. Conj.: Caus. aṅgayati.]

A single occurrence, doubtless artificial, in the Nalodaya.

√ ac‚ añc‚ 'bend'. Pres. [1.] añcati etc. AV.+, -t e B. ; ácati etc. V.B. , -te etc. AV.B.S.

Perf. [ānañca,] acire>B.

[Aor. etc. āñcīt; añciṣyatí, añcitā.]

V erb, akná B.S . , acita E., oñcita E.+ [akta]; -ácya V.B. ; -ācam B .



ao] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 2

Sec. Con),: Pass, acyáte etc. v.+ [añcyate. — Desid. añciciṣa-.] — Caus. añcayati etc. c.

Deriv.: -añc v.+ -añcin B.

aṅká v. + áṅkas RV .

áñcana v. + -acana s.+ -áñcas RV.

anku- v.+ akṣṇá B.S.

√ aj , 'drive'.

Pres. [1.] ájati -t e etc. v.+ Perf. ajus? RV 1 . [ājitha etc.] Aor. 5. ājiṣus LŚS1. [Fut. ajiṣyati, ajitā.]

Verb, -ajita? ŚB.; -ajya s.; -áje RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, ajyáte etc. RV . [— Desid. ajijiṣa-.] Deriv.: ágra? v. +

áj v. -ája RV .

ajá v. +

ajaka c. ájana v. + ajirá v. + ájma RV .

ájman v. -ájya V.B. ájra? RV . ajvin s.

-aja B . +

āj í v.+

The form ajus only by very doubtful conjecture to RV. V. 6. 10; ājiṣus variant to AV. āviṣ us ; ajita in -prajita, possibly for prājita (or pra-jita,

√ añj, anoint' .

Pres. [7.] anákti aṅkté etc. v.+ — [1.] añjet s 1. Perf. ānañja B. (anajā anajyāt RV.), ānajé etc. RV. Aor. [I. ajyāt; āñji. — 3. āñjijat. —] 5. āñjīs TA . [Put. aṅkṣyati añjiṣyati, aṅktā añjitā.] Ver 6. aktá v. + ; aṅktvā s., aktvā B. [añjitvā]; -ájya B.S.

Sec Conj.: Pass, ajyáte etc. v.+ [— Desid. añjijiṣa-.] — Caus. añjayati etc. s.+

Deriv. : aṅga c. aṅgya c.

añjaka c. añjya c.

-ajya c. -āja E . +

ā jya v.+

áñjana v. + áñjas v. +

añjí

V.B.

aktā RV . -akti E. +

aktú V.B.

√ aṭ, Zander'.

Pres. [1.] aṭati -t e etc. E . +

[Perf. etc. āṭa; āṭīt.] Fut. 1. aṭiṣyati E. [— 2. aṭitā.] Verb, aṭita c.; aṭitvā c. [Sec. Conj.: aṭāṭya-; aṭiṭ iṣa-; āṭaya-.] Deriv.: -aṭa c.

aṭana c.

aṭavī? c.

aṭyā c.

āṭa P B . +

Apparently a modern form of the following root; āṭa in PB. is a proper name.



3 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ay

Y at, 'wander.

Pres. [I.] atasi átant átamāna RV4

. Verb, -atita c. ; -atya s. Deriv.: atasi RV .

-áti? RV . átithi? v. + atithin RV.C.

átya RV.B.

√ ad , ‘eat'.

Pres. [2.] átti etc. (ādat ādan) v.+, adōná RV. — [I.] adasva E. [Perf. āda, āditha.] Aor. 1. adyāsam JUB. [— 3. ādidat.] Fut. 1. atsyati B.S. [— 2. attā.]

Verb, áttum v.+, -tave v., -tos B. ; attvāya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, adyáte etc. B . + — Caus. ādayati B.+, adayate etc. s. Deriv.: -ád v. +

-ada A V . +

-adaka E. + -adana B. +

adanīya c.

atti B. attavya c. attṛ AV .+ áttra RV. attrá v.

attrín RV . áttri(átri) v.+ ánna v. + ádman V.B.S.

-ádya v. +

-advan v. -advara ŚE. adana RV . ādín v. + ādyà AV . +

√ an, 'breathe'.

Pres. [2.] ániti etc. (anánti anyāt ānīt) v.+ — [1.] ánati (anet ana ānat

ánant) etc. AV.B., -te JB . — [6.] anáti (3s.) AV. Perf. āna v. Aor. 5. āniṣus AV. Fut. 1. aniṣyati B. [— 2. anitā.] Verb, anita B, ; anitum B. ; -anya B. ; -ānam B.S. Sec. Conj.: [Desid. aniniṣat-. —] Caus. ānayati etc. AV.+, -te E.

Deriv.: aná B.U. -ánana RV . -anátha vs.

ánila B. + aná v.+ ānana E. +

√ am, 'injure'.

Pres. [2.] amīṣi amīti amánti āmīt amāte amīṣva V.B. — [I.] áme etc. V.B.

Perf. āmire ŚB. [emāna] emuṣá? RV. (emūṣá ŚB.) Aor. 3. āmamat etc. V.B. Verb, [ānta, amita.] S ee. C on j.: Pass, amyate MS . — Caus. āmáyati etc. V.B. Deriv.: áma V.B.

amáti V.B. ámati V.B. ámatra RV .

-ámana CB. aminá RV. ámīva v.+ amla ? E. +

āmá? v.+ āmana? AV.MS.

-āmaya v. + -āmis? RV.

-āmayitnu v.

√ a y , see √ 1 i .



arc] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 4

√ are, ṛc, 'shine, praise'.

Pres. [I.] árcati etc. v.+, arce RV1

. — arcase (Is. ) RV1

. Perf. ānarca E.+, ānṛcús v., ānarcus E.+, ānṛce R V 1 . [Aor. ārcicat, ārcīt.] Fut. arciṣyati c. (ārkṣyánt? CB.) Verb, arcita E. ; arcitum E. ; arcitvā E. ; -arcya E. +; ṛcáse RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, ṛcyáte v. [— Desid. arciciṣa-.] — Caus. arcayati -te etc.

v.+ (arcyate E. ) Deriv. : arc RV .

arká v. + area B. + arcaka c. arcya E . +

arcatra- RV . arcátri RV . arcana E. + arcanīya E. + arcananas v.

arci v. + arcin RV. arcitṛ E. arcis v.+ ṛc v.+

-ṛca A V . +

-ṛcas RV . -ṛkti? RV. (suv-) ṛkvá RV. ṛkvan v.

√ arj, see √ 1 ṛj, ṛñj.

√ art, see √ ṛt.

√ arh, 'deserve' etc.

Pres. [I.] árhati etc. v. +, -t e etc. E. + Perf. ānṛhús TS 1 . , arhire RV 1 . [Aor. etc. arhyāsam, ārhi, ārjihat, ārhīt; arhiṣyati, arhitā.] Verb, arháse RV

1

. Sec. Conj.: [Desid. arjihiṣa-. —] Caus. arhayati etc. s. + Deriv.: arghá v. +

-arghya c, -árha B. + arhaṇa c.

arháṇā v. + arhaṇīya c.

√ av, 'favor'.

Pres. [I.] ávati etc. v.+ Perf. āva āvitha etc. v. + A or. I. avyās -āt V.B.S. — 5. āvīt etc. (aviḍḍhi etc. aviṣat etc.) V.B.S.

Fut. I. aviṣyáti V.B. — 2. avitā c. Verb. -ūta RV. ; ávitave v.B.; -ávya RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. āvayas -at v.B.u.

Deriv. : áva Rv. avana c ávas V.B. avis-? RV.

avitṛ V.B.S.

-avitra B.S. áviṣṭha RV .

ávi? v.+ -avī? v. ūtí v. + ūma V.B.S.

oma RV .

Oman V.B. omán v. +

Common in v.; quite rare in later language.

√ 1 a ś , aṃś, 'attain'.

Pres. [5,] aśnóti aśnuté etc. v.+ — [9?] aśniyāt, aśnīs M.

Perf. ānáṃśa ānaśús etc. v.+, ānaśé etc. v.+ (ānāśa ānaśma ānaśyām

anáśāmahāi RV,, ānaśadhve s.) — āśatus etc. āśāthe etc. RV.



5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES . [2 as

Aor. I. āṣṭa āśata aṣṭa V.B. , aśyāt aśītáetc. V.B. , aṣṭuB. [āśi.] — 2. aśe-ma RV., aśemahi sv. [— 3. āśiśat.] — 4. ākṣi B., ákṣat RV . (cf. √akṣ). [— 5. āśiṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. [aśiṣyate] aśnuviṣyāmahe CB 1 . [— 2. aśitā, aṣṭā.] Verb, aṣṭum K. ; áṣṭave V.B. , aṣṭavāi JB.S . ; aś i tum E . ; -aṣṭa V.B. [Sec. Conj.: aśāśya-; aś iś iṣ a- ; āśaya-.] Deriv. : áṃśa v. +

áṣṭi v. + aśana B. + aśī- vs 1.

-aśnuva AGS. -aśnuvín vs.

-āśa śśs. āśā v. +

Compare √ 1 akṣ and √ 2 naś (to which latter the forms ānaṭ etc. are here referred). Derivatives more doubtfully referable to this root are:

áśon RV . aśáni v. +

áśna RV. áśman v. + áśri v. +

áśru v. +

áś va v. + áṣṭrā v. +

āśiná RV. āśú v. + āśīyas B. āśiṣṭha V.B.U.

√ 2 aś, 'eat'.

Pres. [9.] aśnāti (aśāna) aśnīte etc. v.+ — [1.] aśa R 1 . Perf. āśa v. + (-āśvāṃs B. ) Aor. [1. aśyāt. — 3. āśiśat. —] 5. āśīt etc. v.+ Fut. 1. aśiṣyáti etc. B . + [— 2. aśitā.] Verb, aśitá v. + ; aśitum u.; aśitvā B. + ; -áśya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, aśyáte AV. + [— Int. aśāśya-.] — Desid. áśiś iṣati etc. B. +

— Caus. āśayati B.+ (āśita RV.) ; aśāpaya- MGS. Deriv.: -áś AV.

-áśana v. + aśanā B.U. -aśanīya s. +

aśitavyà B. + aśitṛ AV. + aśitra B. + aśúṣa RV .

áśna v. aśni TA. -āśa E. +

-āśaka B. -āśin B. +

āśi s. āśyà AV.? + áśiṣṭha B. aś iś iṣ u s. āśayitavya B.

Doubtless ultimately the same with √ 1 aś.

√ 1 as, 'be'.

Pres. [2.] ásti sánti etc. (edhí) v. + (sva sma smahe asateM., syāmahe c1.) Perf. āsa āsitha etc. v. +

Deriv.: ás u v. + ásta v. + -asti v. + -āsa (itiha-) AV. + stí V.B. √ 2 a s , 'throw'.

Pres. [4.] ásyati etc. v.+, asyate etc. RV.B. — [I.] asati etc. RV 1 . (? asan) E . + Perf. asa etc. RV . +, āse RV 1 . Aor. 1. asyāt R 1 . ; āsi c 1. — 2, āsthat etc. A V !. K ! . C . (? see √ sthā). [— 3.

āsiṣat. — 5. āsiṣṭa.] Fut. i. asiṣyáti etc. RV . + [— 2. asitā.] Verb, asta v.+, asita R 1 . ; ástave B., -tavāí B. ; asitum E 1 . ; asitvā s.;

-ásya v. +; -āsam B.S.U.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, asyate etc. AV. + [— Desid. asisiṣa-.] — Caus. āsayati etc. E . +



2 as] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 6

Deriv* : -á s v.

ásana v.+ asanā RV . -asanīya c. asi? v. +

ásira RV 1 . ásiṣṭha v. -asti c. -astavya c. ástṛ V.B.

astrá v. +

-asya B. + -asyā E. +

asrá TB 1 .

-āsa AV. +

-asin AV. + āsya AV.

-āsana c.

√ ah , 'say'.

Perf. āha āhús v.+, āttha āhatus B . + Der iv. -āha? P B 1 .

If nirāha is from this root, then perhaps svāhā v.+ is also to be re-ferred to it.

√ āñch, 'tear'. Pres. [I.] āñchati c. Deriv. āñchana c

Foxmd only in the Suśruta, and doubtless artificial.

√ ā p , 'obtain'.

Pres. [5.] āpnóti et c A V . + , āpnute E. Perf āpa āpitha et c v. +, āpiré āpōná RV. Aor. I. āpi B. + — 2. āpat et c v.+ (apeyam AV.) — 3. āpipan ŚB. (āpīpi-

pat BAU.) — 4. āpsīs E.

Fut. I. āpsyatx B .+ , -t e B.R. -— 2. āptā B. Verb, āptá v.+; āptumB. + ; āptvāB.+; -apyaB.+ Sec Conj.: Pass, āpyáte et c B. + — Desid. īpsati et c AV. +‚ īpsate et c B.E.

(ōipsīt et c B. ) — Caus. āpayati et c B.+, -t e et c E. (āpipayiṣet ŚB.) Deriv. : -āpa B. +

-āpoka E . +

-āpin u.+ āpyà AV.+ āpana v.+

-āpanīya s. + āpaneya u1. āpí v.+ āpti AV. + āptavya u. +

-āptṛ c āpnāna? RV.S. -āpayitavyau.c. āpayitṛ u.

īpsā E. + -īpsin u.

īpsu s. + āpipayiṣu E.

To a more original form of the root (āp is perhaps ā + ap) doubtless

belong also: ápas v. apás V.B. ápnas, apna- RV . -apta (? án-) RV . BR. regard apás at Rv.iii. 6.7 as a verb-form from this simpler root.

√ ār, 'praise' (?). Pres. [4.] āryanti R V 2 . Verb, āritá RV.

Is perhaps a form of ā + √ṛ, 'resort to, have recourse to'; aryanti in both occurrences is accented as if it contained a preposition.

√ ās‚ 'sit'. JVea. [2.] āste et c (āsīna) v.+ (āsāná sv 2.), āsti B. — [I.] āsati -te et c

E. + — [4,] āsyati -t e et c E.



7 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ 2 i

Perf. āsāṁ cakre etc. B. +, āsāṁ cakāra E. Aor. 5. āsiṣṭa etc. B.S. Fut. I. āsiṣyate etc. B.+, -yáti TS. [— 2. āsitā.] Verb, āsitá B. + ; āsitum B.+, āstum K .; āsitvā B.S . ; -āsya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, āsyate E. + [— Desid. āsisiṣa-.] — Caus. āsayati B.

Deriv.: ās á V.B.

-āsā u. -asaka E. +

-āsya u. + āsyā E. + āsana AV. +

-āsanīya c. āsitavyà B. + -āsitṛ E.

-asti c.

√ 1 i, ī , ay, 'go'.

Pres. [2.] éti yánti etc. v.+, -ité -iyate etc. B . + — [1.] áyate etc. v.+, ayati etc. Av 1 .?+ — [4.] īyate etc. V.B.C. — [5.] see √ 2 i. — iye RV 1 . iyāte RV 1 . , īmahe V.B., iyāná v . + , íyati RV 1 . , -iyánt ŚB.M. (imi TA 1 . ; āitat AV 1 . ; yan RV 1 . ; īyānásv 1 . ; īyámāna ŚB.; īmahi o.)

Perf. iyāya īyús etc. v.+ [iyayitha] (iyétha V.B., iyátha v.) — -ayāṁ

cakre E. + Aor. 1. īyāt etc. E.+ (iyāsam GGS.) [— 4. (adhy-) āiṣṭa. — 5. āyiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. eṣyáti etc. AV.+, -t e etc. B. + ; ayiṣyati etc. B . + — 2. etā etc. B . +

Verb, itá v.+, -īta a ; étum B.+, étave étavāí V.B., étos V.B.S. ; itvā B.U. ; - ítya v . + , - īya a; -áyya B . ; áyas e, i t y ā í , iyádhyāi RV . ;

-āyam V.B. Sec. Conj.: Pass. īyate c. — Int. īyāyate PU 1 . — [Desid. ayiyiṣate, iyiṣa-

ti . —] Caus. (praty-) āyayati etc. (-āyyate) c.; (adhy-) āpayati -te etc. TA.E. + [āpipat.l

Deriv.: áya v. + ayátha RV.S. áyana v. + -āya v. + -āyin AV. + -āyana AV.U. āyú v. + āyu v. +

āyus v. + -āyuka B.

-i t B . +

í t i V . +

ití V.B.

-itya B.S. ityā V.B. -ítvan v. itvará RV.C. -itha RV .

īti E. + īya- RV .

-etu RV .

etavyà B. + etṛ v. + éma vs. éman RV. -eya E. +

éva V.B.

-āpaka c. -āpya c. -āpana E . +

-āpayitṛ c.

-āyaka c. -āyana E. -āyitavya c.

The last three derivatives only with prati; the four preceding, onlj with adhi.

The forms most distinctly calling for the admission of a root-form ī are, ii the older language, īmahe V.B. (common in RV.), īyām and īyāta and īyut B.U. , īyāná sv. (all single occurrences); in the later language, -īta, ī t i , -īyfi (all rare or sporadic). The present-stem īya is improperly called intensive.

√ 2 i, inv, in, 'send'.

Pres. [5.] inóti etc. (invire) RV . — [I.] invat i etc. v. — [9.] inīmasi ? sv1

. Verb, -inita CB.



2 i ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 8

Deriv.: iná RV.C -inva V.B. invaká B. + énas v. + Doubtless the same with the preceding root.

√ iṅg, 'stir'.

Pres. [I.] iṅgati -te E . + Verb, iṅgita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. iṅgáyati etc. v.+ (iṅgyáte ŚB.) Deriv.: iṅga E . + iṅgana s.+ iṅgya c. iñjanā c.

Isolated forms as if from īṅg, iṅk, iñj are found in the Brahman as.

√ ich, see √ 1 i ṣ .

√ i ṭ .

A root iṭ , 'wander', is assumed by BR. on account of the proper name i ṭant in KB., and the doubtful and obscure iṭátas atRv.x. 171.1 — which latter, however, is shown by its accent to be no participle.

A root id is perhaps to be assumed on account of the nouns íḍ v. + and

íḍā v.+

√ idh, indh, 'kindle'.

Pres. [I.] inddhé indháte etc. v. + (indhaté RV., índhāna v.; iṅkṣva AB. ; inttām TA.)

Perf. īdhé īdhiré RV.ŚB. [— indhāṁ cakre.] Aor. 1. idhaté? R V 1 . , idhīmahi v., idhāná v. — 5. āindhiṣṭa etc. B.,

indhiṣīya TS., idhiṣīmahi s. Fut. I. indhiṣyant s. [— 2. indhitā.] Verb, iddhá v. +; -idhya s. +; -ídham, -ídhe RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, idhyáte etc. v. + [— Desid. indidhiṣa-.] — Caus. indhita c. Deriv.: -idh v. + -ídhya TS . édha V.+ índha V.B.

-iddhiB. -idhra?v.+ édhasAv.+ -indhaka E.

idhmá v. + -eddhṛ RV . indhana v. +

√ in, inv, see √ 2 i.

√ inakṣ, see √ 2 naś.

√ iyakṣ, see √ yaj.

√ irajy, see √ ṛj. √ iradh, see √ rādh.



9 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [īkṣ

√ i l , 'be quiet'.

Pres. [6.] ilati etc. c. [Perf. etc. iyela, āilīt, eliṣyati, elitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. iláyati etc. AV.B.S. (āilayīt AV. ; ilitá ŚB.)

Deriv.: -ilaya B.S. In TS., ī láyanti is once read.

√ 1 i ṣ , i c h , 'seek, desire'.

Pres. [6.] icháti -te etc. v.+ — [1.] -eṣati -t e etc. E . + — [6.] -iṣa -iṣant E. + — [4.] -iṣyati E. +

Perf. iyeṣ a ī ṣús, īṣe īṣire etc. B . +

Aor. [3. āiṣiṣat. —] 5. āiṣīt āiṣiṣus etc. B.U. Fut. 1. eṣiṣyati etc. B. , -t e B. [— 2. eṣitā, eṣṭā.] Verb, iṣṭá v. + ; éṣṭum B.+, -ṭavāí ŚB. , eṣitum R . ; [ iṣ itvā, iṣṭvā;]

-íṣya v. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, iṣyate etc. E. +, -ti E. [— Desid. eṣiṣiṣa-.] — Caus. eṣaya-

ti etc., eṣita c. (ichayāmi R 1 . ) Deriv. : -ichaka E. +

ichā E. + ichu s. + íṣ V.B.

-iṣa RV .

iṣí v.

iṣirá V.B. iṣṭí V.B. iṣmín RV. éṣ a v. + eṣ á RV.

-eṣaka E. eṣin AV. + -eṣya AB. eṣyà v. + éṣaṇa v. +

éṣaṇā B. + eṣaṇīya c. eṣṭavyà B . +

eṣitavya c. -eṣṭṛ E.

Compare the roots 2 iṣ and īṣ , eṣ. The present-stems eṣa, iṣa, iṣya only later, unusual, and with certain prepositions.

] / 2 i s , 'send'.

Pres. [9.] iṣṇāti etc. (iṣāṇa) V.B.S. — [4.] íṣyati -te etc. v. + — [6.] iṣe etc. RV.

Perf. īṣáthus īṣus RV., īṣiré A v. Aor. 5. prāiṣīt E.+ (aprāiṣīt M.)

[Fut. eṣiṣyati, eṣitā.] Verb, iṣitá v. +; [iṣitvā;] -íṣya B. +; -éṣam B. • iṣádhyāi RV. Sec. Conj.: [Desid. eṣiṣiṣa-. —] Caus. iṣáyati -t e etc. (iṣayádhyāi RV. ) —

-eṣayati -t e etc. E.+ (eṣyate E. ) Deriv. : iṣáṇi RV.

í ṣu v.+ -eṣa v. + -eṣaka E.

-eṣya B. + -eṣaṇa E. +

eṣitavya B.C. -eṣayitṛ E.

Doubtless the same with √ 1 i ṣ , with causative meaning. In later language, almost only preṣaya. The derivatives hardly occur except with pra.

√ ī , see √ 1 i.

√ ī k ṣ , 'see'.

Pres. [I.] īkṣate etc. v.+, -t i etc. B. + Perf. īkṣāṁ cakre etc. B. +, īkṣāṁ cakrua E.



īkṣ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 10

Aor. 1. ā i k ṣ i c. — [3. ā i c i k ṣ a t . — ] 5. ā i k ṣ i ṣ i etc. B. ( ā i k ṣ ī t c. ?) Fut. I. ī k ṣ i ṣ y á t e etc. B . + , - y á t i B. [— 2. ī k ṣ i t ā . ]

Verb. ī k ṣ i t á B. + ; ī k ṣ i t u m E . + ; ī k ṣ i t v ā B . ; - ī k ṣ y a B . + ; - ī k ṣ a m B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass. ī k ṣ y a t e etc. s. + — Desid. ī c i k ṣ i ṣ a - (i n d.). — Caus. ī k ṣ á -

y a t i etc. v.+, -te AV. ( ī k ṣ y a t e s.) Deriv. :

īkṣa B . +

ī k ṣ ā B . +

īkṣaka B . +

ī k ṣ i n E. + - ī k ṣ y a E. +

ī k ṣ a ṇ a R v . ? s.+ ī k ṣ a ṇ ī y a E. + ī k ṣ e ṇ y à RV.

- ī k ṣ i t a v y à B. + ī k ṣ i t ṛ c. ī c i k ṣ i ṣ u c.

Only three occurrences in RV., but growing rapidly common. Active forms

sporadic.

√ īṅkh, 'swing'.

Pres. [ I . ] ī ṅ k h a t i etc. c , - t e AA. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ī ṅ k h á y a t i - t e etc. v.+ Deriv.: - ī ṅ k h a v. + - ī ṅ k h a n a c. - ī ṅ k h a y a RV.

The form e ṅ k ṣ v a AB. is false.

√ ī j , see y ej ,

√ ī ḍ , 'praise'.

Pres. [2.] ī ṭṭ e īḍate etc. ( īḍiṣva) V.B. — [ 1 . ] ī ḍ ā m a h e v., ī ḍ a m ā n a s. Perf. ī ḍ é RV., ī ḍ i r e E. + [— ī ḍ ā ṁ c a k r e . ]

[Aor. etc. ā i ḍ i ṣ ṭ a ; ī ḍ i ṣ y a t e , ī ḍ i t ā . ] Verb. ī ḍ i t á v. +; ī ḍ i t u m c« Sec. Conj.: Pass. ī ḍ y a t e c. [— Desid. ī ḍ i ḍ i ṣ a - . ] — Caus. ā i ḍ a y a n c. Deriv.: īḍ RV. īḍya v. + ī ḍ i t a v y a B. ī ḍ é n y a V.B. īḍitṛ AV.

Only a few sporadic occurrences in the later language.

√ īr, 'set in motion'.

Pres. [2.] īrte īrate etc. V.B. ( ī r á t e B.") — [ I . ] ā í r a t etc. RV., i r a t e (3s. ) AY.

Perf. ī r i r é v. ( e r i r e RV.) [— ī r ā ṁ c a k r e . ]

[Aor. etc. ā i r i r a t , ā i r i ṣ ṭ a ; ī r i ṣ y a t e , ī r i t ā . ]

Verb. ī r ṇ á B. + Sec. Conj.: Caus, ī r a y a t i etc. v.+, - t e etc. V.B. ( ī r y a t e etc. B . + ; ī r i t á v. + ;

ī r y a n t M. ; ī r a y á d h y ā i RV.)

Deriv. : ī r a B. +

- ī r a k a c. ī r y a B.

ī r y ā c. ī r i n E. + ī r a ṇ a E. + - ī r a ṇ ī y a c.

- ī r i t ṛ u. ī r m á V.B.

The form ī r y a y a t i , doubtless false, is found once in ŚB. √ ī r ṣ y , 'b e jealous' .

Pres. [J.] īrṣyati etc. B.S . Verb. ī r ṣ y i t a

c.

Deriv. : īrṣyā AV. +

ī r ṣ y a k a c. ī r ṣ y i n c. ī r ṣ y ā l u c.

ī r ṣ y ú AV. + ī r ṣ y i t a v y a c.



11 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 u kś

Evidently a secondary root, but of doubtful origin (BR., from irasy). Not

seldom written without the y in later works.

√ ī ś , 'be master'.

Pres. [2.] īṣṭe īśate etc. (2s. īkṣe RV., īśiṣe RV.S.; īśe 3s. V.B., ī ś i te u.; ī ś idhve AV.) v.+ — [I.] īśate īśata V.B.U.

Perf. īśire ? RV. [— ī ś ā ṁ cakre.] [Aor. āiśiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. ī ś iṣyati u., -te B. [— 2. īśitā.] Verb. ī ś i ta u. Deriv.: īś B.

īśá B. +

īśā AV. +

ī ś i n u. +

īśana u.

ī ś itavya c.

īś i tṛ u. +

-īśu v. +

īśvará AV. +

√ ī ṣ , e ṣ , 'move'.

Pres. [I.] īṣate etc. V.B., -t i etc. V.B.U. — éṣati etc. AV .

Perf. ī ṣ é RV . (āíyes plpf. RV 1 .) [— īṣāṁ cakre.] [Aor. etc. āiṣiṣṭa; ī ṣ iṣ yate; īṣitā.] Verb. -īṣita V.B. Deriv.: īṣā ? RV . eṣá RV . -eṣṭi c. eṣṭṛB.s.

Doubtless ultimately one with √ 1, 2 iṣ .

√ ī h , 'be eager'.

Pres. [1.] īhate etc. B.+, -t i E . +

[Perf. etc. īhāṁ cakre; āijihat, āihiṣṭa; īhiṣyate, īhitā.] Verb. īhita E. + ; īhi tum c. [Sec. Conj.: Desid. īji hiṣa -. — Caus. īha ya- .] Deriv.:-īha c. īhāE,+ -īhana B. eháAv. -ehasv.+

√ U, 'proclaim'.

Pres. [2.] uve RV 1 . — [5.] unoti RV 1 . [— 1. avate.j

[Perf. etc. etc. ū v e ; āuṣṭa; oṣyate, otā; ūṣiṣa- , āvaya-.] Extremely doubtful root; uv é is possibly interjection (Bö.); vyùnoti is

perhaps for viyunot i ; and the pple óta, put here by BR., doubtless belongs to √ vā, 'weave'.

√ 1 u k ṣ , 'sprinkle'. Pres. [6.] ukṣáti etc, v.+, -te etc. v.+ [Perf. ukṣāṁ cakāra.] Aor. 5. āukṣiṣam etc. B.

Fut. 1. ukṣiṣyati etc. B.S. [— 2. ukṣitā.] Verb, ukṣitá v. +; -úkṣya B. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, ukṣyate etc. B. + ; Caus. ukṣayati etc. s.+



1 ukś ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 12

Deriv.: -ukṣ RV.

-ukṣa B.S. ukṣ án v.+

úkṣaṇa AV. + ukṣaṇīya JB .

-ukṣitavya B.C. úṣṭṛ B.S. uṣṭṛ RV 1 . >

úṣṭra v. +

Whether ukṣán and uṣṭṛ etc. belong here, is very doubtful.

√ 2 u k ṣ, vakṣ, 'grow', see √ vakṣ. √ u c , 'be pleased'.

Pres. [4.] ucyati etc. V.B. Perf. uvócitha uvóca, ūciṣ é RV. [Aor. etc. āucīt; uciṣyatí, ucitā.] Verb, ucitá v. + [ocitvā.]

Deriv.: -óka RV . okyà RV . ókas v. + o k i v ā ṃ s RV 1 . -ócana v. -ocara AV. √ uch, see √ 1 vas.

√ ujh, 'forsake'.

Pres. [6.] ujhati etc. E. + Perf. ujhāṁ cakāra c. Aor. 5. āujhīt c. [Fut. ujhiṣyati, ujhitā.]

Verb, ujhita E. + ; ujhitum c ; -ujhya c. Deriv.:-ujha s.+ ujhana c. ujhiti PB . A secondary root, coming from u d + √ hā (ujjahāmi etc.).

√ uñch, 'glean'. Pres. [6?] uñchati etc. s.+ [Perf. etc. uñchāṁ cakāra; āuñchīt; uñchiṣyati, uñchitā.] Verb, uñchitum c.; -uñchya-c. [Sec. Conj.: Desid. uñcichiṣa-. — Caus. uñchaya-.] Deriv.: uñcha s. + uñchana c.

√

ud,

und,

'wet'.

Pres. [7.] unátti undánti etc. V.B.S . , undáte (3 p. ) AV. — [6.] undati etc. B.S. Perf. ūdus AV. [— undāṁ cakāra.] [Aor. etc. āundidat, āundīt; undiṣyati, unditā.] Verb, utta B. , unna s.c.; -údya B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass, udyate RV . [— Desid. undidisa-. — Caus. undaya-.l Deriv.; úd RV .

udaká v. + udan‚uda v.+

udani- RV . -uditṛ c údman B.

-udra v. + útsa v.+ úndana B. +

ódatī RV. odaná v. + Ódman B.

√ u b j , 'force'.

Pres. [6.] ubjáti etc. V.B.S.

]Perf. etc. ubjāṁ cakāra; āubjijat, āubjīt; ubjiṣyati, ubjitā.]



13 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 ūh

Verb, ubjitá AV.B. ; -ubjya JB. [Sec. Conj.: Desid. ubjijiṣa-. — Caus. ubjaya-.]

Deriv.: -udga? B . + ubja RV.? B . + -ubji- PB . √ ubh, umbh, 'confine'.

Pres. [9.] āubhnāt ubhnās RV. — [7.] unap RV., āumbhan TS . — [6.] umbhata (2 p. ) AV., āumbhat MS.[; ubhati.]

[Perf. etc. uvobha, umbhāṁ cakāra; āubhīt , āumbhīt; ubhiṣyati umbhiṣyati, ubhitā umbhitā.]

Verb, ubdhá RV.B. , umbhita c.; -ubhya s. Deriv. -úmbhana TS .

√ u ṣ , 'shine',

see √ 1 vas. √ uṣ , 'bum'.

Pres. [I.] óṣati etc. v.+ — [9.] uṣṇán, uṣṇánt RV 1 . Perf. uvoṣ a ŚB. [— oṣāṁ cakāra.] Aor. 5, āuṣīt etc. B.S. [Fut. I. osisyati. — 2. oṣitā.] Verb, uṣṭa B.S. ; [oṣitvā;] -oṣya TS. ; -uṣasK.; óṣam ŚB. Sec. Conj.: Pass, uṣyate etc. c. [— Desid. oṣiṣiṣa-. — Caus. oṣaya-.] Deriv.: úṣa? RV .

uṣā c. uṣṇá v. + -uṣṇi TA.

-uṣyá ŚB. ūṣmán v. +

uṣmon E. +

oṣá, -óṣa v. + -óṣas RV . oṣiṣṭha B.

Apparently a differentiated form of √ 1 vas, which see.

√ 1 ū r ṇ u , see √ 1 vṛ .

√ 1 ū h , 'remove'. Pres. [I.] ūhati v.+, -te v.+ [Perf. ūhāṁ cakāra.] Aor. I. uhyāt ŚB. ; ohi c. [— 3. āujihat.] — 5. āuhīt B. Verb. ūḍha B . + , ūhita c ; ūhitum E.+, oḍhum E.+, -ūhitavāí B. ; -ūhya

B . + , -úhya B. + ; -óham RV., -ūham MS. Sec. Conj.: Pass, uhyate B.+, ūhyate c. — Caus. ūhayati c. Deriv. : uha AV. +

-ūhaka c. uhyà B. + ūhana s. +

ūhanīya s. + ūhitavya c.

ūḍhi c. -oha RV .

-oghas ? RV. Doubtless a differentiated form of √ vah, from which in'some forms and

meanings itjis hardly to be separated.

√ 2 ūh, 'consider'.

Pres. [I.] óhate etc. v. — [2.] óhate (3 p.) óhāna ohāná RV . — [I.] ūhati a, -t e E. — ohiṣe (I s. ) RV 1 .

Perf. ūhé etc. v. [— ūhāṁ cakre.] Aor. [3. āujihat. —] 5. āuhiṣṭa v.



2 ūh ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 14

[Fut. ūhiṣyate, ūhitā.] Verb. ūhitum c.; -ūhya c. Sec. Conj.: [Desid. ūjihiṣa-. —] Caus. ūhayati etc. E. Deriv. : uha E. +

ūhya c. ūhana c. ūhanīya A.

uhitavya c. óha- ? RV .

óhas RV. óhasāna RV .

Probably 'bear in mind', and so originally identical with 1 u h and voh . √ ṛ, ṛch, 'go, send'.

Pres. [6.] ṛcháti etc. v.+, -te etc. ŚB.E. ; archati etc. U.E. — [3.] iyarti etc. (iyárṣi) V .B . — [5.] ṛṇóti etc. ṛṇve etc. v. — ṛṇváti etc. RV. — [6.] rante ranta RV., rántī? sv. — [9. ṛṇāti.] — [2.] árti TS.

Perf. ār a (āritha) ārús etc. v. + ; ānarchat M 1 . [— arāṁ cakāra.]

Aor. 1. ārta ārata etc. (aryāt TS. , arīta RV.; arāṇá RV. ) V.B . — 2. ārat etc. V.B. (aranta arāmahi v.) [— 4. ārṣīt.]

Fut. I. ariṣyati B. [— 2. artā.] Verb, ṛtá v. +, arṇa c ; ártos B,; -ṛtvā AV.B.; -ṛtya AV. ; -āram RV . Sec. Conj.: [Pass, aryate. —] Intens. álarti etc. RV. [arāryate etc. — Desid.

aririṣa-.] — Caus. arpáyati etc. v. +, -te c. (arpipam AV. ; arpayitā E .; arpitá árpita v. + ; -árpya v. + ; arpyate c.)

Deriv. : ará, ár a v. + aryá, árya V.B.S.

áraṇa v. + aráṇi v. + aratí RV , aráru V.B . arí v.+ aritṛ RV. arítra,áritrav.+

árṇa v. + árṇas RV. ártha v. + -arman, árma v.+ árvan, -arva v.+ árvant V .B . ārá v. + -ārin B. āruka TA .

ārya v. + iras- RV . íriṇa v. + írya v. -ṛchā u. + ṛtí, ṛti v. + ṛtú v. + -ṛtha v, ṛṇá v. +

rátha v. + -arpaka c. -arpya c. árpaṇa v. + arpaṇīya c. -arpitṛ E. + -arpayitṛ ŚB. -arpayitavya c.

√ ṛe, see √ arc.

√ ṛj, ṛñj, arj, 'direct, stretch, attain'.

Pres. [7.] ṛñjate (3 p.) RV. — [6.] ṛñjáti -áte etc. RV. AA. — [4.] ṛ jyant, ṛjyate RV. — ṛñjase (ls.) ṛñjasāná RV. — [I.] árjati B.U.C.

Perf. [ānarjus] ānṛjúa AV 1 . ? Aor. [3. ārjijat. — 5. ārjiṣṭa.] [Fut. arjiṣyaU, arjitā.] Verb, ṛñjáse RV 1 .

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, ṛjyate. — Desid. arjijiṣa-. —] Caus. arjayati -t e etc. S.E.+

Deriv.: arjaka c. -arjya c. arjana E . +

arjanīya c. -arjayitṛ c.

ṛj'ipyá BV. ṛjíśvan RV . ṛjīpín RV . ṛjīṣá RV . ṛjūnas RV. -ṛṅga RV.

ṛ jīyas v. ṛjú v. + ráji RV . rájiṣṭha RV.B. rajīyas JB. rāji AV. +



15 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ṛdh

It seems impossible to divide these forms (generally distributed to two different roots) from one another. The root has three well-marked stages of development: ṛ j or ṛ ñ j in RV. , a rj in Brāh., and a r ja y a in the later language. Compare also √ r ā j , probably a derivative from it . With it is related, further, the anomalously formed stem i r a j y a ( i r a j y á t i - t e etc. RV., and i r a j y ú RV. ) , 'direct, rule'.

√ 2 ṛj, 'shine'.

Inferable from the derivatives:

á r j u n a v.+ -ṛ j ī ká v. ṛ jīti RV. ṛjrá RV. √ ṛt, art, 'pursue'.

Aor. 5. a r t i ḍ h v a m PB 1 . Fut. a r t i ṣ y e Av1. Deriv.: a r t a n á vs 1 . -a r t i tṛ v 1 . á r t u k a Ś B 1 .

A very doubtful root ; á n v a r t i ṣ y e and a nv a r t i t ṛ apparent contractions for a n u - v a r t - ; and Bö. amends a r t i ḍ h v a m to arthi-(but ??). But a r t a n a

and a r t u k a seem to show that the thing had assumed the value of a root.

√ ṛd, ard, ‘stir, dissolve'.

Pres. [6.] ṛ d a n t u ārdan RV. — [1.] á r d a t i etc. AV.+ [— 7. ṛ ṇa t tI . ]

[Perf.

etc. ā n a r d a ; ā r d i d a t , ā r d ī t ; a r d i ṣ y a t i , a r di tā . ] Verb, a r ṇ ṇ a ? ŚB. Sec. Conj.: [Desid. a r d i d i ṣ a - . — ] Caus. a r d á y a t i etc. ( [ā r da y ī t ] a r d y a t e

a r d i t a ) v.+ Deriv.: - a r d a k a c. - a r d i n c. a r d a n a E , +

Of perplexing variety of meanings. s

√ ṛdh, 'thrive'.

Pres. [5.] ṛ d h n ó t i etc. v.+ — [7.] ṛ ṇ á d h a t ṛ n d h y ā m ṛ n d h á n t v. — [4.] ṛ d h y a t e - t i v. + (Pass. ?).

Perf. ā n ṛ d h ú s AV., ā n ṛ d h e RV . ŚB . Aor. 1. ārdhma B . S . , ṛdhāthe RV., ṛ dhy ā m etc. V.B .S . , ṛ dhy ā s a m etc.

AV.B.S. , ṛ d h ī m á h i RV. , ṛ d h á n t RV. ; ārdhi B. — 2. ṛ d h e t ṛ d h e m a

AV.ŚB. — [3. ā r d i d h a t . — ] 5. [ā r dhī t ] ā r d h i ṣ ṭ a MS . Fut. I. a r d h i ṣ y a t e ŚB. — 2. a r d h i t ā JB. Verb, ṛ d d h a A v , + [ ṛ d d h v ā , a r d h i t v ā . ] Sec. Conj.: Pass, ṛ d h y a t e etc. v. +, ṛ d h y a n t M. — Desid. īrtsati etc. (a í r t -

s ī t etc.) AV.ŚB. [a r di dhi ṣ a - . ] — Caus. a r d h á y a t i etc. AV . + Deriv. :

á r d h a ? v. + a r d h á ? v.+ á r d h y a RV.

- a r d h i RV. á r d h u k a B.S. -ṛ dh v.s.

-ṛdha RV. ṛdhat, ṛdhak? V.B . ṛddhi AV . +

ṛ d h n u k a AGS. - ī r t s ā AV. - a r d h a y i t ṛ u.s.

Compare roots v ṛ d h and r ā d h .



ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 16

√ ṛś (?) , 'harm'.

Perhaps to be inferred from the derivatives: -arśa RV . árśas vs. + ṛkṣa v. + -arśani RV . arśasōná RV. -ṛkṣara v.

ṛkṣíkā AV.B.

√ ṛṣ , 'rush, push'.

Pres. [1.] árṣati etc. (arṣase A V . ) V.B. — [6.] ṛṣáti etc. V.B.S.

Perf. ānarṣat TA. [Aor. etc. ārṣīt; arṣiṣyati , arṣitā.] Verb, ṛṣṭa V.B. [arṣitvā.] [Sec. Con?.: arṣiṣiṣa-; arṣaya-.]

Deriv.: -arṣa B. -árṣaṇa B. arṣaṇī AV .

-árṣu RV . arṣṭṛ B.

ṛṣabhá v. + ṛṣi v. + ṛṣú RV .

ṛṣṭí v. + ṛṣvá V.B.

Hardly calls for the usual division into two roots. Some of the derivatives doubtful.

√ ej, ī j , 'stir'.

Pres. [I.] īj ate , íjamāna RV. ; éjati etc. v.+ [Perf. etc. ejāṁ cakāra; āijijat; ejiṣyati, ejitā.] Sec. Conj.: [Desid. ejijiṣa-. —] Caus. ejayati ŚB., -te c. Deriv.: ejáthu AV. -ejayav.+

√ edh, 'thrive'.

Pres. [I.] édhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. B . +

Perf. edhire c. — edhāṁ cakrire ŚB., edhām babhūvire c. Aor. [3. āididhat. —] 5. edhiṣīyá etc. AV.B. [Fut. edhiṣyate, edhitā.] Verb, edhita E. +; édhitum B. + Sec. Conj.: Desid. edidhiṣa- (in d.). — Caus. edhayati etc. s. + Deriv.:-edha? B.S. edhatú V.B. -edhana R. edhas S.E. edidhiṣu-VS.

Perhaps related with ṛdh.

√ katth, 'boast'.

Pres. [I.] katthate etc. E.+, -t i etc. E. [Perf. etc. cakatthe; akatthiṣṭa; katthiṣyate, katthitā.] Verb, katthita E. +; katthitum E. Sec. Conj.: Caus. katthayati E. Deriv.: -katthā E. katthaka c. -katthin E.+ katthana E.+ katthitavya c.

A secondary prakritized root, but of unclear derivation.

√ kad, 'destroy'.

Only in the deriv. kadana E.+, and in cakāda kadanam R. , where cakāda is a misreading for cakāra.



17 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [kal

√ k a n , k ā , ‘be pleased, enjoy'.

Pres. [4.] kāyamāna Rv 1. Perf. cākana cākánas etc. cākanyāt cākandhi etc. cākánanta cākán

RV. ; caké cakāná V.B.S.

Aor. 5. akāniṣam kāniṣas RV . Deriv.: kanā RV. kaniṣṭhá V.B. kanīna v. + kanyā v. +

kanaka? E.+ kániṣṭhaß.+ kánīyas v. + -kāti RV . -kāyyà RV.

Doubtless the same with the following root, kam. The stem cākán, on account of its accent, rather perfect than intensive.

√ k a m , 'love'.

Perf. cakamé etc. v. + Aor. 3. [acakamata] acīkamata etc. B. [— 5. kamiṣīṣṭa.] Fut. I. kamiṣyate etc. B. — 2. kamitā B. Verb, kāṁta E, + ; [kāṁtvā, kamitvā;] -kamas B, ; -kāmam ŚB. Sec. Conj.: [Intens. caṅkam-. — Desid. cikamiṣa-. —] Caus. kāmáyate

etc. v. +, -t i etc. E.

Deriv. : kám? v.+ kama- ? v. kamana c.

kamanīya c.

kamitṛ c. kamra c. kama v. +

kāmín v. +

kāmya v. + -kāmyā A v. + -kāman RV-. kāmana s. +

kamuka B. + kāṁti E. + kāmayitavya

c. Doubtless the same with the preceding.

√ kamp, 'tremble'.

Pres. [1.] kampate etc. u.+, -t i etc. E. Perf. cakampe etc. E. [Aor. etc. acakampat, akampiṣṭa; kampiṣyate, kampitā.] Verb, kampita E. + [kapita]; kampitum E., -tos B. ; -kampya s. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. caṅkamp-. — Desid. cikampiṣa-. —] Caus. kampayati

etc. B. +, -te etc. u. + (kampyate a )

Deriv. : kampa E. + -karnpa E. + -kampaka E.+

kampin E. + kampya E. + kampana E. +

kampanā E. + -kampanīya c. kampra s.+

kapanā? RV . kapi? v.+ képi? RV .

√ k a l , 'drive, produce', etc.

[Pres. etc. kalate, cakale, et c.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. kālayati etc. s. +, -te etc. B. + (kālyate etc. s. +) — ka-

layati etc. E. +, -te etc. c. Deriv.: kalā? B . +

-kalikā c.

-kalya c. kalana s. +

-kalanīya c. -kalayitṛ c.

-kālaka c. -kālana s. +

Divided by BR. and Bö. into two roots: 2 kal (kalay), 'drive'; and 1 kal (kalay), 'drive etc. etc'



ROOTS, VERB-FOBMS, 18

√ k a ṣ , 'scratch'. Pres. [I.] kaṣati etc. AV.+, -te etc. B . +

[Perf. etc. cakāṣa; akāṣīt.] Fut. I. kaṣiṣyati TS. [— 2. kaṣitā.] Verb, kaṣita c.; -kāṣam s. +

Deriv.: kaṣa E. + kaṣaṇa c -kāṣa B. + -kāṣin c

√ k a s , 'open'.

Pres. [I.] kasati etc. AV.C.

Perf. cakase c. Aor. 3. acīkasat c. [Fut. kasiṣyati, kasitā.] Verb, k ast a V.B.S., k asi t a s.+ Sec. Conj.: [I nt . canīkas-. — Desid. cikasiṣa-. —] Caus. kāsayati etc. c.

(kāsyate c.) Deriv. : kasanā? c. -kasuka AV.+

-kasti TS. -kasvara c.

-kasa E. + -kāsaka c.

-kāsin s. + -kāsana c.

-kāsanīya c.

√ kS, see √ kan.

√ kāṅkṣ, 'desire'.

Pres. [I.] kāṅkṣati -te etc. B . +

Perf. cakāṅkṣa E. + [Aor. etc. acakāùkṣat, akāṅkṣīt; kāṅkṣiṣyati, kāṅkṣitā.] Verb, kāṅkṣita E. + Sec. Conj.: [1ní. c āk āṅ k ṣya- . — Desid. cikāṅkṣiṣa- . —] Caus. k ān -

kṣayate E. Deriv. : -kāṅkṣa c.

kankṣā E. + kaṅkṣin E. + -kānkṣya c.

-kānkṣaṇa c. kāùkṣaṇīya c. -kāṅkṣitavya c.

Perhaps a desiderative formation from √ k a n or k a m .

y k ā ś , 'appear, make a show'. '

Pres. [1.] kāśate etc. B. +, -ti etc. E. Perf. cakāśe etc. E. + [— kāś āṁ cakre.] [Aor. etc. acakāśat, akāśiṣṭa; kāśiṣyate, kāśitā.] Verb, kāśita E. ; -kāśya B. Sec. Conj.: Int. c āk aśī t i etc. V.B.U., c āk aśyát e etc. B.S. [— Desid. cikāśiṣa- . ]

— Caus. kāśayati AV. +, -te v. + (kāśyate E. )

Deriv.: kāśa v. + -kāśaka E. +

-kāśin E. + -kāśya c. -kāśana EI +

-kāśanīya c. -caṅkaśa AV. -kāśayitavya c.



19 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ k u t h

√ k ā s , 'cough.

Pres. [I.] kāsate etc. c, -ti c. [Perf. etc. kāsāṁ cakre; acakāsat, akāsiṣṭa; kāsiṣyate, kāsitā; cākās-,

cikāsiṣa-, kāsaya-.] Deriv.: kās AV. kāsá AV.C kāsā AV. kāsikā AV. -kāsana c.

Verb-forms only in the medical literature, and probably denominative, from kas or kāsá*

√ k u , see √ k ū .

√ k u c , k u ñ c , 'shrink, curl'.

Pres. [I.] kuñcate etc. c. — [6.] kucati etc. s1.c. Perf. cukoca c. [cukuñca.] [Aor. etc. akocīt, akuñcīt; kociṣyati kuñciṣyati , kocitā kuñcitā.] Verb, kucita E. +, kuñcita E. + . See. Conj.: Pass, kucyate c. — [Int. cokucya-. — Desid. cukuñciṣa-, —]

Caus. kuñcayati etc. E. +; kocayati etc, E. + Deriv.: kuca E. +

-kucana c. -kuñcaka c.

kuñcana c. kuñci c. koca E. +

-kocaka c. -kocin c. -kocana E. +

Given by the grammarians as two distinct roots, and not without some

justification.

√ k u ñ j , 'rustle'.

Pres. [i.] kuñjati c. A single occurrence, in the Harsacarita. If not a false reading, is pro-

bably an artificial word.

√ k u ṭ ṭ , 'divide, crush'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. kuṭṭayati etc. c. (kuṭṭita c , -kuṭṭya E. + ) Deriv.: -kuṭṭa E. + -kuṭṭaka c. kuṭṭana c.

Perhaps a prakritized form of 1 kṛt. The forms avakuṭya and prakuṭya (BR. √ 2 kuṭ) are only the usual and permitted abbreviations of -kuṭṭya,

√ k u ṇ ṭ h , 'dull'.

Doubtless only a denominative from kuṇṭha E . +, 'dull'. The participle

kuṇṭhita c , and the derivatives kuṇṭhaka E.+, -kuṇṭhana E.+, occur.

√ k u t h , 'stink'.

Verb, kuthita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. kothayati etc. c. Deriv.: kotha c. -kothaka B .

Except the n. pr. nikothaka. found only in Suśruta: no proper root.




√ kup, 'be angry'.

Pres. [4.] kupyati etc. E. +, -t e etc. E. Perf. cukopa et c. u 1 .E. Aor. [2. akupat. — 3. acūkupat. —] 5. kopiṣṭhās E. [Fut. kopiṣyati, kopitā.] Verb, kupita Rv 1. E. + (kupta c1. ?) Sec. C onj.: [1nt. cokup-. — Desid. cukupiṣa-, cukopiṣa-. —] Caus. ko-

páyati etc. RV. ŚB. E. +, -t e E. (cukopayiṣa- in d.) Deriv.;

kup]

kupá B .S . kupana? c. kúpaya RV.

kupāyú AV. ? -kupya E. kopa E. +

kopin E. + kopya E. kopana E. +

-kopitṛ E. kopayiṣṇu E. cukopayiṣu E.

√ k u ṣ , 'tear'.

Pres. [9.] kuṣṇāti etc. c. — [6.] kuṣati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. cukoṣa; akoṣīt, akukṣat; koṣiṣyati kokṣyati, koṣitā k o ṣ ṭ ā ; cokuṣ-, cukuṣiṣa- cukoṣiṣa-, koṣaya-.]

Verb, kuṣita c.; -kúṣya MS. Deriv.: koṣ á (? n .pr.) ŚB. -koṣaṇa s.c.

The occurrence in MS. hardly a genuine one.

√ k ū , 'design'.

Pres. [6.] kuvate CB 2 . Verb, -kūta AV. + ; -kāvam TS . Deriv.: -kūti v. + kavi v. + kávīyas sv.

Used only with ā, except in niṣkāvam, the belonging of which is doubtful (as is also that of kavi), RV . has -kava, kavatnú, kavārí, 'stingy', of ques-tionable relationship. The grammarians set up roots 1 ku‚ 2 ku or kū, 'shout', giving them a full set of forms; and Nir. once uses their intens. kokūyate.

√ k ū j , 'hum'. Pres. [I.] kujati et c. AV . + , -te etc. E. Perf. cukūja -je etc. c. Aor. I. akūji c [Fut. kūjiṣyati, kūjitā.] Verb, kūjita E. +; kūjitvā c [Sec Conj.: cokūj-, cukūjiṣa-, kūjaya-.] Deriv.: kūja E.+ kūjana E.+ kūjitavya E.

√ k ū ḍ , k ū l , 'burn'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. kūḍayati etc. E Y U B U , kūlayati etc. s.+ (kūlita o., -kūḍya s.c)



21 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 kṛ √ kūṇ, 'shrink'.

Pres. [I.] kūṇati c 1 . Sec Conj.: Caus. kūṇayati etc. c.

√ kūrd, 'leap, exult'.

Pres. [I.] kūrdati -te et c E . +

Perf. cukūrda et c c. [-de.] [Aor. et c akūrdiṣṭa; kūrdiṣyate, kūrditā.] Verb, kūrdita c. Deriv.: kūrda s. kūrdana c. -kroda? TS. -krodin? MS.

Compare √ gūrd, which is doubtless the same with this.

√ 1 k ṛ (s kṛ) , 'make'.

Pres. [5.] kṛṇóti kṛṇuté et c V.B.S. — [8.] karóti kuruté et c RV 3 . AV. + — [2.] kárṣi AV 1 . , kṛthás kṛtha kṛṣé RV. — [I.] karanti et c RV. — kurmi E. — kṛṣe (I s. ) RV 1 .

Perf. cakāra cakré et c (cakártha cakṛṣé et c) v.+ (cakriyās acakrat et c acakriran RV.)

Aor. I. ákaram ákar ákran et c akri ákṛta ákrata etc V.B.S. (kárati -te et c V.B.S., kriyāma RV., kriyāsam -āsma V.B.S. , kṛdhí et c v. +, kṛ-ṣvá et c RV., kránt krāṇá RV. ; kránta RV. ; akat ŚB , ) ; ákāri v.+ — 2. ákarat et c AV.B.S. — 3. acīkarat c. — 4. akārṣīt et c B.+, akṛṣi etc. B.C.

Fut. I. kariṣyáti et c v.+, -te et c B . C (akariṣyat et c B.+) — 2. kartā s.+ Verb, kṛtá v. + ; kártum AV.+, -tave V.B., -tavāí B.S. , -tos V.B.S . ; kṛtvā

AV.+, -tvī V.B. , -tvāya B.; -kṛtya v. + ; -kāram B . +

Sec Conj,: Pass, kriyáte et c v. + — 1nt. karikṛ- carikṛ- V.B. — Desid. cí -kīrṣati et c AV.+, -te et c s.+ (acikīrṣīs ŚB.; cikīrṣayati c ) . — Caus. kārayati -te et c B. + (kāryate et c E. +; cikārayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv.: kará v. + karaṇá RV . káraṇa v. + karaṇīya B . + -karaṇi? E. káras RV . káriṣṭha RV. -kariṣṇu s.+ karúṇa V.B. kártva v. kartavyà B . +

kártṛ RV . kartṛ v. +

kártra AV. kárman v.+ kárvara v. -kāra v. + kāraka E. + kōrin AV. + kāryà AV. + kāraṇa s. + -kāraṇīya c. kāru E. +

kāruka B. +

-kūrmi, -in RV . -kṛt v. + -kṛtya n. v. + -kṛtya a. v. + kṛtyā v. + kṛti v. + kṛtu (-tvas) v. + kṛtvya RV . kṛtnú v. kṛtríma v. + kṛtvan v. kṛtvarī AV.

-kṛtha RV . -kra RV .

krátu v. + kriyā KŚS.E.+

cákri RV . -karikra B. -cikīrṣ c cikīrṣā B. + cikīrṣu E. + kārayitṛ B.E. kārayitavya E. +

cikārayiṣu c. -ciṣkārayiṣu E.

The root-form skṛ is found especially after sam and pari; but also the aor. nír askṛta RV., and pple upaskrta B. +. In v. occur only saṁskṛta



1 ky] ROOTS , VERB-FORMS, 22

and pariṣkṛta RV . AV., and pariṣkṛṇvánti and -vánt RV. (against sám

akṛṇvan etc. RV.). But from B. on, forms with sk after sam are frequent, almost to the exclusion of those -with simple k; even such as sam askur-vata, saṁ caskāra, saṁ skarisyanti, saṁskārayām āsa, saṁeiṣkā-rayiṣu. Of the derivatives, there are found with saṁ only: skaraṇa s.+‚ skartavya a, skartṛ E.+, skāraka E.+, skārya E.+, skṛti B. + ; also skriyā with saṁ c. and pari c.; skāra with saṁ s. +, pari E. +, and upa c ; and skara with apa c, upa E.+, pari E., and v i (?) E. + ; finally, āskra RV., which is doubtful.

√ 2 k ṛ , kirj 'scatter'.

Pres. [6.] kiráti etc. v. +, -t e etc. v. + Perf. cakāra cakre E. [cakarus.] Aor. I. kīryāt c — 4. akīrṣata PB. — 5. kāriṣat RV . Fut. 1. kariṣyati etc. E. [karīṣyati. — 2. karītā.] Verb, kīrṇa B. +; -kīrya s. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, kīryáte etc. B. + (kīryet E. ) — [1nt. cākar-, cekīrya-. —

Desid. cikariṣa-. —] Caus. [kārayati,] kīrayet E. Deriv. : kara v. ? B. +

-karaka E. -karitṛ B.

-kāra ? s. + -kāraka a -kir c.

-kira c kiráṇa v. + -kiri B.

-kīrya c. -kula? E . +

One or two late forms occur with prefixed s: apaskiramāṇa, praticas-kare; others are authorized by the grammarians; in derivatives, viṣkira s.+

√ 3 k ṛ , 'commemorate'.

Pres. cakránt? RV . Aor. 4. akārṣam AV. — 5. akāriṣam ákārīt RV . Sec. Conj.: Int. carkarmi carkṛdhi etc. carkirāma -ran cárkṛṣe (3s.)

RV. AVl.

Deriv. : kará RV . kārín RV .

kārú v.

kīrí, -in RV . kīrtí v. +

-keru RV. carkṛtí RV . carkṛtya v.

Cakránt is anomalous and altogether questionable.

√ 1 k ṛ t , 'cut'.

Pres. [6.] kṛntáti etc. v.+, -t e etc. B.E. — [1.] kartati etc. E. Perf. cakarta et c (cokartitha, cakartus) v. +, cakartire E. Aor., 2. ákṛtas RV. (kṛtant- RV.) — 3. acīkṛtas TB. [acakartat.] — 5.

kartīs B. Fut. I. kartsyati AV. ; kartiṣyati c. [— 2. kartitā.]

Verb, kṛttá v. + ; -kṛtya v. + ; -kártam ŚB. Sec Conj.: Pass, kṛtyáte et c AV . + —- [Int. carīkṛt-. —] Desid. cikartiṣa-

(m d.) [cikṛtsa-.] — Caus. kartayati et c s. +, kṛntayati LŚS.



AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. 23 [kṛṣ

Deriv. kartá v. +

gárta'? B. + kartya c.

kartana v. +

-kartin c.

karttavya E. -karttṛ E. + kartarī c.

kṛtā RV. kṛtí RV. kṛtti? v . + -kṛnta B.

kṛntana s.+

kṛntátra

V.B.

cikartiṣā c. cikartiṣu c.

Saṁskṛtatrá v 1. is doubtless not referable to this roof.

√ 2 k ṛ t , 'spin'.

Pres. [7.] kṛṇátti etc. V.B.S.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. kartita kartya c. Deriv. karttṛ E.

√ k ṛ p , 'lament'.

Pres. [1.] kṛpate etc. v. Perf. cakṛpánta RV. Aor. 1. akṛpran v. — 5. akrapiṣṭa RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. k ṛ p áyat i etc. RV. (kṛpayánt Rv 1.) , -t e etc: JB. Deriv.: kṛpā E. + kṛpáṇa v. + kṛpaṇá AV. +

√ k ṛ ś , 'be lean'.

Pres. [4.] kṛśyati ŚB.

Perf. cakárśa AV . [Aor. etc. akṛśat; karśiṣyati, karśitā.] Verb, kṛśita AB . [kṛśitvā, karśitvā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. k ar śáyat i etc. v. + Deriv.: karśana v. + kṛśá v. + kráśīyas c.

√ k ṛ ṣ , 'drag, plough'.

Pres. [1.] kárṣati etc. v.+, -te et c. B . + — [6.] kṛṣáti -te etc. v . + Perf. cakarṣa etc. (cakarṣatus) B . +

Aor. 3. acīkṛṣam RV. [acakarṣat. — 4. akārkṣīt, akrākṣīt.] — 7. akṛk-ṣat etc. B. (akṛkṣathās ŚB.)

Fut. 1. krakṣyánt s., krakṣye B., [karkṣyati] karṣiṣyántB. [—- 2. karṣ-ṭā , kraṣṭā.]

Verb, kṛṣṭá AV. +; kraṣṭum E. + •, kṛṣṭvā B. + •, -kṛṣya s. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, kṛṣyáte etc. B. + — Int. cárkṛṣati etc. V.B. [carīkṛṣ-. —

Desid. cikṛkṣa-.] — Caus. karṣayati etc. E. + Deriv.: karṣa s. +

karṣaka E. + karṣin, -ṣ í B. +

karṣū B. + karṣaṇa E. + karṣaṇīya c.

kārṣi, -ṣín B. kārṣman RV. kṛṣí v. +

kṛṣya s. + kṛṣṭí v. + kraṣṭavya c.

-kraṣṭṛ c. It does not seem worth while to divide this root, evidently one, into two nearly related ones, as is often done.



ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 24k ḷp]

√ kḷp, 'be adapted'.

Pres. [1.] kálpate etc. v.+ (kálpant? AV.) Perf. cāklpé etc. v., -pus AV. (-pat v.); caklpe c. Aor. [2. aklpat. —] 3. acīklpat etc. v. + [— 4. aklpta. — 5. akalpiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. klapsyate AB., kalpiṣyate c [kalpsyati. — 2. kalpitā, kalptā.] Verb, klptá v. + Sec. Conj.: [1nt. calklp-, calīklp-. — Desid. ciklpsati, cikalpiṣate. —]

Caus. kalpáyati -t e etc. v. + (kalpyáte B. +; cikalpayiṣati AB. ) Deriv. : kálpa v. +

kalpaka E. + kalpya E. +

kalpana u. + kalpanā E. + kalpanīya u.+

kalpitavya c. kl'pti B. +

-kalpayitṛ ŚB. kalpayitavya

B . +

With this root are apparently related kṛp V.B., kṛpa v.+ √ knū, ' w e t .

[Pres. etc. knūyate, cuknūye, aknūyīt, knūyiṣyati, knūyitā.] Verb, -knūyam ŚB. Sec. Conj.: Caus. [knopayati] (-knopam c ) Deriv. -knopana c.

√ krakṣ, 'crash'.

Pres. [1.] krákṣamāṇa Rv1

. Deriv.: -krakṣa Rv1. -krakṣin RV 1 .

Apparently an onomatopoetic root.

√ krath, 'be ju bi lan t' .

[Pres. etc. krathati etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. krātháyati TB 1 .

Deriv.: kratha E. + krathana E. + krātha E. -krāthin E. krāthana c A very doubtful group of derivatives, in meaning and connection.

√ krand, kland, 'cry out'.

Pres. [1.] krándati etc. v.+, -t e etc. E. — Mandate c1. Perf. cakranda c, cakradé RV . (cakradat etc. RV.) Aor. 2. kradas RV. — 3. acikradat etc. V.B. — 4. ákrān V.B. — 5. akran-

dīt c. [Fut. krandiṣyati, kranditā.] Verb, krandita c.; kranditum c. Sec. Conj.: Int. kánikrand-, kánikrad-, kanikradyá- V.B. [cākrand-. —

Desid. cikrandiṣa-.] — Caus. krandáyati etc. v. +

Deriv.: kránda v.+

-krandin c krándya V.B.

klandá AV . krándana v.+ -krandanīya c

krandanú RV. krándas v. kanikradá B.



25 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [krīḍ

√ kram, 'stride'.

Pres. [1.] krārùati etc. krámate etc. v. + (kramati etc. RV.? E.+, krāmate etc. U.E . ) [— 4. krāmyati.]

Perf. cakrāma cakramús etc., cakramé etc. v. + (cákramanta RV. ) Aor. 1. akran ákramus etc. RV . — 2. akramat -man AV.B. [— 3. acikra-

mat.] — 4. akraṁsta -sata etc. V.B.S. (kraṁsate R V . ) — 5. ákramīt etc. V.B .U . , krámiṣṭa (3s. ) RV . (akramīm RV., akrāmīt ŚB.)

Fut. 1. kraṁsyáti -t e AV.B.E.; kramiṣyati -te B.+ (akramiṣyat u.) [— 2. kramitā, kraṁtā.]

Verb, krāṁtá AV.+ ; krámitumB. + , -tosB., krāṁtum E. + ; kramitvā E.+, krāṁtvā B. + [kraṁtvā]; -krámya v. + ; -kráme RV.; -krāmam

AV. + See. Conj.: Pass, kramyate etc. s.+. — Int. caṅkram- v.+, caṅkramyáte

B . + — Desid. cikramiṣati etc. B .U . [cikraṁsa-.] — Caus. kramayati etc. B. +; krāmayati etc. B.+ (krāmyate c.)

Deriv.: kráma v. + -kramin E. + kramya c. krámaṇa v. +

-kramaṇīya E. + -kramitavya E. -krāma B. -krāmin AV.B.

-krāmya c. -krāmaṇa c. -krāmuka B. -krāṁti B. +

-krāṁtṛ E. caṅkrama AV . + caṅkramaṇas.+ -krāmayitavya c

The aor. akran is by some referred to √krand. √ krī, 'buy'.

Pres. [9.] krīṇāti krīṇīté etc. v. + Perf. cikrāya s. [cikriye.] [Aor. akrāiṣīt , akreṣṭa.] Fut. 1. kreṣyati -te etc. B.S. [— 2. kretā.] Verb, krītá v. +; kretum E. +; krītvā AV . +; -krīya B . + Sec. Conj.: Pass, krīyáte etc. B . + [— 1nt. cekrī-.] — Desid. cikrīṣate c

[— Caus. krāpayati , acikrapat.]

Deriv. : krayá AV . + -krayaka E. -krayin E. +

krayya B . + kráyaṇa B . +

krayaṇīya s. -krāyaka E. + -krī AV. +

-krīti B.

kretavya E . + kretṛ E. + kreya E. +

√ krīḍ, 'play'.

Pres. [I.] krīḍati -t e etc. v.+ Perf. cikrīḍa -ḍe etc. B . +

[Aor. acikrīḍat, akrīḍīt.] Fut. I. krīḍiṣyati c. [— 2. krīḍitā.]

Verb, krīḍita

E. +; krīḍitum

c.; -krīḍya E. Sec. Conj.: [1ní. cekrīḍ-. —] Desid. cikrīḍiṣa- (in d.). — C aus. krīḍayati

etc. s. + (krīḍāpayati R . )



krīḍ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 26

Deriv.: krīḍá v. +

krīḍā B. +

krīḍín v. +

krīḍana B. +

krīḍí RV.B. krīḍitṛ c. krīḍú RV .

cikrīḍiṣa c.

cikrīḍiṣu c

√ k r u , 'be rough or raw'.

Such a root appears to be assumable for the derivatives : kravaṇáRv. k r a v í s , - v i v . kraviṣṇúv. kravyá v.+-kru RV . krūráAv.+

√ k r u d h , 'be angry'.

Pres. [4.] krúdhyati etc. AV . +, -t e etc. E. + Perf. cukrodha cukrudhus etc. B. +

Aor. 2. krudhat etc. A V . + — 3. ácukrudhat etc. RV. [Fut. krots yat i , kroddhā.] Verb, kruddhá v. +; kroddhum E. ; kruddhvā s. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cokrudh-. — Desid. cukrutsa-. —] Caus. krodháyati

et c AV . + (krodhyate M.)

Deriv.: krudhc. krudhmí RV. kródhaAv.+ krodhana E.+ krodhanīyaE.

√ k r u ś , 'cry out'.

Pres. [1.] króśati et c v. + , -te et c RV.E. Perf. cukrośa et c E. [cukruśe.]

Aor. 7. akrukṣat et c V.B. [Fut. krokṣyati , kroṣṭā.] Verb, kruṣṭa B. +; kroṣṭum E. ; -kruśya E. + Sec Conj.: Pass, kruśyate E. — [7nt. cokruś-. — Desid. cukrukṣa-. —]

Caus. krośya E. + Deriv.: -krośa v. +

-krośaka B. + -krośin c. -krośya s.

klóśa RV . krośaná v. +

kroṣṭu c. kroṣṭṛ v. + -krośayitṛ c.

√ k r ū ḍ , 'thicken' (?).

Sec. Conj.: Caus. akrūḍayat,

kruḍyamāna,

cukruḍayati

B. All in a single passage of the Kāṭhaka. Possible derivative, kroḍá AV. +

√ k l a t h , 'turn' (?).

Pres. [I.] kláthan B . A single occurrence, in vs.; no derivatives.

√ k l a n d , see √ k r a n d .

√ k l a m , 'be weary'.

Pres. [4.] klāmyati c. Perf. [caklāmaj caklame c [Aor. etc. aklamīt; klamiṣyati, klamitā.]



27 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [kṣ ad

Verb, klāṁtá E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. klāmayati c. Deriv.: klama E. + klāṁti c.

Compare √ śram.

√ klav, 'stammer'. Verb, klavita c.

Probably artificial and false, inferred from viklava E . + , viklavita c.

√ k l i d , 'be wet'.

Pres. [4.] klidyati -te etc. E. + — [I.] klindant c1. [Perf. etc. cikleda; aklidat, aciklidat; klediṣyati kletsyati , kleditā

klettā.] Verb, klinna s.+ [kliditvā, klittvā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. ceklid-. — Desid. ciklediṣa-, ciklidiṣa-, ciklitsa-. —]

Caus. kledayati etc. s. + Deriv.: -klindu AV.

kleda E. + -kledin c. -kledya E.

kledana c. -kledīyas AV.

√ k l i ś , 'distress'.

Pres. [9.] kliśnāti etc. E. + — [4.] kliśyate etc. E. + , -ti etc. E. + Perf. cikleśa etc. c. [Aor. etc. kliśyāt a k l e ś i , acikl iś at , akleś ī t , aklikṣat; kleśiṣyati

klekṣ yat i , kleśitā kleṣṭā.] Verb, kliṣṭa E. + [kliśita]; kleṣṭum E. ; [kliśitvā, kliṣṭvā;] -klíśya ŚB. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. cekliś-. — Desid. cikleśiṣa- , cikliś iṣa- , ciklikṣa-. —]»

Caus. kleśayati etc. E. + Deriv.: kleś a u. + -kleśaka o. kleś in c. kleśana c. kleṣṭṛ E.

√ k v a ṇ , 'sound'. Pres. [1.] kvaṇati c. [Perf. etc. cakvāṇa; akvāṇīt; kvaṇiṣyati , kvaṇitā.] Verb, kvaṇita c.

Sec. Con j.: Caus. kvaṇayati etc. c. Deriv. -kvaṇana c.

√ k v a t h , 'boil'.

Pres. [I.] kvathati -te etc. B. + [Perf. etc. cakvātha; akvathīt; kvathiṣ yat i , kvathitā.] Verb, kvathita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. kvāthayati etc. s.+ (kvāthyate etc. E. + ) Deriv.: kvatha c. kvathana c. kvātha c. kvāthayitavya c.

√ k ṣ a d , 'divide'.

Pres. [1.] kṣádate etc. V.B. Perf. cakṣadé etc. RV. Deriv.: kṣattṛ v. -kṣad RV. kṣádman RV.



kṣan] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 28

√ k ṣ a n , ] 'wound'.

Pres. [8.] kṣaṇóti kṣaṇuté etc. B. + [Perf. cakṣāṇa cakṣaṇe.] Aor. [1. akṣata. —] 5. kṣaṇiṣṭhās AV . [akṣaṇīt.] [Fut. kṣaṇiṣyati -te, kṣaṇitā.] Verb, kṣata v. +; kṣaṇítos ŚB. [S ec. Conj.: caṅkṣaṇ-; eikṣaṇiṣa-; kṣāṇaya-.] Deriv.: kṣaṇana c. kṣati E. +

√ k ṣ a p , 'be abstinent'.

Pres. [1.] kṣapati

E. + , kṣápate v.s. Verb, kṣapitum c. Deriv. kṣapaṇa E. +

The words kṣáp v., kṣapā v. + do not appear to be connected with this root.

√ k ṣ a m , 'endure'.

Pres. [1.] kṣámate etc. v. + , -t i etc. E. + (kṣāmat AV. ?) . — [4.] kṣamyate etc. E. + [kṣāmyati.]

Perf. cakṣame etc. B. + (cakṣamīthās RV.) [Aor. akṣamat, acikṣamat, akṣaṁsta, akṣamiṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. kṣaṁsyati etc. E., kṣamiṣyati B . + [— 2. kṣaṁtā, kṣamitā.] Verb, kṣāṁta E. +, kṣamita E. ; kṣaṁtum E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, kṣamyate E. + — [1nt. caṅkṣam-. — Desid. cikṣaṁsa-,

cikṣamiṣa-. —] Caus. kṣamayati etc. E. + (kṣāmaye M. , kṣamā-paya- c.)

Deriv. : kṣám, kṣā v. kṣamá AV. + kṣamā E. +

kṣamaṇīya E. kṣaṁtavyaE.+ kṣamitavya E.

kṣaṁtṛ E. kṣāmya E. kṣāman v. kṣāmi sv.

kṣāṁti E. + kṣmā v. + cākṣmá ? RV . kṣamāpaṇa c1.

√ k ṣ a r , 'flow'.

Pres. [1.] kṣárati etc. v.+, -te etc. E.

Perf. cakṣāra c Aor. ákṣār (3s.) RV . [Fut. kṣariṣyati, kṣaritā.] Verb, kṣarita B. ; kṣáradhyāi RV. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cākṣar-. — Desid. cikṣariṣa-. —] Caus. kṣārayati etc. B . +

Deriv.: kṣara v. + kṣaraṇa c. kṣāraṇa c kṣīrá?v.+

√ k ṣ a l , 'wash'.

See. Conj.: Caus. kṣālayati etc. B. + (kṣālāpayīta s.) Deriv.: kṣāla E. + -kṣālaka E. + -kṣālya c -kṣālana s. +

Doubtless the same with the preceding root.



29 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [kṣ ip

√ k ṣ ā , 'burn'.

Pres. [4.] kṣāyati etc. B.S. Verb, kṣāṇa? B.S. Sec. Conj.: Caus. kṣāpáyati etc. AV.B.S.

Deriv.: -kṣāṇa B. kṣātí RV. kṣāma B. + kṣāra E. +

√ 1 k ṣ i , 'possess'.

Pres. [2.] kṣéti etc. V.B. (kṣyánt TS., kṣiyánt v.). — [6.] kṣiyáti etc. AV. B. — [1.] kṣáyati etc. v.

[Perf. cikṣāya.] Aor. 4. kṣeṣat RV . Fut. kṣeṣyánt RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. kṣayáya RV., kṣepayat RV . Deriv. : kṣáya v.

kṣā? v. -kṣas? RV .

kṣayaṇá vs. kṣatrá? v.+

-kṣit v.+ kṣití v.+

-kṣetṛ RV. kṣétra v.+ kṣéma v. +

√ 2 k ṣ i , k ṣ ī , 'destroy'.

Pres. [9,] kṣiṇāti etc. V.B. — [5.] kṣiṇoti etc. AV.+ — [1.] kṣayati E. — [4.] kṣīyate etc. V.B. — [2.] kṣidhí sv1.

[Perf. cikṣāya.] Aor. 1. [kṣīyāt;] kṣāyi B.s. — 4. kṣeṣṭhās kṣeṣṭa AV. B.S.U.

Fut. I. akṣeṣyata (3s.) ŚB. ; kṣayiṣyāmi R. [— 2. kṣetā.] Verb, kṣitá v. +, kṣīṇa AV . +; -kṣetos B. ; [kṣītvā;] -kṣīya CB. Sec. Conj.: Pass, kṣīyáte v.+ — [Int. cekṣi-. —] Desid. cikṣīṣati B. —

Caus. kṣayayati etc. E. +; kṣapayati etc. E. + Deriv.: kṣaya E. +

kṣayin E. + kṣayya B. +

-kṣayaṇa AV. B.S. kṣayiṣṇu u.c -kṣit B. kṣít i AV. +

kṣ eṣ ṇú B. kṣapaṇa E. + kṣapitavya c.

-kṣapayitṛ c. kṣapayiṣṇu c. kṣayayitavya E.

√ k ṣ i p , 'throw'.

Pres. [6.] kṣipáti etc. v. +, -te etc. E. + Perf. cikṣepa et c. E. +, cikṣipe E.

Aor. [1. kṣ ipyāt; akṣepi. —] 3. cikṣipat etc. v. [— 4. akṣāipsīt, akṣipta.] Fut. 1. kṣepsyati etc. E.+, -te E. [— 2. kṣeptā.] Verb, kṣiptá v. +, kṣipita s.; kṣ eptum E. +, -tos B. ; kṣ iptvā c.; -kṣipya

E. +; -kṣepam E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, kṣipyate E. + (-yant M.) — [1nt. cekṣip-. —] Desid. cikṣi-

psa- (in d.). — Caus. kṣepayati etc. E. + Deriv. : kṣ íp RV .

-kṣipa c

kṣí pā RV . kṣipaṇí RV . kṣipaṇú RV .

kṣipti c. kṣiprá v. +

kṣepa E. + kṣepaka E. + -kṣepin c.

kṣepya c kṣepan B.

kṣepaṇa s. + kṣépiṣṭha B. kṣépīyas B, +

kṣeptavya E. + kṣeptṛ E. +

kṣepnú RV. -cikṣipsu c.



kṣu] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 30

√ kṣu , 'sneeze'.

Pres. [2.] kṣāuti kṣuvánt i etc. B. + Perf. cukṣāva etc. B. , cukṣuve c. [Aor. etc. akṣāvīt ; kṣaviṣyati , kṣavitā.] Verb, kṣuta E. +; kṣutvā B. + Sec. Conj.: Desid. cukṣūṣa t i JB. [— Desid.-Caus. cukṣāvayiṣat i . ] Deriv.: kṣava AV. kṣavathu c.

√ kṣud , 'crush'.

Pres. [1.] kṣódati -te RV. [— 7. kṣuṇatt i kṣuntte.]

Perf. cukṣudus E. [Aor. etc. akṣudat, akṣāutsīt akṣutta; kṣotsyat i - te , kṣottā.] Verb, kṣuṇṇa E. +; -kṣudya c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. kṣodayat i etc. RV. c. Deriv.: kṣudrá v. + kṣoda E. +

kṣodya E. kṣódas RV. kṣódiṣṭha B.

kṣodīyas B. +

√ kṣudh, 'b e hungry'.

Pres. [4.] kṣúdhyat i etc. v. + [Perf. cukṣodha.]

Aor. 2. kṣudhat AV. [Fut. kṣotsyati , kṣoddhā.] Verb, kṣudhita u. + [kṣudhitvā.] Deriv.: kṣúdh v.+ kṣudhā E.+ -kṣudhya AV. kṣudhi c. kṣódhuka B.S.

√ kṣup , 'be startled' (?).

Pres. [6.] akṣupat R 1 . (Aor. 2?). Deriv.: kṣupa E. + kṣúmpa RV .

Not a genuine root. The only verbal form in a single punning etymology.

√ kṣubh , 'quake'. Pres. [4.] kṣubhyat i -te etc. E.+ — [I.] kṣobhate u 1. — [5.] kṣubhnuyus

JB . [— 9. kṣubhnāti.] Perf. cukṣobha a , cukṣubhe A V . + [Aor. etc. kṣubhyāt akṣobhi, akṣubhat, acuksubhat, akṣobhīt -bhiṣṭa;

kṣobhiṣyat i - te , kṣobhitā.] Verb, kṣubdha B. +, kṣubhita E. +; -kṣobdhos ŚB. [kṣobhitum; kṣub-

dhvā, kṣubhitvā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. cokṣubh-. — Desid. cukṣubhiṣa- , cukṣobhiṣa-. —]

Caus. kṣobhayati - te E. + (kṣobhyate E. +, cukṣobhayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv.: kṣúbh RV . kṣubhā E. +

kṣobha B. + kṣobhaka c.

-kṣobhin c. kṣobhya E. + kṣóbhaṇa v. + kṣobhayitṛ c cukṣobhayiṣu E.



khan] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 32

√ khan, khā, 'dig'.

Pres. [1.] khánati -te etc. v. + Perf. cakhāna cakhnus etc. AV. + [cakhne.]

Aor. [1. khanyāt, khāyāt. — 3. acīkhanat. —] 4. khān B. [— 5. akhānīt, akhaniṣṭa.]

Fuí. 1. khaniṣyati et c. B . + [— 2. khanitā.] Verb, khātá v. +; khánitum B. +; khanitvā c., khātvā B. +, -tvī B. ;

-khāya B. +; -khānam s. Sec Conj.: Pass, khāyate et c B. +, khanyate et c E. + [— Int. caṅkhan-,

cākhā-. — Desid. cikhaniṣa-.] — Caus. khānayati et c s. + (kha-naya- E. ?)

Deriv.:

khá

v.+

khā v. + khaná AV . khanaka E.

khanana c.

khananīya c. khaní AV. + khanitṛ v. +

khanítra v. + khara v. + khātṛ c. khānaka c.

khānya s.

khāni c. -khu v. + -kheya c

√ kharj, 'creak'. Pres. [I.] kharjati s. Deriv.: khargálā v. + kharjūra B, +

√ khall, 'be relaxed' Pres. [1.] khallate c. Verb, khallita c. Deriv. khalla c.

√ khā, see √ khan.

√ khād, 'chew'.

Pres. [1.] khādati et c v.+ Perf. cakhāda et c v. + [Aor. acakhādat; akhādīt.] Fut. 1. khādiṣyate E. [-ti. — 2. khāditā.]

Verb, khāditá B. + ; khāditvā B.U. Sec Con j.: Pass, khādyate c. [— Int. cākhād-.] — Desid. cikhādiṣati E. +

— Caus. khādayati et c E. + Deriv. : khādá v. +

khādaka s.+ khādin E. +

khādya E. + khādana E. + khādanīya c.

khādas- RV . khāditavya c. khāditṛ c

cikhadiṣu E. +

√ khid, 'tear'.

Pres. [6.] khidáti et c v.+. [— 7. khintte.] — [4.]? see Pass.

[Perf. et c cikheda; acīkhidat, akhāitsīt; khetsyati, khettā.]

Verb, khinna E. +; -khidya B.S. ; -khidam AV. Sec Conj.: Pass, khidyate et c E.+, -ti et c E. + — [Int. cekhid-. — Desid.

cikhitsa-. —] Caus. khedayati -te E. +



33 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [gad

Deriv.: -khida B.

khidrá RV. khidvaṃs RV . khedin c. khédā v. + khedana c.

kheditavya E.

khedayitavya c. √ khud, 'futuere1 .

Pres. [6.] khudáti etc. v. Sec. Conj.: Int. canīkhudat s. (kánīkhunat TB.) Deriv. khódana AV.

√ khel, 'stagger'.

Pres. [I.] khelati etc. E. +

Verb, khelita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. khelayati etc. c. Deriv.: khelá v. + khelana c. kheli c.

√ khyā, 'see'.

Pres. [2.] khyāsi khyāti khyāhi khyāta E. + Perf. cakhyāu cakhyus etc. v. + Aor. [1. akhyāyi; khyāyāt, khyeyāt. —] 2. ákhyat etc. V.B.S., akhyata

etc. V.B. — \. khyeṣam B.S. [khyāsīṣṭa.] Fut. 1. khyāsyáti etc. B.+, -t e E . + [— 2. khyātā.]

Verb, khyātá

AV. + ; khyātum

B. + ; -khyāya

v.+; -khyāí V.B.; -khyā-y am B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, khyāyate etc. B.+ (khyāyiṣyateB.) — [Int. cākhyā-. —]

Desid. cikhyāsita c. — Caus. khyāpayati -t e etc. B. + ([acikhyapat;] khyāpyate etc. c.; cikhyāpayiṣa- in d. c.)

Deriv.: -khya B. + -khyā v. + khyāti B. + -khyātavyaE.+

-khyātṛ v. + khyāna B. + -khyāyaka E. + -khyāyin s. +

-khyeya AV. + khyāpaka c. khyāpin c. khyāpya E.

khyāpana E. + khyāpanīya c. -cikhyāsu c. cikhyāpayiṣā c.

√ gach,

see √ gam.

√ gad, 'say'.

Pres. [I.] gadati etc. s.+ Perf. jagāda jagade etc. E . + Aor. I. agādi c. [— 5. agādīt.] Fut. I. gadiṣyate E. [— 2. gaditā.] Verb, gadita E. +; gaditum c.; -gadya s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gadyate etc. E. + — Int. jāgadyate c. — Desid. jigadi-

ṣati E. — Caus. gādayati s. Deriv. : gada B. + gadya E. + gadana B. + gadi c. -gādin c. -gādya c. gadgada c.

v i gada in AV. (V. 22. 6) is doubtless a vocative, vigada.



gadh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 34

√ gadh, 'attach' (?). Verb, -gadhita RV2. Deriv. gádhya RV.

A root of doubtful meaning and relations.

√ gabh, see √ gah. √ gam, gach, 'go'.

Pres. [I.] gáchati etc. v.+, -t e etc. v.+. — gámanti RV., -ntu V. — [2.] gathá RV

1

. Perf. jagāma (jagántha [jagamitha]) jagmús etc. jagmé etc. v.+ (ja-

ganma RV. ; jaganv āṃs v.+, ja gm iv āṃs B. + ; jagamyāt etc. v.; ája-gan etc. ajagmiran v.)

Aor. 1. ágamam ágan ágman et c. ágata áganmahi agmata etc. V.B.S.

(gámat etc. V.B. , gamāmahāi RV. • gamyāt etc. V.B.S. , gmīya B. ; gahi gantu etc. V.B.S. ; gmánt v.); agāmi RV., agami c. — 2. agamat etc. B. + (gamét etc. V.B.S. , gamemahi v.s.) — 3. ajīgamat etc. V.B. — 4. agaṁsi agaṁsmahi etc. S.+ (agasmahi etc. V.B.) [gaṁsīṣṭa, gasīṣṭa.]

— 5. gamiṣṭam RV., gmiṣīya vs. Fut.

I. gamiṣyati

etc. AV.+, -t e

etc. E. (agamiṣyat

u.) —

2. gaṁtā

etc. B . + Verb, gatá v. + ; gáṁtum B.+, -tave V.B., -tavāí v., -tos V.B. ; gatvā AV . + , -tvāya V.B., -tvī RV.; -gátya v.+, -gamya u.s. + ; gámadhyāi RV., -dhye TS. ; -gámas MS.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gamyáte etc. AV.+ — int. gánīgam-V.B., ja ṅgam- (in d.), jāgam- AV.? — Desid. j ígamiṣati -t e etc. B. + , j igāṁsati etc. AV.+ , -t e etc. s. + — Caus. gamáyati etc. v.+, -te etc. s.+ (gāmaya R V 1 . )

Deriv.: gacha c. -gama v. + gamaka c. -gamin c. gamya u. + gámana v. + gamanīya E. + gámiṣṭha v.s.

gamiṣṇu B. -gat v. gáti v. + -gaṁtva s. gaṁtavyà B. +

gáṁtṛ v. + -gatha V.B. gatnú AV'

-gátvan RV. gatvara c. -gāmin E. +

-gāmuka B. + gmā RV . -gman RV.

jmā RV . jmán v.

gamayitṛ B . + gamayitavya B.C.

já gat v. + jágmi RV. j igatnú v. jaṅgama u. + jaṅgamana c. -jigamiṣu c.

j igāṁsu c. √ garj, 'roar'.

Pres. [I.] garjati etc. E.+, -te etc. E . +

Perf. ja ga rja etc. E. +

[Aor. etc. agarjīt; garjiṣyati, garjitā.] Verb, garjita E. + ; garjitvā E. ; -garjya c. Deriv.: garja C. -garjin c. garjana E.+ garji c.



35 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 gā √ gard, 'exult' (?).

Pres. [I.] agardat PB . Deriv. gárda TS .

Perhaps the same with √ gūrd.

√ g a r h , 'chide'. Pres. [1.] garhate et c. RV.S.E.+, -t i etc. E . +

Perf. ja garha -he etc. E. + [Aor. etc. agarhiṣṭa; garhiṣyate, garhitā.] Verb, garhita s. +; garhitum E. ; -garhya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass,

garhyate

etc. a

—

[1nt. jā ga rh- .

— Desid.

ji gar hiṣa -,

—]

Caus. garhayati -t e etc. u. +

Deriv. : garha E. + garhin E. +

garhya s. ? + garhaṇa E. + garhaṇīya E . +

garhitavya E.

√ gal, 'drop'. Pres. [I.] galati etc. a [Perf. etc. jagāla; agālīt; etc.] Verb, galita E. + Sec. Con;.: 1nt. galgalīti vs., galgalyate c. — Caus. gālayati et c. c Deriv.: galana c. gālana c.

√ galbh, 'dare'.

Pres. [I.] galbhate etc. c. Perf. jagalbhe c. Deriv. -galbha B. +

With pra, and doubtless in reality a denominative of pragalbhá.

√ 1 gā, 'go'. Pres. [3.] j ígāti etc. V.B. [— 2. gate.] Perf jagāyāt Rv. 1, (adhi-) jage etc. E . +

Aor. 1. ágāt águs etc. v.+ (gāni gātá etc. v.; agan 3 p. c.) [agāyi.] — 3. (adhy-) agīṣṭa ágīṣata etc. B. + [agāsta]; geṣam -ṣma AV.B.S.

[Fut. gāsyate, (adhy-) agīṣyata; gātā.] Verb, gātave RV 1 . Sec. Conj.: [Pass, gīyate. — 1nt. jegīya-. —] Desid. j igīṣati etc. svi.c1.

[jigāsa-. — Caus. gāpayati, ajīgapat.] Deriv.: -gā v. +

-ga v.+ gātú V.B.

gātra v, + -gāna RV . -gāman RV.

-gāya v. -gū? B , geṣṇa? u.

gángā? v.+

√

2

gā , 'sing'. Pres. [4.] gāyati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [I.] gāti KB 1 . , gānti M. — gāyiṣe

(l s. ) R V 1 .



2 gā ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 36

Per f. jagāu etc. B . + , jage etc. c. Aor. [I . geyāt; agāyi. —] 4. gāsi (I s.) RV . — 6. agāsīt -siṣus etc. V.B.U.

(gāsiṣat RV. ) Fut. I. gāsyati etc. B.+ (agāsyat etc. B.U. ) [— 2. gātā.] Verb, gītá v. + ; gātum B. + ; gītvā B. + ; -gāya AB., -gīya ŚB.C. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gīyáte etc. v.+ (gīyant M.) — Int. jegīyate etc. E . +

[jāgā-.] — Desid. j igāsati etc. B. — Caus. gāpayati etc. B.+, -te B. [ajīgapat]; gāyayeyus JUB.

Deriv.: -g ā v. +

-ga AV. +

-gāya c

gāyaka E. + -gāyin c.

gāyatrá v. + gāyana s. + -gāyas RV . gātú RV. gātavya c

gātṛ v. + gāthá v. + gāthā v. +

gāna u.s.+ -gāman RV.

gīt i s. + gītha AV. + geya B. +

-geṣṇa AB . -jigītha, -ta B.U. -gāpana s.

√ gāh etc., 'plunge'.

Pres. [I.] gāhate etc. v.+, -t i etc. E. Perf. jagāha c (jigāhīre s1.) [Aor. ajīgahat; agāḍha, agāhiṣṭa.] Fut. I. gāhiṣyate E . + [— 2. gāḍhā, gāhitā.] Verb, gāḍiia s.+, gāhita E. + ; gāhitum E . ; -gāhya s.+

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gāhyate etc. E. + — Int. jáṅgahe v. [jāgāh-, — Desid. jigāhiṣa-, jighākṣ a-.] — Caus. gāhayati etc. c

Deriv. : -gáha RV . gahana RV.E. gah-, gaṃhmán B. gáhvara AV . +

gāhá v. + -gāhin c -gāhya E. + gāhana s. + gōhanīya c.

gámbhan B. gambhára RV . gámbhiṣṭha B. gabhīrá v. + gambhīrá v. +

gabhvara c gādhá v. + gādhana c

The connection of these derivatives is probable, but not beyond question.

√ gir, gil, see √ 2 gṛ.

√ gu , 'sound'.

[Pres. etc. gavate; juguve; agoṣṭa; goṣyate, gotā; guta.] Sec. Conj.: Int. jóguve jóguvāna V.B. Deriv.: -gUt?RV. jo gū RV.

* √ g u ñ j , 'hum'.

Pres. [I.] guñjati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. juguñja; aguñjīt; guñjiṣyati, guñjitā.] Verb, guñjita c. Deriv,: guñja c. -guñjin c.



37 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [gulph

√ guṇṭh, 'cover up'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. guṇṭhayati etc. c. (guṇṭhita E. +, -guṇṭhya s. +) Deriv. guṇṭhana a

Probably a denominative formation.

√ gup, 'protect'.

Pres. [1.] gopant? c1. Perf. jugopa jugupus etc. v.+ Aor. 3. ajūgupat etc. B.S. (ajugupa- B. ) [— 4. agāupsīt. — 5» ogopīt.]

Fut.

I.

gopsyati

etc. AV.+

[gopiṣyati.

—

2. goptā,

gopitā.]

Verb, gupitá v., guptá Av.+; goptum B, , gopitum c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gupyate etc. B. [— Int. jogup -.] — Desid. jugupsate etc.

B . + , -ti etc. E.+, jugupiṣa- (in d.) [jugopiṣa-.] — Caus. gopayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E. (gopyate E.)

Deriv. : -gup E. +

-gupya B. gúpti AV. +

gopya E. + gópana AV. + -gopanīya a

goptavya E. goptṛ AV . + gópiṣṭha B.

jugupsā E . +

jugupsu s. + jugupiṣu E.

Perhaps ultimately a denominative from gopa, but assuming the aspect of a root even in the Veda.

√ guph, gumph, 'twine'.

Pres. [I.] gumphati etc. c. Verb, gumphita, guphita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. gumphayati etc. c. Deriv.: gumpha c. -gumphaka c. gumphana c.

√ gur, 'greet'.

Pres. [6.] guráte et c v. +, -t i etc. c. Perf. [jugure] jugurat -ryās -ryāt RV . Aor. 1. gūrta RV . [— 5. aguriṣṭa.] [Fut. guriṣyate, guritā.] Verb, gūrtá v.+, gūrṇa s. + ; -gūrya v.+, -gurya c. Sec. Conj.: Int. járgurāṇa RV . — Caus. gūraya- (i n d.). Deri v. : -gur B.S.

-guraṇa c. gūroṇa c. gūrtí RV .

-goraṇa c. -gūrayitṛ c jugurváṇi RV .

Doubtless a secondary form of y 1 gṛ. √ gulph, 'bunch'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. gulphayeyus s1

., gulphita s. Deriv. gulphá AV. + A very doubtful case.



guh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 38

√ guh, 'hide'. Pres. [I.] gūhati -te etc. v.+ Perf. jugūha c , juguhe jugūhire E. Aor. [I. agūhi. —] 2. guhas guhant- guhámāna RV. [— 3. ajūguhat. —

4. agūḍhā. — 5. agūhīt, agūhiṣṭa.] — 7. aghukṣat et c V.B. [aghuk-ṣata.]

[Fut. gūhiṣyati -te, ghokṣyati - t e ; gūhitā, goḍhā.] Verb, gūḍhá v.+; gūhitumE. + -, [gūhitvā, gūḍhvā,] gūḍhvīRv.; -guhya

E. +, -gūhya ? E. Sec Con j.: Pass, guhyáte et c v. + [— Int. jog uh -.] — Desid. jugukṣati RV .

(jughukṣa-.] — Caus. guhayati et c s. + Deriv. : guh RV .

guha E . +

gúhā v.+ gúhya v. + -gūha c gūhana s. +

gūhitavya E. -gūhitṛ c góha V.B.S.

-gohana RV. -gohya RV.S.

√ gūrd, 'exult' (?). Pres. [I.] agūrdan JB. Deriv. gūrda B. +

Compare roots kūrd, gard, and gūrdh. See J.A.O.S., vol. xi., p. cxlvii.

√ gurdh, 'exalt' (?). Sec Conj.: Caus. gūrdhaya RV 1 .

Perhaps the same with the preceding.

√ 1 gṛ, 'sing'.

Pres. [9.] gṛṇāti gṛṇīté et c v . + (gṛṇé 3s. v., gṛṇáta 2 p. AV.) — [6.] (sam-) girate et c c , -ti c. — gṛṇīṣé (ls.) v.

Perf. jogára TA. [Aor. gīryāt; ogārīt.]

Fut.

I. gariṣyati

s. [garīṣyati. —

2. garītā.] Verb, [gīrṇa;] -gīrya B. ; gṛṇīṣáṇi RV.

Deriv.: -gara AV. + -garaṇa c. -garitṛ B.S. gír v . +

-gira c -gīrya B.

Compare roots gur and 2 j ṛ . √ 2 gṛ, gir, gil, 'swallow'.

Pres. [6.] giráti et c AV . + , -te etc. E.+ (gírāmi Av 1.); gilati et c B . + — [9.] gṛṇāti et c AV.S.

Per f. jagāra v.+ Aor. I. (or 2.) garat -ran v. [gīryāt.] — 3. ajīgar RV

1

. ? [— 4. agīrṣṭa.] — 5. gārīt RV .

Fut. I. gariṣyati B.C. [garīṣyati. — 2. garītā.]



39 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [graht

Verb, gīrṇá

v.+,

gilita

c ;

giritum

c ;

-gīrya

A v.

+

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gīryate etc. E. — 1nt. já rgurāṇa RV,, jalgulas RV. [jāgṛ-,

je gilya-. — Desid. ji gar iṣa -. ] — C aws, girayati c. [gārayati.] Deriv.: gará AV. +

gala E. + -garaṇa c. garas? B.S.

-gāra E. + -gārin E. + -gir V.B.S.

-gira AV.

-gila AV. + -giraṇa c. gilana c. -gra, -gri RV.

gárgara? v.+ -jīgarta? B. +

jigarti RV .

√ 3 g ṛ , j ā g ṛ , 'wake'.

Aor. 3. ájīgar RV . •, jigṛtám -tá RV . Sec. Conj.: Int. jāgarti jā grati etc. v.+ (jāgarāsi et c., jāgṛyāt etc., jāgṛ hí

et c.; jā grat; ájāgar; j ā g a r a e t c ; jāgariṣyáti -te; jāgaritá; jāga-ráyati et c), Irreg., as √ jāgṛ: jāgṛmi M.; jāgrat i, -te etc. S.E., jāga-rati M. jajā gā ra E.+, jāgarām āsa c ; [jāgaryāt, ajāgāri, ajāgarīt.]

Deriv. : ja ga ra B . +

jāg ara ka c. ja garaṇá B . +

jāgariṣṇu c. jagarúka RV.C. jāgartavya E.

jagṛtavya E. jā gṛvi v.+

√ gṛdh, 'be greedy'.

Pres. [4.] gṛdhyati etc. v. +

Perf. jagṛdhus B.c. (jāgṛdhús RV. ) Aor. 2. ágṛdhat etc. V.B.U.

Fut. 1. gardhiṣyati B. [— 2. gardhitā.] Verb, gṛddha E. + ; gṛddhvā c. [gṛdhitvā.] [Sec Conj.: jarīgṛdh-; jigardhiṣa-; gardhayatI.] Deriv.: gṛtsa ? V.B.

gardha c. gardhin v. +

gṛdhna E. gṛdhnú v.+ gṛdhya AV.

gṛdhyā E. gṛdhyin E.

gṛdhra v. +

√ grath, granth, 'tie'.

Pres. [9.] grathnāti et c B . + — [7.] gṛṇatti? AV. [— 1. granthati, gra-thati.]

[Perf. et c jagrantha jagranthus grethus; grathyāt, ajagranthat, agranthīt.]

Fut. 1. granthiṣyati B. [— 2. granthitā.] Verb, grathitá v. + ; [granthitvā, grathitvā;] -grathya B.+; -gran-

tham B. Sec Conj.: Pass, grathyaté c. — [1nt. jāgranth-, jā gr at hy a-. — Desid.

jigranthiṣa-. —] Caus. granthayate E., grathayati c. Deriv.: grathin RV .

grathya c. grathana c. grathanīya c. grathitavya c.

grathna s. grantha B. + granthin RV.

granthana s.+ granthi v. +



grabh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 40

y grabh, grah, 'seize'. Pres. [9.] gṛbhṇāti gṛbhṇīté etc. V.B.; gṛhṇāti gṛhṇīté etc. (gṛhāṇá)

v.+ — [1.] gṛhṇati etc. E. , -te u. — gṛhīthās E. , -ītá MS.C, -īṣva B. , agṛhītām E.

Perf. jagrābha jagṛbhus jag ṛbhré etc. v . (jagṛbhma jagṛbhyāt v . , ja gṛbh rir é RV . ; ajagrabham etc. V.B.S.U.); jagrāha jagṛhus jag ṛhe etc. v . + ( j a g ṛ h m á SV.; jagrāhatus M.).

Aor. I. agrabham V.B., agṛbhran RV.; grabhat AB., gṛbhāṇá MS. [gṛhyāt; agrāhi.] — 2?. gṛhe (3s.) MS., gṛhate (3 p.) gṛhāmahi RV. — 3. aji-grabhat MS. (ajīgṛbham K.), ajigrahat c . — [4. aghṛkṣata. — ]

5. agrabhīt agrabhīṣus etc. agrabhiṣṭa etc. V.B. (agrabhīm TS. ) ; agrahīt etc. agrahīṣṭa etc. AV.+ (agrahāiṣam AB.)

Fut. 1. grahīṣyati -te B. + (agrahīṣyat etc. B.+ , agrahāiṣyat B.U. ; gṛhī-ṣyati, grahiṣyati E.) — 2. grahītā E.

Verb, gṛbhītá v .B . , gṛhītá AV. + ; gráhītum B.+, -tavāi B., -tos B.; gṛ-bhītvā AV., gṛhītvā AV.+; -gṛbhya v . , -gṛhya v . + ; -grábhe RV., gṛbhé RV., -graham JB. ; gṛhaye K.; -grāham B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gṛhyáte etc. AV. + — [Int. jā gr ah- , jar īg ṛh ya -. —] Desid. j ighṛkṣati -te etc. B. + , j igrahīṣa- KB. (ajagrabhāiṣan? AB.) — Caus. gṛbháyant RV . ; grāhayati -te B. + (grāhyate etc. c )

Deriv.: grábha

RV.

gráha v . + -grahin E. gárbha v . + grábhaṇa v . s . gráhaṇa AV. + grahaṇīya E. -gráhi B. +

- g r a h i ṣ ṇ u s. g r a hī ta v y a B . +

g r á b h ī t ṛ AV.B. g r a h ī t ṛ AV. + g r ā b h á V.B.S. g r ā h a AV. + g r ā h a k a E. + g r ā h i n E. +

grāhyà v . + grāhi v .

grāhuka B. gṛbh V.B. -gṛh c . gṛbhá RV. gṛhá v . + gṛhya AV. +

gṛbhi v . gṛhú RV . -gṛhīti B . +

j ighṛkṣā E. + j ighṛkṣu E. +

C o m p a r e √ glah. T h e r e s e e m s t o be n o g o o d r e a s o n why t h e r o o t s h o u l d n o t be g i v e n a s gṛbh, gṛh.

√ gras, 'devour'.

Pres. [1.] grasati etc. E.+, grásate V.B. Perf. jagrasāná jagrasīta RV . Aor. 5. agrasīt c . Fuí. I. grasiṣyati -te et c E . + [— 2. grasitā.] Verb, grasitá RV., grasta E. + ; grasitvā B. ; -grāsam c . Sec Conj.: Pass, grasyate et c E. — [Int. jāgr as- . — Desid. jigrasiṣa -. —]

Caus. grāsayati et c B.S. Deriv. : grasya E.

grasana c.

grásiṣṭha V.B. grasiṣṇu E.

grasti c .

grastṛ c .

grāsa s . + -grāsaka c .

√ grah, see √ grabh.



41 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ghar

√ glap, see √ glā. √ glah, 'gamble'.

Pres. [1.] glahate etc. E. [Perf. etc. jaglahe; aglahīṣṭa.] Fut. I. aglahīṣyat E. [— 2. glahitā, glāḍhā.] Deriv.: gláha AV. + gláhā AV . gláhana AV.

Doubtless from √ grah.

√

glā,

'be weary'. Pres. [4.] glāyati etc. AV. +, -t e etc. S.E. — [2.] glāti E. [Perf. jag lā u. ] Aor. [I . glāyāt, gleyāt. — 4. glāsīṣṭa. —] 6. (or 4.) glāsīs E. [Fut. glāsyati, glātā.] Verb, glāná B. + (glānta M.) Sec. Conj.: [1nt. jāgl ā- . — Desid. ji glā sa -. —] Caus. glāpáyati etc. v . + ;

glapayati etc. E.+, -te E. [ajiglapat] (glapet M 1 . ) Deriv.: -gla? GB.

glāni E. + glāvín vs. glāsnū s. +

-glāpana B.

glapana a √ ghaṭ, 'strive'.

Pres. [I.] ghaṭate etc. E.+, -t i E . +

Perf. jaghaṭe c. [Aor. ajīghaṭat, aghaṭiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. ghaṭiṣyate a [— 2. ghaṭitā.] Verb, ghaṭita c.; ghaṭitum a

Sec. Conj.: Int. jāghaṭīti a — [Desid. jighaṭiṣa-. —] Caus. ghaṭayati etc. (ghaṭyate) E.+, -te o.; ghāṭayati etc. (ghāṭyate) E . +

Deriv. : ghaṭa E . +

ghaṭaka c. ghaṭana c.

ghaṭanā c. -ghāṭa AV . + -ghāṭaka c.

-ghāṭin c. -ghāṭona c. -ghāṭanīyaE.+

-ghāṭi RV . ghaṭayitavya c.

√ ghaṭṭ, 'rub' etc. [Pres. 1. ghaṭṭate.] Perf. jaghaṭṭire R. Fuí. [1. ghaṭṭiṣyati. —] 2. ghaṭṭitā M. Verb, ghaṭṭita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. ghaṭṭayati etc. E. + (ghaṭṭyate c.) Deriv.: ghaṭṭa E.+ -ghaṭṭin c. ghaṭṭanaE.+ ghaṭṭitṛ E.

√ ghar, see √ ghṛ.



ghas] ROOTS , VERB-FORMS, 42

√ ghas, 'eat'.

[Pres. I. ghasati.] Perf. jaghāsa jakṣus jakṣ iv āṃs etc. V.B. (jakṣīyāt RV.) Aor. I. ághas (2, 3s.) ákṣan etc. V.B.S. (aghat 3s. B.S., ághastām 2d.,

aghasta 2 p. B. ; ghásas -sat RV.S. ; ghástām i m pv. B.), gdha? Rv 1. — 2. aghasat? JB . — 3. ajīghasat MS.

[Fut. ghatsyati, ghastā.] Verb, -gdha- TS. Sec. Conj.: Desid. j íghatsati etc. A V . + Deriv. : kṣú v.

ghasa AV. +

ghasana c

ghasmara E. + ghasra c.

ghasvara c. ghasi vs.

ghāsá AV . + -ghāsin vs.

-ghāsyà B. ghāsí RV.

-gdhi B. j ighatsā B . +

j ighatsú AV.+ Compare √ 1 jakṣ , which is a reduplicated form of this. The anomalous

participle gdha occurs only in agdhād, and gdhi in ságdhi.

√ g h u ṭ , 'turn' (?).

[Pres. etc. ghuṭati , ghoṭate; jughoṭa j ug h uṭ e ; aghuṭat, aghoṭiṣṭa; ghoṭisyati -te, ghuṭitā ghoṭitā.]

Verb, ghuṭita c , ghoṭita E. ; -ghuṭya c. Deriv. ghoṭa s.

No proper root.

√ g h u ṣ , 'sound'.

Pres. [I.] ghóṣati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] ghuṣyant c1. Perf. jughoṣa JB . Aor. I. ghóṣi RV. [— 2. aghuṣat. — 3. ajūghuṣat. — 5. aghoṣīt.] [Fut. ghoṣiṣyati, ghoṣitā.] Verb, ghuṣṭa E.+ [ghuṣita]; -ghúṣya RV.C. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghuṣyate etc. E . + — [Int. joghuṣ-. — Desid. jughuṣiṣa-,

jughoṣiṣa-. —] Caus. ghoṣáyati etc. v.+ (ghoṣyate o.)

Der iv. : -ghuṣa AV . ghuṣya E.

ghóṣa v.+ -ghoṣaka c ghoṣín AV. +

ghoṣaṇa E. + ghoṣaṇā c. ghoṣaṇīya c.

ghóṣi RV . ghoṣṭṛ B.

One or two RV. forms (including the anomalously accented ghóṣayas) are referred by BR. to a root 2 ghuṣ, 'crush'; but hardly with sufficient reason.

√ g h ū r ṇ , 'waver'. Pres. [6, I.] ghūrṇati -t e E . +

Perf. jughūrṇa -ṇe E. +

[Aor. etc. aghūrṇīt; ghūrṇiṣyati, ghūrṇitā.]

Verb, g h ū m i t a E. + Sec. C on j.: Caus. ghūrṇayati etc. (ghūrṇyate) c Deriv..- ghūrṇa s.+ gHūrṇana c



43 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. ;cakās

√ ghṛ, ghar, 'drip'. Pres. [3.] jígharti etc. V.B. (jiharti s1.) [— 1. gharatI.] [Perf. etc. jaghāra; aghārṣīt; ghariṣyati, ghartā.] Verb, ghṛtá v. +; -ghāram GB. Sec. Conj,: Pass, ághriyata MS. — Caus. ghārayati etc. AV. + (ghāryate s.) Deriv.: -ghāra B.S.

-ghārin AV. -ghāraṇa s.

jághri RV. gharmá v. + ghṛṇá RV.

ghṛṇá RV. ghṛṇi v.

Gharmá etc. are referred to a second root ghṛ, 'be hot'; but the two are probably ultimately identical.

√ g h ṛ ṣ , 'rub'.

Pres. [1.] gharṣati etc. E.+, -te etc. E. Perf. jagharṣa c. [Aor. etc. agharṣīt; gharṣiṣyati, gharṣitā.] Verb, ghṛṣṭa E . + ; ghṛṣṭvā c ; -ghṛṣya s.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghṛṣyate etc. c. (-ti etc. E . + ) — Caus. gharṣita R. Deriv. : gharṣa E . +

-gharṣin c. gharṣaṇa E. + -ghṛṣṭi E.

ghṛṣu RV. -ghṛṣva TA.

ghṛṣvi RV. The relation to this root of the last three derivatives is doubtful.

√ ghrā, 'smell'.

Pres. [3.] j íghrati (3 p.) AV.MS., ji ghrāṇaE ., jighratī c. — [1.] jíghrati etc. v.+, -te etc. S.E. — [2.] ghrāti KB.E.

Perf. jaghrāu c. Aor. 1. [aghrāt,] ghrāyāt s. [ghreyāt, aghrāyi. — 6. aghrāsīt.] [Fut. ghrāsyati, ghrātā.] Verb, ghrātá B.+ [ghrāṇa; ghrātvā,] j ighritvā c ; -ghrāya s.+, -jighrya

s.+; -ghrāyam B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrāyate c. — [1nt. jā ghr ā- , je ghr īy a- . — Desid. jigh-

rāsa-. —] Caus. ghrāpayati etc. B.+ [ajighrapat -ghripat.] Deriv. : -ghra s, ghrāṇa B , +

ghrati B . + ghrātavyà B . +

ghratṛ B . + ghréya B. +

-jighra AV.+ -jighraṇa s.+ -ghrāpaṇa s.

√ Cak, 'quake'.

Pres. [I.] cakanti c1. Verb, cakita c.

√ cakas, 'shine'.

Pres. [2.] cakāsti -sati etc. c. (cakāśat c , cakāśete? E.) [Perf. etc. cakāsāṁ cakāra; acacakāsam, acīcakāsam.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. cakāsayām āsatue c.



c a k ṣ ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 44

√ c a k ṣ , 'see'.

Pres. [2.] cáṣṭe cákṣate etc. v.+, cakṣi cakṣus RV . — [I.] cakṣate -ṣante etc. RV.E. +, cakṣati etc. E.

Perf. cacakṣé etc. B. +, cacákṣa RV . (acacakṣam RV.) Verb, caṣṭum c ; -cákṣya v. + ; -cákṣe RV., -cákṣi v.; cákṣase v. Sec. Conj.: Pass, c ak ṣyat e etc. E. + — Caus. c ak ṣayat i etc. V.B.

Deriv. : -cakṣ RV. -cakṣā ŚB. -cakṣin AVP.

cákṣya V.B. cákṣan AV. cákṣaṇa v. +

cakṣáṇi RV. cákṣas V.B.S.

cá kṣu v.u.

cákṣus v.+

√ c a ñ c , 'dance'.

Pres. [1.] cañcati e. A late and doubtless derivative root (perhaps from cañcala?).

√ c a ṭ , 'go'(?). Pres. [1.] caṭati etc. c. Perf. cacāṭa c Verb, caṭita c Sec. Conj.: Caus. c āṭ ayat i etc. c. Deriv.: -cāṭa c. -cāṭana c -cāṭanīya c

Also a late root, perhaps a form of c a t ; caṭaka E.+, caṭu c , cāṭu c.

probably have

nothing

to do with

it.

√ c a t , 'hide' (?). Pres. [1.] cátant RV . [Perf. cacāta cete.] Aor. 3. acīcatam -te TA. [— 5. acatīt, acatiṣṭa.] [Fut. catiṣyati - te; catitā.] Verb, cattá v. Sec. Conj.: Caus. cātayati -te V.B.

Deriv.: -cat RV . catin RV . -catana v. -catnuka? AB. The words cātaka a, catura a , cattra or cāttra c. probably do not

belong to this root.

√ c a n , 'be pleased'.

Aor. 5. caniṣṭám RV., cániṣṭhat? RV . Deriv.: cánas V.B. cániṣṭha RV . cāruv.+

Compare √ k a n . The form cániṣṭhat is plainly corrupt.

√ c a n d , see √ ś c a n d .

√ cam, 'sip'.

Pres. [I.] cāmati B . + ; camanti etc. c [— 5. camnoti.] Perf. cacāma cemus E. [Aor. etc. acāmi, acamīt; camiṣyati« camitā.]



cal] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 46

[Aor. calyāsam; acālīt.]

Fut. 1. caliṣyati E. + [— 2. calitā.] Verb, calita E. +; calitum E. + Sec. Conj.: 1nt. calcalīti MS., cācalat AV. — Desid. cicaliṣa- (in d.). —

Caus. calayati etc. c ; eālayati E.+, -t e R. (cālyate E., -ti M.) Deriv. : cala E. +

-calaka c. -calāka B . + calana E. +

-call AV. + -calū B.S. calitavya E. cāla c.

-cālin c. cālya E . +

cālana E. + -cācala AV.

-cācali RV . cañcala E. + calācalá V.E. cicalisu c

A later variation of √ car.

√ cāy, 'note, observe'.

Pres. [1.] cāyati et c. B., cāyamāna RV. Perf. cikyns AA. [cacāya -ye.] -cāyāṁ cakrus JB . Aor. 5. acāyiṣam AV. [acāyiṣṭa.] [Fut. cāyiṣyati -te; cāyitā.] Verb, citá B. ; cāyitvā AV. ; -cāyya V.B.U.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, c āyyat e TS.

Deriv.: cāyanīya c. cāyitṛ c. cāyú RV . -citi B.

A form, but an early specialized one, of √2ci. The meanings 'reverence, be in awe' are rare and secondary.

] / 1 ci , 'gather'.

Pres. [5.] cinóti cinuté etc. v.+ — cinvati (3s.) c — [2.] ceti RV . — [ 1 . ] cayat cáyema RV.

Perf. cikāya etc. cikye -yire etc. v.+ [cicāya cicetha, cicye.] Aor. 1. acet citana ciyántu RV . [cīyāt.] — 4. acāiṣam etc. B. [aceṣṭa.] —

5. cayiṣṭam RV . Fut. I. ceṣyáti -te etc. B . + — 2. cetā etc. E. Verb, citá v.+; cetum B.+, -tavāi B. ; eitvā B. + , cayitvā E . ; -citya c ,

-cīya M.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, cīyáte et c B.+ (-cīyant M.) — [1nt. ceci-. —] Desid. cikī-ṣate et c B.+; cicīṣati c. — Caus. cāyayate c. [cāpayati.] Deriv. : kāya VS.? E . +

caya S.+ cáyana AV .+ cayanīya c. cayitavyàMs.

-cayiṣṭha RV . -cāya B. -cāyin E. + -cāyyà B.

cit B .

citya AV.B. -cityā B . + citi B . +

cītí AV . cetavyà B. -cetṛ B. ceya E . +

-cicīṣā c

See √ 2 ci.

√ 2 ci, 'note, observe'.

Pres.

[3.] cikéṣ i

et c

V.B. (cikīhi

AV.,

ciketu

TS.,

cikéthe

RV.,

cikitām

AV.,

cíkyatv., acikayus B . ) — [5.] cinoti cinute E. + — [I.] cayate et c V.B.

Perf. cikāya et c v.+



47 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [cint

Aor. 1. áeet ácidhvam RV. — 4. aceṣṭa C.

Fut. ceṣyati E. Verb, citá v. + ; cetum E.+; -citya E .+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, cīyate etc. c. —• Desid. cikīṣati -te etc. V.B.S.

Deriv. : -caya v.+ -cayana c. cāyaka c.

-cāyin E . + -cit RV.

citi B . +

-cetavya E. + cetṛ V.B.

-ceya E. -cira RV.

Compare √ cāy, which appears to be an early specialized form of this root; cay (BR. 3 ci) is another. The forms and derivatives of 2 ci are not everywhere well separable from those of 1 c i , and there is reason to suspect the two roots of being ultimately one; words with the prefixes n i s and v i , es -

pecially, are probably best referred to 1 c i , with the meaning 'take apart', and so 'resolve, decide'.

√ c i t , 'perceive, know, appear'.

Pres. [I.] cétati etc. cétante R;V. Perf. cikéta cikitus etc. cikité -tré etc. V.B.S. (cíketa; ciketati etc. cike-

tat etc.; cikiddhi; aciket, acikitat, cikitas; cikitrire) [ciceta.] Aor. 1. áceti cétÌRv,, cité?Rv,, citántī? RV,, cítāna V.B. (-cetāna RV.) —

[3. acīcitat. —] 4. acāit RV. [— 5. acetīt.]

[Fuí. cetiṣyati, cetitā.] Verb, cittá v. + ; cité? RV.; citáye vs. Sec. Conj.: Int. cékite etc. -tat RV.C. — Desid. cikitsati etc. v.+, -t e E . +

(acikitsīs AV., cikitsyate etc. E .+ ) — Caus. citáyati etc. -te etc. RV.; cetáyati etc. -te etc. v.+

Deriv. : kéta v. + ketana E. + ketú v.+ cit v. + citi c. citt i v.+ citti RV. citrá v.+

cétya RV. cétana v.+ cetanā E .+ cétas v.+ cétiṣṭha V.B. cetú RV. -cetúna RV. céttṛ V.B.

cetyā RV. cikit RV. cikiti SV. cikitú v. cikitván RV. cikitvit RV. -ciketas u. cikita s.

cikitsā B . + cikitsaka B . + cikitsya E. + cikitsana E .+ -cikitsanīya c. cikitsú AV. +

cetayitavyau.+ cetayitṛ B . +

Compare roots 2 ci and cint. The grammarians give two separate roots, kit and cit , each with full sets of forms — which are not all reported here.

√ cint, 'think'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. cintayati etc. -te etc. B. + ([acicintat;] cintyate et c u.+; cintayita c.)

Deriv. : cintā E. +

cintaka E .+ -cintin c.

cintya u.+

cintana E .+ cintanīya c.

-cintitṛ E.

cintayitavya c Perhaps the denominative of a nasalized derivative of √ cit .



cud] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 48

√ cud, 'impel'.

Pres. [I.] códati -te etc. v. Aor. 3. acūcudat E. — 5. codīs RV . Verb, cudita M. Sec. Conj.: Caus. codáyati etc. -te etc. v.+ (codyate etc. s.+) Deriv. : codá RV.C.

coda RV . codaka s.+

-codin c. codya E. + códana v. +

codanā s. + codanīya B. -codas RV . coditṛ RV .

códiṣṭha RV. codayitavya c. codayitṛ RV.C.

√ c u p , 'stir'.

Pres. [1.] copati M1

. [Perf. etc. cucopa; acopīt; copiṣyatI. copitā.] Verb, cupita c. Deriv. -cumpuna? V.B.

√ cumb, 'kiss'.

Pres. [I.] cumbati et c. E.+, -te c. Perf. cucumba etc. E . +

[Aor. etc. acumbīt; cumbiṣyati, cumbita.] Verb, cumbita c.; cumbitum c.; -cumbya c. Sec. Conj.: P ass, c u m b yat e etc. c. — Desid. c u c u m b i ṣat i c. — Caus. c u m -

bayitum c. 1

Deriv.: cumbā c. cumbaka c. cumbin c. cumbana c.

√ cur, 'steal'. Aor, 3. acūcurat c. Sec. Conj.: corayati etc. E.+, -te E.+ (coryate c.) Deriv.: corá TA . + coraka c. corayitavya c.

√ culump, 'suck in' .

A single occurrence of a form from this bastard root, with u d , is referred to in Böhtlingk's Lexicon, as found in the Mahāvīracarita.

√ c ū ṣ , 'draw, suck'.

[Pres. etc. cūṣati; cucūṣ a; acucūṣat, acūṣīt; cūṣiṣyati, cūṣitā.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, c ū syat e c. — Caus. c ū sayat i c. Deriv.: cūṣ in c.

cūṣya B . + cuṣaṇa c. coṣa c.

coṣya E . +

coṣaṇa c.

√ c ṛ t ,

'bind'.

Pres. [6.] cṛtáti etc. V.B.S. [— I. cartati.] Perf. cacarta AV .



49 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [chad

[Aor. etc. acīcṛtat, acacartat, acartīt; cartiṣyati, cartsyati, cartitā.]

Verb, cṛttá v.s.; -cṛtya B.S. ; -cṛtam AV. Sec Conj.: Pass, cṛtyáte B. [— 1nt. carīcṛt-. — Desid. cicartiṣa-, ci-cṛtsa-. — Caus. cartayatI.]

Deriv.: -cartya B. -cartana B. -cṛtv.+ -cṛtya B.

√ ceṣṭ, 'stir.

Pres. [1.] céṣṭati et c AV.+, -te etc. B . +

Perf. ciceṣṭa etc. E.

[Aor. etc. aciceṣṭat acaceṣṭat, aceṣṭīt; ceṣṭiṣyati, ceṣṭitā.] Verb, ceṣṭita E.+; ceṣṭitum E. + ; ceṣṭitvā B.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. ceṣṭayati etc. B. +, -te etc. s. + Deriv.: -ciṣṭu? B. (á-) ceṣṭa c.

ceṣṭā s. + ceṣṭana E. +

ceṣṭitavya E. ceṣṭayitṛ E.

√ cyu, 'move, stir'.

Pres. [1.] cyávate etc. v.+, -t i etc. RV.? E . +

Perf. cucyuvé RV. (cicyuṣé RV.) Aor. 1. cyávāna? RV . — 3. acucyavat -van -vus V.B. (-vīt -vītana c u -

cyavat -vīrata cucyuvīmáhi RV.) [acicyavat.] — 4. acyoṣṭa etc. V.B.U.

Fut. 1. cyoṣyate B. [— 2. cyotā.] Verb, cyutá v. + ; cyavitum E., cyótos ŚB. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocyu-. — Desid. cucyūṣa-. —] Caus. cyāváyati etc. v.+,

-t e et c v.+ [cicyāvayiṣa-, cucyāvayiṣa-]; cyavayati PB 1 . Deriv.: -cyava v.+

cyávana v.+ -cyávas RV.

-cyavīyas RV . cyāva E. cyāvana E. +

-cyāvuka B. -cyut v.+ cyuti v. +

cyāutná RV . cyāvayiṣṇú AV. cyāvayitavya B.

The RV. forms here grouped under the reduplicated aorist are of difficult and doubtful classification.

√ cyut, 'drip'.

Pres. [1.] cyotati et c s.c. [Perf. et c cucyota; acyutat, acucyutat, acyotīt; cyotiṣyati, cyotitā.] Sec Conj.: [Int. cocyut-. — Desid. cucyotiṣa-, cucyutiṣa-. —] Cau§. cyo-

tayati c. Only a blundering varia lectio for √ ścut, which see.

√ chad, 'cover'.

[Pres. 1. chadati -te.] Verb, channa B . + Sec Conj.: Caus. chādáyati et c v.+, -t e et c E.+ (chādyate et c s. + [cichā-

dayiṣa-.])



chad] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 50

Deriv.: -chad v.+ chada s.+ -chadin c. chadana E. +

chadi B. +

chadis v.+ chattra s.+ chadman s.+

chala? E. +

-chāda B. + -chādaka c. -chādin c.

chadya c. chādana s. +

√ ehand, chad, 'seem, please'.

Pres. [2.] chantsi -ntti RV.MS. — [1.] chandati B.E.

Perf. cachanda RV. (cachadyāt RV.) Aor. 3. acachadat c. — 4. achān -ntta -ntsus RV. (chantsat RV.) Sec. Conj.: Caus. chadáyati etc. V.B . ; chandayati etc. B.+, -te etc. RV.

(chandyate etc. E . + )

Deriv. : -chad RV. chánda v.+ chandá RV .

chandaka E. + chándya RV . chandana c. chándas v.+

chándu RV . Of very questionable relationship to √ chad 'cover', although the two are

not separated by the Hindu grammarians.

√ chā, 'cut up'.

Pres. chyati etc. AV.B. — chāyáti? TB. — chayet c. [Perf. etc. cachāu; achāt, achāsīt; chāsyati, chātā.] Verb, chāta s,, chitá ŚB.C; chayitvā c ; -chāya ŚB. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cāchā-, cāchi-. — Desid. cichāsa-. —] Caus. chāyaya-

t i B.U,

Deriv.: chavī -vi? B.+ -chāna c. √ chid, 'cut off'.

Pres. [7.] chinátti chindánti etc. v.+ (— chindeta c ; achinam M.)

Perf. cicheda cichide etc. B . +

Aor. I. chedma RV.; [chidyāt;] áchedi V.B.S. — 2. achidat etc. A V . + — 3. acichidas E. — 4. achāitsīt etc. B. + (chetsīt etc. B.+), chitsi etc. AV. + (chetsi etc. B.U.) .

Fut. 1. chetsyati -t e etc. B.+ (achetsyat M.) [— 2. chettā.] Verb, chinná v.+; chettumB.+, -ttavāÍB.s.; chittvāB.+; -chídya AV .+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, chidyáte etc. v.+ (chidyati etc. E. ) — [1nt. cechid-. —]

Desid. cichitsati -te JB . — Caus. chedayati etc. s.+ Deriv.: -chid v. +

chidā c. chidura c.

-chitti B . +

chidrá v.+ cheda AV .+

-chedaka c. -chedin E. + chedya E. + chedana B . +

chedanīya c chettavya E . +

chettṛ B . +

cichitsu E.

√ chuṭ, chuḍ, 'wrench.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. choḍayati etc. c , choṭita c. Deriv. choṭikā c. All very late and questionable forms.



jan] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 52

√ ja n, jā, 'give birth, be born'. Pres. [I.] jánati -t e etc. V.B. — [4.] jā yate etc. v.+, -t i etc. E. + — [2.] já-

niṣ va RV.B . [— 3. jajanti.] Perf. jajā na jajñús etc. jajñé etc. v. + (jajanús RV., jajánat B . ) 4or. 1. ajan (3s.) s., ajñata (3 p. ) B . ; ájani jáni V.B . , jāni RV. ; jāyāt

E . + — 3. ájījanat -nata etc. v. + — 5. ájaniṣṭa etc. v. +, jániṣṭām RV . (janiṣīya -ṣīṣṭa -ṣīmahi V.B.S. ; janiṣeyam -ya K. ; jániṣṭhat ? sv.)

Fut. I. janiṣyáti -te etc. v.+ (ajaniṣyata etc. B.) , jāsyati etc. E. — 2.

janitā B . +

Verb, jātá v.+; jánitos V.B.S. ; ja nit vī RV .

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, janyate. — Int. jañja n-, jājā-. — ] Desid. j íjaniṣate ŚB. — Caus. janáyati -t e etc. v. + (jijanayiṣet ŚB.)

Deriv.:

gnā V.B.S.

-jana c. jána v.+ janaka E . +

jánya v. + jánana v.+ jánas v.+

jā v. + -ja v.+

jāt i B . +

jánī v. + -janu,-nūAv.B.

janús V.B. jantú v . + jántva RV . jánitva v. janitavyà AV. jātu? v . + jātū RV. jātṛ AV.? jāna V.B.U.

janitṛ v.+ janítra v.+ jánman v.+ jániman v. jániṣṭha? V.B. -janiṣṇu B.

janiṣya E.

jāni v.+ -jaman v.

jāmā E. jāmí v.+

jénya RV . jā nuka B. jájñi B. jánayati B.S. janayitavya c. janayitṛ B . +

janayiṣṇu E'.

-jijanayiṣitavyà ŚB. jāyā v. + -jāyin E . +

-jāvan RV. -jāvara B.

√j ap , 'whisper’.

Pres. [I.] jápati etc. B . + , -te etc. s.+ Perf. jajāpa jepus etc. E. Aor. [3. ajījapat. —] 5. ajapīt GB. [ajāpīt.] Fut. I. japiṣyáti B. [— 2. japitā.] Verb, japita s.+‚ japta E. + ; japitum E . ; japitvāB.+, japtvā s.+ Sec. Con j.: Pass, japyate E. — Int. jañjapyáte ŚB. [— Desid. j ijapiṣa-. —

Caus. jāpayati.] Deriv.: japá B. +

japin c. jápya B. +

japana E. japanīya c. japtavya E. +

jāpa E . + jāpaka E . + jāpin c.

jāpya E. +

-jañjapa c. jañjapūka c.

√ jam.

[Pres. I. jamati.] Sec. Conj.: Int. jājamat M.

Artificially made forms, to frame a derivation for the name jamadagni.



53 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 Ji √ j a m b h , j a b h , ‘chew u p , crush'.

[Pres. 1. jambhate, ja bh ate.] Aor. 3. ajījabham AV. [ajajambhat. —] 5. jambhiṣat RV . Verb, jabdha AV. ; jabhitum c Sec. Conj.: 1nt. jáñjabhāna AV.S., -bhat s.; jañjabhyáte etc. B . + — Caus.

jambháyati etc. V.B. Der iv,: jámbha v.+

jambhá AV.+ jámbhaka B . + ja bh ya ? A v. jámbhana A V . +

√ ja r* see √ j ṛ , √ j a l p , 'murmur, speak'.

Pres. [I.] jálpati etc. B . + , -te etc. a Perf. ja jal pa etc. E. (jalpire c.) [A or. et c. ajalpīt; jalpiṣyatI. jalpitā.] Verb, jalpita E . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, jalpyate c Deriv.: jalpa E. +

jalpaka c jalpin E. jalpya E.

-jalpana c jálpi v. jalpitṛ E.

-jarjalpa? vs. √ j a s , 'be exhausted'.

Pres. [1.] jásamāna RV . — [4.] jasyata (2 p.) RV. Perf. jajāsa AV . Aor. 3. ajījasata (3s.) ŚB. (jajastám RV. ) Sec. Conj.: Caus. jāsayati etc. B.+ (jāsyate E. ) Deriv.: jásu RV . jásuri RV . -jasra v.+ jásvan RV .

√ j a h , see √ h a .

√ j ā , see √ j a n . √ 1 j i , 'conquer'.

Pres. [I.] jáyati -te et c v.+— [2.] jéṣ i j i tam RV. Perf. jigā ya et c (jigetha RV. ; jigīvā ṃs v., jigivā ṃs B.+) j igye et c v. + —

-jayām āsa c Aor. I. [ajāyi, j īyāt] jayyāt JLUB.M. — 3. ajījayat M. — 4. ajāiṣīt et c v.+

(ajāis -āit jeṣam je s jéṣma V.B.S. , jéṣat et c RV. ) , jjsṣi TB. (ajāiṣṭa M.) 5. ajayit TS., ajayiṣata (3 p.) c.

Fut. jeṣyati etc. v.+, -te et c E.; jayiṣyati JB.E., -te B. — 2. jet ā et c B.E. Verb, j i tá v.+; jé tum B.+, -tave B.; ji tv ā B.+; -jítya AV.+; j i ṣé RV. Sec Conj.: Pass, j īyate et c E.+ (jīyeyam M.) [— Int. jejī ya-.] — Desid.

j ígīṣati -te et c v. + — Caus. jāpayati et c B .S . (ajljapata -jipata B. )



1 j i ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 54

Deriv. : jayá v.+

jayin E . + jayyà B. -jay ana E . +

jayús RV. -j i AV .

-jit v.+ -jityā B.

j i t i v . +

-jitvan

V.B.

-jitvara c. j ina c. j i ṣ ṇ ú v. + jayiṣṇu U.E. jé tva V.B. jetavya E . +

jetṛ v.+

jayitṛ B.E. jéman RV. jemán B. jeya E. + jeṣá V.B.S.

-jeṣin B. jayin B . +

jāyú RV . jā yuka MS. j igyú RV . jigīṣā v.+ -jigīṣin GB.E.

j igīṣú v.+ -jāpayitṛ B.

√ 2 j i , ji nv^ 'quicken'.

Pres. [5.] j inóṣ i RV.TS., ajinot JB. , j invé RV. — [I.] j invati etc. V.B.S.,

-te RV . Perf .fjijinváthus RV . [Aor. ajinvīt.] Fut. I. j inviṣyati AB . [— 2. j invitā.] Verb, j invitá AV. Deriv.: j īrá V.B.S. j īrí RV . -jinva RV.

√ i j ī v , 'live'.

Pres. [I.] jī vati etc. v.+, -t e etc. E . + Perf. j i jīva etc. B . + , -ve R.

Aor. I. jīvyās am -yāsma AV.B.S. [— 3. ajījivat, ajijīvat.] — 5. ajīvīt etc. A V . +

FuU I. j īv iṣyati etc. B.+ (ajīviṣyam u.), -te M. [— 2. j īvitā.] Verb, j īv i tá v.+; jī v it um B.+ , -tavāí Av. ;; j īv i tvā JB.; - j īvya|E. + ;

j īváse v.B.M 1 .

Sec. Con j.: Pass, j īvyáte etc. B . + [— 1nt. jejīvya-.] — Desid. j i j īviṣati B . + , -t e o.; jújyūṣati etc. ŚB. (jijyūṣita AB. ) — C aus. j īváyati etc. v. + (jīvāpayati etc. B.+; j i jīvayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv. : j īvá v.+ j īvaka s.+

j īv in B . +

j īvy a E . +

jī vana v. +

jī vo nī y a

AV. +

j īvás V.B.E.

jī vā t u v. +

j īvātṛ

(in

d.)

a

j īvitavya c.

-jīvitṛ c. j i jīv iṣā E.

j i j īviṣu E. -jijīvayiṣu E.

√ jur‚ see √ j ṛ .

√ j u ṣ , 'enjoy'.

Pres. [6.] juṣáte etc. v.+, -ti etc. RV.E.+ — [2.] jó ṣ i v.

Perf. jujóṣa etc. v.+, jujuṣé etc. v.c. (jújoṣati etc. jújoṣat etc. RV.; jújo-ṣate RV., jujóṣate sv.; jujuṣṭona v.; ajujoṣam K. )

Aor. 1. ajuṣran RV . (joṣati jóṣat j óṣ ā RV. , joṣase AV. ; juṣaṇá V . B . C ) ;

juṣyāt c. [— 3. ajūjuṣat.] — 5. jóṣiṣat RV . [F wt. joṣiṣyate, joṣitā.] Verb, júṣṭa v., juṣṭá v^-; juṣṭví RV .



55 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 j?

Sec. Conj.: [Int. jojuṣ-. — Desid. jujuṣiṣa-5 jujoṣiṣa-. —] Caus. joṣáyate

etc. v.+, -t i E. Deriv.: -jus v. +

-juṣa B. júṣṭi v.

jóṣa v.+ jóṣya RV. joṣaṇa B . +

-jóṣas V.B. joṣṭṛ V.B.S.

joṣayitavya o. jóṣayitṛ B.

√ jū, 'be swift'.

Pres. [9.] junā ti etc. RV . — [I.] jávate etc. RV.B. Perf. jūjuvus -vat -vāṃs -vāná RV . [Aor. 3. ajījavat.] Verb, jūtá v., javita E. + ; -jávam TS . Sec. Conj.: Caus. jāvayati a [jijāvayiṣa-.] Deriv. : javá v.+

javin v. + jávana v.+ jávas v.

jáviṣṭha v. + jávīyas RV.B.U.

júvas RV . jū V.B.

jūtí V.B.U. Related with √ j iv, and perhaps with √ j i j inv; javita is more probably

denominative from java.

√ jurv, 'consume'.

Pres. [1.] jū rva ti etc. v. Aor. 5. jūrvīt RV .

Doubtless a secondary formation (u- or eighth class) from √ j ṛ ju r.

√ 1 jṛ, jur, 'waste away'.

Pres. [I.] járati etc. jaranta RV . (járant v.+) — [6.] juráti etc. RV. — [4.] jī ryati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E.+; jū ryati etc. RV.

Perf. jajāra AV. [jajarus, j er us]; ju jurv āṃs RV . Aor. [1. j īryāt. — 2. ajarat. — 3. ajījarat. —] 5, jariṣus RV, [Fut. jarīṣyaṭi, jarītā.] Verb, j īrṇá Av.+, jūrṇá RV. [jarītvā.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, j īryate etc. o. — [1nt. jājṛ-, jej īry a-. — Desid. jijarīṣa-,

jij īr ṣa- . —] Caus. jaráyati -te etc. v.+ (jāráyant RV. ) Deriv. : já ra v.+

jarā v.+ jaraṇá v. + jaraṇi RV. jarás v. + jarimán V FB.

já rū th a? RV . jāra RV . jāraṇa c. j irvi AV . jivri? RV.

-jīrti c. jī rṇi B. -jur RV .

-jurya V.B. jūrya RV . jūrṇí RV.

já gur i RV . ja rj ar a B . + ] jarayitṛ c -jarayu RV.

jar āyu? v.+

Compare √ jurv and jvar.

√ 2 jṛ, 'sing'. Pres. [I.] járate etc. v. Verb, jarádhyāi RV . Deriv.: ja rá ṇā? RV . jarā RV. jarit ṛ v.s. jūrṇi? RV .

A secondary form of √ 1 gṛ . BR; ascribe a few of the forms to a third √jṛ(jar) , 'approach'.



jṛmbh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 56

√ j ṛ m b h , 'gape'.

Pres. [I.] jṛ mbhate etc. v.+, -t i etc. B . +

Perf. ja jṛ mb he etc. E. + [Aor. etc. ajṛmbhiṣṭa; jṛmbhiṣyate, jṛmbhitā.] Verb, jṛmbhita E. +; jṛmbhitvā s. Sec. Conj.: 1nt. jarījṛ mbh ate c. — Caus. jṛmbhayati etc. c. Deriv.: jṛmbha E. +

jṛmbhā c. jṛmbhaka B . + -jṛmbhin c. jṛmbhaṇa E. +

√ j e h . Toll, pant'. Pres. [I.] jéhamāna v.

[Perf. etc. j ijehe; ajijehat, ajehiṣṭa; jehiṣyate, jehitā; jehayati.] If, as seems probable, j ihmá v.+ belongs here, the root should be written

j ih. It is perhaps a secondary reduplicated formation from √ hā.

√ jñā, 'know'.

Pres. [9.] jānāti -nīté etc. v.+ Qānīma jānithās M.) — I. jānati -te etc. U.E. — jña (2s. impv.) c.

Perf. jajñāú ja jñ é etc. v.+ Aor. I. ajñāyi v.+; jñeyās RV. [jñāyāt.] — 4. ájñāsarn ajñāsthās AV.B.,

jñeṣam AV.B. — 6. ajñāsiṣam etc. AV.+ Fut. 1. jñāsyati -t e etc. B.+ (ajñāsyat M.) — 2. jñātā B. Verb, jñātá v. +; jñātumB.+, -tosB.; jñātvāB. + ; -jñāyaB. + ; -jñāyamB. Sec. Conj.: P ass, jñāyáte etc. v.+ — [Int. jā jú ā- . —] Desid. jijñ āsa te etc. AV.+,

-t i etc. E. + Qijñāsiṣi B., j ijñāsyate etc. E . + ) — C aus. jñapayati etc. AV. + , -te u. (ajijñipat TS. , ajijñapat etc. c ; jñaptá B.+ [jñapita],

jñaptum E. +; jñapyáte ŚB. [jñīpsa-]); jñāpayati etc. B. +, -t e etc. E . + (jñāpyate etc. E.+, ajñāpiṣyat? u.)

Deriv.: -jānaka? E. -jñā v. +

jñá B . +

jñās RV . jñāna v. + jñātí v.+ jñātavya u. +

jñātṛ v.+ jñātra B. -jñāya V.B.

jñeya B. + -jajñi V.B.

j ijñu E.

-jñapya c. -jñapana AV.

jñapti c.

jñāpaka E. + jñāpya E . + jñāpana a jñāpanīya a

-jñāpayitavya c. j ijñāsā B. + j ijñāsyà B . +

j ijñāsana c. -jijñāsenya B. -jijñāsitavya u.

j ijñāsu E. +

√ j y ā , j ī , 'overpower, injure'.

Pres. [9.] jināt i etc. V.B.S. — 4. j īyate RV.ŚB.

Pe'f- j ijyāú B.

Aor. [1. j īyāt. —] 6. ajyāsiṣam etc. B. Fut. 1. jyāsyati -t e B. [— 2. jyātā.]

Verb, j ī tá AV. [jīna; j ī t vā; -jyāya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, j īyáte AV.MS. — [InU jā jy ā- , je jī ya- . —] Desid. jíjyāsati

etc. V.B. [— C aus. jyāpayati, ajijyapat.]



57 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [jhaṭ

Deriv. : -jīti V.B.S.

jyā v.B. -jya AV.

jyāna B.

jyāní AV.B. -jyāya MS.

-jyeya B.U. -jyéya n. AV.

jyāyuka JB . jy āyas v.+

jyeṣṭha v.+ jyāyiṣṭha E. +

Related with √ ji.

√ jy u t , '^hine'.

Pres. [I.] jyótati MS., -t e M, ?

Verb, -jyótya B.S. Sec. Conj.: Caus. jyotáya A*V. (jyotyámāna ŚB.) Deriv : jyuti E. jyotā VS .

-jyotana s. jyotaya? AV. jyótis v.+

jyótsnā B . +

A differentiated form of √ dyut.

√jri, 'go'. Pres. [I.] jrayati RV 1 . [Perf. etc. ji jr āya; jrīyāt , ajijrayat, ajrāiṣīt; jreṣyati, jretā; je jr ī- ,

jij rīṣ a- , jr āy ay a- .] Deriv.: -jráya RV. jráyas RV . jrayasāná RV. -jri RV.

√ -jvar, 'be hot'. Pres. [I.] jvorati etc. u.+ [Perf. etc. jajvāra; ájijvarat, ajvārīt.] Fut. I. jvariṣyati E. [-— 2. jvaritā.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, j vary ate c. [— Int. jā jv ar ya- , jājūr- . — Desid. ji jv a-

riṣa-.] — Caus. jvarayati etc. o. Deriv.: jvara Av.+ -jvāra RV.O.

Another form of √ jval , and apparently related with j ṛ , jur , jūr v.

√ jval , 'burn, flame'.

Pres. [I.] jválati etc. B.+, -te etc. E . +

Perf. jajvāla etc. B . + Aor. [3. ajijvalat. —] 5. ajvālīt B.U., ajyalīt c. Fut. 1. jvaliṣyati B . + [— 2. jvalitā.] Verb, jvalita B.+; -jvalya s. Sec. Conj.: Int. jājvalīti c (-lati -lant E.), -lyate E. — [Desid. jijvaliṣa-.

—] Caus. jvalayati etc. B.+, -t e GB.; jvālayati etc. s.+ Qvālyate B . + ) Deriv.: jvala E . +

jvalana B. + jvalitṛ c. jvāla s.+

jvalā E . + jvāl in E. +

-jvalana c.

Compare √ jvar, of which this is another form.

√ j h a ṭ , 'confuse'. Only in ujjhaṭita, in a single doubtful occurrence (c) . Given a full set

of forms by, the grammarians.



jhaṇ] ROOTS, VERB—FORMS , 5 8

√ j h a ṇ , 'sound'.

A single occurrence, jhaṇati, in the Harṣacarita (Bö.).

√ jhar, -fall'. Pres. [I.] jharant c1. Deriv.: jhara E.+ -jharaṇa c.

A very questionable root.

√ ṭ a ṅ k , 'cover'(?). [Pres. etc. ṭaṅkati, ṭaṭaṅka.] Aor. 1. aṭaṅki c.

Verb, ṭaṅkita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ṭaṅkayati c. Deri v. ṭaṅka E. +

Most probably a denominative of ṭaṅka, rather.

√ ṭal , 'be confused'. Pres. [1.] ṭalati c.

A single late occurrence, doubtless artificial.

. √ ṭ ī k , 'trip'. Pres. [1.] ṭ īkate c.

A single late and doubtless artificial occurrence. Bö. gives also uṭṭīkita, but without statement of authority.

√ ṭ u p , 'swell'.

Bö. suggests such a root as origin of (ā-) ṭopa E. +

√ ḍ a m , 'sound'.

A single doubtful (onomatopoetic?) occurrence, ḍamant c.

√ ḍ a m b , 'mock'.

Pres. [I.] ḍambate? c. Sec. Con).: Caus. ḍambayati etc. c. (ḍambyate c.) Deriv.: -ḍamba c. -ḍambaka c. -ḍambin c. -ḍambya c. -ḍambana c.

All forms only with prefix vi .

√ ḍ ī , 'fly'.

Pres. [4.] ḍīyate a? — [I.] ḍayate c ? [Perf. etc. ḍiḍye; aḍīḍayat, aḍayiṣṭa; ḍayiṣyate, ḍayitā.] Verb, ḍīna E. + ; -ḍīya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ḍīyate c. — [Int. ḍeḍī-. — Desid, ḍiḍayiṣa-. —] Caus

ḍāyayati c Der iv.:-ḍayona o. -ḍīyona B. ḍītara? ŚB. -ḍīyāna c. A later form of √ dī , and rare, except in ḍīna.



59 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [takṣ

√ ḍval , 'mix'.

Sec. Conj.: C aus. ḍvālayati etc. c.

Deriv. -ḍvālana c. Only used by one scholiast; no proper root.

Y ḍ h ā u k , 'approach.

Pres. [I.] ḍhāukate etc. c. Perf. ḍuḍhāuke c. [Aor. etc. aḍuḍhāukat, aḍhāukiṣṭa; ḍhāukiṣyate, ḍhāukitā.] Verb, ḍhāukita E. +

Sec. Conj.: [Int. ḍoḍhāuk-. —] Desid. ḍuḍhāukiṣa-. —] Caus. ḍhāu-kayati etc. o.

Deriv. ḍhāukana c.

y taṃs, tas, 'shake'.

[Pres. 1. taṃsati -te.] Perf. tatasré RV. Aor. 2. átasat AV.B. — 3. átataṃsatam RV. Sec. Conj.: InU tantasāíte RV . [tantasyate.] — Caus. taṃsayati vs., -te

RV. (taṃsayádhyāi RV.) Deriv.: -taṃsa B . +

-taṃsana c. taṃsu? E. tásara V.B.

-tasti? B . + -tantasāyya RV . títaū? Rv.s.+

y t a k , 'rush'. Pres. [2.] takti atakta RV. [— 1. takati.] [Perf. etc. tatāka; atākīt; takiṣyatI. takitā." Verb, taktá RY . ; -táṅkam AV. Deriv. : -takana c.

táku RV . tákavāna RV . -takri? RV.

takvá RV . tákvan V.B.

-tákvarī AV .

Probably not to be separated from √ t a c , which with prefix ā has won a special meaning.

y t a k ṣ , 'fashion'. Pres. [2.] tāṣṭi AB., tákṣati (3 p.) etc. RV. — [5.] takṣṇuvánti etc. B.S. —

[I.] tákṣati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . + Perf. tatákṣa etc. v.+ (takṣathus takṣus V.B.) , tatakṣé etc. V.E. Aor. [3. atatakṣat. —] 5. atakṣiṣus RV . (takṣiṣat s.) [Fut. tokṣiṣyati, takṣyati; takṣitā, taṣṭā.] Verb, taṣṭá v.+; -takṣya c.

[Sec. Conj.: takṣya-; tātakṣ-; titakṣisa-, t itakṣa-; takṣaya-.l Deriv. : ta kṣa s.+ takṣaká AV.+

tákṣya RV. tákṣan v. +

takṣaṇa s.+ taṣṭi c táṣṭṛ RV .



tañc] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 60

√ t a ñ c , t a c , 'coagulate'. Pres. [7.] tanákti etc. B.S. [Perf. etc. tataṅka; atāṅkṣ īt , atañcīt; taṅkṣyati tañciṣyati , taṅktā

tañcitā.j Verb, [takta;] [taktvā, tañcitvā;] -tácya B. [Sec. C onj.: tātañc-, tātacya-; titaṅkṣa-, t itañciṣa-; tañcaya-.] Deriv.: -taṅka E.+ -táñcana B.S. takmán AV. takraE.+

-taṅkyà B.S. See √ tak. Only used with ā.

√ taṭ , 'clatter'. A single form, taṭati, in Adbh.Brāh,, doubtless an onomatopoetic formation.

√ t a ḍ , 'beat'. Pres. [2.] tāḍhi? RV 1 . Perf. tatāḍa c [Aor. 3. atītaḍat.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. tāḍayati etc. E.+ (tāḍyate E . + ) Deriv.: taḍít v.+

tāḍa

AV. +

tāḍaka E. +

-tāḍin

c.

tāḍya E. +

tāḍana B . +

tāḍanīya c.

tāḍayitṛ c

√ 1 tan, t ā , 'stretch'.

Pres. [8.] tanóti tanuté etc. v.+ Perf. tatāna etc. v.+ (tatántha V.B. [tenitha]), tenus etc. E.+ (tatánat

etc. tatananta tatanyus RV.) ; tené etc. AV.+ (tatane RV., tatne etc. v., tate RV. )

Aor. 1. atan RV., átata etc. (atathās atnata) V.B. ; atayi B. — 2, atanat etc. RV. [— 3. atītanat.] — 4. atāṃsīt B. (atān v.), atasi ataṃsmahi B. — 5. atānīt MS. [atanīt, ataniṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. taṃsyáte B. [taniṣyati -te.] — 2. [tanitā,] tāyitā C. Verb, tatá v.+; tantum B.; tatvā B., tatvāya B. [tanitvā]; -tátyaB.+,

-tāya c Sec. Conj.: Pass, tāyáte etc. v.+, tanyate etc. o. — [1nt. tantan-. — Desid.

titansa-, titaniṣa-. —] Caus. tōṇayati AV.C. Deriv.: tán v.

tana RV. tana AV . tánaya v.+ tánas RV. -toni v. +

tániman B . +

tániṣṭha B.S. tánīyas B. tanú v.+ tanū v. +

tanus E.

tanti v.+ -tati B . +

tántu v.+ -tanitṛ c tántra v.+

-tatnī AV.B. -tatnu AV.

-t ā RV .

tana v.+ -tānaka c. -tānuka? c -tāyitṛ c.

tatanúṣṭi RV . tena? c. Compare √ tāy.



61 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [tark

√ 2 tan, 'roar'.

Pres. [4.] tanyati RV . Deriv.: tanyatā RV . tanyatú v. tanyú RV . tanayitnú RV.

Appears to be an abbreviated form of √ stan.

√ tand, 'be weary'.

Pres. [I.] tandate RV 1 . (tandrat? RV 1 . ) Deriv.: tandra v.+ tandriE.+ tandrīAv.+

√ tap, 'heat'.

Pres. [1.] tápati -te etc. v.+ —- [4.] tápyati etc. B.+, -te etc. B. +

Perf. tatapa tepé etc. v. + (tatápate RV. ) Aor. 1. tapāná sv.; átāpi V.B. — 3. atītapat E. , -pe RV . (tītapāsi AV.) —

4. a t ā psī t etc. V.B.S., atapthās? AV.

Fut. 1. tapsyáti etc. B. + (atapsyat M.), -te etc. E.; tapiṣyati etc. E. — 2. taptā E.

Verb, taptá v. + , tapita c ; taptum E. + , táptos ŚB.; taptvā B . + ; -tápya v.+

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tapyáte etc. v.+ — Int. tātapyate etc. E . + [— Desid.

titapsa-.] — Caus. tāpáyati etc. -te etc. AV.+ (tāpyate B.E. ; tāpitā fut. E .)

Deriv.: -tap

RV.S.

tapa v . + tapya E. tápana v . + tapaná,-nīv.B. tápas v.+

tápu RV .

tápus v. tápuṣī V.B. tapti c. taptavya E. taptṛ E.

tápiṣṭha v.

tapiṣṇu E. tapīyas c. tapyatú V.B. tāpa AV. + -tāpaka c.

-tāpin B . +

-tāpya B. tāpana E. +

-tāpitṛ? E. tāpayitṛ c. tāpayiṣṇú RV.

√ t a m , 'faint'.

Pres. [4.] tāmyati etc. B.+, -te etc. E. +

Perf. tatāma B. Aor. [1. atāmi. —] 2. tamat etc. RV.B.S.

[Fut. tamiṣyajá,.tamitā.] Verb, tāṁtá B.+; támitoa B.S. Sec. Conj.: Caus. tamáyati etc. B.S.

Deriv. tamaka c. tamana S. támas v. +

tamī c. támiṣīci v. támisra v. +

tāṁti c. -tameru vs. tamrá RV .

tāma c. -tamaka c. tāmī s. tāmrá AV. +

√ t a r k , 'think'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarkáyati -te etc. E.+ (tarkyate etc. B . + )

Deriv.: tarka s.+ tarkā E. tarkaka

E. tarkin c. -tarkyà

B . + tarkaṇa E . +

tarkaṇīya E. tarkuka? te.

Probably a denominative formation.



tarj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 62

√ tar j , 'threaten'

Pres. [1.] tarjati etc. E.+, -te E. [Perf. etc. tatarja; atarjīt; tarjiṣyatI. tarjitā.]

Verb, tarjita E.+; -tarjya E. Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarjayati etc. E.+, -t e E. (tarjyate etc. E.) Deriv.: tarjaka C. tarjanaE.+ tarjanāE.+

√ tas , see √ t a n s .

√ tā, see √ tan.

√ t ā y , 'stretch'. [Pres. I. tāyate.] Perf. [tatāye] tāyāṁ cakre? JB . [Aor. etc. atāyi, atāyiṣṭa; tāyiṣyate, tāyitā.] See. Conj.: Pass, t ā y y á m ā n a vs.

Very questionable forms. The JB . manuscript reads (iii. 177) anusaṁtā-yāyāṁ cakre. Belongs probably in some way to √ tan, tā . The Bhāgavata-Purāṇa has once tāyitā(periph. fut.), which is given above under √ tan.

√ t ā v . Pres. [I.] tāvati AV .

Probably a false reading.

√ t i , 'crush'. Pres. [5.] t inoti c1.

A single occurrence, and most probably a false reading.

√ t i j , 'be sharp'.

Pres. [I.] téjate et c. RV.ŚB.

Perf.? titigdhi B.S. Verb, t iktá v.+ Sec. Conj.: Int. tét ikte etc. V.B. — Desid. t ít ikṣate etc. v.+, -t i etc. E . +

(titikṣmahe M.) — Caus. tejayati etc. E. +

Deriv.: -tikti RV . tigitá RV . t igmá v.+

t īkṣṇá v.+ tegá? vs. teja c

téjana v.+ téjas v.+ téjiṣṭha V.B.S.

téjīyas RV.C. t i t i kṣā E. + t i t ikṣ ú AV.+

Y t i m , 'be quiet'

Pres. [4.] timyant c 1. [tīmyati.] [Perf. etc. t itema etc.; tetimya-.]

Verb, timita R. Deriv.: timi? E.+ timira? E.+

Ap parently related with √ tarn; the participle, with that of √ stim.



63 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [tur

√ tir, see √ tṛ.

√ til . Accepted by BR. in vs. xxiii. 24 prátilāmi (TS. TB . prásulāmi); but

an unintelligible and probably false reading.

√ tu‚ 'be strong'.

Pres. [2.] tavīti RV. [tāuti.] Perf. tūtāva RV. (tūtos -ot RV.) Sec. Conj.: Int. távītuat RV. Deriv.: tavā-? RV.

távya RV. tavyà TS. távas V.B.S.

tavás v.

taviṣá v. táv iṣ ī RV. távīyas v.

távyas RV. t īvrá v.+ túmra? RV. turá v.+

tuvi- v. vs.

túvis- V.B. tūya v. tūtumá? RV.

√ t u c , 'impel, generate'.

A root or root-form (see √ tuj) inferable from the following derivatives:

túc RV. -túka? RV , toká v. + tókmon, -ma v. +

√ t u j , 'urge, thrust'.

Pres. [7.] tuñjáṇti tuñjáte (3 p.) etc. RV. — [I .] túñjamāna

RV . — [6.] tujánt tujete RV. [— I. tojati.]

Perf. tūtujāná (and tūtujāna) tutujyāt RV. [tutoja.] [Aor. etc. atojīt; tojiṣyati, tojitā.] Verb, tujáse RV., -túje RV., tujáye? v. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tujy á te etc. RV . — Caus. tujá y a nt etc. v.

Deriv. : tuj v. tújya RV.

túji RV, tuñjá RV.

túgra RV. túgvan RV.

tunga? E . + tūtuji RV.

This and the preceding aTe probably two forms of the same root. For the connection of meaning, compare the roots s u , Bū.

√ t u d , 'push, thrust'.

Pres. [6.] tudáti etc. v. +, -te E. — [7?] tundāná AV., tundate RV. (— t u -dāyáti Av.)

Perf. tutóda v. + [tutude.] [Aor. etc. atūtudat, atāutsīt atutta; totsyati -te, tottā.] Verb, tunná v .+ ; [tuttvā;] -tudya E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tudyate etc. E. + — Int. totudyate s. [— Desid. tututsa-.]

— Caus. todayati et c E. + (todyate E. + ) Deriv.: -tud S.E.

-tuda AV. + tunda? c. todá v. +

-todin v. -todya c.

todana c. tóttra B. +

√ tur, see √ tṛ.



turv] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 64

√ turv, tūrv, 'overcome'.

Pres. [I.] tūrvati etc. RV.B . Deriv. : turvá RV. turván RV.

turváṇi RV. turvīti RV. tūrvi RV . A specialized form of √ tṛ, tur, to which the derivatives might in part

with equal propriety be referred.

√ tul, 'lift, weigh'. [Pres. I. tolati.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. tolayati etc. E. + (tolyate c ) ; tulayati etc. E.+, -t e

et c. E . +

Deriv.: tula c. tulā B. +

tulya s. + tulana c.

tolaka c. tolya c.

tolana E. +

√ tuś, 'drip'.

Pres. [I.] toś ate etc. v. (tośé Rv.) Sec. Conj.: Caus, t o ś a y a RV.

Deriv.: tośá RV. -tóśana RV. tośás RV. BR. refer two or three of the forms to a root 2 tuś = tuṣ.

√ t u ṣ , 'be content'.

Pres. [4.] tuṣyati etc. s.+, -te c. Perf. tutoṣa etc. E. +

[Aor. etc. atuṣat, atūtuṣat; tokṣyati, toṣṭā.] Verb, tuṣṭa E. +; toṣṭum E. ; -tuṣya c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. totuṣ- . — Desid. tutukṣa-. —] Caus. toṣayati etc. JB . +

(toṣyate c.); tuṣáyantī RV. Deriv.: tuṣ ṭ i E. +

tūṣṇīm? v.+ toṣa E. +

-toṣaka c. toṣin E. + toṣya E.

toṣaṇa E. + toṣaṇīya E. +

toṣṭavya c.

toṣayitavya E. toṣayitṛ c.

√ tūrv, see √ turv.

√ tṛ , tir, tur, 'pass'.

Pres. [I.] tárati etc. v.+, -t e etc. v.+ — [6.] tiráti -te etc. V.B.S . ; turáti -te etc. V.B. — [3.] titarti etc. RV .C [tutorti.] — [8.] tarute R V 1 . — [2?] turyāma RV. — [4.] tīryatī? AV . ; tūrya R V 1 . — táruṣema -ṣante -ṣonta RV.

Perf. tatāra v. + (tatarúṣas Rv,), terus E.+, tatare c.; t it irus titirvāṃs RV. ; tuturyāt -yāma RV.

Aor. 1. atari V.B. [tīryāt.] — 3. atītaras AV. — 4. atārṣīt etc. s.+ — 5. átārīt etc. V.B.S . (átōrima RV. ; tāriṣat etc. V.B.S . ; tāriṣīmohi RV.)

Fut. 1. tariṣyati etc. s.+, -t e etc. E.+ [tarīṣyati. — 2. tarītā.]



6 5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [tṛp

Verb, tīrṇá v.+, tūrtá ŚB., tūrṇa s.+; tartumE.+, taritumE.+, tatiitum

E . + ; tīrtvā

AV.U.; -tīrya E.+, -tūryaRv.; -tíram -tire

RV.; tarádhyāi RV . ; tarīṣáni RV .

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tīryate ? E. — Int. tartṛ- RV . , táritṛ- RV . , tártur- RV . [tātṛ-.] — Desid. titīrṣati etc. B.+, -te etc. E. , tūtūrṣati RV . [titarīṣa-.]

— Caus. tāráyati etc. AV.+, -t e etc. s.+ (tāryate etc. E.+); turáyant v., -yante RV .

Deriv.: tára v. + tarin? AV . tárya RV. tarī E. + táraṇa v. +

taraṇīya E. + taráṇi v.+ -taratha? c. -tira AV.B. túr RV.B. túra RV. turáṇa RV .

táras v. + tarás sv. tárīyas RV. táru? RV. táruṇa? v.+

tárus RV . táruṣa v. tárūṣas RV. tirás? v.+

turas- RV . turi RV. turyā TS.

tartavya E. taritavya s. + -tárītu? V.B. -tarītṛ v. tarutṛ v.

tárutra RV; -taritra? E. -tárman RV. tīra B . + tīrthá v.+ -tūrti V.B. tūrṇi V.B. -tūrya V.B.S.

toraṇa? E .+

tārá AV . + tāraka E .+ tārin RV.E.+

tāryà AV.E.+

tāraṇa E. +

-tāraṇīya c. -tārayitṛ B. ti tīrṣā c. t i t ī rṣu E .+ táturi V.B.S.

-tartura RV . tuturváṇi RV.

Compare roots tur (oftener given as a separate root), turv, tvar, and trā.

y tṛd, 'split, bore'.

Pres. [7.] tṛṇátti etc. V.B.U., tṛntte ŚB. (atṛṇam KBU.) [— I. tardati.] Perf. tatárda etc. v.c. (tatárditha RV.), tatṛdāná RV. Aor. 1. tárdas RV., tṛdyus s. [— 3. atatardat, atītṛdat. — 5. atardīt.] [Fut. tardiṣyati -te, tartsyati - te; tarditā.] Verb, tṛṇṇá B.S.U. ; -tṛdya B.S. ; -tṛdas v.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. tarītṛd-. —] Desid. títṛtsati etc. V.B. [-te; titardiṣati -te.] — Caus. tordayati s.

Deriv.: tardá AV. +

tradá RV . tardana v. +

-tardi? E. tárdman AV.B.S.

-tṛd RV.

-tṛtti B. tṛṇman? AV .

tṛdilá RV . tṛtsu? RV .

y t ṛ p , 'be pleased'.

Pres. [4.] t ṛpyatie t c AV.+, -te etc. E . + — [5.] tṛpṇoti etc. V.B. (tṛpnoti etc. c.) — [6.] tṛmpáti etc. V.B.S. — [I.] tarpanti E.

Perf. tatarpa etc. B. (tātṛpus -pāṇá v.) Aor. I. tṛpyāsma TS . — 2. átṛpat etc. V.B. (tṛpánt Rv.) — 3. atītṛpat etc.

-panta AV. + [atatarpat. — 4. atārpsīt, atrāpsīt. — 5. atarpīt.]

Fut.

1. atrapsyat B . [tarpsyati, tarpiṣyati. — 2. tarpitā, tarptā, traptā.] V erb, tṛptá AV.+.



tṛp] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 6 6

Sec. Con j.: [I nt. tarītṛp-. —] Desid. títṛpsati v. [titarpiṣa-.] — Caus.

tarpáyati

etc. v.+,

-te

etc. v.+

(tarpyate

etc. E.;

titarpayiṣati

B.S . )

Deriv.: -tarpaka c. -tarpya E. tálpa? AV.+

tárpaṇa AV.+ tarpaṇīya u. -tṛp RV .

-tṛpa RV.C. tṛpála RV. tṛpti V.B. tṛptí RV .

tṛprá? V.B.S.

-tṛpsu TA. tātṛpi RV . tarpayitavyà B.

Some accept a √ 2 tṛp 'steal' for asutṛp v.c and paśutṛp RV.

√ t ṛ ṣ , 'be thirsty'.

Pres. [4.] tṛṣyati etc. V.B. Perf. tātṛṣús -ṣāṇá tatṛṣāṇá RV . Aor. 2. tṛṣat etc. AV.B., tṛṣāṇá RV . — 3. atītṛṣāma etc. V.B. [Fut. tarṣiṣyati, tarṣitā.] Verb, tṛṣitá v.+, tṛṣṭá? adj. v. [tṛṣitvā, tarṣitvā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarṣáyati etc. B. (tarṣita E . + ) Deriv.: tarṣa E. +

tarṣyā- RV. tarṣaṇa c. tarṣula E.

tṛṣ E. +

tṛṣā c. tṛṣyā v.

tṛṣú RV. tṛṣṇā v.+ tṛṣṇáj RV.

√ t ṛ h , 'crush'.

Pres. [7.] tṛṇeḍhi tṛṇéḍhu tṛṃhanti et c. V.B. [tṛṇehmi. — 6. tṛhati,

tṛṃhati.] Perf. tatarha AV . Aor. [I . tṛhyāt; atarhi. —] 2. atṛham AV. [— 3. atatarhat, atītṛhat. —

5. atarhīt. — 7. atṛkṣat.] [Fut. tarhiṣyati, tarkṣyati; tarhitā, tarḍhā.] Verb, tṛḍhá RV . ; tṛḍhvā AV . [tarhitvā]; -tárham AV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tṛhyáte etc. AV. [— I nt. tarītṛh-. — Desid. titarhiṣa-,

titṛkṣa-. — Caus. tarhaya-.] Deriv. tárhaṇa v.

√ t y a j , 'forsake'.

Pres. [I.] tyajati etc. s.+, -te etc. E. +

Perf. tatyāja tatyaje etc. E.+ (tityāja RV., tityagdhi? K. ) Aor. [I . tyajyāt; atyāji. — 3. atityajat. —] 4. atyakṣīt etc. E . +

Fut. I. tyakṣyati -te etc. E. , tyajiṣyati -te etc. E . + [— 2. tyaktā.J Verb, tyaktá B.+, tyajita c ; tyaktu- E. ; tyaktvf, E.+; -tyájya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tyajyate etc. E . + [— Int. tātyaj-.] — Desid. t ityakṣa- c. — Caus. tyājayati etc. E. + (tyājyate c )

Deriv.: -tyaj v. + -tyaja E. + tyajya E. +

tyaj an a AVP, tyaj as RV, tyajás v.

tyaktavya E. + tyaktṛ E. + tyāgá v.+ tyāgin E. +

tyāj oka c. tyājya E . +

-tyāj ana c



67 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [truṭ

√ trap, 'b e abashed'.

Pres. [I.] trapate etc. E,+, -ti etc. E.

[Perf. etc. trepe; atrapta, atrapiṣṭa; trapsyate trapiṣyate, traptā trapitā.]

See Conj.: [int. tātrap-. — Desid. titrapsa-, titrapiṣa-. —] Caus. tra-payati etc. c. [trāpayati.]

Deriv. : tṛprá? V.B.S. trapa E. + trapā E. +

-trapaṇa c. -trapaṇīya c.

trápu? AV .+

√ tras, 'b e terrified'.

Pres. [1.] trásati et c. v.+, - te etc. E. — [4.] trasyati etc. E.+, -te etc. c. Perf. tatrāsa tatraBus etc. E.+, tresus E.+ (treṣus M 1 . ) , tatrasire E. Aor. 3. atitrasan AV . — 5. trāsīs ŚB. [atrasīt.] Fut. 1. trasiṣyati E. [— 2. trasitā.] Verb, trastá B.+; -trasas K. Sec. Conj.: Int. tātrasyate JB. [— Desid, titrasiṣa-.] — Caus. trāsayati

etc. AV. +, -te etc. E. (trāsyate E.)

Deriv.: trasa v. + trasana s.

trasara c. trasnu B. +

trāsa AV.+ trāsaka c. trāsin E.

trasana E. + trāsanīya c. -trāsuka B.

√ t r ā , 'rescue'.

Pres. [4.] trāyate et c v.+ — [2.] trāsva trādhvam RV,, trāti trāhi et c E . +

Perf, tatré V.B. Aor. 4. atrāsmahi ŚB. (atrāsatām ŚB., trāsate trāsāthe -sīthām RV.) Fut. I. trāsyate et c B.+, - t i E. [— 2. trātā.] Verb, trāta B.+ [trāṇa]; trātum E.+; trātvā c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, trāyate etc. c.

Deriv.: trá v. + -tra v.+

trāṇa u. + trātavya B. +

trātṛ v.+ trātra RV.C

trāman v.+ -trāvan? AV. trayayāyya RV .

A secondary root, from √ tṛ .

√ truṭ, 'come to pieces'.

Pres. [6.] truṭati etc. c. -— [4.] truṭyati et c c. (truḍyeyus c.) Perf. tutroṭa c. Verb, truṭita c. Sec Conj.: Caus. troṭayati et c c. Deriv.: truṭi E. + troṭaka c.

Probably a denominative formation from truṭi.



tvakṣ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 68

√ t vakṣ , 'fashion'.

Pres. [2.] tvakṣāṇá Rv1. [— 1. tvakṣati . ] [Perf. etc. tatvakṣa; atvakṣ īt ; tvakṣiṣyati , tvakṣ itā tvaṣṭā.] Deriv.: -tvákṣaṇa RV. tvákṣas RV. tvákṣ īyas RV . tvaṣṭ i c.

tváṣṭṛ v. + CompaTe √ takṣ.

√ t vaṅg , 'leap'.

Pres. [I.] tvaṅgati etc. C. Late and probably artificial.

√ t vae , 'cover.

Such a root is assumed by some for tvác v.+ 'skin', and ātúc RV . 'dimness'.

√ tvar , 'hasten'.

Pres. [I.] tvárate etc. B.+, -ti etc. E.+ Perf. tatvare E. + Aor. 3. atitvarat E. [atatvarat. — 5. atvariṣṭa.] [Fut. tvariṣyate, tvaritā.] Verb, tvarita E.+

Sec. Conj.:

[Int.

tātvarya-, totur-.

— Desid.

t itvariṣa-.

—] Caus.

tva-ráyati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E. (tvaryate E.); tvāraya- c.

Deriv.: tvara c tvarā s. + tvaraṇá AV. tvaraṇīya E. A secondary root-form from √ tṛ, tur, under which are here placed the

derivatives with tūr- (tūrta, tūrti , tūrṇa).

√ t v i ṣ , 'be stirred up'.

Pres. [2.] atviṣus RV. — [6.] atviṣanta RV. — [4.] tv iṣyant c 1. [— I. tveṣat i -te.]

Perf. t i tv iṣé etc. RV . (átitviṣanta RV.) [t itviṣus.]

[Aor. etc. atitviṣat, atvikṣat -kṣata; tvekṣyat i -te, tveṣṭā.] Verb, tv iṣ i tá RV . ; tv i ṣé RV .

[Sec. Conj.: t e tv i ṣ - ; t i tv ikṣa- ; tveṣaya-.] Deriv.: tv í ṣ v. +

tv i ṣā C. tv í ṣ i V.B.S. tveṣá V.B.

tveṣ ín RV. tveṣyà RV.

tveṣátha RV. tveṣás RV.

√ tsar, 'approach stealthily'.

Pres. [I.] tsárati etc. V.B.S. Perf. tatsāra RV . Aor. 4. atsār RV . — 5. atsāriṣam ŚB.

[Fut. tsariṣyati , tsaritā.] Verb, -tsárya ŚB. Deriv.: tsara C. tsáru v.+ -tsāra v.+ tsārín V.B.



69 A N D PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dan

√ thurv ?

Pres. [L ] thūrvant MS. Probably a false reading; the edition has tūrvant, with one of the manu-

scripts (and the parallel texts).

√ daṃś, d a ś , 'bite'.

Pres. [I.] dáśati etc. v.+, -te etc. E.+ — daṃśati c 1 . Perf. dadaṃśus E. (dadaśvāṃs RV.) [Aor. daśyāt, adadaṃśat, adāṅkṣīt.] Fut. 1. daśiṣyati E. [daṅkṣyati. — 2. daṃṣṭā.] Verb, daṣṭá AV. +; daṃṣṭvā B. • -daśya E.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, daśyate etc. E. — 1nt. dándaśāna RV. (dandaśayitvā c. ) [— Desid. didaṅkṣa-.] — Caus. daṃśayati etc. S. + (daṃśita adj. E. + ) Deriv. : daṃśa AV. +

daṃśaka c. -daṃśin AV.

daṃśana E. + dáṃśuka B. daṃṣṭṛ AV.

dáṃṣṭrā v.+ dáṃśman AV.S. daṅkṣṇú B.

daśā? B . + daśana E. +

√ daṃs, 'be wondrous'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. daṃsáyas RV 1 .

Deriv. : -dáṃsa RV. daṃsánā RV.S.

dáṃsas V.B. dáṃsiṣṭha RV.

dáṃsu RV. dasmánt RV.

dasmá v. dasrá v. +

√ d a k ṣ , 'b e able'.

Pres. [I.] dákṣate etc. V.B., -t i RV. Perf. dadakṣe B. Aor. 3. adadakṣat B. [— 5 . adakṣiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. dakṣiṣyate B. [— 2. dakṣitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. da kṣ a y a t i etc. B .

Deriv.: dákṣa v. + dákṣas v. dakṣáyya RV. dákṣiṇa v. +

√ d a g h , 'reach to' .

Pres. [5.] daghnuyāt B. Aor. 1. dhak dhaktam daghma daghyās RV. — 2? daghat B. Fut. 1. daghiṣyante JUB. Verb, -dághas B. , -dághos ŚB.

Deriv.: -dagh s. -daghna v. + -daghvan V.B. √ d a d , see √ 1 d ā .

√ d a d h , see √ 1 d h ā .

√ d a n , 'straighten' (?). Pres. dán dánas RV.

Very doubtful forms.



dabh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 70

√ d a b h , d a m b h , 'harm'. Pres. [I.] dábhati etc. V.B. — [5.] dabhnoti etc. V.B. Perf. dadābha debhus RV . ; dadámbha AV . (dadabhanta RV.) Aor. 1. dabhús RV . [— 3. adadambhat. — 5. adambhīt.] [Fut. dambhiṣyati, dambhitā.]

Verb, dabdhá v.; dabdhum B. ; [dambhitvā, dabdhvā;] -dábhe RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, dabhyate RV . [— Int. dādambh-, dādabh-.] — Desid.

dípsati etc. V.B. ; dhīpsati JB. [dhipsa-, didambhiṣa-.] — Cai í s.

dambháyati etc. V.B. Deriv. : dábha v.

dábhya

RV .

dabhīti RV . dabdhi B.S. -dabhna?

AV.

dabhrá v. + dābha V.B.

dābhya v. +

dambha E. + dambhaka c.

dambhin E. +

-dámbhana

v. +

dipsú v.

√ d a m , 'control'. Pres. [4.] dāmyati ŚB. [Aor. adamīt.] Verb, dāṁtá B.+; [dāṁtvā,] damitvā E . ; -damya E.?

Sec. Conj.: Caus. d am áyat i etc. v. + Deriv.: dám v. +

dáma v. + damá B.

damaka E. +

damin E. -damya E.

-damatra s. +

damana v. +

damitṛ RV. damayitṛ E.

√ day, 'share'.

Pres. [1.] dáyate etc. v. +, dayāmasi AV. Perf. dayām āsa c. [Aor. etc. adayiṣṭa; dayiṣyate, dayitā.] Verb, dayita E. +

Sec. Conj.: [Int. dandayya-, dādayya-. —] Caus. dayayet c. Deriv.: dayā v. + dayitnu s.

A secondary form of √ 2 dā 'divide', from which it is hardly worth separating.

√ daridrā, see √ 1 drā.

√ dal, 'burst'.

Pres. [I.] dalati etc. E . +

[Perf. dadāla.] Aor. 5. adalīt c [adālīt.] Fut. \. daliṣyati -te etc. c (adaliṣyat c.)

Verb, dalita E. + See. Conj.: Caus. dalayati etc. c.; dālayati etc. E. + ( d a l y a t e c , dālya-

te c )



71 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 dS

Deriv. : dala E. + dalana c.

-dala B . + -dālaka B. +

dālana c -dālya c.

dāli c. dalayitṛ c

A secondary root-form from √ 1 dṛ.

√ das, dās, 'waste'.

Pres. [4.] dásyati etc. V.B.S. — [I.] dāsati etc. V.B.S.

Perf. dadasvāṃs RV. [dadāsa.] Aor. 2. dasat etc. V.B.S. (dásamāna? RV.) — 5. dāsīt RV.

[Fut. dasiṣyati, dasitā; dāsiṣyati, dāsitā.] Verb, dasta B. + See. Conj.: Caus. dasaye TS. , -yanta RV. ; dāsayati etc. AV.B. Deriv. : dása RV .

-dasya v.s. -dasvant AV. dásyu v.+

dasá v.+ -dāsin s. + dā s ami B. -dāsuka B.

Usually classed as two roots, das and dās ; dasati etc. only with abhi.

√ d a h , 'bum'.

Pres. [1.] dáhati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . + — [4.] dahyati E. — [2.] dhákṣi RV. Perf. dadāha etc. B. +, dehe c Aor. 1. dahyāt M. ? — 3. adīdahat c — 4. adhākṣīt etc. v.+ (adhāk V.B.S.,

dhákṣant dákṣant RV.) Fut. I. dhakṣyáti etc. vjf, -te etc. s.+ (dhakṣyet adhakṣyam M.); dahi-

ṣyati E . + [— 2. dagdhā.] Verb, dagdhá v. + ; d ágd h u m B. + , -CUIOSB.; dagdhvāB. + ; - d áh yaß . + ;

-dáhas B. ; -dāham c Sec. Conj.: Pass, dahyáte etc. AV.+, -t i etc. s.+ — Int . dandahīti etc. c ,

dandahyate etc. c — Desid. didhakṣati etc. E.+, -te etc. E . ; dhīkṣate ŚB. — Caus. dāhayati etc. E.+ (dāhyate u.)

Deriv.: dah v.s. dahati E. dáhana AV.+ -dagdhavya E.

dagdhṛ v.+

dakṣī RV. dákṣu RV. dhákṣu RV . dakṣús RV.

-dāgha AV. dāha AV. + dāhaka c dāhin s.+

dāhya E . +

dāhana E. dāhuka B.S. didhakṣā E . + didhakṣu E . +

√ 1 da, dad, 'give'.

Pres. [3.] dádāti dátte etc. v.+ (dehí v. + , daddhi v.) — [1.] dádati -te etc. v.+ (dadīyam u., dadāyant u.) — [4.] dāyamāna M, — [2.] dāti dātu RV . ; dadmi E , +

Perf. dadāú dadé etc. v. + (dadātha dadrire RV. ; dadivāṃs dadāvāṃs AV., dadvāṃs RV.) [dadade.]

Aor. I. ádāt etc. v.+, deyām RV. ; adi MS., adithās adita adimahi B., dīṣ va B. ; dāyi V.B. [adādi.] — 2. ādat etc. V.B. — [3. adīdadat. — ] 4. adiṣi adiṣata AV.B.C. (dāsat dasathas R V . ; deṣam deṣma B . S . )

[dāsīṣṭa.] — 5. adadiṣṭa sv.



I dā] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, n Fut. 1. dāsyáti etc. AV.+ (adāsyat M.), -te etc. B.+; dadiṣye K. — 2. dātā

etc. B.E. [daditā.] . Verb, -data RV . , dattá v. + , -tta v. + , -dita B.+ [dadita]; dātum v.+,

-tave v., -tavāí RV., -tos V.B. ; dattvā AV.+, -tvāya RV. ; -dāya v.+, -dádya AV. ; -dam B. , -dāí RV. ; dāváne RV . ; -dayam B. +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dīyáte etc. v. + ; dadyámānaRV. — [1nt. dādā-, dedīya-, dādad-.] — Desid.-dítsati etc. v.+, -te etc. c.; dídāsant RV., didā-sitha B.S. [didadiṣa-.] — Caus. dāpayati etc. AV.+ [adīdapat.]

Deriv.: dā, -d a v. + dāti v. -tti V.B.

dātavya B . +

dātṛ v.+ dātrá? V.B. dāna v. + dāná? RV . daman RV.E. dāmán RV .

dāyá v. + dāyaka E. + dāyin AV. + -dāvan V.S. dāván RV. dānu? v. -déya n. V.B. déya gdve. v. + -dās? v.+ -das V.B.

-d i JB. +

diya RV . déṣṭha RV. deṣṇá v. +

-dád AV.

-dada a datti c. dátra ? v. dāda M. daditṛ vs.

dadi v. ditsā c. ditsú v. + diditsu M.

dāpin c. -dāpya s.c. -dāpana s. dāpanīya c. dāpayitavya c. -dāpayitṛ B.

√ 2 d ā, 'divide, share'.

Pres. [I.] dāti etc. v.B.s. — [6?] dyáti etc. AV.B.S.

Perf. dadire B.

Aor. 1. [adāt, deyāt;] adimohi B. (adīm- VS.K.) . — 4. diṣīya RV .

Fut. 1. dōsyati s. [— 2. dātā.] Verb, diná V.B. , dita a, [data,] -tta B.+; -dāya B.+, -ditya? c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dīyate etc. AV. + — [1nt. dādā-, dedi-. — Desid. ditsa-,

didāsa-, dīdaṃsa-. —] Caus. dāpayīta s. Deriv.: -tti B.

dātu RV. -dātavya c.

dātṛ RV.C. dātra RV . dōná? RV.

-dāna AV.B.S.

-dānīya B.S. dānu v.

dāyá? RV . diti?Rv. -deya c.

A form of this root is day, given above separately.

√ 3 d ā , d i , 'bind'. Pres. [6?] dyati etc. V.B. — [2?] dīṣ va vs. Aor. 5. adiṣi AV.? Verb, dita v. +; -dāya s. + Deriv.: -dātṛ RV.C.

-daiia v. + daman v.+ dāmán RV.

-daya c. -di AV.

diti? v.+ dīná? v.+

Not recognized by the native grammarians as separate from the preceding, and of somewhat doubtful character.

√ 4 d ā , 'clear'.

Pres. [4?] dāyafflāna c*. [Perf. etc. dadāu; dāyāt, adās ī t ; dāsyati, dStā.]



73 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dih

Verb, data TA.E. +

[Sec. Conj.: dāya-; dādā-; didāsa-; dāpaya-.] Deriv. -dāna c.

Only with ava; certainly no separate root, and probably a specialization of meaning of the participle of √ 2 dā.

√ dāś, 'make offering'.

Pres. [1.] dāśati etc. v. — [2.] dāṣṭi RV. — [5.] dāśnóti RV. Perf. dadāśa etc. v. (dádāśati -śas -śat RV.; dadāśvāṃs RV.B., dāśvāṃs

v., dāśivāṃs sv.) [Aor. etc. adāśīt; dāśiṣyati, dāśitā.]

Sec. Conj.: [1ní. dādāś-. — Desid. didāśiṣa-. —] Caus. adāśayat Ś B1

. Deriv.: dāś v. -dāśa AV. + d ā śú v. dāśuri v.

√ dās, see √ das.

√ dív, 'play', see √ 1 dīv.

No root √ div 'shine' exists as such in the language, except so far as it may be inferable from the noun div or dyú v.+, divit RV., and the (in that case, secondary) root dyut. With all these the root dīv 'play' has nothing

to do.

√ diś, 'point'.

Pres. [6.] diśáti etc. v.+, -te etc. RV. E . + — [3.] (Perf.?) dídeśati dídeṣṭu etc. didiṣṭa RV. — [4.] diśyati M 1 . .

Perf. didéśa etc. AV. +, didiśe c. Aor. [3. adīdiśat. —] 4. adikṣi ádiṣṭa RV . — 7. adikṣat ŚB.C. Fut. 1. dekṣyati etc. s.+, -te c [— 2. deṣṭā.] Verb, diṣṭá v. +; deṣṭum E. +; -díśya B. +; -díśe RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, diśyate etc. E . + — 1nt. dédiśat etc. dédiṣṭe etc. RV., de-

diśyate AV.VS. — Desid. didikṣati c. — Caus. deśayati etc. E. +, -t e c. Deriv. : díś v.+ diṣṭi v. + deśá AV. +

deśaka c deśin s. + deśya AV. +

-déśana B. + deśanā c deṣṭavya E. +

deṣṭṛ v. + deṣṭrá RV. -didiksā o. -didikṣu c.

√ d i h , 'smear'.

Pres. [2.] degdhi dihanti ádihan etc. v. + (déhat RV.) [digdhe.] Perf didihe E. [dideha.] Aor. [1. adehi. — 3. adīdihat. — 4. adigdha. —] 7. adhikṣus JB . [adhi-

kṣat -ṣata.J [Fut. dhekṣyati - te; degdhā.] Verb, digdhá AV. + ; -dihya s.+



dihl ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 74

Sec. Conj.: P ass, dihyate etc. a — [Int. dedih-. — Desid. didhikṣa-. —]

C aus. dehayati -te E. + Deriv.: -dih v.s. -degha B.

deha B. + dehi RV . dehikā a

-dehya a dehalī s. +

√ 1 d ī , -fly'.

Pres. [ 4 . ] dīyati etc. RV., dīyase sv.

Sec. Conj.: Int. dédīyitavāí CB. R e p r e s e n t e d l a t e r b y √ ḍī. F r o m i t m a y p o s s i b l y c o m e didy ú V.B.

√ 2 d ī , d ī d ī , 'shine'. Pres. dīdyati (3 p.) etc. ádīdet etc. dīdye etc. V.B.S. (dīdayat RV., dīdāyat

dīdayonte AV., dīdihí V.B.S. , didīhí RV. ; dīdyāsam B.S. ) Perf. dīdāya V.B.S. (dīdaya ŚB.S. , dīdétha dīdiyus RV . ; dīdivāṃs V.B. •,

dīdáyasi etc. dīdáyat etc. V.B. ; dīdidāya ? AŚS. ; dīdidāsi dīdyasva s. Deriv.: - d ī t i RV. - d ī d i t i RV. dīdi-RV. dīdivi RV. d ī d h i t i s . +

C o m p a r e √ dīp. S o m e c o n f u s i o n o f f o r m s i s m a d e b e t w e e n dīdī a n d

dīdhī.

√ d ī k ṣ , 'be c o n s e c r a t e d ' . Pres. [I.] dīkṣate et c. B . +

Perf. didīkṣé etc. B. , -ṣus PB . c . Aor. 3 . adidīkṣas B. — 5. adīkṣiṣṭa etc. B. Fut. 1. dīkṣiṣyáte etc. B . + [— 2. dīkṣitā.] Verb, dīkṣitá Av.+; dīkṣitvā B.U. • -dīkṣya s .

Sec. Conj.: Desid. didīkṣiṣa t e etc. B. — C aus. dīkṣa y a t i etc. B.+, -te E. (dīkṣāpaya E. )

Deriv.: dīkṣ ā A V .+ d ī k ṣ a k a c . (n. pr.) d ī k ṣ a ṇ a s . + d ī k ṣ a y i t ṛ B .

B R . s u g g e s t a d e r i v a t i o n f r o m √ da ks.

√ d ī d h ī , see √ d h ī .

√ d ī p , 'shine'. Pres. [4.] dīpyate etc. AV. +, -ti etc. E. + Perf. didīpe a Aor. [I . adīpi. —] 3. adidīpat etc. RV.C ; adldipat etc. B.E. [— 5. adīpiṣṭa»] [Fut. dīpiṣyate, dīpitā.] Verb, dīpta u . + Sec. Conj.: 1nt. dedīpyate etc. E. + (-yantīm E. ) — [Desid. didīpiṣa-. —]

C aus. dīpáyati etc. v. +, -te etc. S.E. (dīpyáte TB.E.)

Deriv. : dīpa U.S. + dīpaka E. + dīpin c .

dip ana s.+ dīpti B. + dīpra c .

Probably related with √ 2 dī.



75 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dul

√ 1 d ī v , 'play'.

Pres. [4.] dīvyati etc. v.+, -te etc. B.+ (divyati etc. M.?) Perf. didéva AV. Aor. [3. adīdivat. —] 5. adevīt etc. E. Fut. I. deviṣyati etc. B.+ (adeviṣyat M. ) [— 2. devitā.] Verb, dyūtá AV.+ [dyūna]; devitum E. + ; [devitvā, dyūtvā;] -dīvya RV. Sec. Conj.: [1nt. dedīv-. — Desid. dideviṣa-, dudyūṣa-; dudyūṣaya-. — ]

Caus. devayati etc. c. Deriv.: dīv, dyū v. dīvitṛ? devinAv.+ devitṛE.+

-dīvan v. -deva B. devitavya E. -dyūtyà RV. dīvana c. dévana v. +

Proper form, d ī ū ; and it has nothing to do with the so-called root d i v 'shine', which is diu.

√ 2 d ī v (dev) , 'lament'.

Pres. [1.] devati E.+ [-te.] [Perf. etc. dideva; adidevat, adeviṣṭa; deviṣyate, devitā.] Verb, dyūna B. +; devitum E. Sec. Conj.: Caus. dev a y a t i etc. E.+, -te E . +

Deriv.: -deva E. -devaka c. -devin E. -devana C. Only with pari (unless in ādyūna); hence perhaps a peculiar specializa-

tion of meaning of √ 1 d īv (paridyūna 'played out' ?). At any rate, rather dīv than d i v , on account of the long ū in dyūna.

√ d u , d ū , 'burn'.

Pres. [5.] dunóti etc. AV.+ — dunvasva M. [Perf. etc. dudāva; dūyāt, adāuṣīt; doṣyati, dotā.] Verb, dūná Av.+, duta AA.? C 1 . Sec. Conj.: Pass, dūyate etc. u.s.+, -t i etc. E . + — [Int. dodu-. — Desid.

dudūṣa-. —] Caus. dāvayati c. Deriv.: dava c

-davya B.S. davathu c davá AV. +

-dāvyà AV.B. duyana c.

doman AV. For the form daviṣaṇi RV., BR. assume a √ 2 d u = 1 d īv 'play'.

√ d u d h , 'stir up'. Pres. dódhat v. Verb, dúdhita RV. Deriv.: dúdhi RV. dudhrá RV. dodhaka? c.

Probably a reduplicated form of √ dhū.

√ d u l , 'raise'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. do l a y a t i

etc. c Deriv.: dulā? TS. dola E. + Doubtless another form of √ t u l ; as verb, denominative of dola.



duṣ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 76

√ d u ṣ , 'spoil'.

Pres. [4.] duṣyati etc. B.+, -te etc. E.+ (dūṣyant c1.) [Perf. dudoṣa.] Aor. 2. duṣat B. — 3. adūduṣat etc. v. — 5. doṣiṣṭam ŚB. [Fut. dokṣyati, doṣṭā.] Verb, duṣṭa s, +

Sec. Conj.: [Int. doduṣ-. — Desid. dudukṣa-. —] Caus. dūṣayati etc. v.+, -te etc. E. + (dūṣyate etc. E. +) [doṣayati.]

Deriv.: dus- v.+ dúṣṭi AV.C. dūṣa E. +

dūṣaka E. +

dūṣin E. +

dūṣya E. +

dūṣaṇa AV.+ dūṣi AV .

doṣa u.s.+ doṣā v. + doṣin c.

doṣya MS. doṣás AV. -dūṣayitṛ c.

√ d u h , 'milk, derive'.

Pres. [2.] dógdhi duhánti etc. v.+‚ dugdhé duháte etc. v.+ (duhé 3s. V.B. , duhaté RV., duhrate -hré V.B. ; dúhāna v., duhāná dúghāna RV . ; duhām 3s. V.B. , duhrām duhratam 3 p. AV., dhuṅgdhvam AŚS. ; dohat dóhate et c. RV . ; duhīyát -yán RV.; duhús RV., áduhan B., -hran AV.B.) — [6.] duhet etc. E. +, aduhat V.B.E. + — [4.] duhyati etc.

c , -t e M.

Perf. dudóha duduhé etc. v.+ (dudóhitha v.+, duduhré V.B., -hrire v.;

dudūhus c.) Aor. [1. adohi. —] 3. adūduhat etc. c. — 4. [adugdha,] ádhukṣata (3 p.)

RV., dhukṣīmáhi B. — 7. ádhukṣat -ṣata etc. v. + (dhukṣásva aduk-ṣat etc. dukṣata RV.)

Fut. \. dhokṣyate c. [— 2. dogdhā.] Verb, dugdhá v. + ; dogdhum E. , dógdhos B. ; dugdhvā B.+; duhádhyāi

RV . ; doháse RV . ; -doham c. ^ec. Conj.: Pass, duhyáte etc. v.+ [— 1nt. doduh-.] — Desid. dudhukṣati

c. (dúdukṣati RV.) — Caus. doháyati etc. B. +, -t e S. (dohyáte B.) Deriv. .• -duh v. +

-dugh s. -duha E. dúgha v. duhitṛ v. +

dóha v. +

dógha RV . -dohoka c. -dohin E. dohya c.

dóhana B. +

dohána RV. dóhas V.B.S.

dohás RV .

dogdhavya B.E. dogdhṛ AV. + dogdhra s. dudhukṣu E.

√ du, see √ du.

Another root dū seems inferable from the derivatives: dáviṣṭha v. dávīyas V.B. d ū t á v . + dūráv. + dūr? ŚB.

√ 1 dṛ , 'pierce, split'.

Pres. [2.] dárṣi adar dárt RV. — [9.] dṛṇīyāt ŚB. Perf. dadāra etc. v. + (dadṛvāṃs RV.) [dadaritha dadaratus dadratus],

dadre s.+



77 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dṛfoh

Aor. 1. dīryāt c, [— 2. adarat.] — 3. adīdarat etc. E.+ [adadarat.] —

4. darṣasi dárṣat darṣate darṣīṣṭa RV . [— 5. adārīt.] [Fut. darīṣyati, darītā.] Verb, dīrṇá B .+ , dṛta R . ; -dīrya B.+; -dāram C. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dīryáte etc. B.+, dīryati etc. E . + — 1nt. dárdṛ- RV.TS.

(dardirat adardirus RV.) ; dādṛhí RV. [dedīrya-. — Desid. didarīṣa-, didīrṣa-.] — Caus. dārayati etc. B.+, -te etc. c (dāryate etc. E . + ) ; daráyati etc. RV.C.

Der iv.: dara v. + daraṇa s. + -daraṇīya c. -dari RV.C. dárīman RV. dartṛ RV .

dartnú RV . darmán RV.S. darmá RV. dāra AV. + -dāraka E. + dārin v. +

dāraṇa E. + -dāri E. + dārú RV. dāruṇá? B . + -dir ŚB.

durá? RV.

dṛti v. + dṛván? vs. drá? AV. -driya RV. dadru c. -dardira RV.

Compare √ dal.

√ 2 d ṛ , 'heed'.

[Perf. dadre.] Aor. 1. adṛthās etc. B. — [3. adīdarat. —] 4. dṛḍhvam B. [Fut. dariṣyate, dartā.] Verb, dṛta E.+; -dṛtya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, driyáte etc. B.+, -ti etc. E. + [— Int. dardṛ-, dedrīya-. — Desid. didariṣa-. — Caus. dāraya-.] Deriv.: -dara u.? c.

-darin c. -daraṇa s. + -daraṇīya c.

-dartavya c -dāra V.B.S.

-duri RV. -dṛtya B.

Only with prefix a, and with passive present-system, suggesting a special-zation from √ 1 dṛ.

√ d ṛ p , 'rave'.

Pres. [4.] dṛpyati etc. v.+ — [I.] darpati s. [Perf. dadarpa.] Aor. 2. adṛpat B. [— 4. adrāpsīt, adārpsīt. — 5. adarpīt.] Fut. 1. drapsyati ŚB, , darpiṣyati JB . [—- 2. draptā, darptā, darpitā.] Verb, dṛpta v. +, dṛpita RV. Sec. Conj.: Caus. darpayati etc. E.+ Deriv.: darpaE.+ darpaka c. darpin c. darpaṇaE.+ -dṛptÌRv.

√ d ṛ b h , 'bunch'.

Pres. [6.] dṛbháti etc. B. — [1.] dṛbhmas? B. Verb, dṛbdha B. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. darbhita c. Deriv.: darbháv.+ dṛbhīka?Bv. dṛbdhi? darbhaṇas.?



dṛś] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 7 8

√ dṛś, 'see'. Pres. [4.] paśyati etc., see √ p a ś .

Perf. dadárśa dadṛśé etc. v. + (dádṛśe dádṛśre dádṛśāna RV., dadṛśrām

AV., -śrire TB. , dadṛśivāṃs u. , darśivāṃs E.+) [dadarśitha da-draṣṭha.]

Aor. 1. adarśam etc. B. + (adarśma TS., adṛśma JB., adarśusB.; adar-śas -śat B.S. ; darśati etc. v., dárśat etc. V.B.) , ádṛśran V.B. (adṛśram

dṛśāná dṛśāna RV.), ádarśi dárśi v. — 2. dṛśan v., ádṛśan B., dṛśéyam etc. V.B. — 3. adīdṛśat etc. B. + [adadarśat.] — 4. adrākṣīt etc. B.+ (ádrāk B.) , adṛkṣata RV. (dṛkṣase RV.) [drakṣīran.] —

7. dṛkṣam K. Fut. 1. drakṣyáti etc. B. +, -t e etc. E. + — 2. draṣṭā etc. E. Verb, dṛṣṭáv.+; dráṣṭumAv. + ; dṛṣṭvā AV.+, -ṭvāya RV . ; -dṛśyav. + ;

dṛśé V.B. ; dṛśáye v. ; -darśam c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dṛśyáte etc. v. + , -t i etc. E . + — 1nt. darīdṛśyate c.

[dardṛś-.] — Desid. dídṛkṣate etc. v. +, -ti E. — Caus. darśáyati etc. AV. +, -te etc. s. + (didarśayiṣa- s. +)

Deriv. : dárśa v. + darśà AV. + darśaka E. + -darśin E. +

dárśya RV . darśatá V.B. dárśana v. +

darśanīyaß.+ dṛś v. + -dṛśa v. +

dṛśya v. + dṛśatí RV . dṛśí v. + dṛśīka v.

dṛśīkú B.S. dṛśénya RV . dṛṣṭi v. + -dṛśna TS . -dṛśvan c -dṛkṣa B. + draṣṭavyà B. +

draṣṭṛ AV. + -dreśya u. didṛkṣā E. +

didṛkṣu v.+ didṛkṣéya RV . didṛkṣéṇya V.B. darśayitṛ E. +

√ dṛh, dṛṃh, 'make firm'.

Pres. [1.] dṛṃhati etc. -te etc. V.B. — [6.] dṛṃhántam AV., dṛṃhéthe RV . — [4.] dṛhya dṛhyasva RV. [— 1. darhati.]

Perf. [dadarha, dadṛṃha] dādṛhāṇá adadṛhanta RV , Aor, [3. adadarhat, adīdṛhat. —] 5. adṛṃhīt etc. B. [adarhīt.] [Fut. darhiṣyati, darhitā; dṛṃhiṣyati, dṛṃhitā.] Verb, dṛḍhá v. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. darīdṛh-, dardṛh-; darīdṛṃh-, dardṛṃh-. — Desid. di -

darhiṣa-, didṛṃhiṣa-. —] Caus. [darhaya-;] dṛṃhayati etc. v.s. Deriv.: dṛh B . + -dṛṃha AV.

dṛṃhaṇa AV.B.S. dṛṃhitṛ V.B. drahyát? RV. dadṛh v.

Divided by the Hindu grammarians into two roots, dṛṃh 'fix', and dṛh 'grow', from the latter of which are then derived dīrghá v. + and the related words drāghīyas V.B.S., drāghiṣṭha RV., drāghmán V.B., drāghimán B.

(drāghuyā TS.).

√ dev, see √ 2 dīv.



79 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 d r a

√ d y u , 'attack'.

Sāyaṇa has once pra dyāuti, apparently an artificial formation, on the authority of the occurrence of a root dyu in the Dhātupāṭha.

√ d y u t , 'shine'.

Pres. [1.] dyótate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E. Perf. didyute etc. v.+, didyóta AV., didyutus TS. Aor. 1. dyutant- dyutāná V.B. , dyútāna RV. — 2. adyutat etc. B . + —

3. ádidyutat etc. V.B. — 4. ádyāut dyāut V.B. [— 5. adyotiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. dyotiṣyati B. [— 2. dyotitā.]

Verb, dyuttá AV.ŚB. [dyutita; dyutitvā, dyotitvā;] -dyutya AB . Sec. Conj.: Int. dávidyut-V.B. [dedyut-. — Desid. didyutiṣa-, didyotiṣa-.]

— Caus. dyotayati etc. v. + (dyotyate c.); dyutayanta RV . Deriv.: dyút v. +

-dyuta E. dyuti E. +

dyota AV.+ dyotaka c. dyotin c. dyotya c.

dyótana v. + dyotaná RV. dyotani v. dyotis c.

-dyótman RV . didyút V.B. -dyotayitavya u.

Compare √ jyut and √ div. BR. set off a few of the forms to a √ 2 dyut 'break'.

√ d r a m , 'run’.

[Pres. etc. dramati; dadrāma; adramīt; dramiṣyati, dramitā.] Sec. Conj.: Int. dandramyate u. [— Desid. didramiṣa-. — Caus. dra-

mayati.] Apparently another form of √ 1 drā.

√ 1 drā, 'run'.

Pres. [2.] drāhi drātu drāntu v. Perf. dadrus et c v . c , dadrāṇá RV . Aor. [1. drāyāt, dreyāt. —] 4. drāsat RV . [— 6. adrāsīt.]

[Fut. drāsyati, drātā.] Verb, drāṇa u. + Sec Conj.: Int. dáridrāti etc. TS.C [dādrā-. — Desid. didrāsa-.] — Caus.

drāpayati ŚB. ([adidrapat] dídrāpayiṣati ŚB.) Deriv.: drá? AV. drōk? c. d r ā p i ? B . dá r i dr a B .+

Compare roots dram and dru. The intensive stem daridrā is reckoned by the Hindu grammarians as a root, and artificially furnished with a set of verb-forms and primary derivatives.

√ 2 drā, 'sleep'.

Pres. [2.] drāti

et c B.+ — [4.] drāyate

etc. E. + Perf. dadrāu c.

Aor. 4. (or 6.) adrāsīt B.



2 drā] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 80

Fut. drāsyáti B.

Verb, drāṇa AV.B.+, drita? c Sec. Conj.: Desid. didrāsati c. Deriv.: -drā v. + -didrāsu c

√ d r a ḍ , 'split'.

A single doubtful occurrence, uddrāḍayan c.

√ d r u , 'run'.

Pres. [1.] drávati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . +

Perf. dudrāva etc. B. + [dudrotha, dudruma], dudruve etc. E. Aor. [I. drūyāt; adrāvi. —] 3. adudruvat B.+ (adudrot dudrávat RV.)

[adudravat, adidravat.] Fut. I. droṣyati B. [— 2. drotā.] Verb, drutá B. +; drotum c.; drutvā B. ; -drútya B. + Sec. Conj.: Int. dodru- (dodrāva TS.) [— Desid. dudrūṣa-.] — Caus. drā-

váyati etc. v. +, -te etc. E. (drāvyate E.) ; dravayanta RV. Deriv.: dravá v. +

dravya? U . S . + drávaṇa B. + dravará RV .

dravi RV. dravitṛ RV. dravitnú v. dráviṇa etc.? v.+

-drāva vs. -drāvin s. + -drāvya E. drāvaṇa E. +

-dru v . + druti c. drāvayitnú RV .

√ druh, 'be hostile'.

Pres. [4.] drúhyati etc. B.+, - te etc. E . +

Perf. dudróha etc. V.B. (dudróhitha AV.), dudruhe c Aor. [I. druhyāt; adrohi. —] 2. druhas -han V.E. [— 3. adudruhat.] —

4. drogdhās M. — 7. adrukṣas B. Fut. 1. dhrokṣyati MS. [drohiṣyati. — 2. drogdhā, droḍhā, drohitā.] Verb, drugdhá v.+ [drūḍha]; drogdhavāi K.; [drugdhvā, drohitvā,

druhitvā;] -drúhya MS.E. Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodruh-. •—] Desid. dudrukṣat K. [dudrohiṣa-, d u -

druhiṣa-, dudhrukṣa-. — Caus. drohaya-.] Deriv. : drúh v. +

druhya c. druhú AV .

druhyú RV. druhiṇa c. drúhvan v.

drógha v. droha v. + drohin E. +

drogdhavyà B. + drogdhṛ E. + dudhrukṣu c.

√ drū, 'hurl'(:).

Pres. [9.] drūṇāti MS., drūṇāná RV . Only two occurrences, of which that in Ms. does not appear coimectible

with √ dru.

√ dvar ? Such a root perhaps to be recognized in dvará RV., dvarin RV., -dvaras?

RV., and in dvār or dúr v.+ 'door'.



81 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dhav

√ dviṣ, 'hate'.

Pres. [2.] dvéṣṭi dviṣánti etc. v.+‚ dviṣṭe dviṣáte etc. AV.+ — [6.] dviṣati etc. M., -t e etc. s.u.+

Perf. didveṣa ŚB. [didviṣe.] Aor. [1. adveṣi . — 3. adidviṣat. —] 7. dvikṣat dvikṣata (3s.) AV . [Fut. dvekṣyati - te; dveṣṭā.] Verb, dviṣṭa v. + ; dveṣṭum E., dvéṣṭos ŚB. Sec. Con;.: [1nt. dedviṣ-. — Desid. didvikṣa-. —] Caus. dveṣayati c. Deriv. : dvíṣ v. +

dv i ṣa c. -dviṣeṇya RV .

-dviṣṭi c. dv éṣa v. + -dveṣaka E.

dveṣin E. +

dvéṣya AV. + dvéṣaṇa v. +

dveṣaṇīya c. dvéṣas V.B. dveṣṭṛ E. +

√ d h a n , 'run'.

[Pres. 3. dadhanti. — 1. dhanati.] Perf. dadhánat dadhanyus dadhanvāṃs RV . See. Conj.: Caus. dhanáyan -yante -yanta RV . Deriv. dhániṣṭha RV.*

Compare roots dhanv, dhav, dhāv, dhū.

√ dhanv, 'run'.

Pres. [I.] dhánvati

etc. V.B. (dhaniva sv.) Perf. dadhanvé -viré RV .

Aor. 5. ádhanviṣus V.B. Deriv. dhánutṛ RV .

Seems to be a secondary root-form, from the preceding. Its v has value as u in half the RV . cases (in the present-system).

√ d h a m , d h m a , 'blow'.

Pres. [I.] dhámati etc. v.+, -te etc. U.E. — [2.] dhmānt c.

Perf. dadhmāu etc. dadhmire E.

Aor. [1. dhmāyāt dhmeyāt; adhmāyi.] — 6. adhmāsīt c. Fut. 1. dhamiṣyati etc. E.+ [dhmāsyati. — 2. dhmātā.] Verb, dhamitá RV., dhmātá v.+; -dhmāya B . +

See. Conj.: Pass, dhamyate etc. v.+, -ti E. ; dhmāyáte etc. B.+, -ti etc. CB.E.+

— 1nt. dādhmāyate c. [dedhmīya-. — Desid. didhmāsa-. —] Caus.

dhmāpayati etc. E.+ (dhmāpyate E.) [adidhmapat.] Deri u. : -dhama AV. +

-dhamana c dhamáni v. +

dhamitra c. -dhmā B . +

dhmāna AV. +

-dhmānīya c. dhmātavya c dhmātṛ RV .

dhmāpana c

√ d h a v , 'flow'. Pres. [1.J dhavate etc. RV. Deriv. dhávīyas RV .



1 dhāj ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 82

√ 1 dhā, dadh, 'put'.

Pres. [3.] dádhāti dhatté / tc . v . + — [1.] dádhati -te etc. v . + — [2.] dhāti RV3. — [4.] dhāyeta*Mu,, adhāyata M.

Perf. dadhāú dadhé etc. v . + (dadhātha v . , dadhidhvé -iṣvá -idhvam

RV., dadhre RV. ) A or. I. ádhāt adhus etc. v . + (adhītām RV. ; dheyām -yus [-yāsus] RV . ;

dhātu etc. v . ; dhetana RV.TB.), adhithās adhita etc. v . + (ahita hita AV.TA.; adhīmahi dhīmahi dhīmahe v . ; dhāmahe RV.; dhiṣe dhire dhéthe dhāithe RV . ; dhiṣvá RV.) ; ádhāyi dhāyi v . + —- 2. adhat SV., dhat RV . — 4. dhāsus dhāsathas -tha RV., adhiṣi -ṣata B. + (dhiṣīya B.S. , dheṣīya MS.) — 5 ? dhāyīs RV.

Fut. 1. dhāsyati -te etc. B.+ (adhāsyat c . ) — 2. dhātā etc. B. Verb, hitá v . + , -dhita v . c . ; dhātum B.+, -tave V.B., -tavāí AV., -tos V.B. ,

-dhitum c . ; dhitvā B. [hitvā]; -dhāya AV. +; -dhām AV. ; dhiyá-dhyāi RV. ; [-dhāyam.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhīyáte etc. v . + — [Int. dedhīyate. —] Desid. dhítsati etc. v . +, -te etc. v . + (dhitsyate a ) ; dídhiṣati etc. -te etc. RV. (didhi-ṣāṇa RV.) — Caus. dhāpayati etc. v . +, dhāpayīta s . (dhāpyate c . )

Deriv. : -dhā v . + -dhāna v . + dhānā ? v . + -dhānīya c . dhātu v . + -dhātavya B. + dhātṛ v . + dhāman v . +

dhāya s . -dhāyaka c . -dhāyin c .

dhāyyà B.S. dhāyu RV . dhāsí RV . -dhas v . +

-dhi v . + -dhiti V.B.S.

-hiti v . +

dheya B . + -dhéya n. v . + dhéṣṭha V.B. -dadha B.S. dádhi V.B.

-dadhus MS. dadhiṣú AV. didhiṣú v . +

didhiṣāyya RV. -dhitsā E. + -dhitsu s . +

-dhāpana s . –dhā payitavya c.

√ 2 dha, 'suck'.

Pres. [4 ?] dháyati etc. v . + Perf. dadhús RV. Aor. 1. adhāt AV. [dheyāt. — 3. adadhat. — 6. adhāsīt. j

Fut. I. dhāsyati E. [— 2. dhātā.] Verb, dhītá V.B. ; dhātave v. ; dhītvā CB. ; -dhīya CB. [-dhāya.] Sec. Conj.: [Pass, dhīyate. — Int. dādhā-, dādhī-, dedhīya-. — Desid.

dhitsa-. —] Caus. dhāpayate etc. RV., -ti ŚB. [adīdhapat.] Deriv. : -dhā v . +

-dhaya B. +

dhātu RV.S. -dhāyin c . dhāyas v . dhāyú RV .

dhārú AV. dhāsí RV.S. dhāsyú AV .

dhénā v . dhenú v . + dadhán, dádlii v . +

R e l a t e d w i t h √ dhi. T h e c o n n e c t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e d e r i v a t i v e s b y no m e a n s b e y o n d q u e s t i o n .

y 1 dhāv, 'run . Pres. [I.] dhāvati etc. -te etc. v . +

[Perf. dadhāva -ve.]



8 3 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [dhukṣ

Aor. [1 . dhāvyāsam. —] 3. adadhāvat RV. [adīdhavat.] — 5. adhāvīt

B. [adhāviṣṭa.] Fut. 1. dhāviṣyati c . [-te. — 2. dhāvitā.] Verb, dhāvita E. +; dhāvitvā c . ; -dhāvya c . Sec. Conj.: [Int. dādhāvya-. — Desid. didhāviṣa-. —] Caus. dhāváyati

etc. v . +

Deriv.: dhāvaka E. dhāvin c. dhāvana E. + dhāvitṛ E. dhārā?v.+ C o m p a r e r o o t s d h an , dhanv, d h av. I t i s r e c k o n e d b y t h e g r a m m a r i a n s

a s filling u p t h e d e f e c t i v e c o n j u g a t i o n o f √ sṛ.

√ 2 d h ā v , 'rinse'. Pres. [1.] dhāvati etc. -te etc. v . +

Perf. [dadhāva] dadhāvire c . Àor. 5. adhāviṣṭa (3s.) RV. Verb, dhāutá s v . + ; dhāutvā? c ; -dhāvya s . Sec. Conj.: Pass, d h āvyat e c . — Caus. d h āvayat i etc. *te etc. B. + Deriv. : dhava c .

dhāvaka E. -dhavin c . dhāvana B. +

dhauti RV. dhára ? v . +

P e r h a p s r a t h e r r e l a t e d w i t h √ dh u t h a n w i t h √ 1 dhav.

√ d h i , d h i n v , 'nourish 1.

Pres. [5.] dhinoti dhinvanti etc. B. + [Perf. didhinva.] Aor. 5 . adhinvīt PB. [Fut. dhinviṣyati, dhinvitā.]

P e r h a p s o n l y a n o t h e r f o r m o f √ 2 dhā, w i t h c a u s a t i v e v a l u e . S o m e o f t h e

d e r i v a t i v e s g i v e n u n d e r √ 2 dhā m i g h t b e p u t a s p r o p e r l y h e r e .

√ d h ī , d l d h l , 'think'.

Pres. [2.] dhīmahi B . + — [3?] dīdhayas dīdhayan dīdhyat et c. dí-dhyat adīdhet etc. dīdhye dīdhyāthām dīdhīthām dīdhyāna

adīdhīta etc. V.B. Perf. dīdhaya -dhima (-mas s v . ) -dhiyus -dhyus dīdhire v . n . Verb, dhītá v . + Sec. Conj.: Int. dedhyat TS. — Desid. ? dhīṣamāṇa RV 1 . Deriv. :

dhī v . +

dhītí V.B. dhíra v . + dhīvan AV.

dhiyasaná RV . -didhayu RV. dīdhiti v . +

C o m p a r e √ dhyā. T h e f o r m d h i m ah i b e l o n g s h e r e o n l y a s t h u s u s e d l a t e r , w i t h a f a l s e a p p r e h e n s i o n o f i t s p r o p e r m e a n i n g .

√ d h u k ṣ , 'kindle'.

Pres. [1.] dhukṣate E1

. [Perf. et c. dudhukṣ e; adudhukṣat, adhukṣiṣṭa; dhukṣiṣyate, dhu-kṣitā.]



d h u k ṣ ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 84

Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodhukṣ-. — Desid. dudhukṣiṣa-. —] Caus. dhukṣayati

etc. E.+ (dhukṣyate c ) Deriv. -dhukṣaṇa E . + Occurring only with the prefix sam.

√ d h ū , d h u , 'shake'.

Pres. [5.] dhūnóti dhūnuté etc. v. +; dhunoti dhunute etc. JB.S. + — [2.] dhuváte (3 p.) ŚB., dhuvāná TS. — [6.] dhuvati etc. AV.B. (dhūvet K. )

— [9.] dhunīyāt dhunāna dhūnāna c. — dhunet? Ml. Perf. dudhāva etc. E.+, dudhuve AV . (dudhuvīta dūdhot RV. ) A or. 4. adhūṣṭa -ṣata RV.S. [adhoṣṭa. — 5. adhāvīt adhuvīt, adhaviṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. dhaviṣyati

B.S. , -te B. [dhoṣyati -te. — 2. dhavitā, dhota.] Verb, dhūtá v. + , dhuta E. + [dhūna; dhavitum;] dhūtvā AB . ; -dhūya AV. +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhūyáte etc. AV.+ (dhūyant M.) — Int. dodhavīti etc. V.E., dodhūyate etc. E. + (dodhūyat pple. E.+); davidhu- RV. (da-vidhāva RV. ) — [Desid. dudhūṣa-. —] Caus. dhūnayati -te etc. E. + [dhāvayati.]

Deriv. : -dhu v. -dhava RV . -dhavana B.S.

-dhāva B. dhavitavyà ŚB. dhavítra B.S.

dhuvaka JB . dhúvana B.S. dhūti RV .

-dhuti c dhúni? V.B. dhūnana E. +

Compare √ 2 dhāv.

√ d h ū r v , 'injure'.

Pres. [I.] dhūrvati etc. V.B. [Perf. dudhūrva.] Aor. 5. adhūrvīt ŚB. [Fut. dhūrviṣyati, dhūrvitā.] Verb, dhūrvitum ŚB.

A secondary root-form from √ dhvṛ dhur.

√ d h ṛ , 'hold'. Pres. [I.] dhareran Aśsl. ; adhāram R 1 .

Perf. dadhāraetc. (dadhartha) JB.E.+; dādhāra V.B. (dādhártha R V . T A . ) ;

dadhré etc. v.+ Aor. 1. dhṛthās AV.; adhāri c. — 3. ádīdharat etc. V.B.S. (dīdhar, didhṛ-

tam -tá RV.), -rata (3s.) ŚB. [— 4. adhārṣīt.] FuU I. dhariṣyati etc. E.+, -te etc. AV.+ — 2. dhartā c. Verb, dhṛtá v.+; dhartum c. -tavāi KB. ; dhṛtvā B.+; -dhṛtya B.; dhar-

tári RV . ; -dhāram s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhriyáte etc. v.+, -ti etc. E . + — Int. dardharṣi adardhar

RV.; dādharti dādhrati dādhartu B. (dadhartu? AVP.; dādhārayati JB.) — Desid. didhīrṣa- (in d.) [didhariṣate.] — Caus. dhāráyati -te etc. v.+ (dhāryáte B. + ; didhārayiṣa- s.c.)



85 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ d h y ā

Deriv. : dhára v. +

dháraṇa

AV.+

-dharaṇīya c. dharaṇi E. + dharúṇa V.B. -dhártu RV . -dhárītu RV . dhartṛ V.B. dhartrá B.S. dháritṛ B. + dharṇasí V.B. dharni RV.

dharmán RV . dhárman

v. +

dhárma AV. + dhariman c dhárīman RV . dhárīyas B.S. -dhāra v. + dhāraka B . +

dhārin u.s. + dhārya E. + dharaṇa v. + -dhāraṇīya c.

-dhāri c.

dhīra E.

+

dhúr v. + dhura E. + -dhṛt v. + -dhṛk E. + dhṛti v. + -dhṛtvan B. -dhra v. + -dhri ? v. + dhruvá v. +

dhruvás RV. dhruvi

V.B.

dādhṛvi RV . dṛdhrá? RV. didhīrṣā c. -didhīrṣu c. -dhāraya v. + dhārayú RV . dhārayitavya u.+ dhārayitṛ B . +

dhārayiṣṇu o. -didhārayiṣā c.

√ d h ṛ ṣ , 'dare'.

Pres. [5.] dhṛṣṇóti etc. v.+ — [1.] dhárṣati etc. VS.R. — [2?] dhṛṣánt RV., dhṛṣāṇá AV .

Perf. dadhárṣa etc. V.B. (dādhṛṣus AV. ; dadhárṣat -ṣati dadharṣīt RV . ; dadhṛṣate dádhṛṣanta AV.

Aor. 2. adhṛṣas ŚB. (dhṛṣámāṇa? RV.) — [3. adīdhṛṣat, adadharṣat. —] 5. adharṣiṣus TA.

[Fut. dharṣiṣyati, dharṣitā.] Verb, dhṛṣṭá v.+, dhṛṣitá v.; -dhṛṣya B. + ; -dhṛṣe V.B. , -dhṛṣas RV . Sec. Conj.: [Int. darīdhṛṣ-. — Desid. didharṣiṣa-. —] Caus. dharṣayati

etc. B . +

Deriv. : dhárṣa v.+ -dharṣakaE.+ -dharṣin c. -dharṣyà AV.

dharṣaṇa E. +

dharṣaṇīya E.+

-dhṛṣ v. dhṛṣáj RV.

dhṛṣṭi B. + dhṛṣṇú v. + dhṛṣya v.+

dadhṛṣá RV. dādhṛṣi v. dadhṛṣváṇi RV. -dharṣayitavya c.

√ d h m ā , see √ d h a m .

√ d h y ā , 'think'. Pres. [4.] dhyāyati etc. B.+, -t e etc. E. + (dhyāyīta u.) — [2.] dhyāti etc.

E.+ (dhyāyāt B.S.) Perf. dadhyāu etc. B. + Aor. 4. dhyāsus M. —- 6. ádhyāsiṣam ŚB. Fut 1. dhyāsyati E. — 2. dhyātā JUB. Verb, dhyāta B.+; dhyātvā B.+; -dhyāya E.+; dhyāyam c Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhyāyate c — [Int. dādhyā-. —] Desid. didhyāsate ŚB.

[— Caus. dhyāpayati.] Deriv.: dhyā v.+

-dhyāyin B . +

dhyana u.+

dhyātavya c.

dhyātṛ c.

dhyeya E. +

-didhyāsana c

-didhyāsitavyà B.

-didhyāsu c.

Compare √ dhī, of which this is a later secondary form.



dhraj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 86

√ dhraj , d h r ā j , 'sweep'. Pres. [I.] dhrájati etc. RV. ; dhrājamāna MS. Aor. 5. dhrājiṣīya MS. Deriv. : -dhrajati RV . dhrájas RV.

dhráji- RV. dhráj MS. dhrājá MS,

dhráji V.B. dhrājí MS.

√ dhvaṃs, d h v a s , 'scatter'.

Pres. [ I . J dhvaṃsati -t e etc. B . +

Perf. dadhvaṃsus u. , dadhvaṃsire E.; dadhvasé V.B. Aor. 2. dhvasán RV . [— 3. adadhvaṃsat. — 5. adhvaṃsiṣṭa.] [Fut. dhvaṃsiṣyate, dhvaṃsitā.] Verb, d h v a s t a B . + ; - d h v a s y a E . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhvasyate c , -t i GB. [— 1nt. danīdhvaṃs- -dhvasya-. — Desid. didhvaṃsiṣa-.] — Caus. dhvaṃsáyati etc. B . + , -t e etc. JB . ; dhvasáyati etc. RV.

Deriv. :

-dhvasa E. + dhvasán n. pr. CB. dhvasáni v.

dhvasánti n. pr. RV . dhvasirá RV. dhvasti c .

dhvasmán RV. dhvasrá RV.B. dhvaṃsá AV. + -dhvaṃsaka c .

dhvaṃsin E. + dhváṃsana B.+ dhvaṃsi s.

√ d h v a n , 'sound'.

Pres. [ I . J dhvanati etc. c . Perf. datdhvonus c . Aor. [3. adidhvanat adadhvanat. —] 5. ádhvanīt RV . [Fut. dhvaniṣyati, dhvanitā.] Verb, dhvanita c, dhvāntá B . +

Sec. Conj.: 1nt. dandhvan- (in d.). — Caus. dhvanayati B. (dhvanayīt RV.) ; adhvānayat RV . (dhvānita c )

Deriv. : dhvana TA. dhvanyà RV.

dhvani AV.C. dhvanana s.+

dhvana s. + dhúni? V.B.

dandhvana E.

The RV. forms are set off by BR., perhaps rightly, to a separate √ dhvan 'cover', to which then dhvāntá RV.E.+ 'dark' is also referred.

√ d h v ṛ , d h u r , d h r u , 'injure'.

Pres. [I.] dhvárati etc. B. [Perf. dadhvāra.] Aor. 4. [adhvārṣīt,J ádhūrṣata (3 p. ) RV . [dhvṛṣīṣṭa. — 5. dhvariṣīṣṭa.] [Fut. dhvariṣyati, dhvartā.]

Verb, dhūrta E. +, dhruta TB . ; dhūrvane RV . Sec. Conj..- [Int. dādhvarya-. —] Desid. dúdhūrṣati etc. AV.ŚB. [— Caus.

dhvārayati.]



87 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [nand

Deriv. : dhúr ŚB.MS.

dhūrtí RV . -dhoraṇa? c

-dhru? RV . -dhrut RV . dhrúti RV.

dhvará MS. dhvarás RV .

-dhvartavya TS. -dhvṛt RV .

Compare √ dhūrv, which is a secondary form (u-class) of this root.

√ naṃś, see y 2 n a ś .

y nakṣ, 'attain'.

Pres. [1.] nákṣati -te etc. V.B. Perf. nanakṣús - k ṣ é RV. [Aor. etc. anakṣīt; nakṣiṣyati, nakṣitā.] Deriv.: nákṣatra? v. + nakṣya RV .

A secondary form of √ 2 n a ś . Compare also inakṣ, under √ 2 n a ś .

y naṭ, 'dance, play'.

Pres. [l.J naṭati c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. n āṭ ayat i etc. c . Deric.: naṭa E. + naṭana c.

naṭanīya c. naṭa c. nāṭaka c

nāṭin c. nāṭayitavya c

A prakritized formation from √ nṛt .

y n a d ‚ 'sound'. Pres. [1.] nádati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E . +

P erf. nanāda nedus E. +, nedire E.

[Aor. etc. anīnadat, anādīt; nadiṣyati, naditā.] Verb, nadita C. ; -nadya E . +

Sec Conj.: Pass, nadyate E. — Int. nānadati (3 p,) etc. V.E., nānadyate etc. JB.E. — [Desid. ninadiṣa-. —] Caus. nadáyati -te etc. RV.E. ; nādayati -te etc. E. + (nādyate E. + )

Deriv.: nadá v. +

nadī? v.+ -nadin E.

nadathu u.

nadanú RV . nadanimán AV .

nādá v. +

nādín AV. + nādi S.

-nadana E.

nānada B.S. Compare the next root.

y n a n d , 'rejoice'. Pres. [1.] nándati etc. v. +, -te etc. E . + Perf. nanandus etc. E. + [Aor. ananandat, anandīt.] Fut. nandiṣyate E. [-ti. — 2. nanditā.J

V erb, nandita B. + ; -nandya E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, nandyate etc.c.— [Int. nānand-.— Desid. ninandiṣa-.—] Caus. nandayati -te etc. u. +



nand] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 88

Deriv.:

nánda v.+ nandaka E. +

nandin AV. + -nandya c

nándana AV.+ -nandanīya c. nándi B . +

nanditr E.

nandáthu B. + nāndaná sv.u. nāndī RV.E. + nānduka c.

nánāndṛ? v. -nandayitavya u.+ -nandayitṛ c.

D o u b t l e s s t h e s a m e w i t h t h e p r e c e d i n g r o o t .

√ n a b h , Lburst'.

Pres. [1.] nábhate etc. v. [— 9. nabhnāti. — 4. nabhyati.] [Perf. etc. nanābha nebhe, etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. anabhayan AB. ; nambhaya TS.S. Deriv.: nábh RV .

nabhanú, -ū RV . nabhanyà RV. nábhas v. +

nabhaka RV.B . nábhya V.B.S.

nábh RV. nabhi v. +

T h e c o n n e c t i o n o f p a r t o f t h e d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h t h i s r o o t i s q u i t e q u e s t i o n -a b l e .

√ n a m , 'bend, bow'.

Pres. [1.] námati -t e etc. v.+ (namāna R. )

Perf. nemus c (nōnāma nanámas RV.), neme RV. (nanāmire M.) Aor. 3. anīnamat etc. RV.C. — 4. anān K., anaṁsata (3 p.) B. (naṁsāi

náṁsante RV . ) — 6. anaṁsīt c. Fut, 1. naṁsyati B. , namiṣyati c. [— 2. naṁtā.] Verb, natá v. + ; naṁtum c , namitum c.; natvā c ; -nátya B., -namya

E.+; -námam -name RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, namyate u . + — Int. nánnamītietc. V.B. (nannamus B . ) ,

-māna (námnate anamnataRv.); nannamyate s . — Desid. ninaṁsa-(in d.) — Caus. namayati etc. v.+; nāmayati etc. U.S.+ (nāmyate et c K.+, -t i et c c )

Deriv. : -nam AV.

náma RV.? E. +

namana c. namanīya c. námas v. + namasāná v.

námī? RV. nati AV. +

náṁtva RV. naṁtṛ c. namrá v. +

-nāma E . +

-nāmaka c.

nāmin v.+ nāmya E. +

nāmana c. -nāmuka B.

nemi v. + -nannama RV. -ninaṁsu c. namayitavya c. -namayitṛ c. namayiṣṇu RV.

√ nard, 'bellow'.

Pres. [I.] nardati et c B.+, -t e et c E . +

Perf. nanarda E.

[Aor. et c anardīt; nardiṣyati, narditā.]

Verb, nardita E.+; -nardam E. Sec Conj.: Int. nānardyamāna c — Caus. -nardayati GB. Deriv.: -narda s. + -nardin u. nardana c.



89 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [nāth

√ 1 n a ś , 'be lost'.

Pres. [4.] náśyati etc. v.+‚ -te etc. E. — [1.] náśati -te etc. V .E .+ Perf. nanāśa V.E., neś us B . +

Aor. 2. anaśat E. + — 3. aneśat etc. V.B. ; anīnaśat etc. v.+ (nīnaśus E.) Fut. 1. naśiṣyati AV. + ; naṅkṣyati -te etc. E.+ (anaṅkṣyata M.) — 2. na ś -

itā E. [naṃṣṭā.] Verb, naṣṭá v . + [naṣṭum, naṃṣṭum; naṣṭvā, naṃṣṭvā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. nānaś-, — Desid. ninaśiṣa-, ninaṅkṣa-. —] Caus. n ā ś -

áyati etc. v.+, -te etc. E.+ (nāśayádhyāi RV.; nināśayiṣa- c.) Deriv. : -naś RV.B.

-naṃśin v.s.

naśana B . + naṃśuka K.

naṣṭi B. + naśvara c.

nāśa B. + nāśaka E. +

nāś in B . +

nāś ya E. +

nāśana AV. + nāśuka TS.

naṣṭrā AV.B. nāśayitṛ vs.

The forms from the stem naśa are perhaps to be classed as of aorist 2.

√ 2 n a ś , naṃś, 'attain'.

Pres. [1.] náśati -t e etc. v. Aor. 1. ānaṭ V.B. (ṇaṭ v . ; anaṣṭām nak nakṣi impv. náṃśi naśī-

rnahi RV.) Verb, -náśe Rv.vs.

See. Conj.: Desid. ína kṣa t i etc. RV.

Deriv.: náṃśa RV. -náṃśana RV. -náśa V. - n ā ś a R v . s . The form ānaṭ is by some referred to √ 1 aś . Compare √ nakṣ.

√ n a s , 'unite'.

Pres. [1.] násate etc. RV. Aor. 1. nasīmahi RV.

√ n a h , 'tie'.

Pres. [4.] náhyati -te etc. v. + (nahyus AB . ) — [1.] nahet M. [Perf. etc. nanāha (nanaddha nehitha) n e h e ; anīnahat, anātsīt

anaddha; natsyati -te, naddhā.] Verb, naddhá v. + ; [naddhvā;] -náhya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, nahyate c [— 1nt. nānah-. — Desid. ninatsa-.] — Caus.

nāhayati etc. s. + Deriv. : -nah(nádh) v.+

náhana v. + náhas? c.

náhus v. + -naddhi B.

-naddhavya E. +

nāha AV. + -nāhya B.S.

-nāhana c. -nāhuka? AB .

√ nāth, nadh, 'seek aid'.

Pres. [I.] nāthate

etc. B.+, -ti

etc. E.+; nādhamāna v. [Perf. etc. nanātha, nanādhe; anāthīt, anādhiṣṭa; nāthiṣyati, nādhi-ṣyate; nāthitā, nādhitā.J



nāth] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 90

Verb, nāthitá v.+, nādhitá RV . ; nāthitum c ; -nāthya c.

Sec Conj.: Pass, nāthyate c. Deriv.: nāthá v.+ -nādha B. nādhas RV.

√ niṃs, 'kiss'.

Pres. [2.] níṃsate niṃsata níṃsāna RV. [Perf. etc. niniṃse; aniṃsiṣṭa; niṃsiṣyate, niṃsitā.] Deriv. -niṃsin c.

√ n i k ṣ , 'pierce'.

Pres. [1.] níkṣ at i etc. AV.

[Perf. etc. ninikṣ a; anikṣīt; nikṣiṣyati , nikṣitā.] Verb, -níkṣe v. Deriv.:-nikṣaṇa C. nīkṣaṇaVRv. nékṣaṇa AV.S.

IS perhaps a desiderative formation from y 1 n a ś .

√ n i j , 'wash'.

Pres. [2?] nije c , nijāná RV. — [3.] ninikta (2 p. ) RV . [Perf. nineja, ninije.] Aor. 2. anijam -jan AV.S. [— 3. anīnijat.] — 4. anāikṣīt nikṣ i AV. [Fut. nekṣyati -te, nektā.] Verb, niktá v. + ; niktvā B. + ; -níjya B.+; -níje RV. Sec. Con;.: Pass, nijyate etc. E . + — Int. nénekti nenikté etc. v.+ [—

Desid. ninikṣa-.] — Caus. nejayati etc. B. + Deriv.: -nij v.s.

-nikti a -neka s.c. -nega B.S.

-neja c. nejaka c. -nejya PB .

néjana v.+ -nektṛ s.

The intensive is regarded by the grammarians as the present-stem of this root.

√ nind, nid, 'revile'.

Pres. [1.] nindati etc. v.+, -te etc. E. + Perf. nininda E. + (nindima ninidús RV.) Aor. 1. nindyāt u., nidāná RV. -— 5. ánindiṣus RV.S. (níndiṣat AV.) Fut. [1. nindiṣyati. —] 2. ninditā E. Verb, ninditá v.+; -nindya E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, nidyáte RV. ; nindyate c. — Desid. ninitsati RV., -te s. Deriv.: ni d RV .

nídā RV . -nedya RV.

ninda AV. + nindaka E. + nindin c.

nindya v. + nindana c. nindanīya c.

ninditṛ RV . ninitsú RV .

√ nī, 'lead'. Pres. [I.] náyati -t e et c v.+ — [3?] ninīthás ninīyāt RV., ninetu MS. —

[2.1 néṣ i V.S., nethá RV., ánītām RV .



91 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [nud

Perf. nināya ninyus etc. v.+ (ninétha RV., nīnima TS.), ninye B . + —

-nayām āsa M. , -nayāṁ cakre R. Aor. [1. anāyI. — 3. anīnayat. —] 4. anāiṣīt etc. v.+ (nāis anāit B.S. ; neṣati etc. RV,, néṣat V.B. , neṣa AV.), aneṣṭa etc. V.B. — 5. anayīt AV., anayīṣṭa (2 p.) s. — anāyiṣata (pass.) c.

Fut. I. neṣyati etc. AV.+, -t e etc. B.+ (aneṣyathās M,); nayiṣyati etc. J B . E . +

(anayiṣyat JB. ) , -te etc. R. — 2. netā E. , nayitā E. Verb, nītá v. + ; nétum B.+, -tavāí B.S., -tos B. , nayitum B. + ; nītvā B. +,

nayitvā E. + ; -nīya AV. + ; neṣ áṇi RV. ; -nāyam JB. Sec. Conj.: Pass, nīyáte etc. v. + — Int. nenīyáte etc. v. + — Desid. nínī-

ṣati etc. v. +, -t e etc. u.s. + — Caus. nāyayati etc. E. +, -te R. Deriv.: -n ī v. +

naya v. + -nayin E. + nayana U.S. + nāyá RV.C. nāyaka E. + -nāyin E.

-nāyya C.

-nāyana c. nīti v. + netavya E. + nayitavya E . + netṛ v. + -nayitṛ E.

netrá AV. +

nīthá v. + nīthā v. neman-? RV . -nīya B. neya s. + náyiṣṭha RV.

néṣa RV . néṣṭṛ v. + -nenī RV. ninīṣā E. + ni nī ṣu E. + -ninīṣeṇya B.

√ nTḍ, 'nest\

May be mentioned on account of nīḍá v. + and nīḍí RV . √ 1 n u , n ū , 'praise'.

Pres. [2.] nāuti nuvánti etc. v.+ (anāvan RV.) — [I.] návate -t i etc. v. [— 6. nuvati . ]

Perf, nunāva c Aor. 3. [anūnavat] ánūnot et c RV , — 4. [anāuṣīt,] ánūṣi etc. V.B. —

5. [anāvīt anuvīt,] anaviṣṭa RV. [Fut. naviṣyati , nuviṣ yat i ; navitā, nuvitā.] Verb, nuta c [nūta; navitum, nuvitum;] -nutya s,; -nāvam B. Sec Conj.: Pass, nūyate et c E. + — Int. nónavīti nonumas et c v., no-

nuvanta RV . (nónāva nonuvus RV.) ; návīnot RV . [— Desid. nunū-ṣa-. — Caus. nāvayati (nunāvayiṣa-).]

Deriv.: -nava B. + návya RV.

navana c. náviṣṭi RV .

nāva RV. nuti c.

nonuva c.

√ 2 n u , 'move'.

Pres. [1.] návate etc. RV. — [2.] nāuti s. Verb, nūta? PB . Sec Conj.: Caus. n ā v a y a t i etc. B.

√ n u d , 'push'. Pres. [6.] nudáti -te et c v. + Perf. nunoda c , nunude et c v.+



nud] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 92

Aor. 1. nudyāt E. + — [3. anūnudat. — ] 4. [anāutsīt,] ánutta etc. V.B. —

5. nudiṣṭhās AV. Fut. 1. notsyati E., -te B.E. [— 2. nottā.] Verb, nuttá v.+, nunna SV.E.+, nudita M. ; -nudya s. + ; -núde RV., -nudas

K. ; -nódam v. Sec. Conj.: Int. a no nudy a nta B. — Desid. n u n u t s a - (in d.). — Caus. no d-

ayati etc. u. + (nodyate E. + ) Deriv. : -nud v. +

-nuda E. + nutt i B. +

noda v. + -nodaka c. -nodin c.

nodya c. nodana c. -nottavya B.

-nunutsu c. -nodayitavya c.

√ n ṛ , 'sport'. To be recognized with probability in the derivatives:

narúṇa TA. naríṣṭā AV.VS. nariṣyant E. + narmá vs. narman E. +

also in sūnára V.B. and sūnṛ- (sūnṛtā v. +). Compare also √ nṛt .

√ n ṛ t , 'dance'.

Pres. [4.] nṛtyati etc. v. +, -te etc. E. + Perf. nanarta nanṛtus E. + Aor. 1. nṛtus RV . (perf.?) — 2. nṛtámāna? RV. [— 3. anīnṛtat, ananar-

tat.] — 5. anartiṣus v.

Fut. 1. nartiṣyati c. [nartsyati. — 2. nartitā.] Verb, nṛttá AV. + ; nartitum c , narttum c.; nartitvā c.; -nartam B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, nṛtyate c. — 1nt. narīnartti etc. c , narīnṛtyate c. -ti? c. — Desid. ninartiṣa- (in d.) [ninṛtsa-]. — Caus. nartáyati etc. v.+, - te etc. E . +

Deriv. : nṛt AV. nṛtya u. + -narta E. + nartaka E. +

-nartin vs. nartana s. + nṛti? AV . nṛtí v.

nṛtú RV. nṛtū RV . -nṛtti B. nartitavya c.

nartayitṛ E. ninartiṣā c.

Compare roots n a ṭ and n ṛ .

√ n e d , 'flow'.

Pres. [I .] nedati etc. B. , - te u. [Perf. etc. nineda, ninede ninide; anedīt , -diṣṭa; nediṣ yat i , - t e ;

neditā.] Deriv. -neda MS.

√ p a c , 'cook'.

Pres. [I.] pácati -te etc. v . + (pacāna M. ) — [4.] pácyate etc. R V . Ś B .

Perf. papāca pecus etc. V.B. [papaktha, pecitha] , pece pecire etc. v . +

(ápeciran AV.) Aor. [I . pacyāt; apāci. — 3. apīpacat.] — 4. [apākṣīt , apakta]

pákṣat RV.



93 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [paṇ

Fut. 1. pakṣyati -t e etc. B. + (apokṣyat c )— 2. paktā B. Verb, (pakvá;) páktave AV.B. ; paktvā AV.E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, pacyáte etc. v.+, -t i M. — Int. pāpacyate etc. a —

[Desid. pipakṣa-. —] Caus. pācayati -t e etc. B. + (pācyate E. ) Deriv. : pac? c.

-paca B. + -pacya AV . pácana v. + pacatá V.B. pacatyà RV .

pakti RV . pákti vs. + paktavya E. paktṛ AV. + paktrima c. pakthá RV.B.

pakthin RV . pakvá v. + pacelima c pāka v. + pākin c pākya u.s.+

pācaka E. +

-pācin c pācya u. pācana c. -pācayitṛ c.

√ p a j , 'start'(?). Perf. papaje RV 1 . Deriv.: pajrá v.s. pājas V.B.

The connection of form and meaning among these words is altogether questionable.

√ p a ṭ , 'tear'. Pres. [I.] paṭati el . Sec. Conj.: Caus. pāṭayati etc. u. +, -te etc. E. (pāṭyate c ) Deriv.: pāṭa E. + pāṭaka B. + -pāṭin c pāṭana E . +

pāṭya c. pāṭanīya c

√ p a ṭ h , 'read'.

Pres. [I.] paṭhati etc. TA . + , -t e etc. E . +

Perf. papāṭha c [Aor. etc. apīpaṭhat, apāṭhīt; paṭhiṣyati, paṭhitā.] Verb, paṭhita s. +; paṭhitvā c. Sec. Con j.: Pass, paṭhyate etc. B. + — 1nt. pāpaṭhīti etc. c , pāpaṭhyate

c. — [Desid. pipaṭhiṣa-. —] Caus. pāṭhayati etc. c (pāṭhyate c ) Deriv.: paṭhaka E.

paṭhana c. paṭhanīya c.

paṭhitavya c.

paṭhiti c

pāṭha s.+

pāṭhaka E. + pāṭhin E. +

pāṭhya E. +

pāṭhana c

√ p a ṇ , 'bargain'.

Pres. [I.] paṇate etc. B. +, -ti etc. E. + [Perf. etc. p e ṇ e ; apīpaṇat, apaṇiṣṭa; paṇiṣyate, paṇitā.] Verb, paṇita E. ; paṇitvā s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, paṇyate etc. E. [— Int. pampaṇ-. — Desid. pipaṇiṣa-. —]

Caus. paṇayati etc. c. [pāṇayati.] } Deriv.: paṇa AV. +

-paṇin c. páṇya B. +

páṇana B . +

paṇí v. + paṇāyya B. vaṇíj ? v. + paṇitṛ c

-pāṇa AV . pāṇí? v.+ paṇayitṛ c.



1 pat] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 94

√ 1 pat , 'fly, fall'.

Pres. [I.] pátati etc. v. +, -t e etc. E. + Perf. papata petús etc. v. + (paptima paptús paptivāṃs RV.; papat-

yāt AV.)

Aor. 1. apāti B . — 3. apaptat etc. V.B.S. ; apīpatat etc. v. Fut. í. patiṣyáti etc. AV.+, -t e E. (apatiṣyatB.+) — 2. patitā M. Verb, patitá AV. +; pátitum B . • patitvā AV.B. ; -pátya B . +; -pātam B. + Sec. Conj.: Int. pāpatīti etc. RV. [panīpat-.] — Desid. pipatiṣati etc. AV.

CB. ; pitsa- (in d.). — Caus. pātáyati etc. v. +, -t e etc. E. + (pātyate etc. E.+); pa t á y a t i etc. V.B.S . , -t e RV.

Deriv. : -pat RV .

pata- v. + pátana v.+ -ptu? MS. patāka S.+ -patitavya c. páttra v.+ pátatra v.c.

pátman V.B. -patya B. pátvan V.B.S.

patará RV. patáru RV. pátiṣṭha V.B. -patiṣṇu B. + patīyas B.

pāta AV .

+

pātaka s. + pātin A v. + pātya E. + pātana s. + pātanīya c. pātuka B.E.

-paptani RV.

patāpata s. pipatiṣu E. + -pitsu c. patayālú AV. patayiṣṇú v. pātayitṛ c.

√ 2 p a t , 'rule'.

Pres. [4.] pátyate etc. V.B. Doubtless only a denominative of páti.

y p a t h , 'go' (?).

Pres. [1.] páthati etc. s. [Perf. etc. papātha, apathīt; pathiṣyati, pathitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. pāthayati B.S. . Deriv.: path pathí pánthan v.+ pánthā v. páthan- B« pāthas v. +

pāthis B.

NO real

root;

the

present

forms

doubtless

bad

readings

for

patati

etc.;

the

causative a denominative of the stem path.

√ p a d , 'go'.

P res. [4.] pádyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. AB.E. — [2?] padyām R 1 . , patsva M1 . Perf. papāda pedus etc. v. +, pede etc. B. + Aor. 1. apadmahi vs. -dran RV. (padāti -dāt v.; padīṣṭá v.); ápādi

pādi v. + — 3. apīpadat AV.B. — 4. apatsi etc. V.B.U. (patthās AV.)

Fut. I. patsyati etc. B. + (patsyantu a), -t e etc. u.+ [— 2. pattā.] Verb, panná AV. +; páttumB.+, -tave RV., - t o s B . ; -pádyav. + ; -pádas

V.B . ; -pādam B . + Sec. Conj.: Int. panīpadyate c. — Desid. pitsati B. , -te c. — Caus. pād-áyati etc. v.+, -t e etc. AV.+ (pādyate etc. B. + ; pipādayiṣati B .+ )



95 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 p a

Deriv.: -pad v. +

pād v.+ padá v. + -padanaB.u.s .

padanīya B . +

-pádi RV 1 .

patti AV.+ -pattavya

E. + -pattṛ c .

-padva? c . -pāda B. + -pādaka E. +

-pādin c.

-pādya B. + -pādana E. + -pādanīya c. pādú? RV.MS.

pāduka B.

-pitsā c

-pitsu c -patsu c -pādayitavya c. -pādayitṛ c -pipādayiṣā c . -pipādayiṣu c.

√ p a n , 'admire'. Pres. [1.] pánanta RV. Perf. papana papné RV . Aor. 5. paniṣṭa (3s.) RV. Verb,

panitá

RV.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, panyáte RV . — Int. pánipnat V.B. — Caus. panáyati -te

etc. RV .

Deriv.: pana- RV . pánya RV.K. panāyya RV.AB.

panas- RV . panú RV. panitṛ RV .

paniṣṭama sv. pániṣṭi sv. pániṣṭha V.B. pánīyas v.

pányas RV. -panyā RV. -panyu RV. panayāyyaRv.

T h e w o r d s paṇya s,, paṇáyya ŚB. s e e m t o b e l o n g i n m e a n i n g t o t h i s r o o t .

√ p a r d , 'pederé.

N o t q u o t a b l e e i t h e r i n v e r b - f o r m s o r d e r i v a t i v e s [par da, pardin,

pardana].

√ 1 p a ś , s p a ś , 'see'.

Pres. [4.] páśyati -te etc. v . + Perf. paspaśé etc. v . Aor. 1. áspaṣṭa (pres.?) RV . [— 3. apaspaśat.] Verb, spaṣṭa v . +

Sec. Conj.: Caus. spā śa y a t e et c. V.B., -ti s. Deriv. : páś ? RV.

paśya v. + paś yin c . 'paśyata AV.

-paśyana c. spáś V.B.

spaśa B. + -spāśana AV. paspaśā c .

T h e s t e m p a ś y a i s r e g a r d e d a s s u p p l y i n g t h e d e f i c ie n t p r e s e n t o f √ dṛś.

√ 2 p a ś , 'bind'.

R e g a r d e d a s i n f e r a b l e f r o m p a ś ú v. +, pāśa v. +

√ 1 p ā , 'drink'.

Pres. [1.] pibati -te etc. v . + — [2.] pānti RV 1 . , pāthás AV 1 . — [3.] pipatu K., pipīte pipate pipīya apipīta B., pipāná RV., pípāna AV.

Perf. papāú

et c

v . + (papātha

RV.,

papīyāt

RV.),

pape

et c v.

Aor. 1. apāt et c v . + (pāhí pātám pātá pant v.); peyās (3s.) RV. ; ápāyi RV. — [3. apīpyat. —] 4. pāsta AV.



1 PS] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 96

Fut. I. pāsyati -t e etc. B . + [— 2. pātā.]

Verb, pītá v. + ; pātum c , pātave V.B., -tavāi B. , -tos KB. ; pītvā V.B.S.,

-tvī RV . ; -pay a A v. s,, -pīya E. + ; -pāí? RV.; píbadhyāi RV . [pāyam.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, pīyáte etc. AV.+ — Int. pepīyate etc. U.C. [pāpā-.] — Desid. pipāsati etc. v. + ; pípīṣati etc. RV . (√ pī?) — Caus. pāyáyati etc. v.+, -te a (pāyyate s.; pipāyayiṣet K.)

Deriv.: -pā v. +

pāna v. + pānīya E. + pātavya B. +

pātṛ

v. +

pātra v.+ Compare √ 3 pā.

panta RV . -pāyaka E. -payin B. + –pāyya RV.C. pāyána v. + -pāvan V.B.

pitú? V.B. pītí V.B.S.

-pītha v. + -péya v. +

-piba AV.C. papi RV . pipāsa B. + pipāsu E. +

pi pī ṣu

RV .

pāyayitavyà MS .

√ 2 pā, 'protect'.

Pres. [2.] pāti etc. v. + (pāná RV 1 . ) [Perf. papāu.] Aor. 4. pāsati etc. RV. — 6. apāsīt c [Fut. pāsyati, pātā.] Verb, [pāta;] pātum E.

[Sec. Conj.: pāyate; pāpā-; pipāsa-; pālayati.] Deriv.: -pā v. + -pāna AV. + pātavya c.

pātṛ v . c pātra? Rv 1. pāyú v. -pāyya RV.

pāla v. + -pāvan V.B. páti? v.+

pitṛ ? v. + -pīti RV . -pītha v. -pīthya RV .

√ 3 pā, 'rise against'.

BR. refer to such a root certain forms from the reduplicated middle stem

pipī with prefix ud. Since, however, such forms occur with the unquestion-able meaning 'drink', and, on the other hand, forms from ut-piba (CB.) with

the meaning given to 3 pā, it seems probable that we have here only a curiously specialized use of √ 1 pā + ud.

√ pāy> 'cacarê'. Pres. [I.] pāyate? u. Deriv. p ā y ú B . +

A single very doubtful occurrence (see BR.).

√ pi , pi, 'swell, fatten'.

Pres. [1.] páyate RV. — [2?] píyāna RV . — [3?] pīpihí V.B . , pipyatam etc.

pīpáyat etc. pīpaya ápīpet etc. (-payat -pema -pyan) pīpáyanta pīpyāna RV . — [5.] pinvánt -vatī AV., pinvire pinvāná RV., pin-vāte apinvātām JB.<



97 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.

Perf. pīpāya etc. (pīpetha pipyathus -yus pīpivāṃs pipyúṣ-) pipye ?

(pīpyāná) RV . Verb, pīná AV. + Deriv. : -paya? RV .

páyas v. + -pyasa? AV.

-pit RV .

pitú V.B. pīyūṣa v. +

pīva AB . pīvan v. + pīvāṃs M.

pīvara E. + pīvas V.B. pīviṣṭha ŚB.

The roots pinv and pya (given for convenience separately) are extensions of this. The classification of the reduplicated forms is difficult and questionable.

√ p i n v , 'fatten'.

Pres. [I.] pinvati -te etc. V.B.S.

Perf. pipinváthus RV. [Aor. etc. apinvīt; pinviṣyatI. pinvitā.] Verb, pinvitá ŚB. Sec. Conj.: Caus. pinvayati ŚB. Deri y.: -pinva RV. pinvana B.S.

A secondary root-form, from stem [5.] pinu of √ pī, from which stem a few regular forms are also made in the older language.

√ p i b d , 'be firm')?).

Pres. [ I . J píbdamāna V.B. Deriv. pibdaná v.

√ p i ś , 'adorn'.

Pres. [6.J piṃśáti -t e etc. V.B. Perf. pipéśa pipiś us pipiś é -śre v. Aor. 1. piśāná RV . [— 3. apīpiśat. — 5. apeśīt.] [Fut. peśiṣyatí , peśitā.] Verb, piṣṭá V.B. , piśitá A V . + Sec. Con j.: Pass, piś yáte AV. — 1nt. pépiśat -śāna V.B. [— Desid. pipi-

śiṣa- pipeśiṣa- . — Caus. peśaya-.] Deriv.: pí ś v.

piśá v. piśánga v. +

piś ācá v. + piśāci RV. píśuna? v.+

peś a v. + peś ī B. + péśana v.

péś as v. + peśitṛ vs.

√ p i ṣ , 'crush*.

Pres. [7.] pináṣṭi piṃṣánti etc. v.+ (piṇák RV.), piṃṣe M. — [6.] piṃṣá AV . ?, apiṃṣat M. ; piṣeyam piṣantī apiṣan E , ápīṣan AV .

Perf. pipéṣa pipiṣ e etc. v. + Aor. 1 ? apiṣṭām (3d.) cl. — 3. apīpiṣat E. — 7. apikṣan ŚB. [apikṣātām.]

Fut. I. pekṣyati u. [— 2. peṣṭā.] Verb, piṣṭá v. + ; péṣṭum B.+, -ṭavāí B. ; piṣṭva B . ; -piṣya s.+; -péṣam B. +



piś] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 9 8

Sec. Con j.: Pass, piṣyáte etc. B. + [— Int. pepiṣ-. — Desid. pipikṣa-.] —

Caus. peṣayati etc. s. + Deriv. : peṣa E. +

peṣaka c peṣya c péṣī RV.

péṣaṇa B. + peṣṭṛ c

péṣṭra? AV. pípiṣvant?Rv.

Doubtless we are to read apiṃṣṭām for apiṣṭām (Bhāg. Pur.),

√ p i s , 'stretch' (? . Pres. [4.] pisyati ŚB.

Perf. pipisus CB. Der iv. pésuka ŚB.

√ 1 p i , see √ p i ,

√ 2 p ī , see √ p ī y .

√ p ī ḍ , 'press'.

Perf. pipīḍé RV. Sec. Con;.: Caus. pīḍayati etc. AV.+, -te E. (pīḍyate etc. B.+; -pīḍam c.) Deriv.: -pīḍa E. +

pīḍā s. + -pīḍaka c -pīḍin c pīḍana u.+

pīḍanīya E. pīḍayitavyaE.

-pīlana c. pipīla? AV.+

] / p l y , 'abuse'.

Pres. [I.] pīyati etc. V.B. Deriv.: p í y ā m v. pīyaka AV. pīyatnú RV . pīyú V.B.

√ p u ṭ , 'scale' etc.

Pres. [6.] puṭati c [Perf. etc. pupoṭa; apoṭīt; poṭiṣyati, poṭitā.J Verb, puṭita? c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, puṭyate c. [— Caus. puṭayati, poṭayati.] Deriv.: puṭa B. + -puṭaka c

puṭana c -poṭa c. -poṭaka c

-poṭana o.

A late and bastard root, probably denominative of puṭa.

√ p u t h , 'crush.

[Pres. etc. puthyati; pupotha; apothīt; pothiṣyati, pothitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. pothayati etc. E.+, -te E. + Deriv.: potha E. pothaka E.

√ p u ṣ , 'thrive'.

Pres. [4.] púṣyati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . + — [9.] puṣṇāti et c. E . + — [1.] poṣati c1.



D9 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.

Perf. pupóṣa etc. v.+ (pupuṣyās RV.) Aor. 1. puṣyāsam -sma B., -yāt c. [apoṣi.] — 2. [apuṣat] (puṣeyam

-ema V.B.S. , puṣa s.) [— 3. apūpuṣat. — 5. apoṣīt.] [Fut. poṣiṣyati, pokṣyati; poṣitā, poṣṭā.] Verb, puṣṭá v.+; puṣyáse RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, puṣyate etc. c — [7nt. popuṣ-. — Desid. pupoṣiṣa-, pu-

puṣiṣa-, pupukṣa-. —] Caus. poṣayati etc. v. + Deriv. : -puṣ RV.C.

puṣya v. + púṣka- v. + púṣpa v. +

puṣṭí v. púṣṭi AV. +

pūṣa c pūṣán v. + pūṣaṇá RV.E. pūṣaryà RV .

po ṣa v. + poṣaka E . +

poṣ in RV.C. póṣya v. +

poṣaṇa E. + poṣaṇīya c.

-poṣas RV . poṣuka B. poṣṭṛ E. + poṣitṛ c

poṣayitnú RV. poṣayiṣṇú AV.

√ p ū , 'cleanse'.

JVes. [9.] punāti punīté etc. v.+ (punāhí sv., punaté RV.) — [I.] pávate etc. V.B.S. (pávamāna v.+), pava RV 1 . , pavant c 1. — punīṣé (l s. ) RV 1 .

Perf. pupuvus B.S. , -ve etc. B. (apupot RV.MS.)

Aor. [3. apīpavat. —] 5. apāviṣus RV., apayiṣṭa etc. RV.MS.

[Fut. paviṣyati -te; pavitā.] Verb, pūtá v. + [pavita, pūna;] pavitum JB.; [pavitvā,] pūtvā AV.,

pūtvī

RV,; -pūya B.s.; -pāvam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, pūyáte etc. v.+ [— int . popu-. — Desid. pupūṣa-, pi-paviṣa-.] — Caus. paváyati etc. B.S . , -t e AA. ; pāvayatietc. B.+, - t e E . (pāvyate etc. c )

Deriv. : -p ū V.B.

-pu AV .

-pvā? v. pava c. pavā RV .

pávyā RV . pávona v. + pūti B. + pūtríma AV.

potṛ v. + potrá v. + pavītṛ RV . pavitṛ AV . + pavítra v. +

-pāva v.+ pāvaká v. + pāvona E. + -puna E. +

pavayitṛ B.

√ p ū j , 'reverence.

Pres. [I.] apūjan? Ml. Perf. pupūjire Ml. [Aor. apupujat.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. pūjayati etc. s. +, -te etc. E. (pūjyate etc. E. + ) Deriv.: pūjā s.+ pūjya E. + pūjanaRv.E.+ pūjayitṛ E.

pūj aka E. + pūj anīya E. + puj ayitavya c

√ p ū y , 'stink'.

Pres. [1.] pūyati etc. B.S. [-te.] [Perf. etc. pupūye; apūpuyat, apūyiṣṭa; pūyiṣyat^, pūyitā.]

Verb, [pūtaj pūyita (caus.?) ŚB. [Sec. Conj.: popūy-, popū-; pupūyiṣ a-; pūyaya-.]

Deriv.: pūya B. + pūti AV.+



pūr] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 100

√ p ū r , see √ 1 p ṛ .

√ l p ṛ , p ṛ ṇ , p ū r , 'fill'.

Pres. [3.] píparti píprati etc. v.c (ápiprata 3s. RV . ; pipīpṛhi c1.) — [9.] pṛṇāti etc. V.B.8. — [6.] pṛṇáti -t e etc. V.B. — [5.] pṛṇuyāt s 1. — [4.] pūryamāṇa RV 1 .

Perf. pupūre -rire c. (pupūryās RV.); [papāra, paparus paprus] papṛvāṃs ? MS.

Aor. 1. pūrdhí RV. ; apūri C. ; priyāsam AV . [pūryāt.] — 3. apūpuram

ŚB. (pūpurantu RV.) ; pīparat RV 1 . — 5. [apārīt,] pūriṣṭhās TA. [Fut. parīṣyati, parītā.] Verb, pūrṇá v.+, pūrtáv. +, pṛta s1. [pūrita]; pūritum R. ; [pūrtvā;]

-pūrya E. + ; -puras K. ; pṛṇádhyāi RV. ; -pūram s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, pūryáte etc. B.+, -t i etc. E. (or pres. 4.) — [1nt. pāpṛ-, po-

pūr-. — Desid. piparīṣa-, pupūrṣa-. •—] Caus. [pārayati;] pūráyati etc. AV . +, -te etc. E. + (pūryate etc. E. + )

Deriv. púr v. -paraṇa c. párus v. + párvan v. + purú v. + v

párīṇas RV . párīman RV . páreman sv. púrīṣa? v.+ pūrtí v. + pūra E . +

pūraka E. + -pūrin E. -pūrya B.E. pūraṇa B. + pūraṇīya c. -pṛṇa V.B.S.

pápri RV . pápuri RV. púpuri sv. púraya ? RV. pūrayitṛ E. pūrayitavya c

See also √ prā, which is a secondary form of this root.

√ 2 p ṛ , 'pass'.

Pres. [3.] píparti piprati etc. V.B.S.C. (pīpṛhi s l .c 1 .) — [I.] para vs-.? — [2.] párṣi RV .

Aor. 3. ápīparat etc. V.B. (pīparat V.B., pīpárat RV 1 . ) — 4. párṣati etc. RV., párṣat V.B. , parṣa v. — 5. pāriṣat RV.

Verb, parṣáṇi RV. Sec. Conj.: Caus. pāráyati etc. v. +‚ -te etc. E.+ (pāryate c ) Deriv.: -páraṇa v. ' parṣaṇi RV. pāraṇav.+ pípru?v.

partṛ RV . párṣiṣṭha RV . pāraṇīya E. + -pāraya RV. parṣá? RV . pārá v. + perú v. pārayitṛ B. -parṣin? ŚB. -pārin AB . * pápri v. pārayiṣ ṇúv. +

The aorist stem pars has almost won the value of a secondary root.

√ 3 p ṛ , 'be busy'.

Pres. [5.] pṛṇoti c 1., pṛṇvāṇa el.

Verb, pṛta B. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, priyate E . + — Caus. pārayati etc. c.

Deriv.: -pra? RV. -pāra E. +




Only with ā and (especially) v y ā ; hence in all probability a specialized

use of 1 or 2 pṛ (1 pṛ 'be filled up or occupied', or 2 pṛ with v i - ā , 'made to pass to and fro, kept in motion'),

√ p ṛ c , 'mix'.

Pres. [7.] pṛṇákti pṛñcánti etc. V.B. , pṛṅkté etc. V.B. — [1.] pṛñca pṛñ-catī AV . — [3.] pipṛgdhi V.B, , pipṛkta RV .

Perf. papṛcus B. (papṛcāsi RV., -cyāt etc. v.), papṛcāná RV . Aor. 1. párcas RV. , pṛcīya etc. RV.S., pṛcāná RV . — 4. aprāk AV., apṛkṣi

-kta etc. V.B.S. [— 5. aparcīt, aparciṣṭa.]

[Fut. parciṣyati -te, parcitā.] Verb, pṛktá v.+, -pṛgṇa? RV 1 . ; -pṛce RV., -pṛcas V.B.S.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, pṛcyáte etc. v.+ [— Int. parīpṛc-. — Desid. piparciṣa-. — Caus, parcaya-.]

Deriv.: -pṛc V.B. parka AV . + -párcana v.

pṛkṣ ? RV . pṛkṣá'? RV .

prakṣá? v.

√ Pṛṇ, see y 1 p ṛ .

√ p ṛ t , 'fight'.

Inferable from the derivatives pṛt RV., pṛtanā v.+

√ PṛC, Pṛ9 (?;.

Under this heading may be grouped a number of words of doubtful rela-tions, in part perhaps connected with √ s pṛś :

pṛśana RV. pṛśanī RV.

pṛśni v.+ pṛṣant v. + pṛṣatá B . +

pṛṣṭá V.B. pṛṣṭí V.B. pṛṣṭhá v.+

párśu v. + párśāna v.

√ p y ā , 'fill up'.

Pres. [4.] pyāyate et c v. + Perf. pipye? RV . [papye.] Aor. [1. apyāyi. —] 4. apyāsam AA. — 5. pyāyiṣīmahi s. — 6. pyāsi-

ṣīmahi AV.B.8.

[Fut. pyāsyate, pyāyiṣyate; pyātā, pyāyitā.] Verb, pyāta TS. [pyāna.] Sec Conj.: śaus. pyāyáyati et c AV.+, -te et c c. (pyāyayiṣṭhās u.; pyāy-

yáte et c B .+ ) Deriv.: -pyāya c. -pyāyya E. -pyāyanaB.+ -pyāyayitṛ B. -pyāyin c

Is a secondary root-form from √ pI.



iprach] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 102

√ prach, 'ask'.

Pres. [6.] pṛcháti -te etc. v.+ Perf. papracha paprachus B. + Aor. [3, apaprachat. —] 4. áprākṣīt etc. v.+ (áprāṭ RV.), apraṣṭa c

(pṛkṣase? RV.) Fut. I. prakṣyati etc. B.+ (aprakṣyat B.U. ) [— 2. praṣṭā.] Verb, pṛṣṭá v.+; práṣṭum v. + ; pṛṣṭvā E.+; -pṛchya E. + ; -pṛcham

-che RV .

Sec. Conj.: P ass, pṛchyáte etc. v. + — [1nt. parīpṛch-. —] Desid. pipṛ-chiṣa- (i n d.). — [Caus. praohaya-.]

Deriv. : -pṛch RV . prāch- E. + pṛchā c.

pṛchaka B . +

pṛchya RV.C. praṣṭavya E . +

praṣṭṛ u. + praśná v. + -pśaśnya B.

pipṛchiṣu c papṛkṣéṇya RV .

The RV . form papṛkṣé is also referred hither by BR. √ prath, 'spread .

Pres. [I.] práthate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.+ Perf. paprathé etc. v.+, -thatus c. Aor. I. prathāná RV . — 3. (perf. ?) papráthat etc. -thanta RV . — 5. aprath-

iṣṭa etc. RV. [Fut. prathiṣyate, prathitā.] Verb, prathita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. pratháyati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. (práthayi TB.S.)

Deriv. : -pṛth? RV . pṛthá B . +

pṛthak v. + pṛthavāna RV.

pṛthī V.B. pṛthú v. + pṛthivī v. + prathā C.

práthana B. + práthas V.B. prathu E. + prathimán RV.C.

práthiṣṭha V.B. práthīyas B.S. prathasnu? TB. prathayitṛ c

√ prā, 'fill'.

Pres. [2.] prāsi RV. Perf. paprāú et c. v. (paprātha RV. ; paprā RV.), papre etc. v. Aor. 1. aprāt etc. V.B. ; aprāyi AV. — 4. aprās (3s.) RV.B. Verb, prātá RV. Deriv.: -prā RV. -pra AV.B.S. -prāṇa (api-) RV. -prāvan RV .

A secondary root-form, from √ 1 pṛ. √ prī, 'please'.

Pres. [9.] priṇāti -ṇīté et c v. + — [4. (or pass.)] prīyate et c u.+, -t i et c E . + (priyanti R-.)

Perf. pipriyé -yāṇá RV . ; apipres et c B.S. (pipráyat etc. -áyasva pi-prīhí RV. )

Aor. 1. prīyāt C. — 4. aprāiṣīt etc. B. (préṣat RV.) [apreṣṭa.]



103 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [plu

[Fut. preṣyati -te, pretā.]

Verb, prītá v. +; prītvā ŚB. Sec. Con j.: [Int. peprī-. —] Desid. píprīṣati RV . — Caus. prīṇayati etc. s.+ Deriv. : -prī V.B.S.

priyá v. + práyas V.B.

prīti s. + pretṛ RV.S. preṇí v.

premán v.+ préyas v.+ préṣṭha v. +

piprīṣā E. + piprīṣu E . + prīṇana E. +

The so-called causative is, of course, a denominative, apparently of a pple prīṇa, not occurring independently.

√ p r u , 'flow'.

Pres. [I.] právate etc. RV.B.S.

Perf. pupruve etc. B. Aor. 4. proṣṭhās s. Verb, prutá RV . Deriv.: pravá RV. pravaṇá? v.+ -prut V.B.

A side-form to the much more common √ plu.

√ p r u t h , 'snort'.

Pres. [I.] próthati etc. V.B., -amāna RV. [Perf. etc. puprotha, -othe; aprothīt , -thiṣṭa; prothiṣyati -te, pro-

thitā.] Verb, -prúthya RV., prothya s. Sec. Conj.: Int. pópruthat RV. — Caus. prothayitvā s. Deriv.: protha B. + prothátha RV.

√ p r u ṣ , 'sprinkle'.

Pres. [5.] pruṣṇuvanti -ṇávat -ṇute RV . — [9.] pruṣṇant B. — [6.] pruṣa RV. , -ṣánt? AV. — [4.] ápruṣyat ŚB.

[Perf. etc. puproṣa; aproṣīt.] Fut. I. proṣiṣyánt TS. [— 2. proṣitā.]

Verb, pruṣitá

RV.

Deriv.:-pruṣ v. + - p r ū ṣ TS . p r u ṣ v ā A v . B . p ṛ ṣ v ā ? TS.

Compare √ p l u ṣ .

√ p l ī ( ? ) .

The isolated form v i plīyonte occurs at SVB. iii. 9. I.

√ p l u , 'float'.

Pres. [I.] plávate etc. v.+, -t i etc. B. + — [2?] pluvīta s., apluvan E. Perf. pupluve B.+, -vus E . +

Aor. 3. [apuplavat,] ápiplavam ŚB. — 4. aploṣṭa etc. B. Fut. I. ploṣyati -te etc. B. Verb, plutá AV. + ; -plutya s.+, -plūya ŚB.K.



plu] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 104

Sec. Conj.: Int. po plūy a t e etc. B . + [— Desid. puplūṣa- .] — Caus. plā-

vayati etc. B.+, -te etc. E.+ (plāvyate c ) ; plavayati c1

. Deriv. : plavá v.+

plavaka E. -plavin c

plavana s. + plavitṛ E. pluti s. +

plāva B. + -plāvaka c plāvin B. +

plāvya E. + plāvana B. + plāvayitṛ E.

Compare √ pru.

√ p l u s , 'burn.

Pres. [I.] ploṣati c1. [pluṣyati, pluṣṇāti.] [Perf. etc. puploṣ a; aploṣīt; ploṣiṣyati, ploṣitā.] Verb, pluṣṭa E. +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, pluṣy a t e c. Deri u.: plúṣ i V.B. ploṣa c. ploṣin c. ploṣaṇa c.

Compare √ pruṣ.

√ psā, 'devour.

Pres. [2.] psāti etc. AV.B. [Perf. etc. papsāu; psāyāt, pseyāt, apsāsīt; psāsyati, psātā.] Verb, psātá B. ; -psāya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, apsīyata JB. [— Int. pāpsā-. — Desid. pipsāsa-. —

Caus. psāpaya-.]

Deriv. psānīya c. Doubtless a secondary root-form, from √ bhas.

√ phakk, 'swell' (?).

Pres. [I.] phakkant c 1. [Perf. etc. paphakka; apaphakkat, aphakkīt; phakkiṣyatI.phakkitā;

phakkyate, pāphakk-, piphakkiṣa-, phakkaya-.] The single occurrence doubtless artificial.

√ phaṇ, 'spring'. Pres. [I.] phaṇati c. [Perf. etc. paphāṇa paphaṇus pheṇus ; aphaṇīt aphāṇīt; phaṇiṣyati,

phaṇitā.] Sec. Conj.: Int. pánīphaṇat RV., pamphaṇat s. — [Desid. piphaṇiṣa-. —]

Caus. phāṇayati etc. RV.LŚS. [phaṇayati.] Deriv.: phaṇá B. + phāṇṭa B. + phéna? v. +

√ phar, 'scatter' (?).

Sec. Conj.:

Int. parpharat av*. Deriv.: -pharvi V.B. phárvara RV. phāriva RV. parpharīka RV . All the derivatives of doubtful meaning and connection.



105 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [bandh

√ 1 phal, 'burst'. Pr es. [I.] phalati etc. E . +

Perf. paphāla E. [phelus.] [Aor. etc. apīphalat, aphālīt; phaliṣyati, phalitā.] Verb, phalita E. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. pamphul-. — Desid. piphaliṣa-. —] Caus. phālayati etc. B- Deriv.: phálaka B. + phalin c . phāla v.+ phulla E. +

S e e √ 2 phal. T h e p p l e p h u l l an t M1. i s d o u b t l e s s a d e n o m i n a t i v e f o r -

m a t i o n f r o m phulla.

√ 2 phal, 'fruit'.

Pres. [1.] phalati etc. E.+, -te E. Perf. phelire a Fut. phaliṣyati etc. E. + Verb, phalita E. + Deriv.: phála v. + phalitavya E.

D o u b t l e s s i n r e a l i t y a d e n o m i n a t i v e o f phála, w h i c h f r o m √ 1 phal.

√ baṃh, 'make firm'.

[Pres. etc. baṃhate; babaṃhe; abaṃhiṣṭa; baṃhiṣyate, baṃhitā.] V erb, bāḍha v.+ Sec. Conj.: Caus. baṃhayate etc. B . Deriv.: bahala c . bahú v. + báṃhiṣṭha v. +

báṃhīyas MS. bāhú? v.+

√ bandh, 'bmd'.

Pres. [9.] badhnāti etc. v. + (badhāna AV. +, bandhāna E. , badhnīhi c ) , -nīté etc. V . B . S . — [1.] abandhat c , -dhata (3s.) E. , abadhnanta E .

Perf babándha AV.+, bedhús AV., babandhus E. + ; bedhé -dhiré etc. AV. [babandhe.]

[Aor. badhyāt, ababandhat, abhāntsīt.] Fut. I. bhantsyati etc. B.S . , bandhiṣyati -te E . + [— 2. banddhā.] Verb, baddhá v .+ ; banddhum E. +, baddhum? E. , bandhitum E. ; bad-

dhvā AV. +, -dhvāya B. ; -bádhya B. + ; -bádhe AV. ; -bandham c Sec. Conj.: Pass, badhyáte etc. v. +, -ti c — [Int. bābandh-, bābadhya-.

— Desid. bibhantsa-. —] Caus. bandhayati etc. B . + Deriv. :

bandhá v. +

bandhaka E.+ bandhin E. + bandhya B. +

bándhana v. +

bandhanīya E. + bándhu v. + -bándhuka B.

-baddhavya C.

-banddhṛ c. banddhra AV . badhirá v. +

bandhayitṛ c.



bal] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 106

√ bal , ‘whirl'(?).

Sec. Conj.: 1nt. balbalīti ŚB 1 . It is not probable that this solitary verb-form has anything to do with the

common derivatives (from a √ bal 'be strong') bála v.+, bálīyas AV.+, bál-iṣṭha B . + , baliman u., bālá? s.+

√ b ā d h , 'oppress'.

Pres. [I.] bādhate etc. v. +, -ti etc. E . +

Perf. babādhé v. +, -dha? M.

Aor. [3. ababādhat. —] 5. badhiṣṭa v. (bādhithās TA.) ; bādhiṣṭām TA. Fut. 1. bādhiṣyati c , -t e E. [— 2. bādhitā.] Verb, bādhitá v. +; bādhitum E. ; -bādhya RV. ; bādhe RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bādhyate etc. E . + — 1nt. bābadhe bābadhāna,

badbadhé -dhāná RV.B. — Desid. bībhatsate etc. v. + ; bibādhiṣate ŚB. — Caus. bādhayati etc. AV, +

Deriv. : bādh RV. bādhá, -ā v. + bādhaka E. +

-bādhin B . C bādhyà B. + bādhana E. +

bādhanīya c. -bādhas RV . bādhitavya E. + bādhitṛ E. +

bībhatsa s. + bībhatsā B. bībhatsú v. +

Compare √ vadh, badh. The reference of bībhatsa- to this root is not beyond question.

√ b u d h , 'know, wake'.

Pres. [4.] búdhyate etc. v.+, -t i etc. E. + — [I.] bódhati etc. v. +, -te etc. E .+ Perf. bubudhé etc. v. +, bubodha E. (búbodhati etc. bubodhas RV. ) Aor. 1. bodhi (i m pv.) RV. ; abudhran -ram RV., budhāná RV.; ábodhi

v.+ —- 2. budhánta RV., budhémaAv.? — 3. abūbudhat v. — 4. ábhutsi etc. V.B., abuddha o. [bhutsīṣṭa.] — 5. bódhiṣat RV., abodhiṣata c

Fut. I. bhotsyati B., -t e E. [— 2. boddhā.] Verb, buddhá v. + ; boddhum E. + ; buddhvāc- , -budhyaB. + ; -búdhe

B., budhi RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, budhyate c — Int. bobudhlti et c B ,C — Desid. bubhut-

sati -te et c c. [bubodhiṣa-.] — Caus. bodháyati etc. v.+, -t e B. (bodh-yate E. , bubodhayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv.: -budh V.B. budha B. + -budhya RV . búdhan- TB . bodhá v. + bodhaka E. +

bodhin B. + bodhya E . + bódhana v. +

bodhanīya E. + bodhi B . +

bodhit- RV .

buddhi s. + boddhavya u. + bodhitavya c.

boddhṛ E. + bubhutsā c. bubhutsu E. +

bodhayitavya c . bodhayitṛ RV.C bodhayiṣṇu B.

bubodhayiṣu E . + bibodhayiṣu R'.



107 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. íbhakṣ

√ bul, 'submerge'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. bo l a y a t i c. The single occurrence in a commentary is doubtless artificial.

√ b ṛ ù h , vṛṃh, 'roar', see √ vṛṃh.

√ 1 b ṛ h , 'make big or strong'. Pres. [1.] bṛṃhati -te etc. ŚB. — [6.] bṛhati etc. AV.B. Perf. babarha AV., babṛhāṇá RV. Verb, bṛḍha ŚB., vṛḍha ŚB.C.

Sec. Conj.:

Int. bárbṛhat barbṛhi

RV. — Caus. barhaya v.; bṛṃhayati etc. (or vṛṃh-) E.+, -te E.

bṛh- v.+ -barha s. + -bárhaṇa v. + barháṇā RV.

bṛhánt v. + -bárhas V.B. bárhiṣṭha v.+ barhís? v.+

bráhman v. + brahmán v. + -bṛṃhin c

bṛṃhaṇa E. + bṛṃhaṇīya c bṛṃhayitavya c.

Deriv. :

Compare the following root.

√ 2 bṛh, vṛh, 'tear', see √ vṛh.

The relations of the two roots b ṛ h , and the connection of some of their derivatives, are not wholly clear.

√ brū, 'say'.

Pres. [2.] brávīti bruvánti etc. brūté bruváte etc. v.+ (brūmi R. , bra-vīhÌE.+, abrūvan u‚ , abravat? M. ) — [6.] abruvam U.E., bruva-dhvam M., bruvamāṇa c.

Aor. 1. brūyāsta Ml. Deriv. ? -brava v. -bruva AV. +

√ bll , see √ vlī .

√ b h a k ṣ , 'partake of, eat'. Pres. [1.] bhakṣati -te et c. E . + Aor. I. abhakṣi c. — 3. ababhakṣat ŚB. Verb, bhokṣitum E. +; -bhakṣam s. Sec. Conj.: Desid. bi bha kṣ i ṣ a t i E . ? — Caus. bha kṣ á y a t i etc. v.+, -te etc.

B.+ (bhakṣyáte etc. B. + ; bibhakṣayiṣati E . + ) Deriv.:

bhakṣá v. + bhakṣaka a bhakṣin a. +

bhakṣya E. + bhákṣaṇa v. + bhakṣaṇīya B.C.

bhakṣitavya c. bhakṣitṛ E. bhakṣiván B .S .

bhakṣayitṛ E. + bhakṣayitavya B . + bibhakṣayiṣā c.

bibhakṣayiṣu E. + Secondary root-form, from √ bhaj (as denominative of bhakṣá); the non-

'causative' forms only sporadic.



bhaj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 108

√ b h a j , 'divide, share'. Pres. [1.] bhájati -te etc. v.+ — 2. bhakṣi RV . Perf. babhāja bhejus etc. v. + (babhaktha ŚB. [bhejitha]), bhejé -jiré

etc. v. + Aor. 3. abībhajus ŚB. — 4. abhākṣīt etc. v.+ (abhāk V .B . , bhakṣat RV. ) ,

ábhakṣi -kta etc. v. + (bhakṣīṣṭa etc. V.B.S . , -ṣīta sv.) Fut. 1. bhakṣyati -te etc. B. (abhakṣyan M.); bhajiṣyati -te etc. E . + [—

2. bhaktā.] Verb, bhaktá v. + ; bhaktum B.+, bhajitum E. ; bhaktvā AV.+, -tvāya

RV . ; -bhajya B. + ; -bhājam (inf.) B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass,

bhajyáte

etc. A V . +

—

[1nt. bābhaj-.

—] Desid.

[bibhak-ṣa-;] bhikṣa- (see √ bhikṣ). — Caus. bhājayati etc. v.+, -te a

(bhājyáte etc. AV.B.)

bhāj v. + bhága v. + bhaj in a -bhajya c. bhaj an a c.

Deriv.: bhajanīya E . +

bhajenya c. bhakti v. + bhajitavya E. bhaktṛ RV .

bhāgá v. + bhāgin B . +

-bhāgya s. bhāgīyas c. -bhāja s.

bhājaka c. bhāj in u. + bhājya c. bhaj ana B . +

bhājayú RV . Compare the derivative root-forms bhakṣ and bhikṣ; compare also

√ bhañj.

√ b h a ñ j , 'break'. Pres. [7.] bhanákti etc. v.+ (abhanas AV.) Perf. babhañja etc. v. +, -jire c. Aor. 1. abhājic. [abhañji; bhajyāt. — 3. ababhañjat.] — 4. abhānkṣīt

etc. E . +

Fut. I. bhaṅkṣyati E. — 2. bhaṅktā M. Verb, bhagna s.+ ; bhaṅktvā E.+, bhaktvā E. ; -bhajya E.+ ; -bhañjam c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyáte etc. AV.+, -t i etc. E . + [— 1nt. bambhañj-, bam-

bhajya-. — Desid. bibhaṅkṣa-. — Caus. bhañjaya-.] Deriv. : bhaṅgá v. +

bhangin RV.C. bhangi c.

bhañjaka c.

bhañjana AV.+ -bhañjanu RV.

bhaṅktṛ c.

bhaṅgurá v. +

√ b h a ṭ , 'hire'.

This so-called root (bhāṭayati etc. c.) is only a denominative of bhaṭa E. +. doubtless a prakritized form of bhṛta.

√ b h a ṇ , 'speak.

Pres. [1.] bhaṇati etc. JB.C. Perf. babhāṇa c. [babhaṇitha.]

Aor. 1. abhāṇi c. [--–3. abībhaṇat, ababhāṇat. — 5. abhāṇīt.] [Fut. bhaṇiṣyati, bhaṇitā.] Verb, bhaṇita c.; bhaṇitvā c.



1 0 9 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ b h a s

Sec. Conj.: Pass, bha ṇy a t e c. — Desid. bibha ṇiṣa - (in d.) [— Caus. b h ā ṇ -

ayati.] Deriv. : -bhaṇa c. bhaṇana c. bhaṇanīya c.

bhaṇiti c. bhāṇa c.

bhāṇaka c. bibhaṇiṣu c.

A later form of √ bhan.

√ bhan, 'speak'.

Pres. [I.] bhánati etc. -nanta RV. Probably related with √ bhā. Compare √ bhaṇ, the later form.

√ bhand, 'be bright'.

Pres. [I.] bhándate etc. RV. [See. Conj.: Caus. bhandayati . ] Deriv.: bhandána V.B. bhándiṣṭha V.S. bhadráv.+

√ b h a r t s , 'revile'.

Pres. [I.] bhartsati etc. AV.? K B .E .

Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhartsayati etc. E. +, -te cl . (bhartsyate etc. E . + ) Deriv. bhartsana E. +

The form bhartsyāmi AV. is certainly a false reading.

√ bharv, 'devour'.

Pres. [I.] bhárvati etc. RV . Deriv.: -bharva ? RV , bhārvará? RV.

√ bhal, 'perceive'. [Pres. etc. bhalate etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhā la y a t i -te etc. u.c

√ b h a ṣ , 'bark'.

Pres. [I.] bhaṣati etc. E.+, -te etc. E. [Perf. etc. babhāṣa; abhāṣīt; bhaṣiṣyāti, bhaṣitā.] Verb, bhaṣitum E. Deriv.: bhaṣá vs. bhaṣaka c bhaṣaṇa c -bhāṣ? AB .

√ bhas, 'devour'.

Pres. [3.] bábhasti bápsati etc. V.B. (babhasat RV., babdhām cl.) — [1 ?] bhásat bhasáthas RV .

Verb, bhasita c. Deriv. : bhas c.

-bhasa? E.

bhástrā? B. +

bhásman v. +

-psu RV. babhasa u.

Compare the derived root p s ā . The nouns bhasád V.B.S . , bháṃsas v. hardly belong here.



bhā] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 110

√ bhā, 'shine'.

Pres. [2.] bhāti etc. v. + Perf. babhāu etc. E. + [Aor. bhāyāt, abhāsīt.] Fut. I. bhāsyáti B . + [— 2. bhātā.] Verb, bhāta u. + [Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhāyate. — Int. bābhā-. — Desid. bibhāsa-. — Caus.

bhāpaya-, abībhapat.] Deriv.:

bhā v. + bha s. +

bhana E. + bhāti c. bhonú v. +

bhāma v. -bhāvan -varī v. +

bhās v. + Compare roots bhan and bhās.

√ bhām, 'be angry'.

[Pres. etc. bhāmate; babhāme; abhāmiṣṭa; bhāmiṣyate, bhāmitā.] Verb, bhāmitá RV.TS.

[Sec. Conj.: 1nt. bābhāmya-. — Caus. bhāmaya-.] Deriv. bhāma V.B.

In reality, the solitary form bhāmitá is doubtless quasi -pple from

bhāma (√ bhā).

√ bhāṣ, • speak'.

Pres. [1.] bhāṣate etc. B.+, -ti etc. E. + Perf. babhāṣe etc. B. + Aor. [1 . abhāṣi. — 3. ababhāṣat, abībhaṣat. —] 5. abhāṣiṣi c. Fut. 1. bhāṣiṣyate c. [— 2. bhāṣitā.] Verb, bhāṣita E. + ; bhāṣitum u.+, bhāṣṭum E. ; bhāṣitvāE.; -bhāṣyaE.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhāṣyate etc. E.+ — [1nt. bābhāṣ-. — Desid. bibhāṣiṣa-. —]

Caus. bhāṣayati etc E.+, -te etc. B.E. Deriv. : -bhāṣ AB .

-bhāṣa E. + bhā ṣā s.+

bhāṣaka c. bhāṣin E. bhāṣya s. +

bhāṣaṇa E. + -bhāṣaṇīya c. bhaṣitavya E.

bhāṣitṛ B . +

Related with roots bha, bhas, bhan.

√ bhās, 'shine'.

Pres. [I.] bhāsati etc. AV . +, -te etc. E . +

Perf. babhāse etc. E. + [Aor. etc. ababhāsat abībhasat, abhāsiṣṭa; bhāsiṣyate, bhāsitā.] Verb, bhāsita a Sec. Con j.: [Int. bābhās-. — Desid. bibhāsiṣa-. —] Caus. bhāsayati etc.

u. +, -te E. (bhāsyate c.) Deriv. : bhas E. +

bhā sá B. + bhāsaka c. bhāsin E. + bhāsya

c.

-bhāsana E. + bhāsas RV .

bhāsura E. bhāsvará B. +

Doubtless a secondary root-form from √ bha, perhaps through the noun bhas. Compare also √ bhās.



I l l AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [bhl

√ bhikṣ, 'beg'.

Pres. [1.] bhíkṣate etc. v. +, -ti etc. E. Perf. bibhikṣe B.U. [Aor. abhikṣiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. bhikṣiṣye E. [— 2. bhikṣitā.] Verb, bhikṣita E. +; bhikṣitum E. ; bhikṣitvā c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhi kṣayati c. Deriv.: bhikṣā v. +

bhikṣin E.

bhikṣaṇa s. + bhikṣitavyà ŚB. bhikṣu c. bhikṣuka s. +

A desiderative formation from √ bhaj.

√ b h i d , 'split'.

Pres. [7.] bhinátti bhindánti etc. v.+‚ bhintte c , bhindāná RV. Perf. bibhéda bibhidús v. +, bibhide c. Aor. 1. ábhedam -et etc. RV. (bhét bhédati bhidánt RV., bhidyús? MS.);

abhedi B.E. — 2. [abhidat] bhideyam AV. [— 3. abībidhat.] — 4. [abhāitsīt,] bhitthās TS. [bhitsīṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. bhetsyati etc. s.+, -áte etc. B.+ (abhetsyat u.) [— 2. bhettā.] Verb, bhinnáv. + ; bhettumB. + , bhéttavāí B.S. ; bhittvāv. + ; -bhíd-

ya v.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhi dyáte etc. B. +, -ti etc. E. [— Int. bebhid-.] — Desid.

bibhitsati etc. RV.E. — Caus. bhedayati etc. E. +, -te E. (bibhedayiṣa-in d.), bhidāpaya- (in d.).

Deriv.: bhid v. + -bhida E. + bhidā c. bhidya v. + bhedá v. +

bhedaka s. + bhedin B . + bhedya E . + bhedana s. + bhedanīya E.

bhindú V.B. bhidura c. bhitta? c. bhitti B . + bhettavya E. +

bhettṛ v. + bibhitsā E. + bibhitsu E. + bibhedayiṣu E. bhidāpana c.

√ b h i ṣ a j , 'heal'.

Pres. [2.] bhiṣakti RV. — [7 ?] abhiṣṇak RV. Deriv.: bhiṣaj v.+ bheṣajá v.+

The use of bhiṣaj as a verbal root in RV. is very abnormal. The denomi-native bhiṣajyáti et c. V.B . , from the noun bhiṣáj, is quite common.

√ bhī, bhī ṣ , 'fear'.

Pres. [3.] bibhéti bíbhyati etc. v. + ([bibhitas etc.] bibhiyāt c.) — [1.] bibhyati -yanti etc. E. + — bháyate etc. v.

Perf. bibhāya bibhyus etc. v. + (bībhāya AB.AA.) , bibhye E. — bibhayāṁ cakāra B.

Aor. 1. bhes B.S . , bhema RV., bhiyōná RV . [abhāyi.] — 3. bībhayat ábībhayanta RV. — 4. ábhāiṣīt etc. v. + (bhāis B. + )

Fut. 1. abheṣyat ŚB. [— 2. bhetā.]



b h ī ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 1 2

Verb, bhītá v. +; bhetum E. ; -bhīya c. • bhiyáse RV. Sec. Conj.: [Pass, bhīyate. — 1nt. bebhī-. — Desid. bibhīṣa-. —] Caus.

bhāyayati etc. c. (-bhāyya B . ) ; bhīṣayate etc. B. + , -t i etc. E . + (bībhiṣas TS . , -ṣathās RV. ; bhiṣayant c.)

Deriv.: bhī v. + bhayá v. + bhayya B. bhiyás v.

bhiyásāna AV. bhīti c. bhetavya E. + bhīmá v. +

bheya E. bhīrú v. + -bhīla E. bhīs V.B.U.

bhīṣā E. + bhīṣaka E. + bhīṣaṇa v. + bhīṣmá B. +

The 'causative' stem is , of course, a denominative from a derivative noun. Compare √ bhyas.

√ 1 b h u j , 'bend'.

Pres. [6.] bhujáti etc. v.+ Perf. [bubhoja] ábubhojīs RV . [Aor. etc. abhāukṣīt; bhokṣyati, bhoktā.] Verb, bhugna s. + ; -bhujya s.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhujyate c. Deriv.: -bhuj AV.

bhuj a E . +

bhogá v. + bhuji RV . bhujmán? RV.

bhujyú V.B.

√ 2 b h u j , 'enjoy'.

Pres. [7.] bhuṅkté bhuñjáte etc. v.+ (-jaté RV.), bhunákti bhuñjanti etc. v.+ (bhuñjīyāt etc. s.+, bhuñjītam E. ) — [1 ?] bhuñjati etc. u.+, -te etc. E.

Perf. bubhujé etc. v.+ (-jmáhe -jriré RV.) , bubhujus E . +

Aor. 1. bhojam, bhójate RV . [bhujyāt; abhoji.] — 2. bhujema RV. — [3. abūbhujat, -jata. — 4. abhāukṣīt , abhukta. —] 6? bhukṣi-ṣīya B.S.

Fut. I. bhokṣyate etc. s.+, -t i etc. E . + — 2. bhoktā R. Verb, bhukta E. + ; bhoktum E. + ; bhuktvā s.+, bhuṅktvā c ; bhójase

RV. ; bhúj am bhujé RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhujyate etc. B.+‚ -tiM.? — 1nf. bobhujīti c , -jyate

c. — Desid. bubhukṣate etc. E.+, -t i E. — Caus. bhojayati etc. AV . + , -te c.; bhuñjāpayati c.

Deriv. :

bhúj v.+ -bhoj- RV . bhojá v.+ bhojaka E . +

bhojin s. +

bhojyk v.+

bhóga v.+ bhogin B. + bhógya AV.+ bhój ana v. + bhojanīya B. +

bhójas v.

bhuji RV . -bhogi RV. -bhogaya RV . bhukti s.+ bhoktavya s.+

bhoktṛ u.+

bhujiṣyà AV. + -bhujiṣṭha? AV. bubhukṣā E. + bubhukṣu c. bhojayitavya E . +

bhojayitṛ c. The word bhuṅkṣita B 1 . is perhaps an irregular formation from this root.



113 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [bhūṣ

√ b h u r , 'quiver'.

Pres. [6.] bhurántu -ránta -rámāṇa RV. Sec. Conj.: 1nt. járbhurīti -rat -rāṇa RV. Deriv.: bhuraṇa v. bhurváṇi RV. bhūrṇi V. bhurij?v.+

Doubtless a specialized root-form from √ bhṛ; all the forms and deriva-tives such as might come from √ bhṛ: c f. √ tṛ.

√ b h u r a j .

The single form bhuraj ant a RV 1 . is regarded as coming from √ bhṛjj 'roast'.

√ b h ū , 'be'.

Pres. [I.] bhávati et c. v.+‚ -t e etc. B . + Perf. babhūva etc. v.+ (babhūtha -ūvitha V.B. ; babhūyās -yāt ba -

bhūtu RV.) Aor. I. ábhūt -ūvan etc. v.+ (bhūyāsam -sma etc. v.+, -yāma V.B.U.;

bodhí V.B., bhūtu etc. v.); abhāvi c. — 2? ábhuvat etc. v. (bhúvat etc. V.B., bhuvāni RV.) — 3. abūbhuvas AV. [abībhavat.] — 5. bha-viṣāt? AB. [abhaviṣṭa, bhaviṣīṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. bhaviṣyáti etc. v.+, -te etc. E.+ (abhaviṣyat etc. U.+, bhaviṣya-dhvam E. ) — 2. bhavitā B.U.E.

Verb, bhūtá v.+; bhávitum B.+, -tosB.; bhūtvāv.+, -tvī RV. ; -bhūya v.+ ; bhuvé -bhúve v., -bhvê RV. ; bhūṣáṇÌRv.; -bhūyamB., -bhávamŚB.

See. Conj.: Pass, bhūyate etc. E.+, -t i U. — 1nt. bóbhavīti etc. v.+ — Desid. búbhūṣati etc. v.+, -t e etc. E . + — Caus. bhāvayati etc. AV.+ , -te c. (bhāvitum R. ; bhāvyate etc. E. +, bibhāvayiṣati B. )

Deriv. :

bhū v. + -bhu v. + -bhva v.

bhúva

B. + bhava v. + bhavá Av. + bhavaka c. -bhavin c. bhávya v. + -bhvan v. bhavana E . + bhavanīya c.

bhúvana v.+ -bhavas B. bhúvas B. + bhūti v. +

bhūtí RV. bhávītva RV. bhavitavyà B . + bhavitṛ E. + bhavítra v. bhūman v.s. bhūmán v. + bhūmī v. +

bhūyasv.+ bhávīyas RV. bhūyiṣṭha v. + -bhaviṣṭha RV . bhūri v. + -bhūvarī V.B. bhūṣ ṇu B. + bhaviṣ ṇú B. + -bhūya AV. + bhāva u.s. + bhāvaka E. + bhāvin E. +

bhāvyá v. + bhāvana E. + bhāvanīya E . + bhāvuka B . +

bubhūṣā B. + bubhūṣaka E. bubhūṣitavya JB. bubhūṣ u s. + bhāvayitavya B.+ bhāváyitṛ B. + bhāvayú RV.

√ b h ū ṣ , 'attend upon, adorn'.

Pres. [I.] bhūṣati etc. V.B 1 . [Perf. etc. bubhūṣa; abubhūṣat, abhūṣīt; bhūṣiṣyati , bhūṣitā.]



b h ū ṣ ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 114

Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhūṣayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E. +

Deriv.:

bhuṣā E. + bhūṣya c. bhuṣaṇa

E. + -bhūṣéṇya

RV .

bhūṣitavya JB. bhūṣayitavya

E. +

A secondary root-form, from √ b h ū . The Vedic forms are divided by BR. between two roots: 1 bhūṣ , 'be, move' etc., 2 bhūṣ, 'attend upon' etc.

√ b h ṛ , 'bear .

Pres. [3.] bíbharti bibhrati etc. V.B., bibhárti etc. RV-.+, bibhṛṣva bi-bhrāṇa c. — [1.] bíbhramāṇa RV 1 . — bhárati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] bharti RV 2 .

Perf. babhāra

etc. B .+ (babhrima C), babhre -rāṇá

RV. ; jabhāra

etc.

V.B. , -bhre etc. v. (jabhartha -bhárat ajabhartana RV.) — bibharām

babhūva c. Aor. 1. bhartám bhṛtám B . , abhṛta c.; bhriyāsam -yāt B. ; abhāri

V.B. — 3. bībharas E. — 4. abhārṣīt etc. V.B. (abhār V.B. ; abhāriṣam

AV. ; bharṣat RV.) Fut. 1. bhariṣyáti etc. v.+ (ábhariṣyat RV.) — 2. bhartā ŚB. Verb, bhṛtá v. + ; bhártum v.+, -tave v., -tavāí v.; -bhṛtya v. + ; bhára-

dhyāi RV . See Conj.: Pass, bhriyate etc. v.+, -ti E. — 1nt. jarbhṛtás RV., bhári-

bhrati etc. RV., barībharti c. — Desid. bubhūrṣati etc. B.+ [bibhar-iṣa-.J — Caus. bhārayati E.

Deriv.: -bhra? v. + bhára v. + -bhala? AV.S. bháraṇa v. + bharaṇīya E. + bharas V.B. -bhári RV.C bharu c. bharatá v. +

bhartavyà v. +

bhartṛ v. + bhrātṛ ? v. + bharítra RV. -bhárṇas RV. bhárman RV.C. bhárīman RV . bhārman RV. bhariṣá ? RV . bhrūṇá v.+

bhārá v.+ bhārin B. + bhāryà AV. + -bhṛt v. + bhṛtí v. + bhṛti ŚBl. bhṛtya gdve. B. + bhṛtya n. AV . bhṛtyā v.

bhṛtenya? AV.

-bhṛtra RV . -bhṛtvan v. bhṛthá v. + -babhra B. babhrí v.

jarbhá ri RV. bámbhāri ? B. bubhūrṣa a. bubhūrṣu c.

√ b h ṛ j j , 'roast'.

Pres. [6.] bhṛjjáti etc. v. + [-te.] — [4.] bhṛjyéyus? B. [Perf. etc. babharjja -je, babhrajja - j e ; ababharjjat ababhrajjat,

abhrākṣīt abhārkṣīt, abhraṣṭa abharṣṭa; bhrakṣyati -te, bhark-ṣyati -te, bhraṣṭā bharṣṭā.]

Verb, bhṛṣṭa s. + ; bhṛṣṭvā c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhṛjjyate c , -ti E. — [1nt. barībhṛjjya-. — Desid. bi-

bhrakṣa- bibharkṣa, bibhrajjiṣa- bibharjjiṣa-. —] Caus. [bhrajja-yati;] bharjjayati etc. c. Deriv.: bharjjana s.+ bhṛjjana B. bhráṣṭra B. bhrāṣṭra C.



1 1 5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [bhrSj

√ b h y a s , 'fear'.

Pres. [I.] ábhyasetām RV., bhyásāt sv. [Perf. etc. babhyase; abibhyasat, abhyasiṣṭa; bhyasiṣyati, bhyas i tā;

bābhyas-, bibhyasiṣa-, bhyāsaya-.] Deriv. -bhyasa AV.

A derivative root-form, from √ bhī (through bhiyas ?).

√ bhraṃś, bhraś, 'fall'.

Pres. [1.] bhráṃśate etc. B.+, -t i AV 1 . ? — [4.] bhraśyate etc. s,+, -ti etc. E.+ [Perf. babhraṃśa -aśus, babhraṃśe.]

Aor. 2. bhraśat V.B. [— 3. ababhraṃśat. — 5. abhraṃśiṣṭa.] [Fuí. bhraṃśiṣyati -te, bhraṃśitā.] Verb, bhraṣṭá AV. +, -bhṛṣta v. Sec. C onj.: [1nt. bābhraśya-, banībhraśya-, banībhraṃś-. — Desid. bi-

bhraṃśiṣa-. —] Caits. bhraṃśayati etc. E.+ (bhraṃśyate etc. s . +); bhrāśáyan RV .

Deriv.: bhraṃśa B. + bhraṃśin B. +

bhráṃśana AV.+ bhraṃśathu c. -bhráṃśuka B. bhrāśya RV .

√ b h r a m , 'wander'.

P res. [1.] bhramati etc. ŚB 1 . ? E. +, -t e etc. E. + — [4.] bhrāmyati etc. E. + Perf. babhrāma babhramus et c E. +, bhrematus -mus c. A or. 1. bhramyāt s.., abhrāmi E. — 3. abibhramat E. [— 5. abhramīt.] Fat. I. bhramiṣyati c. [— 2. bhramitā.] Verb, bhrāṁta E.+ ; bhramitum c , bhrāṁtum c ; bhramitvāE., bhrāṁ-

tvā c.; -bhramya c , -bhrāmya c. ; -bhrāmam c. Sec Conj.: Int. bambhramīti et c c , -myate et c c. [— Desid. bibhram-

iṣa-.] — Caus. bhrāmayati etc. E.+, -te c. (bhrāmyate u.+); bhram-ayati et c s.+ (bhramyate c.)

Deriv.: bhṛmá v. bhṛmí RV. bhṛmi RV . bhṛṅga? AV.+

bhramá v. +

-bhramin c. bhramaṇa E. +

bhramaṇīya c.

bhrami c. bhrāṁti c. bhrāma c.

bhrāmaka c. bhrāmin c. bhrāmaṇa c.

√ bhrāj , 'shine'.

Pres. [I.] bhrājate et c v.+, -t i et c v. + Perf. babhrāja -ājatus E.+ [babhrāje, bhreje.] Aor. 1. abhrāṭ RV.; bhrājyāsam AV. ; abhrāji RV. — [3. ababhrājat,

abibhrajat. — 5. abhrājiṣṭa.]

Fut. I. bhrājiṣyate E. [— 2. bhrājitā.] Sec Conj.: [Int. bābhroj-. — Desid. bibhrājiṣa-. —] Caus. bhrājayati et c E. +



bhrāj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 116

Deriv.: bhrāj v. +

-bhraj ? v.

bhárga B. + bhrājá v. +

bhrājaka c.

bhrājin c.

bhrājana c. bhrājas V.B.S.

bhrajas? AV.B. bhárgas v.

+

bhrājí MS. bhrājis- B.E. bhṛgu? v. +

-bhrāṣṭi RV. bhṛṣṭí?

V.B.S.

bhrājiṣṭha B.C. bhrājiṣṇu E. +

√ b h r ī , consume'.

Pres. [9.] bhrīṇánti RV 1 . [Perf. et c. bibhrāya; abhrāiṣīt; bhreṣyati, bhretā; bebhrī-, bibhrīṣa-

bhrāyaya-.]

√ b h r e ṣ , ' totter'. Pres. [I.] bhreṣati B. , -te RV. [Perf. etc. bibhreṣa -ṣe etc. etc.] Deriv. bhréṣa B. +

Doubtless related with y bhraṃś.

√ m a ù h , m a h , ‘be great, be liberal, bestow'.

Pres. [1.] máṃhate etc. V.B. — mane RV.M., -heta -hema RV . Perf. māmahé -hāná V.B. (māmahanta etc. māmáhas RV.) [mamāha,

mamaṃhe.] [Aor. etc. amaṃhista, amahīt; maṃhiṣyate mahiṣyati , maṃhitā

mahitā.] Verb, mahitá B. +; mahitvā E. ; mohé V.B. ; maháye RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. maṃháyam etc. RV . ; maháyati etc. v. +, -te etc. V.B. Deriv. :

moghá v. +

maṃhánā RV . maṃhonīya c. máṃhīyas RV . máṃhiṣṭha V.B.Í makṣú? RV . maṅkṣu? c. maṃhayú RV.

makhá? v.+ majmán? v. máh v .+

maha n. E. + mahá v. +

mahā v.+ mahya? E. . mahán v.

mahana c. mahanīya E. mahánt v. + mahás v. + máhas v. +

máhi v. + mahín RV. mahimán v. +

mahmán AV. máhis- RV . mahiṣá v. + mahiṣṭha c. mahīyas B. +

mahayya u. mahāyya RV . mahayāyya RV.

Generally divided into two (related) roots, but the forms and meanings are not separable with distinctness.

√ m a j j , 'sink'.

Pres. [I.] májjati etc. v.+, -te etc. E.+ (majjāna c.) Perf. mamajja E. + Aor. 1. majjyātcB.; amajji c. [— 3. amamajjat. — 4. amāṅkṣīt.] —

5. majjīs M, Fut. Ì. maṅkṣyati etc. B.+, -te B. ; majjiṣyati E. [— 2. maṅktā.]



1 1 7 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [math

Verb, magna u.s.+; majjitum E. + [maṅktum; maṅktvā, maktvā;]

-májjya AV .+ Sec. Conj.: [Int. māmaṅkti, māmajjyate. —] Desid. mimaṅkṣa- (in d.). —

Caus. majjayati etc. B. +, -t e etc. E. + Deriv. : majján? v.+

majjana s.+ majjūka c. maṅktavya c.

madgú? B . +

-majra? RV. mimaṅkṣ u c. majjayitṛ B

√ mañc, 'purify' (?).

[Pres. etc. mañcate; mamañce; amañciṣṭa; mañciṣyate, mañcitā.J Verb, -mañcya c 1. Deriv.: mañca? E. + -mañcana c.

Doubtless artificial.

√ m a ṇ , 'sound'.

Assumed for the quasi -pple maṇita, occurring once or twice in late

Sanskrit.

√ m a ṇ ṭ , ? Sec. Conj.: Caus. maṇṭáyet TB 1 .

Probably a false reading.

√ m a ṇ ḍ , 'deck'.

[Pres. etc. maṇḍati -te etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. maṇḍayati etc. E. +, -t e E. Deriv.: maṇḍa u.+ maṇḍana E.+ maṇḍitṛ c.

√ m a t h , m a n t h , 'shake'.

Pres. [9.] mathnāti etc. v.+, -nīte etc. B. (mathnadhvam M.) — [1.] mánth-ati etc. v.+, -te V.B. ; máthati etc. AV.E.+, -t e etc. E. +

Perf. mamātha AV.+, mamathus c, methus methireB.; mamantha -nthus E. +

Aor. [3. amīmathat, amamanthat. —] 5. mathīt etc. v., amathiṣata JB. ; ámanthiṣṭām RV .

Fut. 1. mathiṣyati -t e etc. B. + ; manthiṣyati B.S. — 2. mathitā E. Verb, mathitá v.+; mathitum E. + , -tos B . , mánthitavāí MS,; math-

itvā B.+ [manthitvā]; -máthya B.+, -manthya E.?; -mātham c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mathyáte etc. v.+, -t i etc. E . + — [Int. māmath-, mam-

math-, māmanth-. — Desid. mimathiṣa-, mimanthiṣa-. —-] Caus.

māthayati etc. E. ; manthayati etc. S. +; mathayati c. Deriv. : math v. +

-matha E . +

-mathyà B.

máthya B . + mathan c. mathana u.+

mathi RV. -máthi v. -mathitṛ s.

mathná RV . mathrá BY. mātha B. +

-māthin E. + manthá v. + mánthā v.

manthaka c. mánthya B.S. -mánthanav.+

-manthanī B.S. manthitavy a MS.S. mánthitṛ AV.B. manthu? c. manthāna E. + manmatha-E. +



mad] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 1 8

√ mad, mand, 'be exhilarated, exhilarate'. Pres. [1.] mádati etc. V.B.S.C1 ., -t e etc. AV.B.; m ándat i -te etc. V.B. — [3.]

mamatsi etc. (mamáttu etc., mamádat etc., ámamadus) v. — [4.] mādyati etc. B.+‚ -te E. — 2. mátsi -sva v.

Perf. mamāda V.B. (māmadant? s.); mamanda etc. RV. (mamandat

amamandus RV.) •* Aor. I. mandús -dāná RV. — 3. ámīmadat etc. -danta V.B.U. — 4. amat-

sus RV. , amatta etc. V.B.S. (mátsati etc. mátsat RV.) — 5. amā-diṣus etc. v. + (mādithās M.); ámandīt etc. mándiṣṭa etc. (man-diṣīmahi) V.B.

[Fut. madiṣyati , mandiṣyate; maditā, manditā.] Verb, mattá Av.+, maditá (caus.?) v. + ; maditos B. ; mandádhyai RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass. m a d y á m ā n a R v . — [Int. māmad-. — Desid. mimadiṣa-.—]

Caus. madáyati etc. AV. +, -te c.; mādayati -te etc. v. +; mandáyati etc. RV. (mādayádhyāi mandayádhyāi RV.)

Deriv. : -mād V.B. máda v. + madín V.B. mádya v. + madana v. + -maditavya u. madirá RV. madrá? B . +

mádvan RV.

-madvara E. + mádiṣṭha V.B. madiṣ ṇu B. + matsará v. + mátsya? v.+ maderú? RV.

-māda v. + mādaka c. -mādin E. +

-mādya v. mādana v. + -māduka B. medín ? v. + madāmada u. madayitṛ c. mādayitṛ c. mādayitnÚRv. mādayiṣṇú v.

-manda s. mandín RV. mandána V.B. mandí RV. mandāra v.+ mandú RV.

mandrá v. + mándiṣṭha RV. mandasāná v. mandayú RV.

Might well enough be divided into two different though related roots, of kindred meaning. BR. refer a few of the forms to a root 2 mad 'delay'.

√ man, 'think'.

Pres. [4.] mányate etc. v,+, -ti etc. u.+ (manyāsāi? CB.) — [8.] manuté etc. v. + (manvaté 3 p. RV.) — [3.] mamandhi -nyāt ámaman RV.

Perf. mene etc. B. + (mamnāthe -āte RV.) Aor. 1. amata RV., ámanmahi V.B. (mánāmahe etc. mananta manāná

RV. ) [— 3. amimanat.] — 4. amaṃsta etc. v.+ (máṃsate etc. V.B . ;

maṃsīṣṭá etc. -sīrata v.; masīya RV. ; māṃsta AV.TA. , -stām TA., mandhvam * B . ) [— 5. amaniṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. maṃsyate etc. B, + (-syeran M,), -ti E. ; maniṣye V.B. [— 2. mantā, manitā.]

Verb, matá v.+ [manita]; mantum E.+, mántave RV., -tavāí V.B., -tos B . ; matvā u.+ [manitvā]; -matya B.+, -manya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, manyate o. [— Int. manman-.] — Desid. mīmāṃsate

etc. AV. +, -ti etc. B.U. (amīmāṃsiṣṭhās ŚB. ; mīmāṃsyáte AV. +) [mi-maṃsa, mimaniṣa-.] — Caus. mānayati etc. AV. +, -te etc. E. + (man-yate E.+; mimānayiṣa- in d.)



119 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [3 m ā

Deriv.: -mana? TS. mana RV. mánas v.+ manīṣā v. + mánu v.J+

manú v. mánus V.B. manána RV . mananā RV .

mati v.+

mántu v. mantavyà B . +

manotṛ RV . mantṛ B. + mántra v. + mánman V.B.S.

manyú v. +

-māti V.B. māna v. + -mānaka c. mānin u. + many a E. + man an a E. +

mānanīya E. + -manuka B. muni? v.+

-manya v.+

-manyaka c. mīmāṃsā B . +

mīmaṃsaka c. mīmāṃsya u.s. + -mimānayiṣu E. mānayitṛ E.+

mānayitavya E . +

Compare √ mnā. BR. and Gr. refer, perhaps with reason, the redupli-cated present forms to another root, meaning 'delay' (√ 2 mad, mand BR.;

√ 2 man Gr.),

√ m a h , see √ maṃh.

√ 1 m ā , 'measure'.

Pres. [3.] mímīte mimate etc. v.+, mimīmas E., mimīyāt etc. mimātu mimīhí etc. v.(mimet KB.) — [2.] māti etc. v.+. māsva RV., mīmahe c. [— 4. māyate.]

Perf. mamé mamiré etc. v.+, mamāu etc. RV.C. Aor. 1. [meyāt;] amāyi v.+ — 4. ámāsi AV . (māsātāi AV.) [māsīṣṭa. —

6. amāsīt.] [Fut. māsyati -te; mātā.] Verb, mitá v. + ; mātum B.+, mitum c.; mitvā v.+, mītvā s.; -māya

v. + ; -mé -māí RV .

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mīyate etc. E . + — [1nt. māmā-, memīya-. —] Desid. mitsati c — Caus. māpayati -te etc. U.S.+ [amīmapat.]

Deriv.: mā v.+ māna v.+ māná? RV . miti u. +

-mātavya c. mātṛ v. + mātṛ? v.+ mātrā v. +

māyā v. + māyú v. mās, -mas v.+ méya AV . +

-mitsā c. māpaka c. -māpya c. -māpana E.

√ 2 m ā , 'exchange'.

Pres. mayet M. , may ante RV. [Perf. etc. mame; amāsta; māsyate, mātā.] Verb, -mítya AW? [-māya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, mīyate c. [1nt. etc. as √ 1 mā.] Deriv.: -maya s, + -mātavya c

Doubtless a specialization of √ 1 main connection with certain prepositions,

√ 3 m ā , 'bellow'.

Pres. [3,] mímāti v. (mimeti sv., mimanti RV. ; mimīyāt K. ) Perf. mimāya V.B. Aor. 3? ámīmet v. (mīmayat RV.)



3 mā] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 120

Verb, mātavāí v.

Sec. Conj.: Int. mémyat RV . Deriv.: māyú v.+ mayú? B. mayūra?v.+

Apparently an onomatopoetic root.

√ m ā r g , 'chase'. Pres. [1.] mārgati -te etc. E . +

[Perf. etc. mamārga; amārgīt.] Fut. 1. mārgiṣyati E. [— 2. mārgitā.] Verb, mārgita E.+; mārgitum E.-, mārgitvā E.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. mārgayati etc. E. +

Deriv.: mārgaE.+ margin E. mārgaṇa E.+ mārgitavya B. + Really a denominative formation from mārga 'track'.

√ m i , 'fix'. Pres. [5.] minóti etc. v.+, minute s. Perf. mimāya mimyús RV . [mimye.] [Aor. meyāt; amāyi; amāsīt, amāsta; māsīṣṭa.] Fut. I. meṣyant? AB . [māsyati -te. — 2. mātā.] Verb, mitá V.B.S.U. ; -mitya AV.? AB . [-māya.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mīyate etc. v. [— memi-; mitsati -fe; māpayati.]

Deriv.: maya? E . + mít v. -méka?v.B. métṛ

RV.

-mayana B. mití v. Doubtless a form of √ 1 m ā , with which it agrees also in meaning in

later Sanskrit.

√ m i , 'damage', see √ m ī .

√ m i k ṣ ( m i ś ) , 'mix'.

Pres. [3.] mimikṣ vá RV. — [I.] mímikṣati etc. V.B.S.

Perf. mimikṣáthus etc. -ṣé -ṣire RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. mekṣayati B.S. Deriv.: miśrá v. + -miśla V.B. -mí kṣa V.B.S. mékṣaṇa B.S.

m i m i k ṣ ú RV. Seems a desiderative formation to a simpler √ m i ś ; referred by the gram-

marians (and Gr.) to √ mih.

√ m i g h , see √ m i h .

√ m i t h , 'alternate, altercate'.

Pres. [I.] methati etc. V.B.S., methete RV. — [6?] mithatī RV. Perf. mimetha RV . Verb, mithita RV . ; mithitvā c. Deriv. : mithati RV .

mithás v. + mithu V.B. mithuná v. +

mi thus B. mithyā B. +

-méthaka ŚB. -méthana s.



121 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [mī

√ mid, mind, see √ med.

√ m i l , 'combine'.

Pres. [6.] milati etc. c. Perf. mimilus c. [Aor. amelīt, ameliṣṭa.] Fut. 1. miliṣyati B . + Verb, milita c.; mil i tvā c.; -milya c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. melayati etc. c.; melāpaya- (in d.). Deriv.: milana c. mela c.

melaka c. melana c. melāpaka c.

m e l ā p a n a 9 c.

√ m i ṣ , 'wink'.

Pres. [6.] miṣáti etc. v.+, -te E. Perf. mimesa c. Aor. 3. amīmiṣat u. [— 5. ameṣīt.] Fut. I. [meṣiṣyati] (miṣyanti? R.) [— 2. meṣitā.] Verb, miṣita c ; -miṣya c ; -míṣas RV. ; -meṣam E. Deriv. : -mis v. +

miṣa v. + -mesa v. + -meṣaṇa c. -memiṣa B.

√ mih, 'mi w gere'. Pres. [I.] méhati etc. v.+, -t e etc. E. + — méghamāna RV 2 . [Perf. mimeha.] Aor. [3. amīmihat. —] 7. amikṣat ŚB. Fut. 1. mekṣyáti etc. AV.B.S. [— 2. meḍhā.] Verb, mīḍha v. +; mihé RV. Sec. Conj.: Int. mémihat CB. — [Desid. mimikṣa-, see √ mikṣ. —] Caus.

mehayati etc. RV.C. Deriv. : mih RV.

-mihya CB. meghá v.+

meha B. + -mehin c.

mehánā RV.

méhana v. + -mehanīya s.

mehatnú RV.

méḍhra AV. + meṇḍhra? c.

mīḍhá? v.+ mīḍhvāṃs?v.+

Compare √ mikṣ.

y m ī , mi , "damage'.

Pres. [9.] mināti etc. V.B., aminanta mināná RV. (minat -nan RV., minīt AV. ) ; mīnāti CB. [mīnīte.] — [5.] minotietc . RV-.C-. — [3.] mimītas? RV., -īyāt? V.B. — [4.] mīyate etc. R V . B . +

Perf. mimāya etc. RV., mimye c. (mīmaya A v.) [mamāu, mame.] Aor. 1. [mīyāt;] ámāyiß. — 4. [amāsta, māsīṣṭa;] meṣṭa etc. AV.B.S. [—

6. amāsīt.] Fut. 1. meṣyase PB . [māsyati, -te. — 2. mātā.] Verb, mīta v. + ; métos B.; [mītvā; -mīya, -māya;] -míyam -míye av.



m l ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 2 2

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mīyáte etc. CB.MB. — Int. mémyāna RV. [— Desid. mitsa-.]

— Caus. māpayati etc. E. + [amīmapat.] Deriv. : -mi-? RV .

-m ī RV .

-maya B. +

-mīya B. -mayu AV .

-māyu B. māyuka AV.B. -mīti c.

-mātavya E. -māpana E. + -māpayitṛ c

√ m ī l , 'wink'.

Pres. [I.] mīlati etc. B.+, -t e s. Perf. mimīla c. Aor. 3. amimīlat c. [amīmilat. — 5. amīlīt.] [Fut. mīliṣyati , mīlitā.]

Verb, m ī h t a

B. + ; -mīlya v.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, mīlyate c. — [Int. memīl-. — Desid. mimīliṣa-. —] Caus. mīlayati B.+, -te E.

Deriv.: -mīla s. + mīlaka c -mīlin'Av.c. mīlana E. +

√ m l v , m ū , 'push'.

Pres. [1.] mīvati etc. AV.B. Verb, mīvitá B. , -mūta v.s.; -mīvya B. Deriv.: -mu ? c1. mūrá RV . -maviṣṇu ? RV 1. -móta ? AV 1.

√ m u c , m o k ṣ , 'release'.

Pres. [6.] muñcáti etc. v. +, -te etc. v.+; mucánti etc. mucasva etc. (aor. 2?) RV.TA.

Perf, mumóca mumucé etc. v.+ (mumoktu etc. V.B. , mumócat etc. mú-mocati mumucas amumuktam RV.)

Aor. I. ámok AV . (mogdhí TA. ) ; mucīṣ ṭa RV. ; ámoci v.+ — 2. ámucat etc. v. — 3. amūmucat c — 4. amāuk etc. B. (mokṣīs c ) , ámukṣi etc. v. ; mukṣīya V.B.

Fut. I. mokṣyati -te etc. B . + [— 2. moktā.] Verb, muktá AV. + ; moktum B. + ; muktvā B. + ; -múcya v. + ; mókam B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mucyáte etc. AV.+, múcyase etc. v., -t i etc. U .E . + — [Int.

momuc-. —] Desid. múniukṣati -te etc. v. + ; mókṣate etc. B . + — Caus. mocayati -t e etc. E. + (mocyate c.; mumocayiṣa- c.)

Deriv. : -muc v. + -mucī AV . -muca E. + moka, -kī v.+ -mokya AV . moca E. + mocaka c. -mocin c

mocya E. + mócana v. + mocanīya B. + -muci E. -mucu E. +

mukti AV. + moktavya E. + moktṛ B. +

mucyu GB . -mukṣā MS. mokṣ a B. + mokṣaka E. + moksin E . +

mokṣya c. mokṣaṇa E. + moksanīya E.

mumucu E. + mumukṣ ā E. +

mumukṣ ú v. + mocayitṛ c mocayitavya c mumocayiṣ u E. mokṣayitavya c mokṣayitṛ E.

mumokṣ ayiṣ u E. The^desiderative formation mokṣ has nearly the same right to be treated

as a separate root that √ bhakṣ has.



123 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. fmu

√ muṭ, 'break'. Pres. [1.] moṭate cl. Sec C onj.: C aus. moṭayati c 1. Deriv.: moṭaka c. -moṭin c. moṭana c.

√ m u d , 'be merry'.

Pres. [1.] módate et c. v.+‚ -t i et c. E . +

Perf. mumóda v.+‚ mumude etc. E . +

Aor. 1. mudīmahi RV. — [3. amūmudat. —] 5. modiṣīṣṭhās AV. Fut. 1. modiṣye E. [— 2. moditā.] Verb, mudita E. +; -modam c. Sec. C onj.: [Int. momud-. — Desid. mumudiṣa-, mumodiṣa-. —] Caus.

modayati -t e et c. B.+ (mumodayiṣati ŚB.) Deriv. : múd v.+

-muda AV.+ mudā E. +

móda v. + modaka E. + mo din AV. +

modana E. + modanīya u.+

mudrá v. mudira? c. -mudvin? c.

√ m u ṣ , 'steal'.

Pres. [9.] muṣṇāti etc. v.+ (muṣāṇa c.) — [I.] móṣatha nxK — [6.] m u ṣ -ati etc. E.

Perf. mumoṣa c. Aor. 1. amoṣi c. — [3. amūmuṣat. —] 5. moṣīs amoṣiṣus V.B. [Fut. moṣiṣyati, moṣitā.] Verb, muṣitá v.+, muṣṭa c.; muṣitvā c.; -múṣya v. + ; muṣ é RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, muṣyate etc. c, -yant E. [— Int. momuṣ-. — Desid. mu-

muṣiṣa-.] — Caus. [moṣaya-;] muṣayant ? c. Deriv. : -muṣ v. +

mūs RV . mūṣa E. +

mūṣaka c. -múṣi B. muṣīván RV.

muṣṭí ? v. + moṣa B . +

-moṣaka E.

-moṣin B. + moṣya c. moṣaṇa s.c.

√ m u h , 'be crazed'.

Pres. [4.] múhyati etc. v.+, -te etc. u.+ Perf. mumoha etc. B. +, mumuhe E. Aor. 2. amuhat etc. B. — 3. amūmuhat etc. AV.B. Fut. 1. mohiṣyáti B. [mokṣyati. — 2. mohitā, mogdhā, moḍhā.] Verb, mugdhá v,+, mūḍha AV.S.U. + ; muhé RV. ; -móham B.

Sec Conj.: Int. momuhat s . , momuhyate E. — [Desid. mumohiṣa-, mumuhiṣa-, mumukṣa-. —-] Caus. moháyati etc. v. + , -te etc. E . + (mohyate c.)

Deriv.: -muh AV.B.

múhu v.B.

múhus v.+

mudhā? E. +

mógha V.B. móha AV. +

-mohaka E. mohin E. +

mohana E . +

móhuka B. momughá B.

mohayitṛ E.

√ mū, see √ mīv.



mūrch] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 124

√ mūrch, mūr, 'thicken'.

Pres. [1.] mūrchati etc. A V . +

Perf. mumūrcha E. +

[Aor. etc. amūrchīt; mūrchiṣyati, mūrchitā.] Verb, mūrchita E . + , mūrtá B . + [mūrtvā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. mūrchayati B. +, -te E.

Deriv.: murá? V.B. mūrti B.+

murkhá B.+ murchā E.+ mūrchana E. +

√ 1 mṛ , 'die'.

Pres. [1.] maranti etc. márate etc. RV. (mara c 1.)

Perf. mamāra mamrus etc. v.+, mamre etc. c. Aor, I. amṛta etc. V.B.S. ; murīya v. — 3. amīmarat etc. B.C. [— 4. mṛ-

ṣīṣṭa.] Fut. 1. mariṣyati etc. AV.+, -te E. [— 2. martā.] Verb, mṛtá v. +; martum E. +, -tave AVP. ; mṛtvā B. + • -māram E.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mriyáte etc. v.+, -ti etc. E . + — Int. marīmartic. [mar-mṛ-, memrīya-.] — Desid. mumūrṣati etc. s. + — Caus. māráyati etc. AV.+, -te E. (māryate etc. E. + ; mimārayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv. :

mara v. +

maraka a maraṇa*B.+ maru? B.+ -mura? AV.

maráyn V.B. márta, -tya v. + mṛti c martavya E. + mṛtyú v. +

márman? v.+

māra v.+ māraka c mārin B. + māraṇa B.+

māruka B.S. -mamri AV. murmur a? B . + mumūrṣā E.+ mumūrṣu B. + mimārayiṣu c.

The following root is doubtless the same with this.

√ 2 mṛ, mṛṇ, ' crush.

Pres. [9.] mṛṇīhí etc. v. — [6.] mṛṇáti etc. V.B.

Perf. mumurat? RV .

Aor. 1. mṛṇyus K. — 3. ámīmṛṇan AV. [— 5. amārīt.] Verb, mūrṇá AV.B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mūryáte ŚB.

Deriv. : múr RV . mura? E.+ -múri RV. -marītṛ RV.

-mrṇa V.B. malimlu? B.

Hardly to be separated from the preceding.

√ mṛkṣ, 'stroke'.

Pres. [6.] mṛkṣā RV , — [I.] mrakṣanti c. Perf. mimṛkṣus RV.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. mrakṣaya- c, mṛkṣayati E.

Deriv. : mṛkṣá RV. mṛkṣín RV. -mrakṣa RV. mrakṣaṇa c Doubtless a secondary root-form from √ mṛj.



1 2 5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ m ṛ ḍ

√ m ṛ c , 'injure'. Pres. [4.] mṛcyati'? JB . Aor. 4. mṛkṣīṣṭa RV. Verb, mṛktá RV . Sec. Conj.: Caus. marcáyati etc. V.B.S.

Deriv.: mṛc RV . marká RV . márka B.S. mṛcaya AB.

√ m ṛ c h , 'perish'.

Pres. mṛchante u. Very likely a false reading; if not, a secondary root-from j / 1 mṛ .

√ m ṛ j , 'wipe'.

Pres. [2.] mārṣṭi mṛjánti [mārjanti] etc. v.+ , mṛṣṭé mṛjate etc. v.+ (mārjīta s.) — [7.] mṛñjata (3 p.) RV., mṛṇajāni GB., mṛñjyāt ŚB. — [I.] mārjati –te etc. E . + — [6.] mṛjati -te etc. AV-.S.C.

Perf. mamārja mamṛjus etc. v.+ (mamārjusE., māmṛjus RV.), mamṛje AV. (māmṛjé -jīta RV.)

Aor. [I. amārji. —] 3. amīmṛjanta B. [amamārjat.] — 4. amārkṣīt etc. B. — 5. amārjīt etc. B. — 7. amṛkṣat etc. V.B.S. , amṛkṣata etc. RV.E.

Fut. 1. mrakṣyate B . , mārkṣyate B.S. [mārjiṣyati.] — 2. mraṣṭā JB.

[mārṣṭā, mārjitā.] Verb, mṛṣṭá v.+, mṛjita c, mārjita (caus.?) s.+; marṣṭum c , mārṣṭum

c, mārjitum E. + ; mṛṣṭvā AV,, mārjitvā B. ; -mṛjya AV.+, -mārjya c.; -mṛjas B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mṛjyáte etc. v. + — Int. marmṛjmá -janta etc. RV., -jyáte etc. V.B.S. (marmṛjāná RV,), marīmṛjyate B. [— Desid. mi-mārjiṣa-, mimṛkṣa-.] — Caus. marjayati -t e etc. v.; mārjayati -t e etc. B. + (mārjyate c) .

Deriv.:

-mṛja c. mṛjā E. +

márjya RV . -mārga AV. +

-mārjaka E. +

mārjana v. + -mārjanīya E. -mārguka B.

mārjāra E . + mārjālyà RV . mṛṣṭi B. + mārṣṭi c.

mārṣṭavya c. -mṛgra RV. -mṛgvan AV. marmṛjénya RV.

Compare √ mṛkṣ.

√ m ṛ ḍ , 'be gracious'.

Pres. [6.] mṛḍáti etc. V.B.S. , -ase B. [— 9. mṛḍnāti.] Perf. [mamarḍa] (mamṛḍyus RV.) [Aor. etc. amīmṛḍat amamarḍat, amarḍīt; marḍiṣyati, marḍitā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. marīmṛḍ-. — Desid. mimarḍiṣa-. —] Caus. mṛḍáyati

etc. V.B .C, -t e c. Deriv. : mṛḍa B. +

mṛḍana c. mṛḍīká v. + marḍitṛ RV .

mṛḍitṛ AV. -mṛḍaya B.

mṛḍayāku RV.



2nṛṇ! ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 126

√ mṛṇ, see √ 2 mṛ.

√ mṛd, mrad, 'rub, crus h.

Pres. [9.] mṛdnāti etc. S. + , mṛdnīta S. — [l.] mardati -t e etc. E . + — mrada RV., -date MS.

Perf. mamarda mamṛdus E.+ (mamardus M.), mamṛde E. Aor. I. mṛdyāsam B.S. — 3. amīmṛdat E. [amamardat. — 5. amardīt.] Fut. I. mradiṣyati mardiṣyate JB . Verb, mṛditá AV.; marditum E.+, - tos ß. ; mṛditvā c ; -mṛdya B. + ;

-mradé B. ; -mardam C. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mṛdyáte etc. B. + — Int. marmarttu RV . [marīmṛd-.] —

Desid. mimardiṣati E. — Caus. mardayati etc. E.+, -te E. (mardyate c ; mimardayiṣa- in d.); mradayati TS .

Deri y. ;

mṛd v.+ -mṛda s. marda E. + mardaka c

mardin E. +

márdana B . +

mardanīya c -mradas V.B.S.

mṛttikā B. + marditavya E. -marditṛ E. mradīyas B.

mṛdú AV. +

mṛtsnā B . +

mimardiṣu E. mimardayisu E.

√ m ṛ d h , 'neglect'.

Pres. [I.] márdhati etc. RV . — [6.] mṛdhāti RV.S. , -asva s. Aor. I. mṛdhyās RV . —- 2. mṛdhas s. — 5. mardhīs etc. RV.B. (márdhi-

ṣat RV.)

Verb, mṛddhá MS. Deriv.:

mṛdh V.B. mṛdha v. + mṛdhas RV. mardhuka JB .

mṛdhrá RV.

√ m ṛ ś , 'touch, feel'.

Pres. [6.] mṛśáti etc. v.+, -t e etc. v.+ Perf. mamarśa mamṛśus E. + (māmṛśús RV.), mamṛśe B. +

Aor. 4. [amārkṣīt amrākṣīt] mṛkṣīṣṭa? RV. — 7. ámṛkṣat etc. V.E. [Fut. markṣyati mrakṣyati, marṣṭā mraṣṭā.] Verb, mṛṣṭá v.+, mṛśita c ; marṣṭum E. + ; -mṛśya v.+; - m ṛ ś e v . B . ;

-márśam B.S. Sec. Con j.: Pass, mṛśyate etc. E . + — 1nt. mármrśat etc. V.B,, marīmṛśya-

B. — Caus. marśayati etc. B . + Deriv.: -mṛśa B . +

-mṛśya B. + marśa B. + -marśaka E.

-marśin u. + márśana v.+

marīmṛśá AV.

√ m ṛ ṣ , 'not h e e d \

Pres. [4.] mṛṣyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E . + [— 1. marṣati -te.] Perf. mamárṣa RV.E., mamṛṣe E.



127 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [mrit

Aor. 1. mṛṣṭhās RV. — 2. amṛṣan M., mṛṣat s. (-ṣant? c ) , -ṣanta RV. —

3. mīmṛṣas v. [amamarṣat.] — 5. [amarṣīt,] marṣiṣṭhās

RV.

[Fut. marṣiṣyati -te, marṣitā.] Verb, [mṛṣita; mṛṣitvā, marṣitvā;] -mṛṣya E. ; -mṛṣe RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mṛṣyate E. — Int. māmṛṣat s. — Caus. marṣayati et c.

E. +, -te etc. E. +

Deriv. : mṛṣa v. + -mṛṣya RV.

-márṣa v. + marṣin E. +

marṣaṇa E. + marṣaṇīya E. +

-marṣi E.

√ m e d [mid] , 'be fat'.

Pres. [4.] médyati etc. V.B. — [6.] medátām RV. [Perf.

etc. mimeda, mimide; amidat, amediṣṭa; mediṣyati-te, meditā; minna, miditvā meditvā.]

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, midyate. —] Caus. [mindayati;] medáyati etc. v. + Deriv. : médana RV. medín v. +

medya c. médas v. + medurá B. +

y m o k ṣ , see √ m u c .

√ m n ā , 'note'.

Pres. [I.] manati etc. s.+, -t e s. — [2.] mnāyus cl.

[Perf. mamnāu."J Aor. [1. mnāyāt, mneyāt. —] 6. amnāsiṣus c. [Fut. mnāsyati, mnātā.] Verb, mnāta s. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, mnāyate c. [— Int. māmnā-. — Desid. mimnāsa-. —

Caus. mnāpaya-, amimnapat.] Deriv.: -mnāna s.+ -mnātavya c. -mnāya s.+

Only with prefix ā: a secondary root-form from √ man — to which, indeed, the forms from stem mana- more properly belong.

√ m y a k ṣ , 'be situated' (?). Pres. [I.] myakṣa RV. Perf. mimyákṣa mimikṣús -kṣire RV. Aor. I. amyak RV.; amyakṣi RV.

√ m r a d , see √ m ṛ d .

√ m r i t , m l i t , 'dissolve'.

Pres. [4?] mṛityét -yeyus ŚB , Verb, -mletya s. Deriv. -mretuka PB.

Perhaps related with √ mṛd.



mruc] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 2 8

√ mruc, mluc, mlup, 'set'.

Pres. [I.] mrócati etc. AV.B. ; mlócati etc. B . +

Perf. mumloca ŚB.U. Aor. 2. amrucat JB . [— 5. amrocīt, amlocīt.] [Fut. mrociṣyati, mrocitā; mlociṣyati, mlocitā.] Verb, mrukta B.+, mlukta RV,, mlupta B.S . ; -mrúcas RV. Sec. Conj.: Int. malimlucāmahe s. Deriv. : -mruc V.B.

mroká AV . -mloca E. +

-mrocana c. -mlocana c. -mloci c.

-mrukti B. -mlukti c. malimlucá AV.+

malimluc s.

√ mreḍ, 'gratify' (?). Pres. [I.] mreḍeran ul. Sec. Con j.: Caus. mreḍayati etc. E. + (mrelayati s.") Deriv. -mreḍa c.

√ mlā, 'relax'.

Pres. [4.] mlāyati etc. B.+, -te etc. E.+ — [2.] mlānti E. Perf. mamlāu etc. E. + Aor. [1. mlāyāt, mleyāt. —] 6? mlāsīs E. Fut. I. amlāsyatām B. , -yetām u. [— 2. mlātā.]

Verb, mlātá RV., mlāna B . + See. Conj.: Caus. mlāpáyati AV. +; mlapayati c. Deriv.: -mlāni c. -mlāyin c. -mlāpana c. mlāpin c.

√ mluc, see √ mruc.

√ mlup, see √ mruc.

√ mlech, 'speak barbarously'.

Pres. [I.] mlechati etc. B . +

[Perf. etc. mimlecha; amlechīt; mlechiṣ yat i , mlechitā; mlechita, mliṣṭa.]

Deriv. mlechá B . +

√ y a k ṣ , 'press on ' (?). Pres. [L] yákṣati etc. RV1.R 1., -te Rv 1. Verb, -yákṣe RV 2 . Deriv.: y a kṣá v. +

yakṣ ín RV . yákṣya RV . y á k ṣ u RV. yákṣma v. +

yakṣman E. + The character of the root and the connection of its derivatives are very

doubtful.

√ yach, see √ yam.



129 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ y a b h

√ y a j , 'offer'. Pres. [1.] yájati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] yákṣi V.B.S., yákṣva RV. — yajase

(Is/) av 1. Perf. iyāja etc. E.+, ījé etc. v.+, yejé AV.? Aor. [1. ijyāt. —] 3. ayīyajat etc. B. — 4. ayākṣīt etc. V.B.S. (ayās RV.,

ayāṭ V.B.S. ; yákṣat V.B.S. , yakṣatas -ṣatām RV.), ayaṣṭa etc. V.B.S.

(yakṣate etc. V.B. ; yakṣīya MS.) — 7. ayakṣata (3s.) AGS. Fut. 1. yakṣyati etc. B. +, -áte etc. v. + — 2. yaṣṭā B. Verb, iṣṭá v. + ; yáṣṭum B.+, -ṭave V.B., ījitum M.; iṣṭvā AV.+; [-ijya;]

yájadhyāi v., yajádhyāi TS. ; -yājam AV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ijyate etc. E. +, -yant E. — 1nt. yāyaj- (in d.). — Desid.

yiyakṣati -te E. ; íyakṣati etc. v., -te etc. V.B. — Caus. yājayati etc. B. +, -te E.

Deriv. : -ij v.+ yā j v. +

yája B. yajā s. yajin B. + -yájya RV. -yajyā V.B.S.

ijya c. ijyā s.+ yáj ana A V . +

yaj ás RV.

-yaji RV. yá j us V. +

yajatá v. í ṣ ṭ i v.+ yajati s.+ yaṣṭavyà B. + yaṣṭṛ v.+ yájatra V.B. yajátha v.

yajñá v. + yájyu v. yájīyas v. yájiṣṭha v. yájvan v.+ ya j vi n E. +

yajiṣṇu E. -yāga E . + -yāja v.+ yājaka E . +

-yājin B. + yājya B. + yājya B. + yājana s.+ yājanīya c. -yājuka B. yāyajūka B . + yiyokṣu E. + yājayitavyà B. yājayitṛ c.

Appears to be related with roots ya m and yach and y a t , and to mean originally 'reach out, extend'.

√ y a t , 'stretch'.

Pres. [I.] yátate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.+ Perf. yete etc. V.B.U.

Aor. 1. yátāna, yatāná RV. — [3. ayīyatat. —] 5, ayatiṣṭa B.

Fut. I.Jyatiṣyate etc. B.+, -ti etc. E . + Verb, yatta v.+, yatita E. ; yatitum E. ; -yátya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, yatyate c. — [1nt. yāyat-. — Desid. yiyatiṣa-. —] Caus.

yātáyati -te et c v.+ (yātyate etc. B . + ) Deriv.:

-yāt v. + -yátana AV.+ yatanīya c. yáti v. +

yátti MS. -yattavya E. yatitavya E . + yatna E. +

-yātaka E. + -yātya S. + yātanā E. +

yatúna RV. yayāti? v.+

√ y a b h , futuere'. Pres. [1.] yábhati et c AV.B. [Perf. et c yayābha; ayāpsīt.]



yabh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 130

Fut. 1. yapsyáti etc. B.S. Verb, yabdhum c , yabhitum c. Sec. Conj.: Desid. yiyapsate etc. s. Deriv.: -yabhya AV . yābha c.

√ yam, yach, 'reach'.

Pres. [1.] yáchati - te etc. v.+ — yamati -te etc. E. + — [2.] yáṁsi RV. ; yamiti? JB.

Perf. yayāma yemús etc. V.B. (yayaṁtha RV.; yamátus -mus RV.), yeme etc. v. +

Aor. 1. áyamus

etc. RV. (yámati yámat

etc. v., yamate

etc. v.; yamyās 3s. yamīmahi RV. ; yaṁdhí et c RV.) • áyāmi V.B. — [3. ayīyamat. —] 4. áyāṁsam et c V.B. (áyān RV. ; yaṁsat et c V.B.S . , yaṁsatas RV. ) , áyaṁsta ßtc. V.B. (ayāṁsi AB., yaṁsate RV.) — 5. yámiṣṭa (3s.) RV . [— 6. ayaṁsiṣam.]

Fut. 1. yaṁsyáti B., yamiṣyati c. [— 2. yaṁtā.] Verb, yatá v. + ; yáṁtum B.+ , -tave RV . , yamitum c., yámitavāí RV . ;

yatvā s., yamitvā c.; -yátya AV.B., -yamya s. + ; -yámam V.B. Sec Conj.: Pass, yamyáte et c v.+ — Int. yaṃyamīti RV . — Desid. yiyaṁ-

sati B. — C aus. yāmáyati et c V.E.+; yamayati et c B.+, -te E. Deriv.: yáma v.+

yamá? v.+ -yamaka c. yamin B. + -yamya E . +

yámana B. +

yáti v.+ -yáṁtu RV . yaṁtavyà B . + yaṁtúr RV . yaṁtṛ v. + yaṁtrá v. +

yamunā v.+ -yamīyas RV . yámiṣṭha RV. yamasāná RV . yāma v. + yāmaka B. +

-yāmm B . + -yāmana c. -yaṁsénya RV. -yachana E. yaṣṭí'? B. +

Compare √ yaj and √ yat.

√ yas, y e ṣ , 'b e heated'.

Pres. [4.] yásyati et c AV. + — [3.] yayastu RV. — [I.] yéṣati etc. V.B.

[yasati.] [Perf. yayāsa.] Aor. 2. ayasat c. [— 3. ayīyasat. — 5. ayāsīt.J [Fut. yasiṣyati, yasitā.] Verb, yastá v.+, yasita B.C. [yasitvā, yastvā.] Sec Conj.: [Int. yāyas-. — Desid. yiyasiṣa-. —] Caus. yāsayati et c E , +

[-te.] (yāsyate E.) Deriv. : y a s V.B.S.

-yāsa B. + -yāsaka c. -yāsin c.

-yāsya v. + -yāsana c

yaska ? B. +

√ yah. Such a root, of questionable meaning, is assumable for the derivatives:

yahú RV . yahvà v. yahvánt RV.



131 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [i y u

√ y ā , 'go'. Pres. [2.] yāti etc. v.+ (ayus B.+ [ayān]; yāmaki = yāmi KB.) , yāmohe ul. Perf. yayāú etc. v. + (yayātha v.), yaye c. Aor. 4. ayāsam etc. v. (yāsat V.B. ; yeṣam RV.) — 6. ayāsiṣam etc. v. +

(yāsiṣat RV.; yāsisīṣṭhās V.B. ) Fut. yāsyati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E.+ — 2. yātā E.+

Verb, yātá v. + ; yātum E. + , yātave v. , -vāí B. ; yātvā B.S . ; -yāya B. + ; -yāí V.B. ; -yāyam s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, yāyate E. — 7nt. īyāyate? u., yāyā- (in d.). — Desid. yi-yāsati etc. E . + — Caus. yāpáyati etc. B.+ [ayīyapat.]

Deriv.: -y ā V . B . yāna v. +

yú? V.B.

-yāti u. + yātú? v. + yātavya E. +

yātṛ v.+ -yātra E. +

yātrā E. + -yātha RV . yāma v. + yāman V.B.S.

y ā y m B. + yāvan V.B. yéṣṭha RV . yayí, -ī RV.» -yayin RV. -yiyu RV. yayu V.B.

yāyāvará B . + yiyāsā c. yiyāsu E. + -yāpa c. yāpaka c. yāpya B . + yāpana s. +

Doubtless a secondary form of √ i.

√ y ā c , 'ask'.

Pr es. [1.] yācati -t e et c. v.+ Perf. [yayāca] yayāce B. + Aor. [1. yācyāt. — 3. ayayācat. —] 5. ayācīt et c V.E. (yāciṣat RV. ) ,

ayāciṣṭa B. (yāciṣāmahe RV. ) Fut. 1. yāciṣyati B.S., -t e E. [— 2. yācitā.] Verb, yācitá AV.+; yācitum AV. + ; yācitvā B. + ; -yācya B . +

Sec Conj.: Pass, yācyate etc. E. + [— Int. yāyāc-. — Desid. yiyāciṣa-.] — Caus. yācáyati -t e AV.+

Deriv. : yācaka E. +

yācin c.

yācya E. +

yācana E. + yācanā E. +

yācanīya E.+

yācitavya E. + yācitṛ E. +

yāciṣ ṇu E. +

yācñā B. + yācñyá AV.B.

√ y ā d , 'unite' (?).

Pres. [I.] yādamāna RV . Deriv.: yādas B. + yādura RV .

√ 1 y u , 'unite'.

Pres. [2.] yāúti yuvati et c AV.B.S. , yuté yuvate et c V.B. — [6.] yuvát i -t e et c V.B. [— 9-, yunāti -nīte.]

Perf. [yuyāva] yuyuvé RV . Aor. [I. yūyāt; ayāvi. — 3. ayīyavat. —] 5. yāviṣṭam? RV . [ayaviṣṭa.] Fut. [1. yaviṣyati -te. —] 2. yuvitā CB. [yavitā.]



I yu] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 132

Verb, yutá v. + ; -yūya v.+, -yutya s. Sec. Conj.: [Pass, yūyate. —] 1nt. yóyuvat AV., yóyuve etc. RV . — Desid.

yúyūṣati RV. [yiyaviṣa-. — Caus. yāvayati, yiyāvayiṣati.] Deriv.: y ú B . +

-yava RV . yávana AV. + -yuvana s.+ -yut V.B.

yut i a -yūti? v.+ yotra E. yūthá? v.+

yūna s. yóni? v.+ yúvan ? v. + yáviṣṭha v. + yavīyas s.+

yós ? v. +

yóṣaṇā etc. ? v. + -yāva E . +

-yāvana c. yāvayitṛ c.

Compare √ yuj and √ 2 y u ; from the latter, in combination with pre-fixes , the forms and derivatives of this root are not always separable with cer-

tainty.

√ 2 y u , y u c h , 'separate'.

Pres. [3.] yuyóti etc. V«B., yuyudhvám etc. V.B. — [6.] áyuvanta etc. V.B.S.

— [I.] yuchati etc. v. Aor. I. yuyāt B., yūyātām (3d.) B. (yūyās 3s. v.), yavanta RV . ; áyāvi

B. — 3. yūyot RV. — 4. ayāuṣīt etc. V.B. (yāus RV., yoṣati etc. v., yóṣ at RV. ; yoṣam etc. B.S. , yūṣ am AV.), yoṣṭhās B.S. — 5. yāvīs RV .

Verb, yutá RV. ; yótave -tavāí -tos RV. ; -yāvam AV.B. Sec. Conj.: Int. yóyuvat etc. V.B. (yoyāva MS.) — Caus. yāváyati etc. v. ;

yavayati etc. V.B. Deriv. : yáva AV.C.

-yávana MS. -yut V.B.

-yuti RV.C -yotṛ RV .

-yutvan RV . -yāvan AV.

-yávana AV. yūyuvi RV .

Compare √ 1 yu.

√ y u j , 'join'.

Pres. [7.] yunákti yuṅkté etc. v.+ (yunaṅkṣi? c, yuñjīyāt R.) — [6?] yuñjati -t e etc. U.E.+ — [2.] yujé v. , yujmahe yujata (3 p.) RV.,

y u k ṣ v á v. Perf. yuyója yuyujé etc. v.+ Xyuyujma -jré v. ; niniyoja AB.; yuyó- jate RV.)

Aor. 1. áyuji etc. V.B. (yojate yujāná RV.), (yojam yója yujyātām etc. RV. ) ; áyoji v.c —-2.? yujanta RV., ayujat –janta c — 3. ayūyujat etc. E . + — 4. ayokṣīt S., [ayāukṣīt] ayukṣi etc. v.+ (ayunk-ṣmahi C )

Fut. 1. yokṣyati etc. B.+,'-te etc. AV.+ — 2. yoktā B. Verb, yuktá v. + ; yoktum B. + ; yuktvā,v. + , -tvāya V.B . ; -yujya,». + ;

yujé RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass,

yujyáte

etc. v. + ,

-t i

etc. E . +

—

[1nt. yoyuj-.

—] Desid.

yuyukṣati etc. E. + — Caus. yojayati etc. E. + , -te etc. E. + (yojyate eic. c )



133 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [raṃh

Deriv. yuj v . + -yuja v.s. yújya V.B. yugá v.+ yugya E. +

-yuṅga B. yuñjaka E.+

yoga v.+

yógya AV . + yogyā RV. yogin s. + yojaka E. +

yojya E.+

yojana v.+

yojanīya c yukt i v.+ yoktavyà B. + yoktṛ B. +

yóktra v.+ yojitṛ c

yugma s.+ yugmán B. -yúgvan V.B.S.

yuyukṣ u c yojayitavya c. yojayitṛ s.c.

y yudh, 'fight'.

Pres. [4.] yúdhyate etc. v. + , -t i etc. v.+ — [1.] yodhati etc. AV.PB. — [2.] yótsi RV .

Perf. yuyódha yuyudhé etc. v.+ Aor. 1. yódhi, yodhat, yodhāná RV., yudhāna ? c — 3. yūyudhas M. —

4. yotsīs E., ayuddha c , yutsmahi AV. — 5. ayodhīt et c. v. (yodhiṣat RV.)

Fut. 1. yotsyati -t e etc. B. + — 2. yoddhā E. Verb, yuddhá v. + ; y o d d h u m E . ; - y u d d h v ī R v . ; -yudhya E.; yudham

JB., y udhé Rv .; yudháye RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, yudhyate c. — Int. [yoyudh-] yavīyudh- (in d.) —

Desid. yúyutsati -te etc. v . + — Caus. yodhayati etc. v. + , -te etc. E.

(yodhyate E. )

Deriv. : yúdh v. + -yudha v.+ yudhi- AV. -yudhya RV. yudhénya v.

yudhmá RV . yudhvan RV. yodhá v. + yodhaka E. yodhin E . +

yódhya v. +

yodhana E. + yodhanīya c yodhuka JB . yódhīyas RV . y o d d h a v y a E . +

yoddhṛ v. +

yúyudhi RV . yūyudhi RV . yavīyúdh RV. yuyutsā E. -yutsā? c. yuyutsu E. +

√ y u p , 'obstruct'.

[Pres. 4. yupyati.] Perf. yuyópa yuyopimá v. Aor.

[2. ayupat.

—]

3. ayūyupan

et c. B. [Fut. yopiṣyati, yopitā.j Verb, yupitá AV.B.S.

Sec Conj.: 7nt. yoyupyáte etc. B.s. — Caus. yopáyati et c. V.B.S.

Deriv.: yūpa v.+ -yópana v. yoyupana cl. y y eṣ , see √ yas.

√ raṃh, 'hasten'.

Pres. [I.] ráṃhate etc. RV., -ti RV. Perf. rārahāṇá RV.B. [raraṃha.] [Aor. etc. araraṃhat, araṃhīt; raṃhiṣyati, raṃhitā.] Verb, raṃhita s.



raṃh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 134

Sec. Conj.: Caus. raṃháyati -te etc. RV.

Deriv.: -raṃha E. ráṃhya RV. ráṃhas v.+

ranghas c. rahas ? c. ráṃhi V.B.

ṛhánt?

RV.

raghú v.+ laghú AV.+

rághīyas B. lághīyas A V . + laghiṣṭha JB .

Compare √ rah.

√ rakṣ, 'protect'.

Pres. [1.] rákṣati -te etc. v.+ Perf. rarákṣa etc. v. + (rārakṣāṇá RV.) Aor. [I . rakṣyāt. — 3. ararakṣat. —] 4. arakṣīt etc. AV.+ (rakṣiṣat etc.

RV.), arākṣīt etc. B.S. (arāṭ? MS.) Fut. I. arakṣiṣyas M., rakṣye? ul. — 2. rakṣitā E. C Verb, rakṣitá v.+; rakṣitum E.+-, -rakṣya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rakṣyate etc. u.+ — [1nt. rārakṣ-. —] Desid. rirakṣiṣati

etc. E. — Caus. rakṣayati etc. c , -te B. Deriv.: rakṣa B. +

rakṣā E . +

rakṣaka c. raksin s.+

rakṣya E. + rákṣaṇa v . + rakṣaṇā c. rakṣaṇīya E . +

rákṣas v.+ rakṣás V.B. -rákṣi V.B. rakṣitavya E.+ rakṣitṛ v. +

rirakṣā c. rirakṣu c. rirakṣiṣā c. riraksisu F. +

The relation of rakṣas 'demon' to this root is questionable. But rakṣīs Av1. is too weak evidence on which to accept a √ 2 rakṣ 'harm'.

√ rang, 'rock'.

Pres. [I.] raṅgant cl. Doubtless artificial.

√ rae, 'produce'.

Aor. I. araci c. — 3. arīracat c. Fut. I. raciṣyati c ? Sec. Conj.: Caus. racayati etc. E. + (racyate c.)

Deriv. : racana E. + -racanā c.

-rañca c. -rañcya c.

-rañci c. racayitṛ c.

√ 1 raj, 'direct', see √ ṛj.

√ 2 raj, rañj, 'color'.

Pres. [4.] rajyati -te etc. Av 1 .E.+ — [I.] rañjati etc. ? E. + [rajati -te.] [Perf. etc. rarañja rarañje; rajyāt; arlrajat ararañjat, arāṅkṣīt

araṅkta, raṅkṣīṣṭa; raṅkṣyati -te, raṅktā.J

Verb, raktá B, +; [raktvā, raṅktvā;] -rajya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rajyate c. — Int. rārajīti v. — [Desid. riraṅkṣa-. —] Caus. rajayati AV. ; rañjayati etc. E.+, -te E.



1 3 5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [I ran Deriv. : raṅga E. +

rañjaka E. +

-rañjya c . rajaka E. +

rañjana E. + rañjanīya c .

raj ana A V . +

rajanī E.

rajanīya E. rájas ? v . + raji? RV. rajatá v . +

rakti c . rāga u . +

-rāgin E.+ rajayitṛ v s .

T h e f o r m s w i t h n a s a l b e l o n g t o t h e l a t e r l a n g u a g e .

√ ranch, ' m a r k ' . O n l y i n (ni-) -rañchana c . : c o m p a r e √ lāñch.

√ r a ṭ , ' h o w l ' . Pres. [I.] ráṭati etc. c . [Perf. etc. rarāṭa reṭus; arīraṭat, arāṭīt; raṭiṣyati, raṭitā.] Verb, raṭita c . Sec. Conj.: Int. rāraṭīti etc. E.+

Deriv.; raṭana c . -raṭi c .

√ r a ṇ v , 'delight'.

Pres. [I.] raṇva etc. TS. Verb, raṇvitá RV.

A s e c o n d a r y f o r m a t i o n f r o m √ ran, a p p a r e n t l y t h r o u g h raṇvá. √ r ad , 'dig'.

Pres. [I.] rádati etc. V.B. , -t e AV. — [2.] ratsi RV. Perf. rarāda RV . [redus.] [Aor. etc. arādīt; radiṣyati, raditā.] Verb, raditá AV.B. Deriv.: rada RV.C. radana c .

√ radh, randh, ' b e or m a k e s u b j e c t ' . Pres. [4.] rádhyati etc. AV.B. — [2.] randdhi RV 3 . Perf. [rarandha rarandhima redhma] rāradhús RV.

Aor. 2. radham etc. v. — 3. rīradhas etc. RV. (rīradhā Is. RV.) [ara-randhat.] — 5. randhīs RV .

[Fut. radhiṣyati, ratsyati; radhitā, raddhā.] Verb, raddhá RV. [radhitum.] Sec. Conj.: Int. rāranddhi? RV. [rāradh-.] — [Desid. riradhiṣa-, rirat-

sa-. —] Caus. randháyati etc. v. + Deriv.: randhana RV.C. ránddhi RV . rándhra? RV.+ radhrá? RV.

√ 1 r a n , ' t a k e p l e a s u r e ' . Pres. [I.] ráṇati etc. RV., -anta RV . — [4.] ráṇyati etc. RV. (raṇyáthas R V 1 . ) Perf. rāraṇa RV. (rāráṇas etc. rārán rārandhí etc. arāraṇus RV.B.)

Aor. [3. arīraṇat, ararāṇat. —] 5. arāṇiṣus RV. (ráṇiṣṭana RV.)



I ran] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 136

[Fut. raṇiṣyati, raṇitā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. raṃraṇ-. — Desid. riraṇiṣa-. —] Caus. raṇáyati et c v.,

-anta RV. [rāṇayati.] Deriv.: ran RV.

ráṇa v. + ráṇya v. raṇyá AV.

ránti? v. rántya v. ráṇitṛ RV.

raṇvá v. ráṇvan RV.

Compare √ ram. √ 2 ran, 'ring'.

Pres. [1.] raṇati et c. c. Verb, raṇita c. Sec Con j.: Caus. raṇayati c. Deriv. -raṇana c. A late and probably artificial formation.

√ rap, 'chatter'. Pres. [1.] rápati etc. V.B. Sec. Conj.: Int. rārapīti et c v. Deriv.: -rāp RV. -rāpin AV.

A variant of √ lap, which compare.

√ rapś, 'be full'.

Pres. [1.] rapśate etc. v., rapśant- RV . Perf. rarapśe RV . Deriv.: -rapśa RV . -rapśin V.B.

√ raph.

Perhaps to be seen in raphitá RV 1 . 'miserable'(?) : compare √ riph.

√ rabh, rambh, 'take hold'.

Pres. [I.] rábhate etc. v.+, -ti et c s. + ; rambhati -te E . +

Perf. rebhé et c

v.+ (rārabhe

RV.), rarabhmá RV. Aor. 1. arambhi c. — [3. ararambhat. —] 4. árabdha RV .

Fut. I. rapsyate et c E.+, -ti E. [— 2. rabdhā.] Verb, rabdhá v.+; rabdhum E . ; -rábhya v. + ; -rábham RV., -rábhe V.B. Sec Conj.: Pass, rabhyate etc. E. + — [Int. rārabh-, rārambh-. —] Desid.

ripsate et c B.C. — Caus. rambhayati et c B.+, -te B. Deriv. :

rabha E. -rábhya B . +

rábhas v.+ rabhasāná RV.

rábhi v.+ -rabhin v.s. -rabdhi c. -rabdhavya E.

rabdhṛ c.

rábhiṣṭha V.B. rábhīyas B.S. rábhyas RV . rambhá v. + rambhaka c.

rambhin v. + -rámbhana v. + -rambhanīya B.S. -ripsu c

Compare √ labh, which is the same in another phonetic form.



137 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ras

√ ram, 'b e or make content'.

Pres. [1.] rámate -ti etc. v . + — [9.] ramṇāti etc. V.B. Perf. rarāma remus etc . E.+, reme etc. B. + Aor. 1. rántī? s v . — 3. árīramat etc. RV . — 4, araṁsīt c , áraṁsta etc.

v . [raṁsīṣṭhās.] — 6. raṁsiṣam s v . Fut. 1. raṁsyate etc. B. +, -ti B. [— 2. raṁtā.] Verb, ratá B. + ; raṁtum E.+, -tos B. , ramitum E. ; ratvā B. , raṁtvā c ;

-ramya s . + [-ratya]; -ramam s . Sec. Conj.: Pass, ramyate et c. E. + — [1nt. raṃram-. —] Desid. riraṁsa-

(in d.) — Caus. ramayati etc. v . +, -te etc. E. +; rāmayati et c. v . + (riramayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv. rama E. + ramyà B . + ramaṇa B . + ramaṇīya u.+

rati B. + ráṁti AV. + ramáti AV.B. rámati AV.B.

raṁtavya c . ráṁtṛ RV . rātrī? v . + rama v . + -rāmin RV .

ramaṇa E. raṁsu-? RV . riraṁsā E. +

riraṁsu c . riramayiṣu c .

C o m p a r e √ 1 r a n , f r o m w h i c h o n e o r t w o o f t h e d e r i v a t i v e s h e r e g i v e n m a y p e r h a p s c o m e , a t l e a s t i n p a r t . C o m p a r e a l s o √ lam.

√ ramb, 'hang down'.

Pres. [I.] rámbate

et c. RV. Deriv. -rambaṇa B.U. C o m p a r e √ l am b , f r o m w h i c h t h e v e r b - f o r m s a n d d e r i v a t i v e s m o s t l y c o m e .

√ rambh, 'roar'.

Pres. [1.] rambhati -te et c. c T h e i s o l a t e d o c c u r r e n c e s p r o b a b l y a r t i f i c i a l .

√ raś.

S u c h a r o o t i n f e r a b l e f r o m t h e d e r i v a t i v e s : raśanā v . + raśmán RV . raśmí v . + rāśí v . +

√ ras, 'roar'.

Pres. [1.] rasati -te et c. B . +

Perf. rarāsa resus et c. E. + [Aor. et c. arīrasat, arāsīt; rasiṣyati, rasitā.] Verb, rasita c .

[Sec. C onj. rāras-; rirasiṣa-; rāsaya-.] Deriv.: rasana c . rasitṛ c

C o m p a r e √ 1 rās. T h e r o o t 2 ras ' t a s t e ' i s o n l y a d e n o m i n a t i v e o f rasa.



rah] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 138

√ rah, 'desert'.

[Pres. etc. rahati; rarāha rehus ; arīrahat, arahīt; rahiṣyati, rahitā.] Verb, rahita E. +; rahitum E. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ra ha y a t i etc. s. + Deriv. : raha RV. +

-rahin c. rahaṇa c. rahas E. +

rahasya, -yu B . +

ráhū- ? RV.

√ 1 r ā , r ā s , 'give'.

Pres. [3.] rirīhi RY., rarāsva AV., rarīdhvam etc. (rárate 3s., rárāṇa) v. — [2.] rāsi RV., rāti o., rāté B. , rāsva V.B.S. — [I.] rāsate etc. V.B.S.

Perf. rarimá -ivāṃs RV., rare etc. RV. Aor. 4. árāsma etc. V.B. (rāsat etc. V.B.) ; rāsāthām rāsīya RV. Fut. [1 . rāsyati. —] 2, rātā c Verb, rātá v.+; rātave c. Deriv.: -rā c.

rāí or rā? v .+ -rāya v.

rayí? v.+ rayiṣṭha B. rátna? v. +

rākā? v,+ rātí v. + rāvan V.B.

ráravan RV . -ráru? V.B.

T h e p r e s e n t - s t e m rāsa i s p l a i n l y a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e a o r i s t - s t e m ras.

√ 2 r ā , 'bark'. Pres. [4.] rāyati etc. V.B. [Perf. etc. rarāu; arāsīt; rāsyati, rātā.] Deriv. -rāvan? vs.

√ r ā j , 'b e kingly'. Pres. [I.] rājati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . + — [2.] rāṣṭi rāṭ RV . Perf. rarāja rejus etc. E.+‚ rarājatus M., reje etc. E. + [rarāje.] Aor. I. rājyāsam s. [— 3. ararājat.] — 5. arājiṣus RV . [arājiṣṭa.] [Fut. rājiṣyatí, rājitā.] Verb, rājáse RV . Sec. Conj.: [Int. rārāj-. — Desid. rirājiṣa-. —] Caus. rājayati etc. B.+, -te

etc. AV.E.

Deriv. : rā j v. + -rāja v. +

raj an v . +

rāj an RV.

rājaná B. +

-rāj in RV.E. rāṣṭrī V.B.S.

rāṣṭrá v.+ I s m o s t p r o b a b l y a n o l d d e n o m i n a t i v e o f raj ' r u l e r ' , f r o m √ ṛj , raj, w h i c h

s e e . T h e a n o m a l o u s s t e m irajyá- ( s e e i b . ) i s r e l a t e d w i t h i t .

√ rādh, 'succeed'.

Pres. [5.] rādhnoti etc. B . + — [4.] radhyate etc. AV.+. -ti etc. s.+

Perf. rarādha etc. V.B. Aor. 1. arādham B. (rādhati -dhat

etc. RV., -dhās

.ŚB. ) ; rādhyāsam -sma AV.B.S. ; árādhi V.B.U. — 3. arīradhat etc. B . C — 4. arātsīt etc. AV.B.S. — 5. rādhiṣi etc. AV.B.U.



1 3 9 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ric

Fut. 1. rātsyati etc. AV.B.S. [— 2. rāddhā.]

Verb, rāddhá AV.+; rāddhvā B. ; -rādhya B. Sec. Conj,: Pass, rādhyate c. — [1nt. rārādh-. — Desid. rirātsa-,

ritsa-. —] C aus. rādhayati etc. AV. + (rādhyate E. ; rirādhayiṣati B . ) Deriv.: rādha v. +

-rādhin E. rādhya v. +

rādhana AV. + -rādhanīya a rādhas v. +

-rādhi AV. rāddhi AV.B.S.

-rāddhṛ c -rādhayitṛ c -rādhayiṣṇus.

T h e f o r m iradhanta Rv 1., w i t h t h e i n f l n . irádhyāi ( f o r iradhádhyāi) RV 1 . , a p p e a r s t o b e l o n g t o t h i s r o o t .

√ 1 ras, 'roar1.

Pres. [I.] rāsati

-t e

etc. E. + Perf. rarāse C. [Aor. etc. arāsiṣṭa; rāsiṣyate, rāsitā.] Sec. Conj.: Int. rārāsyate E. Deriv.: rāsa? c. rāsabha? B . +

C o m p a r e √ ra s a n d √ 2 rā . √ 2 rās, see √ 1 rā.

√ ri , rī, 'flow'.

Pres. [9.] riṇāti riṇīte etc. V.B.S. — [5.] ariṇvan MS. — [4.] rīyate V.B. [— 6. riyati.]

[Perf. etc. rirāya; arīrayat, arāiṣīt; reṣyati , retā; reri-, rirīṣa-, rā-yaya-, repaya- arīripat.]

Deriv.: -raya E. rít RV. r ī t í v . + rétasv.+ reṇú v.+ C o m p a r e √ lī .

√ rikh, 'scratch'. Pres. [6.] rikha RV 1 . Deriv. rekhā E.

T h e u s u a l f o r m o f t h i s r o o t i s l ikh, w h i c h s e e .

y r i ṅ k h , ring, 'creep'.

Pres. [I.] riṅkhati etc. c ; riṅgati -te etc. c. [Perf. etc. ririṅkha, ririṅga etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. riṅgayati C.

Deriv.: riṅkhaṇa c. riṅgin c riṅgi c. √ ric, 'leave'.

Pres. [7.] riṇákti etc. V.B. [riùkte.] — [4?] rícyate etc. TS., -ti E. Perf. riréca riricé etc. V.B. (riricyāt etc. v., ririkvāṃs RV. , arireoīt RV.) Aor. I. riktam? RV. ; areci V.B.S. — 2. aricat c — 3. arlricat etc. B.S. —

4. ārāik RV., arikṣi etc. V.B. Fut. 1. rekṣyate B. [— 2. rektā.]



1 41 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ruc

Sec. Conj.: [Int. reriṣ-. —] Desid. rírikṣati etc. RV. [ririṣiṣa-, rireṣiṣa-. —]

Caus. reṣáyati etc. v. + (riṣayádhyāi RV. ) Deriv. : ríṣ v.

réṣ? B. -riṣa AV.

reṣa c -reṣin s. riṣaṇa- RV.

reṣaṇá v. ríṣṭi V.B.S.

riṣīka? c.

reṣmán AV.B. ririkṣú RV .

√ r i h , 'lick'.

Pres. [2.] réḍhi rihánti etc. V.B., rihaté RV., rihāṇá v., ríhāṇa vs. Perf. ririhvāṃs RV. Verb, rīḍha RV . Sec. Conj.: 1nt. rérihat -hāṇa etc. V.B. , rerihyáte etc. V.B. Deriv.: -réhaṇa AV. rerihá AV.

The other verb-forms and derivatives made from √ lih, which see.

√ rī , see √ ri .

y 1 r u , 'cry'.

Pres. [2.] rāuti [ravīti] ruvanti etc. B.+ (rūyāt s., ravāṇa? s.) — [6.] ruváti etc. v.+ — [1.] ravati -t e etc. JB . +

Perf. rurāva E., ruruvire B.

Aor. [1. rūyāt. —] 3. arūruvat c [arīravat.] — 5. árāvīt etc. RV. [Fut. raviṣyati, ravitā rotā.] Verb rutá AV . + ; rotum c. Sec. Conj.: Int. róravīti etc. v. +, róruvāṇa B. ; rorūyate etc. E. +, -t i E. —

[Desid. rurūṣa-. —] Caus. rāvayati etc. s.+ Deriv.: ráva v. +

ravaṇa c. ruvaṇa- RV .

-rávas v.+ ravitṛ B. ravátha V.B.S.

ruvátha B. rúma? RV .

rāva E.+ rāvin E. + rāvaṇa E . +

√ 2 r u , 'break'.

Pres. [2.] rudhí AV.? — [I.] rávat B. Aor. 5. rāviṣam etc. V.B. Verb, rutá V.B. Sec. Conj.: Int. róruvat RV. Deriv.: ravitṛ B. -rāvin B.

A very few sporadic occurrences, and not unquestionable.

√ r u e , 'shine'.

Pres. [I.] rócate etc. v.+, -t i etc. E. + Perf. ruroca rurucé etc. v.+ (rurukvāṃs rurucyās rurucanta RV. ) Aor. 1. rucīya TA., rucāná RV. ; aroci RV. — 2. arucat c — 3. arurucat

RV., -cata (3s.) etc. B. — 4. arukta TA. — 5. arociṣṭa et c B.+ (rociṣīya B., ruciṣīya AV.)



rue] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 142

Fut. 1. rociṣyate E. [— 2. rocitā.]

Verb, rucitá B. +; rocitum E. ; rucé RV. Sec. Conj.: Int. rórucāna RV. —- Desid. ruruciṣate? AA. [rurociṣa-.] —

Caus. rocáyati etc. v.+, -te etc. B.+ (rocyate B.); rucayanta RV. Deriv. : rue v.+

rucá B. rucā E. rucaka E. +

rucya c . rocá AV. +

rocaka E. + -rocin c . roká v.+ róka RV. -rokin V.B. rocaná v. + -rocas B.

rúci AV. + roci c. rocis v. + rócuka MS. rukmá v. + rúkmant V.B.

rucira E. + rukṣá RV . ruciṣya c . rociṣṇú B. + -ruśa? RV . rúśant? v .

√ r u j , 'break'.

Pres. [6.] rujáti etc. v . + , -te etc. E . + — [2?] rukte B. Perf. rurója rurujus etc. v . + (rurójitha RV.) Aor. 1. rok v s . , ruk MS. — 3. arūrujat c . [— 4. arāukṣīt.J [Fut. rokṣyati, roktā.] Verb, rugṇá v . + ; ruktvā B,; -rújya B.+; -rúje RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, rujyate E. — [7nt. roruj-. —] Desid. rurukṣa- (in d.) —

[Caus. rojayati.] Deriv. : ruj v . +

rujá v.+ rujā E . +

róga v. + logá? V.B.

-rujana c . -rogaṇa AV . rujānā RV .

-rujatnu RV . rurukṣáṇi RV.

√ r u ṭ h , 'torment'. Pres. [1.] roṭhamāna R 1 .

Compare √ luṭh.

√ rud, 'weep'.

Pres. [2.] roditi rudanti etc. v . + (rudimas rudihi c, arodīt B .+ ) — [6.] rudati -t e etc. s . + — [I.] rodati -te etc. s . +

Perf. ruroda rurudus etc. E., rurude E.

Aor. 2. árudat etc. AV.U. — [3. arūrudat. —] 5 ? arāudiṣīt o. Fuf. I. rodiṣyati c . [— 2. roditā.] Verb, rudita E. +; roditum c . ; ruditvā E.+, roditvā E. ; -rudya c . Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudyate c . — Int. rorudat E. , rorudyate etc. E.+ —

Desid. rurudisa- (in d.) — Caus. rodáyati etc. v. + Deriv.: -rud AV.

-ruda? c . róda AV.U.

rodana E. +

rudana c . ródas etc.? v . +

roditavya E. + rudrá? v.+

-roruda AV. rurudiṣu c .

√ 1 r u d h , 'grow'.

Pres. [I.] ródhati ródhat RV . — [6.] rudhánt? RV1

. Deriv.:-rudh v.+ - r o d h a A v . + -ródhana V.B.

Appears to be another form of √ ruh.



143 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ruh

√ 2 rudh, 'obstruct'. Pres. [7.] ruṇáddhi rundhanti runddhé rundhate etc. v. + --- [2.] rudh-

mas AV . — [I.] rodhati E. [6?] rundhati -te etc. B . + Perf. rurodha rurudhe etc. v„+ (rurodhitha RV., rurundhatus E.) Aor. 1. a r o d h a m R v . , arudhmaMs. (rudhánt? RV.) ; rudhyāt c [arodhI . ]

— 2. arudhat etc. v.+ — [3. arūrudhat. —] 4. arāutsīt etc. B . + (arāut AV., rotsīs u,), arutsi aruddha etc. B.U. (arāutsi AB.)

Fut. I. rotsyati -te etc. B.+ [— 2. roddhā.] Verb, m d d h á v. + ; roddhum E. + , -dhos B., rodhitum E,; ruddhvā E. + ;

-rúdhya v.+, -rundhya E. ; -rúdham AV.B., -rúndham B. ; -ródham B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudhyáte etc. v. + , -ti etc. B . + — 1nt. rorudhas E. — Desid. rurutsate etc. B. , -ti E. (-syamāna? B.S . ) — Caus. rodhayati

-t e etc. E. + (rodhyate E.) ; rundhayati E. Deriv.: -rudh v. +

-rudha RV. ródha v.+

rodhaka E. + rodhin s. + rodhya.E.+

ródhana v. + rodhanā RV. ródhas v.+ -rodhuka B.

-ruddhi B. roddhavya B.+ roddhṛ B . +

√ r u p , 'brtfak, pain'.

Pres. [4.] rupyati etc. B.

[Perf. ruropa.] Aor. [2. arupat. —] 3. arūrupat etc. AV.B. [Fut. ropiṣyati, ropitā.] Verb, rupita RV. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ropayati B. Deriv.: ropaṇá AV. rópi A v. rópuṣī RV.

P r o b a b l y t h e s a m e w i t h √ l u p , t h o u g h d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r om i t i n m e a n i n g .

√ ruṣ, 'be vexed'.

Pres. [I.] roṣati RV.B. — [4.] ruṣyati -te etc. E .+ — [6.] ruṣati etc. s.+

[Perf. etc. ruroṣa; aruṣat, arūruṣat, aroṣīt; roṣiṣyati, roṣitā roṣṭā.] Verb, ruṣita E.+, ruṣṭa E.+; ruṣya E. Sec. Conj.: [Int. roruṣ-. — Desid. ruruṣiṣa-, ruroṣiṣa-. —] Caus, roṣayati

-te etc. E.+(roṣyate E .+ ) Deriv.: r u ṣ E.+ roṣaE.+ roṣaṇaE.+

O c c a s i o n a l l y w r i t t e n r u ś ; a n d p a r t o f t h e AV. f o r m s o f r ú ś a n t a r e r e f e r r e d h e r e b y B R .

√ ruh, 'ascend'.

Pres. [I.] róhati -te etc. v,+ — [6.] ruhati -te etc. E . +

Perf. ruroha ruruhús etc. v. + (ruróhitha AV.), ruruhe etc. a Aor. 2. aruhat etc. v.+ (ruheyam etc. ruha rúhāṇa V.B.S.) — 7. árukṣat

etc. V.B.S.



ruh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 144

Fut. 1. rokṣyáti B.+, -t e E., rohiṣye E. [— 2. roḍhā.]

Verb, rūḍhá v. +; róḍhumB. + , rohitum E. ; rūḍhvā AV.; -rúhyaAv.+, -rūhya AB. ; -rúham RV . ; róhiṣyāi TS. ; -róham B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ruhyate E. — [Int. roruh-. —] Desid. rúrukṣati et c. v.+ — Caus. roháyati et c v. + , -te et c B.+; ropayati etc. B. + , -te E. (ropyate E. +, aropi c.)

Deriv.: rúh v . +

-ruha E . +

róha AV . + rohaka E. + rohin B . +

-rohyà B.

róhaṇa v. + rohaṇīya s.+ róhas RV.S. -róhuka B. rūḍhi B . +

-roḍhavya E. + -roḍhṛ c. -rurukṣu E. + ropa E. +

ropaka E. +

ropin E. + ropya E. + ropaṇa E. + ropaṇīya c. ropayitṛ E. +

√ r ū ṣ , 'strew'.

[Pres. et c rūṣati et c. et c] Verb, rūṣita E. + Sec Conj.: Caus. [rūṣayati;] roṣayati etc. c. Deriv.: rūṣaṇa c. rūkṣá? v. +

√ rej, 'tremble'.

Pres. [I.] réjati -t e et c V.B. Sec Conj.: Caus. rejáyati et c. RV.

y reḍ, 'deceive' (?).

Pres. [1.] -reḍant B.S. Only in the phrase áreḍatā mánasā. Of wholly doubtful character.

√ rebh, see √ ribh.

√ l a k ṣ , 'mark'.

Pres. [I.] lakṣate c, -t i E. Sec Conj.: Caus. lakṣayati -t e et c E.+ (-lakṣita B.+, -lakṣya s.+; lakṣ-yate E. + )

Deriv. : lakṣá v. + lakṣaka c.

lakṣya u.+ lakṣaṇa B . +

lakṣaṇīya c. lákṣman v. +

lakṣmī v. + -lakṣayitavya E.

Really a denominative formation from lakṣ á, but having attained the position and value of a secondary root.

√ l a g , 'attach.

Pres. [I.] lagati et c E. +

[Perf. et c lalāga; alagīt.] Fut. I. lagiṣyati et c c. [— 2. lagitā.] Verb, lagna B- . ? B. + ; lagitvā c ; -lagya c.



145 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [labh

Sec. Con j.: Caus. lāgayati c. Deriv.:-lagana c. laganīya c. linga? u.+ The lateness of this root is strongly opposed to the derivation from it of l a kṣá etc.

√ laṅgh, 'leap'. Pres. [I.] laṅghati -te c. [Perf. et c. lalaṅgha -ghe; alaṅghīt, alaṅghiṣṭa; laùghiṣyati -te,

laṅghitā.] Sec. Con j.: Caus. laṅghayati et c. E.+ (laṅghita s. + ; laṅghyate c.) Deriv. : langhaka c. -laṅghin c. langhya E. + laṅghana s.+

laṅghanīya c. Doubtless related with √ raṃh.

√ lajj, 'be ashamed'.

Pres. [6.] lajjate etc. B 1 . E . + , -t i etc. E . + Perf. lalajjire c. [Aor. etc. alajjiṣṭa; lajjiṣyate, lajjitā.] Verb, lajjita c.; lajjitum E. Sec. Conj.: [Int. lālajj-. — Desid. lilajjiṣa-. —] Caus. lajjayati etc. c. Deriv. lajjā E . +

√ lap, 'prate'. Pr es. [1.] lapati et c AV.E.+, -te et c E. — [4.] lapyant M. Perf. lalāpa lepus E . +

[Aor. alīlapat, alalāpat; alāpīt.] Fut. I. lapiṣyati etc. B . + [— 2. lapitā.] Verb, lapitá AV.+, lapta E,; lapitum c, lap turn E,; -lapya E . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lapyate c. — Int. lālapīti etc. AV.B. ; lālapyate etc. E, +, -ti E. — [Desid. lilapiṣa-. —] C aus. lāpayati etc. AV. +, -te etc. B.U.

Deriv.: -lap AV.

-lapya c. lapana c. lapanīya c. -lapti

c.

-lapitavya c. -lāpa AV. +

-lāpaka E. +

-lāpin E. + -lāpya c. -lāpana E. + Compare the other root-form, rap.

√ labh, 'take'.

Pres. [1.] labhate et c. AV.+, -ti etc. AV.? E. + ; lambhate et c E. Perf. lalābha c , lebhé et c. v.+ Aor. [1. alambhi. — 3, alalambhat. —] 4. alabdha alapsata B. ;

lapsīya s. Fut. I. lapsyate et c. B.+, -ti etc. B. + ; labhiṣyati c. — 2. labdhā E. Verb, labdha v.+; labdhvā AV.+; -lábhya B. + ; -lámbham B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass, labhyáte etc. B.+, -ti c. [— 1nt. lālabh-, lālambh-.] — Desid. l ípsate et c AV.+, -ti etc. E. + ; līpsate etc. B.S. (lipsyáte ŚB.) —

Caus. lambhayati et c B.+, -te B.



147 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [lip

√ las, 'be lively'.

Pres. [1.] lasati etc. E.+, -t e et c c. Perf. lalāsa c [Aor. etc. alīlasat, alasīt; lasiṣyati, lasitā.] Verb, lasita E. + Sec. Con;.: Caus. lāsayati etc. E.+ (lāsyate c.) Deriv.: -las c

-lasa B . +

-lasana c. lāsana E. +

lāsa E. + lāsaka E. +

-lāsin E. +

lāsya E. + lālasa E. +

In meaning, lālasa belongs distinctly to √ l a ṣ , and the two roots are very possibly one in origin; alasa is the only pre-epic form.

√ la , 'grasp'. Pres. [2.] lāti c [Perf. etc. lalāu; alāsīt; lāsyati, lātā.] Verb, lātvā c.

A few sporadic occurrences, probably artificial.

√ l ā ñ c h , 'mark'.

Only in lāñchita c. and lāñchana c ; perhaps connected with √ lakṣ.

√ l i k h , 'scratch'. P res. [6.] likháti etc. AV.+, -t e B .S . Perf. lilékha et c. B . +

Aor. [1. alekhI. —] 3. alīlikhat JB . — 5. lekhīs B.S. Fut. 1. likhiṣyati c [lekhiṣyati. — 2. lekhitā.] Verb, likhitá AV . + [ lekhitum, l ikhitum; lekhitvā,] l ikhitvā c . ; -lí-

khya B. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, likhyate etc. s.+ — [Desid. lilikhiṣa-, lilekhiṣa-. —]

Caus. lekhayati et c s. + ; likhāpayati c Deriv.: likhya c

likhana c

lekha s.+

lékhā B . +

lekhaka E. +

lekhin E. + lekhya E. +

lekhana s. +

lekhanīya c.

Compare the other root-form, rikh.

√ l ip, limp, 'smear'.

Pres. [6.] limpáti et c AV.+, -te et c s.+ Perf. lilepa l i l ipus B. + Aor. I. alepi c — 2. alipat c [alipata. — 3. alUipat.] — 4. alipta c ,

alipsata RV . [Fut. lepsyati -te; leptā.]

Verb, lipta Av. + ; -lipya B . + Sec Con j.: Pass, lipyate et c B. +, -t i E. — [Int. lelip-. — Desid. lUipsa-. —] Caus. lepayati etc. E.+; limpayati s.



l ip] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 4 8

Deriv. : lepa u.s.+ -lepaka c.

lepin E. + lepya c.

lepana s.+ l ipi E. +

-limpa AV.B. limpi c 1 .

Compare the other root-form, rip.

√ l i ś , 'tear'.

Pres. [6.] l iśáte etc. B. (liśāna JB. ) [— 4. l iśyate.] Perf. l i l iś ire B. Aor. [3. allliśat. —] 5. aleś iṣ i B. [— 7. alikṣata.] [Fut. lekṣyate, leṣṭā.] Verb, l iṣṭá B.S. [Sec. Conj.: le l i ś - ; l i l ikṣa-; leśaya-.] Deriv.: (ku-)liśa? v.+ leśaB.+ leṣṭUE.+

Compare the other root-form, riś.

√ l i h , 'lick'.

Pres. [2.] leḍhi etc. B.+, l īḍhe etc. E.+ — [6.] lihati etc. B. + [Perf. etc. lileha, lilihe.] Aor. [1. alehi. — 3. alīlihat. — 4. alīḍha. —] 7. alikṣat s. [-kṣata.] [Fut. lekṣyati -te, leḍhā.]

Verb, līḍha E. + ; -lihya s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, lihyate E. — Int. lelihat etc. E.+, lelihāna E.+, -hita'jB.,

lelihyate etc. E. +, -hyant c. — [Desid. lilikṣa-. —] Caus. leháyati etc. B.+

Deriv.: -lih c. -liha c.

leha c. -lehaka E.

-lehin E. +

lehya E. + lehana s. + leliha E . +

Compare the other root-form, rih.

√ 1 l ī , 'sling'.

Pres. [4.] līyate A v.? B.+, -ti etc. U.C — [I.] láyate etc. V.B. — (ni-)lāyata B. [— 9. lināti.]

Perf l i lye etc. B.+, lilyus B.+ — (ni-)layāṁ cakre ŚB. [lalāu.] Aor. 4. aleṣṭa ŚB. [alāiṣīt. — 6. alāsīt.] [Fut. leṣyati, lāsyati; letā, lātā.] Verb, līna AV . + ; -līya E.+, -lāya s.; -lāyam AV.B. Sec. Conj.: [1nt. lelī-. — Desid. lilīṣa-. —] Caus. lāpayati etc. B. + (lāp-

yate c.); lāyayati etc. c. Deriv.: láya B . +

láyana AV . +

layú? MS.

-līyana c. lāya? RV . -lāyaka vs.

-lāyya? RV . -lāyana c.

-leya? c.

-lāpya c. -lāpana B . +

- lāpayitavya c. Compare √ ri, rī .



149 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [lup

√ 2 l ī , 'be unsteady'.

Sec. Con j.: 1nt. lelāyati B.U.S., alelāyat B. , alelet B., lelāyántī leláyatas B. ; lelāyate etc. u . , alelīyata B. ; leláya? CB., lelāya MS., lelāyat J B .

Deriv. lelā CB. ? JB . P e r h a p s i n t e n s i v e o f t h e p r e c e d i n g . T h e v a r i e t y o f f o r m a n d a c c e n t i s

q u i t e a n o m a l o u s .

√ l u ñ c , 'tear'. [Pres. luñcati.] Perf. luluñcus E., -ñce c . [Aor. etc. aluñcīt; luñciṣyati, luñcitā.]

Verb, luñcita c . ; luñcitvā c. [lucitvā]; -luñcya E. Deriv.: luk? c. -luñca VS. -luñcaka c . -luñcana E. +

√ 1 l u ṭ h , 'roll'.

Pres. [6.] luṭhati -t e etc. c . Perf. luloṭha c . [Aor. etc. alūluṭhat aluloṭhat, aloṭhīt aloṭhiṣṭa; loṭhiṣyati, loṭhitā.] Verb, luṭhita c . Sec. Conj.: 1nt. loluṭhīt i c — Caus. loṭhayati c. Deriv. loṭhana? c .

√ 2 l u ṭ h , l u ṇ ṭ h , 'rob'.

Pres. [1.] luṇṭhati E 1 . Fut. luṇṭhiṣyati c . Verb, luṇṭhitum c . Sec. Conj.: Caus. loṭhayati etc. c . ; luṇṭhayati etc. c. (luṇṭhyate c . ) Deriv.: -luṇṭhā c . luṇṭhaka c. luṇṭhana E-.O. luṇṭhi c .

√ l u ḍ , 'stir up'. [Pres. etc. loḍati etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. loḍayati etc. E. + ; loḍita -loḍya s . + (loḍyate etc. E . + ) Deriv.: -loḍana E. + -loḍayitṛ a

C o m p a r e √ luI. A f o r m or t w o f r o m √ l u ṇ ṭ h a p p e a r t o ‚ h a v e t h e m e a n -

i n g o f √ luḍ.

√ l u p , 'break'.

Pres. [6.] lumpáti etc. AV.+, -t e etc. s . + Perf. lulopa etc. B.+, lulupe E. Aor. 1. lopi s . — [2. alupat. —] 3. alūlupat E. [alulopat.] — 4. [alupta;]

lopsīya u .

[Fut. lopsyati -te, loptā.] Verb. l upt a Av .+; l o p t u m c ; luptvā s . + ; -lúpya AV. + ; -lúmpam MS.,

-lopam s .



lup] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 5 0

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lupyáte etc. AV.+ (lúpyate TS.), -ti s. — Int. lolupat

-pyate etc. u.+ — [Desid. lulupsa-, lulopiṣa-. —] Caus. lopayati - te etc. JB.E.+ ( lopyate c.) Deriv. : lup C

-lupya c. lopa B. +

lopaka E. +

lopin E. + lopya c.

lopana E. + -lupti B. loptṛ E. loptra E. +

-lumpaka E. + -lump an a E. lolupa E. +

Compare the other root-form, rup. Lolupa belongs in meaning to √lubh.

√ l u b h , 'be lustful'.

Pres. [4.] lubhyati etc. AV.+ [— 6. lubhati.] — [1.] lobhase c 1.

Perf. lulubhe s. + [lulobha.] Aor. [ 2 . alubhat. — ] 3 . alulubhat JB . [— 5 . alobhīt.] [Fut. lobhiṣyati; lobdhā, lobhitā.] Verb, lubdha B. +; lobdhum E.

Sec. Conj.: Int. lolubhyate c — [Desid. lulubhiṣa-, lulobhiṣa-. —] Caus. lobháyati etc. v.+, -te etc. E. + (lobhyate E. + ; lulobhayiṣati AB.)

Deriv. : lobha E. + -lobhaka a

lobhin E. +

-lobhya c lobhana s. + lobhanīya E. +

√ l u l , 'b e lively'. Pres. [1.] lolati etc. c.

Verb, lulita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. lolayati etc. E. + Deriv.: lola E.+ lolana a

The same with √ luḍ.

√ l ū , 'sut'.

Pres. [ 9 . ] lunāti etc. B . + — [ 5 . ] lunoti etc. B.S. Perf. lulāva C.

[Aor. etc. alāvi, alīlavat -vata, alāvīt alaviṣṭa; laviṣyati -te, lavitā.] Verb, lūna B.+; - lāvam c

[Sec. Conj.: lo lū-; lulūṣa-; lāvaya-.]

Deri y.: láva B.+ - lavya c l a v a n a s . + lāva c. lāvaka c

√ l o k , 'look'.

Pres. [1.] lokate etc. B ' . a

Perf. luloke c. Aor. 1. aloki c. [— 3 . alulokat. — 5 . alokiṣṭa.J [Fut. lokiṣyate, lokitā.] Verb, lokitum c.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. lokayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E. + (lokyate etc. c.) Deriv. : -loka E. + -lokaka E. +

-lokin s. + -lokya E. +

-lokana c. -lokanīya E. +

-lokayitṛ c. -lokayitavya c Doubtless from √ rue, through a noun loka: compare also √ l o c



151 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [vac

√ l o c , 'see, consider'. [Pres. locate.] Perf luloce c1. [Aor. etc. alulocat, alociṣṭa; lociṣyate, locitā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. loloe-. — Desid. lulociṣa-. —] Caus. locayati -t e etc. E . + Deriv. : -loea c.

-locaka c. -locya c. locana E .+ -locanīya c.

The same root with the preceding.

√ vak, see √ vañc.

√ vakṣ, ukṣ, 'increase'.

Pres. [1, 6.] úkṣant ukṣámāṇa āúkṣat RV. Perf. vavákṣa vavakṣé etc. (vavákṣitha) v. Aor. 3 ? vavákṣat sv. — 5. āúkṣīs RV. [Fut. vakṣiṣyati , vakṣitā.] Verb, ukṣitá RV. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ukṣayanta RV. ; vakṣayam RV. Deriv.: vákṣaṇa RV. vakṣáṇā? V. vakṣáṇi RV. vakṣátha RV . vákṣas? v.+

√ v a c , 'speak'. Pres. [3.] vívakt i etc. v. — [2.] vacmi v a k ṣ i vakti E. +

Perf. uvāca ūcús etc. v.+ (uváktha AV.), ūcé etc. v.+ (vavāca vivakvāṃs

RV., vavakṣé RV.) Acr. 1. ucyāsamB,; avāci V.B. — 2 . avocat -cata etc. v.+ (vócati -te

etc. v. + ; vocāti etc. V.B.S. , vocét -ceta etc. V.B. , vocatu etc. v.; vocant c.; avoci c.) [— 3. avīvacat.]

Fut. 1. vakṣyáti etc. v.+, -te etc. E.+ (avakṣyat etc. B.U. ) — 2. vaktā B . + Verb, uktá v.+; váktum B.+, -tave RV., -tos B. ; uktvā B. + ; -úcya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ucyáte etc. v.+ — Int. ávāvacīt RV. — Desid. vivakṣati -t e etc. B. + (vivakṣyate c.) Caus. vācayati etc. B.+, -t e etc. s. (vācyate c.)

Deriv.: vāc v. + -vaca E. + -úcya B.S. vāká v.+ -vākin u 1 . vākyà v. + vācaka E. +

vācin c. vācya v. +

vácana v.+ vacaná RV. vacanīya s, + vācana v. + -vācanīya c. vácas v. + -vācas v.

-vāku

AV.+

ukti v. + vakti u 1 . váktva RV. vaktavyà B. + vaktṛ v. + vaktra E . + ukthá v. +

ucátha

RV.

vagnu V.B. vákman? RV. vákmya? RV. vagvaná RV. vagvanú RV. vivakṣā E. + v i v a k ṣu AV. +

yācayitṛ c. vācayitavyas. The aorist-stem voca is treated quite as a secondary root-form.



vaj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 5 2

√ vaj, 'b e strong'.

[Pres. et c. vajati et c. et c.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. vājáyati et c. V.B.S. (vājayánt RV. ; vājayádhyāi RV.)

Deriv. : váj a v.+ -vājana s.

ójas v.+ oja- RV.

ójiṣṭha V.B. ójīyas V.B. ojmán v.

ugrá v. + vájra v.+

The verbal forms are really denominative, from vāja.

√ v a ñ c , 'move crookedly'.

Pres. [1.] v á ñ c a t i V.B.S., - te c 1.

Perf. [vavañca] vāvakre

RV ,

[Aor. etc. vacyāt, avavañcat, avañcīt ; vañciṣyati , vañcitā; vañcitvā vacitvā vaktvā.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vacyáte et c. v.+ — 1nt. [vanīvañc-] avāvacīt? RV. — [Desid. vivañciṣa- . —] Caus. vañcayati etc. u.+, -te etc. E.+ (vañc-yate E. + )

Deriv. : vañcaka E. + vañcana v. + vañcanīya E. +

vankú RV. váṅkri v. +

vakrá AV. + vákva RV. vákvan RV .

vañcayitṛ c. vañcayitavya E.+

It is hardly necessary to assume a different root-form v a k for a part of these forms, since they are all such as sometimes show a guttural in place of a palatal of the root.

√ vaṇṭ , 'divide'.

[Pres. etc. vaṇṭati et c. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, v a ṇ ṭ y a t e c.

The single occurrence is doubtless artificial.

√ vat, 'apprehend'.

Pres. [I.] vatema vátantas RV.

Aor. 3. avīvatan v. Sec Conj,: Caus. v ā t á y a t i et c RV.

Deriv. -vāta ? RV . Only with api.

√.vad, 'speak'.

Pres. [I.] vádati -te etc. v.+ (vādata -deyus E. ; udeyam AV.) Perf. ūdimá ūdus V.B. , ū d e et c B.U. Aor. I. udyāsam et c B.S. ; avādi c. — [3. avīvadat. —] 5. avādīt etc. v.+

(vādiṣas AV., vadiṣma AB.) , vadiṣṭhās B. (avādiran AV.) Fut. I. vadiṣyáti etc. AV.+, -te B. √erb. uditá v, + , vadita E.+; vaditum B. + , váditos B.S . ; uditvā s. ;

-udya B.+; -úde? AV.



153 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [vand

Sec. Conj.: Pass, udyáte ef c. v. + — 1nt. vāvadīti etc. V.B., -dyáte etc. B. —

Desid. vivadiṣati etc. B.S. — Caus. vādayati -te etc. B.+ (vādyate B.+, -ti E .)

Deriv.: -vada v. + -vadya v, + -udya AV. + vāda v.+ vādaka E. + vādin v. +

vādya AV.+ vádana B. +

vādana s. + -vādanīya s . + vaditavyà B. + vāditavya E.

vaditṛ B. + vāditra u . s . + -vadiṣu s . -vadiṣṇu s . vadiṣṭha B. vāduka B.

vadmán RV. -vadāvada B. vadāvadin s . -vādayitṛ B. +

Compare √ vand.

√ v a d h , b a d h , 'slay'. Pres. [1?] vadha? vadheyam AV., vadhet vs. Aor. 1. badhyāsam -sus AV.B.S., vadhyāt B. ; avadhi c. — 5. ávadhīt

etc. v. + (avadhīm vádhīm V.B. ; vádhiṣas RV., badhīs TA.) [vadhi-ṣṭhā s; vadhiṣiṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. vadhiṣyati -te ef c. E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, vadhyate etc. E.+, -ti etc. E . + — Caus. vadhayati etc. E. Deriv.:

vadhá, ba- v. + . vádhaka AV. +

vádhya, bá- AV. +

vadhánā RV. vádhatra RV. vádhar

RV .

-vadhyā E. + -vadhra RV. vádhri? v.+

vadhasná RV. vadhasnú v.

√ van, vā , 'win'.

Pres. [8.] vanót i vanuté etc. V.B.S. — [I.] vánati -te etc. v. — [b,] vanāti vanéma V.B.

Perf. vāvāna vavanmá etc. vavné (vāvántha vāvánas vavandhí) RV. Aor. 1. vanta? RV., váṃsva RV. — 4. váṃsat etc. RV., váṃsi (ls.) vaṃsate

V.B. , vaṃsīmahi vasīmahi RV. —- 5. vaniṣat AV. , vaniṣanta TS. (vanuṣanta RV.), vaniṣīṣṭa RV. — 6. vaṃsiṣīya? AV.

Fut. 1. vaniṣyate s . [— 2. vanitā.]

Verb, -vāta

V.B., vanita

E. + ; -vantave

RV.

Sec. Conj.: Int. v a nīv a n- (in d.). — Desid. v ív ā sa t i -te etc. v. — C aus.

vānayantu AV. Deriv.: -van? B.S.

vana v.u. vanin RV. -ványa B. vanád? RV .

-vanana v. vanánā RV. vananīya c. vánas RV . vani V.B. vanú RV.

vanus RV. vantṛ RV. vánitṛ RV. vániṣṭha RV. vánīyas RV.

-vānya B.S. vāmá? v.+ vánīvan RV . vāvāta v. +

vāvātṛ RV. vanayitṛ c.

√ vand, 'greet'.

jRres. [I.] vándate etc. v.+, - t i E.

Perf. vavanda etc. V.B., -dé etc, v.+



vand] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 154

Aor. 1. vandi RV . — 5. vandiṣīmáhi RV . [Fut. vandiṣyate, vanditā.] Verb, vanditá AV. + ; vanditum E. + ; vanditvā E. + ; -vandya E. + ; vand-

ádhyāi RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, v a ndy a te etc. E. + — Desid. v i v a n d i ṣ a - (in d.). — Caus.

vandayati etc. E. Deriv, : -vanda v,

vándya v. + vandin c. vándana v. +

vandanīya E.+ vandāru v. +

vanditavya E. + vanditṛ V.B. vivandiṣ u c .

Doubtless the same with √ vad.

√ 1 vap, 'strew'.

Pres. [I.] vápati -te etc. v. + (upet s.) Perf. uvāpa ūpús etc. v. + (vavāpa E.), ū pe etc. RV . Aor. Ì. [upyāt;] vāpi B. — [3. avīvapat. —] 4. avāpsīt etc. B.+ [avapta.] Fut. I. vapsyáti etc. B.S . ; vapiṣyati etc. E . + [— 2. vaptā.] Verb, uptá v.+, upita E 1 . , vapta E 1 . ; uptvā E. + ; -úpya v. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, upyáte etc. v. + — [1nt. vāvap- . — Desid. vivapsa-. —]

Caus. vāpayati etc. B. + Deriv. : vapá B.

vapā V.B.S.

-úpya B. vāpa B . +

-vāpaka E. -vāpin c. vāpya B. + vápana AV. +

vapaniya c. vāpana c.

vāpī

E. + upti c.

vaptavya c. vaptṛ E. + vapra s.+ -vapiṣṭha B. -vāpayitṛ B.

Compare the following root.

√ 2 vap, 'shear'.

Pres. [I.] vapati -te etc. V.B.S.

Verb, upta S. ; uptvā s.; -upya s. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vāpayati etc. s., -yīta s. Deriv.: vápana B. + vāpa c. vāpana s. + váptṛ V.B.S.

Doubtless the same with the preceding root: 'scatter off from one'.

√ vam, 'vomit'.

Pres. [2.] vámiti vamanti etc. v.+ (avamīt V.B . , avamat B . + ) — [ I . ]

vamati etc. E. + Perf. vavāma E. +, v e m u s c. [vavamus] (uvāma ŚB.) Aor. [I . avāmi. — 3. avīvamat. —] 4. a v a n KB. [— 5. avamīt.] [Fut. vamiṣyati , vamitā.] Verb, vāṁtá B. +; vamitvā c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. vaṃvam-. — Desid. vivamiṣa-. —] Caus. vāmayati etc.

c.; vamayati etc. c. Deriv. : vami c. vāmin B. +

vamana c. vāmanīya c.

vamitavya c. vamathu c.

vamrá? V.B.



1 5 5 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [1 vas

√ v a l , 'turn'.

Pres. [I.] valati -te etc. c . Perf. vavale c . [Aor. etc. avīvalat, avaliṣṭa; valiṣyati, valitā.] Verb, valitá c . ; val i tvā c. Sec. Conj.: C aus. valayati c . Deriv.: valana c . vali ? E. + valaya E. +

Evidently a secondary root - form, probably from √ 1 vṛ, through some derivative.

√ v a l g , 'spring'.

Pres. [I.] válgati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E. +

Perf. vavalga etc. E.

[Aor. etc. avalgīt; valgiṣyati, valgitā.] Verb, valgita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. valgayati s. Deriv.: valgā E.+ -valgin a valgana c. valgúv. +

√ valh, 'challenge'.

Pres. [I.] valhati -te etc. B.S. Verb, valhita c . ; -valhya B. Deriv.:-valha B.S. -valhakaB.s.

√ vaś , 'be eager'.

Pres. [2.] váṣ ṭ i uśánti etc. v.+ (śmasi RV., vaṣ ṭa sv.) — [l.] váśanti ávaśat RV., vaś a -śet AV.? — [3.] vavákṣ i vivaṣ ṭ i RV., vivaṣ ṭu sv.

— [6.] uś ámāna RV 1 . Perf. v ā v a ś ú s - śe -ś āná RV. [uvāśa ūśus.] Aor. [1. uśyāt. — 3. avīvaśat. —] 5. v a ś ī s E. [avāśīt.] [Fut. etc. vaśiṣyati , v a ś i t ā ; uśita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, uśy a t e . — Int. v ā v a ś - . — Desid. v i v a ś i ṣ a - . —] Caus, vaśayati a ; vāśitā? AV .+ Deriv.: v á ś a v. +

uśá- ? RV .

uśánā, -nas v. + uśénya RV .

vaś í B. uśī-? v.+ uśíj V.B.8.

váṣ ṭ i RV . vaś i tṛ c. váśīyas? AV.

√ 1 vas, u ṣ , uch, 'shine'.

Pres. [6.] ucháti etc. V.B.S. — [2.] vas te ? Ś B 1 .

Perf. uvāsa ūṣús etc. V.B. A or. 1. avasran RV . — 4. avāt? AV. Fut. 1. avatsyat ŚB. Verb, uṣṭá v.+, uṣita S.E. ; vás tave RV . ; -úṣ i V.B. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vāsáyati etc. V.B.



1 vas] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 5 6

Deriv. : ú ṣ v.B. uṣā Rv. -ūṣa E . +

uṣar-, usṛ RV . uṣás v.+

-uṣṭi v. + v á s t u V.B. vastṛ RV . vás u v. + vásiṣṭha v. +

vás īyas B.S. vás yas V.B.U.

usrá v.+ úsri RV .

-vāsa AV.S. -vāsana c. vāsará RV . v i v á s v a n RV. vivas vant v. +

√ 2 vas, 'clothe'.

Pres. [2.] vás te vásate vásāna etc. v.+ (vásiṣva RV., uṣāṇá RV 1 . , vad-dhvam s.) — [6.] uṣámāṇa RV 1 .

Perf. vavas e c, v ā v a s e -sāná RV . A or. [3. avīvasat. —] 5. avasiṣṭa etc. RV . Fut. 1. [vasiṣyate;] vatsyati c 1. [-- 2. vasitā.] Verb, vas i ta E. • vas i tum E. +; vas i tvā c. • -vasya E. Sec. Conj,: [Int. vāvas - . — Desid. vivasiṣa- . —] Caus. vāsáyati etc. v.+,

-t e RV. (vāsyate E.) Deriv. : -vas c.

vas a- RV . v á s y a B.S. -vāsa v.+

vās in B. + vásana v. + vāsana AV. + vāsas v. +

vasantá? v.+ vas i tavya E. vasitṛ c. vas tṛ s.

vástra v. + vás man RV.

√ 3 vas, 'dwell'.

Pres. [I.] vásati etc. v.+, -t e etc. B . + Perf. uvās a ūṣus etc. v. +; -vāsāṁ cakre u. Aor. I. vásāna? V.B.S. [uṣyāt; avāsi.] — 3. avīvasat MS. — 4. avātsīt

etc. AV . + ( a v ā k s a m AB., avāst'am u.)

Fut. I. v a t s y a t i etc. B.+, -te etc. E . + ; v a s i ṣ y a t i etc. E. [— 2. v a s t ā . ]

Verb, u ṣ i t a s. +, u ṣ ṭ a E., v a s i t a c ; vastumrE.+, - t a v ā i s., v a s i t u m c . ;

uṣitvā B.+, uṣ ṭvā E.+; -úṣya B.+; -vāsam c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, uṣyate c. —

[1nt. vāvas - . —] Desid. vivatsati ŚB. — Caus. vāsáyati etc. v.+ , -te etc. AV.+ (vāsyáte etc. B. + , -yant E. •

-vāsas TA.) Deriv.: v á s RV.

-vasa E. + -uṣaka c. -uṣya v. + v ā s á v. + -vāsaka E. +

vās in AV.+ vās ya E . + vásana v. + -uṣaṇa c. vāsana s. + -vāsanīya E . +

vāsas u. -vasu? v. vasatí v. + vas tu E. + vas tavyà B . + uṣitavya c.

vas tu v. + vástṛ B. -vasatha V.B.S.

vás man RV. vāsayitavya E. vāsayitṛ E. +

A few vas-forms, occurring in RV . in questionable connection, are refer-

red in BR.

to

a root

4 v a s

'aim'.

The

causative

forms

ascribed

by

BR.

to a

root 5 vas 'cut off' are also doubtless peculiar technical specializations from

3 vas .



157 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 v á √ v a h , 'carry'.

Pres. [I.] váhati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] vákṣi voḍham -ḍhām uhīta vákṣva voḍhvam ūḍhvam úhāna V.B.

Perf. uvāha ūhús etc. v. +, ūhé etc. v. (vavāha vavāhatus E. + ) Aor. 1. avāhi c.; uhyāt s. — [3. avīvahat. —] 4. ávākṣī t etc. V.B.S. (ávāṭ

v āṭ V.B.S., vákṣat etc. V.B.S., vákṣat i etc. v.) [avakṣi.] Fut. I. vakṣyáti etc. AV.+, -te E. ; vahiṣyati etc. E. + — 2. voḍhā B. Verb. ūḍháv. + , voḍha?E 1 . ; v ó ḍ h u m v . + , -ḍhave V.B.S . , -ḍhavāí B. ;

ūḍhvā B. ; -úhya AV. + ; vāhe RV.; váhadhyāi RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, uhyáte etc. v.+,-yant E . + — 7nt. vāvahīt i o., vanīvāh-

yáte etc. B.S. — [Desid. vivakṣa-. —] Caus. vāhayati etc. B. +, -te etc. E. + (vāhyate etc. E. + )

Deriv. -vāh v. + váha AV. + vahín B.S. vahyá v.s. ogha u . + āughá B. vāhá v. + vāhaka E. + vāhín AV. +

vāhya s. + vahana s. + vāhana v.+ vāhanīya c. vahát RV. vāghát? RV. vāhas V.B.S.

ūḍhi B. + vahatú V.B.

voḍhavya E. + -vāhitavya B. voḍhṛ v. + vāhitṛ E. -vahitṛ u . vahitra c. váhiṣṭha v. vāhiṣṭha V.B.

váhīyas V.B. váhni v.+ -váhman RV . vákṣas ? v. vakṣáṇa? v. vakṣī? RV. vāvahi RV. vīvadhá ? B. + -vāhayitṛ c

Compare roots 1, 2 ūh. √ 1 v ā , 'blow'.

Pres. [2‚] vāti etc. v. + — [4.] vāyati etc. v. +, -te etc. E. Perf. v a v ā u etc. B. + A or. 6? avāsīt B. Fut. I. vāsyat i etc. c. Verb, vāta s., vāna c ; vātum c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vāpáyati etc. v. + Deriv. : -Vā AV.B.

-vāna E. +

vāta v.+

vāyú v. + -vāyyà AV.

-vāpaka c. -vāpana c.

-vāpayitṛ c. -vāpayitavya c.

The forms from pres.-stem vāya have mostly the sense 'be blown or ex -hausted', and are generally referred to a different root, 2 vā. The two, however, seem evidently only two sides of the same original root, nor are the forms capable of being clearly divided between them.

√ 2 v ā , v i , u , 'weave'. Pres. [4.] váyati etc. v. +, -te etc. B. + Perf. ū v u s RV. [vavāu etc., uvāya ūyus etc.] [Aor. I. ūyāt. — 4. avāsta, vāsīṣṭa. — 6. avāsīt .] Fut. 1. vayiṣyáti RV. [-te; vāsyatI. — 2. vātā.] Verb, utá v.+, ūta s.; ótum RV., ótave RV., ótavāi v., vātave AV.



ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 5 8

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ū y a t e etc. B.S. [— 1nt. v ā v ā - . — Desid. v i v ā s a - . — Caus.

vāyaya–.]

2 vā]

Deriv.: -vāya RV.C vāyaka c. -vayana B.S.

vāna s. + vayúna? v.+ ūti? c.

otu V.B.

-vātavya c. vayitṛ B.

veṇī? s.+ vema E. véman B. +

√ 3 vS (i n vivSsa-}, see √ van.

√ vāñch, 'desire'.

Pres. [1.] vāñchati etc. v.+

[Perf. etc. vavāñcha; avāñchīt ; vāñchiṣyati , vāñchitā.] Verb, vāñchita E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, v ā ñ c h y a t e etc. c. — Caus. v ā ñ c h a y a t i E.

Deriv. vāñchā c.

√ v ā ś , 'bellow'. Pres. [4.] v ā ś y a t e etc. AV.+, -ti E. — [1.] v ā ś a t i etc. RV.E.+, - te etc. E . +

Perf. v a v ā ś e etc. v.+ (vāvaśre -śāná avāvaś ī tam ávāvaśanta etc. RV.) Aor. 3. avīvaś at etc. ávīvaśanta RV . [avavāśat.] — 5 . avāśiṣṭhās B.

[Fuí. vāś iṣ yate , vāśitā.]

Verb, vāś i ta E.+; vāś i tvā c.; -vāśya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vāś yate c. — Int. vāvaśat RV . ; vāvāś yate E. — [Desid.

v i v ā śi ṣa - . —] Caus. vāśayatí etc. .v.s. Deriv.: vaśā? v.+ vāś aka c. -vāś ya s. v ā ś r á v . +

v ā ś á v.s. v ā ś i n E.+ vāśana c.

√ vāh, 'press'.

Pres. [I.] vāhate etc. c. [Perf. etc. v a v ā h e ; avāhiṣṭa; vāhiṣyate, vāhitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. v ā h a y a t i c.

√ 1 vic, 'sift'. Pres. [7.] vinákti etc. v.+ — [3.] v i v e k ṣ i RV 1 . Perf. viveca? AV . (vivikvāṃs RV. ) [Aor. avīvicat, avāikṣīt.] Fut. I. vekṣ yat i c. [— 2. vektā.] Verb, vikta B. + ; vektum E.; -vicya s.+; -vecam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vicyáte etc. AV . + — Int. v e v e k t i s. — Caus. vecayati

etc. c.

Deriv. : -veka u. + -vekin c. -vekya c.

-vecaka c. -vecana B. +

-vikti B . + -vektavya c.

-vektṛ c. v í v i c i V.B.S.



159 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2 vid

√ 2 vie, see √ vyac.

√ vij‚ 'tremble1.

Pres. [6.] vijáte etc. v.+. -ti etc. E.+ — [I.] vejate B. Perf. vivije etc. v.+ Aor. 1 (4?). vikthās V.B., vikta RV. — 3. vīvijas RV. [— 5. avijiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. vijiṣyati E, , vejiṣyati c. [— 2. vijitā.] Verb, vikta RV., vigna E.+ [vijitum,] Sec. Conj.: Int. vevijyáte RV., vévijānaRv. — [Desid. vivijiṣa-. —] Caus.

vejayati et c B.+, -te E.

Deriv.: vi j RV. véga v.+

-vejaka c. -vejin c. -vejana c. vigrá? RV. vevijá RV.

√ 1 vid, 'know'.

Pres. [2.] vetti vidánti et c v.+, vidmahe B. + (avidus B., -dan c.; vidāṁ karotu et c c.) — [1.] veda E., vedate u. — [6.] vidáti -te et c AV.U.E. + ;

vindati -te etc. E. + Perf. véda vidús etc. v. +, vidre RV. ; viveda et c c. — vidāṁ cakāra et c

B.U.S.

Aor. [I. avedi. — 3. avīvidat. —] 4. avāit? c. — 5. avedīt etc. B . + — vidām akran B.

Fut. 1. vediṣyati -te eíc B.U. (avediṣyat u.); vetsyat i -te etc. E . + — 2. veditā ŚB., vettā E.

Verb, viditá AV. + ; véditum B.+, -tos B. , vettum E. ; viditvā B . + Sec Conj.: Pass, vidyate c — [Int. vevid- . —] Desid. vividiṣat i et c B. +,

vivitsat i et c c. — Caus. vedáyate -ti et c v.+ (vedyate etc. E . + ; vivedayiṣa- in d.)

Deriv.: ví d v.+ -vida B. + véda v.+

vedaka E. + vedin B . + védya v.+ vedyā RV.C

vedana B. + vedanīya E. + -vedi B.

vidú(s?) RV. vitti c. vettṛ u.+ véditṛ v. +

veditavyà B. + vidátha V.B. . vidyā v. +

vidmán v. vidura E. + vidván AV. vidvalá v.

vivitsā E. + vivitsu E. + vividiṣā c. vi v i d i ṣ u c. vedayitṛ c. vivedayiṣu E.

See √ 2 vid.

√ 2 vid, 'find'.

Pres. [6.] vindáti -te et c v.+ — [2.] vi t t é et c V.B. (vidé 3s. V.B., vidré V.B., vidām 3s.Av.B., vidānáv.B., vídānav.) ; vindat e (3 p.)E., vindyāt?c.

Perf. vivéda vi v i dus et c v.+ (vivéditha RV. , vividat RV.), vi v i dé

et c V.B.S. Aor. I. avedi védi RV. — 2. ávidat -data et c V.B.S. (vidāsi et c vidāt et c

vidét -deta et c V.B.S., videṣṭa AV.) — [3. avīvidat. —] 4. avitsi V.B.




Sec. Conj.: Pass, viś yate etc. a — [Int. v e v i ś - . —] Desid. vivikṣati etc.

E . + — Caus. veśáyati etc. v.+, -t e etc. AV.+ (veśyate etc. s.+) Deriv.: v í ś v.+

-viśa B. + v e ś á v. + veśī RV .

-veśaka a v e ś i n s. + v e ś y à v. + viś ana E. +

véś ana v.+ -veśanīya c. veś anta V.B. v e ś á s AV . -viṣṭ i s.

veṣ ṭavya E. + -veṣṭṛ c. v é ś m a n v. + v i v i k ṣ u E. + -veś ayitavya c.

√ v i ṣ , 'be active'.

Pres. [3.] viveṣ ṭ i et c RV . (vivés víveṣ as et c RV.) — [I.] véṣati et c RV.E. Perf. viveṣ a viviṣ us RV. (aviveṣīs RV.) Aor. 1? viḍḍhí^ AV.B.S. — [2. aviṣat. —] 5. veṣ iṣ as RV. [— 7. avikṣat.] Fut. 1. vekṣyati -te et c B . + [— 2. veṣṭā.] Verb, viṣṭá v. +; viṣṭvī RV. ; -víṣya AV.B. ; -víṣe RV . Sec Conj.: Pass, viṣyate B . + — Int. v é v e ṣ ṭ i et c V.B., véviṣ āṇa RV.,

veviṣyate JUB. — Desid. vivikṣa- (in d.). — Caus. veṣayati et c B. +

Deriv.: -VÌṣ? RV.

v í ṣa v. + v i ṣá ? v. +

v eṣá AV. + -veṣaka B. + -veṣin c -veṣya AV.B.S.

véṣ aṇa v.+ veṣáṇa RV. viṣaya? E . + viṣ ṭ í v. +

-veṣṭavya c. -veṣṭṛ AV. + víṣṇu? v.+ -vivikṣ u E.

Divided by Grassmann into two roots.

√ viṣ ṭ , v e ś ṭ , 'wrap'.

Pres. [1.] veṣṭate et c AV . + [Perf. et c v i v e ṣ ṭ e ; aviveṣ ṭat avaveṣṭat, aveṣṭiṣṭa; veṣṭiṣyate, veṣṭ-

itā.] Verb, viṣ ṭ i ta V.B. Sec Conj.: [Int. veveṣṭ- . — Desid. viveṣṭiṣa- . —] Caus. veṣṭáyati et c

AV. +, -t e et c B. + (veṣṭyate et c B. + ) Deriv. : v e ṣ ṭ a s. +

veṣṭaka s. + veṣṭana s. + -veṣṭanīya c.

-veṣṭitṛ u.

√ v ī , 'enjoy' etc.

Pres. [2.J vét i vyánti et c V.B. (vihí RV., viyantu TS., vema vs.), vyāná RV .

Perf. vivāya v i v y e RV. [Aor. etc. avīvayat, avāiṣīt; veṣyati , vetā.] Verb, vītá V.B. Sec Conj.: Pass, vīyáte et c AV.B. — Inf. v e v e t i RV., vevīranTs., vevī-

yate RV . [— Desid. vivīṣ a- . — Caus. vāyayati, vāpayati.]

Deriv. : vī v. + -vīya RV . -vāya AV.

vayā RV . vayyà? RV . váyas v. +

vāyú? V.B. vayúna v.+ vīt í V.B.

vetra? B . + vīrá? v.+



VI] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 6 2

A very perplexing root in its varieties of meaning; divided into two or

three roots (on different lines) by BR. and Grassmann. It is treated by the grammarians as filling up the conjugation of √ aj.

√ vīj, vyaj , 'fan'.

Pres. [I.] vijati et c E.+, -te E. — vyajate? c. Perf. vivyajus E. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vījayati etc. E. + (vījyate E . + ) Deriv.: vījana C vyajanaE.+

Perhaps from √ aj + vi .

√ vīḍ, 'make strong. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vīḍáyati -te etc. V.B.S.

Deriv. v ī ḍ ú V.B. √ 1 vṛ, 'cover'.

Pres. [5.] vṛṇóti vṛṇuté etc. v.+ (vṛṇvaté RV.) ; ūrṇóti (ūrṇvánti ūrṇu-vanti) ūrṇuté (ūrṇvīta ūrṇuvīta) etc. v.+ (ūrṇāuti ŚB.S.) — [9.] avṛṇīdhvaiṇ AV. — [I.] várati -te etc. (aor. 1?) RV.C-.

Perf. vavāra vavruá vavré etc. v.+ (vavártha RV . [vavaritha, vavṛma etc.], vavrivāṃs vavavrúṣas RV.) [ūrṇunāva.]

Aor. I. ávar avran etc. (vam? vartam RV., vṛdhi RV.) [vriyāt], avṛta v. (vrāṇá RV . ) ; ávāri RV . — 3. avīvarat AV., avāvarīt? RV. — 4. var-ṣathas RV . — 5. avārīt etc. B. [avarīṣṭa; āurṇāvīt.]

[Fut. varīṣyati, varītā.] Verb, vṛtá v. + ; vartum E., vártave RV., varitum c , varītum c. ; vṛtvā

V.B. , -tvī RV., -tvāya B. ; -vṛtya AV.+, ūrṇutya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vriyate E. — 1nt. avarīvar RV., várīvṛta TA. [varvṛ-,

vovur-, vevri- . — Desid. vivarīṣa-.] — Caus. vāráyati^-te et c v. + (vāryate etc. E. + ; vivārayiṣate B. )

Deriv. : vār? RV . vára v. + -varaka E. + valá? v.+ úrā? RV. vrá? v. váraṇa v. + varaṇá AV.+ varaṇīya c. úraṇa v.+ váras RV . úras v.+

urú v.+ vṛt V.B. vṛti v.+ -vártu RV . vartṛ RV . -varītṛ c. varūtṛ V.B. vártra V.B.S.

vṛtrá v.+ varatrā v. + várūtha v. +

várṇa v.+ váruṇa v. +

ūrṇā v.+ várman v. + varīman V.B.S.

ūrmí? v.+ várīyas V.B. várivas v.+ váriṣṭha v.+ úlba? v.+ ūrvá V.B.

vāra v. + vāraka E. +

-vārin c. vārya v.+ vāraṇá v. + -vāraṇīya E. + -ūrṇavana o l . vavrá v. vavrí v. -vārayiṣṇu E. vivārayiṣ u E. vārayitavyaB.

See the following root. The present-stem ūrṇu is by the grammarians artificially provided with a complete set of forms, as if a root or conjugation-stem. As to varṣman etc., see under √ vṛṣ.



163 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [vṛj

√ 2 vṛ, 'choose'.

Pres. [9.] vṛṇīté etc. v.+‚ vṛṇāti etc. E. + — [5.] vṛṇoti vṛṇute etc. U.E. + Perf. vavre etc. v.+ (vavṛṣé vavṛmáhe RV . ) Aor. 1. avri avṛta etc. v.+ (vurīta V.B. , urāṇá RV.), váras etc. varanta

RV. - - 4. avṛṣi -ṣata etc. AV.B.U. (avṛḍhvam B.) [— 5. avarīṣṭa.]* Fut. 1. variṣyate B. [varīṣyate. — 2. varītā.] Verb, vṛtá v.+; varītum c. [varitum; varītvā,] varitvā s., vṛtvā s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vriyate s.c. — [Int. vevṛ- , varvṛ-, vovur-. — Desid.

vivarīṣa-, vovūrṣa-. —] Caus. varayati -te etc. E. + (varyáte B . ) ; vārayati E.

Deriv.: vára v. + vará v. + varaka s. varya E. +

-várya n. B. -vūrya v.s. varaṇa s.+ varaṇīya u.c.

váreṇya v. + varas- RV. vṛthā,-thakv. vāra v. +

vārya v. + -vāraṇa E. + váriṣṭha v. + varīyas u.+ varayitavya B.

Doubtless ultimately the same with the preceding; and the forms a little mixed up.

√ vṛṃh, bṛṃh, 'roar'.

Pres. [1.] vṛṃhati etc. E . + Perf. vavṛṃhire c. Verb, vṛṃhita E. +

√ v ṛ j , 'twist'.

Pres. [7.] vṛṇákti vṛṅkté etc. (vṛktām? M 1 . )

Perf. vavṛjus etc. RV . (vavṛjyús vavṛktam RV., -varjúṣī AV.), vāvṛje RV . Aor. 1. várk etc. RV . (varktam avṛjan varjati vṛjyām etc. RV., avṛk AV.),

ávṛkta RV. (várjate RV.) — [3. avavarjat. —] 4. avārkṣīs B., avṛkṣmahi etc. V.B. — 7. avṛkṣat etc. V.B.

Fut. 1. varkṣyati -te B. [varjiṣyati. — 2. varjitā.] Verb, vṛktá v.+; vṛktvī RV . ; -vṛjya B.S. ; -vṛje vṛñjáse vṛjádhyāi RV. ;

-várgam v.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vṛjyáte etc. v.B.S. — 1nf. várīvṛjat RV. [varvṛj-.] —

Desid. vívṛkṣate B. — Caus. varjayati etc. AV.+, -te etc. E. + (varjyate etc. E. +; varīvarjáyant AV.)

Deriv. : -vṛj v. ūrj etc. ? v. + varga v.+ -vargyà AV. +

-varja s.+

varjaka E. varjin E. + varjya E.+

vrajá v. +

vrājá v. -vṛjya V.B.S.

vṛjána v. vṛjana RV . vṛjanī v. varjana B . +

varjanīya B. +

vṛñjana s.+ vṛjiná v. + -vṛkti V.B. varjayitavya c. varjayitṛ E. +



vṛt] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 6 4

√ vṛt, 'turn'.

Pres. [I.] vártate etc. v.+, -t i et c. u. + — [3.] vavartti vavṛtyām et c. -tīya et c. -tsva et c. ávavṛtran -ranta vavártat -tati vavṛtat V.B, — [2.] vartti Rv-.

Perf. vavarta vavṛtus etc. v. + (vāvárta. -vṛtús v.), vavṛte etc. u.+ (vāvṛté v.)

Aor. I. avart etc. (vártat vartta) RV . , avṛtran V.B. — 2. avṛtat etc. AV.B.C — 3. avīvṛtat etc. v. [avavartat.] — 4. avṛtsan c1., avṛtsata V.B.S. — 5. vartithās M.

Fut. I. vartsyáti etc. AV.+ (avartsyat B.), -t e etc. E. + ; vartiṣyati -te etc. E .+ — 2 . vartitā B.

Verb, vṛttá v. + ; vartitumE. + ; -vṛtyav.+; -vṛteRv., - v ṛ t a s B . ; -vár-tam B . +

Sec. Conj.: 1nt. várvartti etc. várvṛtāna v. ; varīvartti etc. V.B. (avarīvur RV.), varīvṛtyate B. — Desid. vívṛts at i etc. v., -teß. [vivartiṣa-.] — Caus. vartayati -te etc. v. + (vartayádhyāi RV . ; vartyate etc. B. + )

Deriv. : vṛt v. + vṛtā RV . -varta v. + vartaka v. + vartin v. + -vartya E. +

vratá v. + vráta AV. vártana v. + vartanīya E. +

vartaní V.B.U.

vártas vs .

varti E. +

vartís RV. vṛtti B. +

várttu v. + -varttavya E.

vartitavya E.+ -vartitṛ v.+

vratáti v. + vártman v. + varīvṛtá AV. -vivṛtsu c. -vartayitavya E.+ -vartayitṛ c.

Contracted in one or two forms with anu to anvart: see √ ṛt.

√ v ṛ d h , 'grow'.

Pres. [I.] várdhati -t e etc. v.+

Perf. vavárdha vavṛdhe etc. v. + (vāvṛdhús etc. vāvṛdhé etc. v.; v ā -vṛdhāti -dhīthās -dhásva etc. RV., -dhéte AVÍ*, vāvṛdhánt v.)

Aor. 2. avṛdhat etc. V.B.S. (vṛdhātas vṛdhātu B. , vṛdhánt v., vṛdhāná

RV.) — 3. avīvṛdhat

etc. v.+, -dhata

etc. V.B.S. — 5. avardhiṣṭa

etc.

E. + (vardhiṣīmáhi B.S . ) Fut. I. vartsyati c. [vardhiṣyate. — 2. vardhitā.] Verb, vṛddhá v. + ; vardhitum c ; [vardhitvā, vṛddhvā;] vṛdhé v. ,

vṛdháse RV., vāvṛdhádhyāi RV . Sec. Conj.: [Int. varīvṛdh-. — Desid. vivṛts a- , vivardhiṣa-. —] Caus.

vardháyati -te etc. v.+ (vivardhayiṣa in d.); vardhāpayati c. Deriv.:

vṛdh v. + vṛdhá v. +

várdha v. + -vardhaka c. vardhin E. +

várdhana v. + vardhanīya E. + vṛdhás RV. vṛdhīká RV. vṛddhi v. +

vardhitṛ RV . vardhman c.

várddhra?

AV.B.

ūrdhvá v.+ vṛdhasāná RV .

vardhiṣṇu c. vāvṛdhénya RV. vardhayitṛ c. vivardhayiṣu E . + vardhāpana c.



165 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [veil

Compare √ ṛdh. The asserted √ 2 vṛdh 'cut' (used only of the navel-

string) rests on a too narrow foundation to be admitted; it is probably a spe-cialized application of this root.

√ vṛṣ , 'rain'.

Pres. [1.] várṣati et c. v.+, -te etc. E . + — [6.] vṛṣate etc. RV.S., vṛṣant- RV. Perf. vavarṣa vavṛṣus etc. E.+ (vavarṣus E., vavarṣvāṃs MS.), vavṛṣ e

etc. E. (vāvṛṣāṇá -ṣasva RV. ) Aor. 2. avṛṣāt? TS. -— 3. avīvṛṣat etc. E. [avavarṣat.] — 5. ávarṣīt etc. V.B. Fut. 1. varṣiṣyati etc. B.U. , -te E. — 2. vraṣṭā MS. Verb, vṛṣṭá v. + • varṣitum c, -varṣṭos B. ; [varṣitvā,] vṛṣṭvā B., -ṭvī

RV. ; -vṛṣya c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. varīvṛṣ-. —] Desid. vivarṣiṣa- (in d.). — Caus. varṣá-

yati etc. v. + Deriv. : -vṛṣ v. +

vṛṣa- V.B.S.

varṣá v. + varṣin s.+

varṣya V.B.S.

varṣaṇa s. + várṣuka B. vṛṣṭí v. +

várṣṭṛ B. varṣitṛ c. vivarṣ iṣ u E.

vṛṣan v. + vṛṣṇi v. + vṛṣabhá v. +

The connection of vṛṣan etc. with this root is questionable; and yet more that of varṣman v.+, varṣimán vs., várṣīyas v.+, várṣiṣṭha v.+, all of which may come from an aoristically extended form of √ 1 vṛ (like párṣiṣṭha

etc. from √ 2 pṛ).

√ v ṛ h , b ṛ h , 'tear'.

Pres. [6.] vṛháti bṛháti etc. V.B.U.S.

Perf. vavárha babarha vavṛhus v. + Aor. I. varhi RV . — [3. avīvṛhat, avavarhat. —] 5. barhīs -ī t RV. — 7.

avṛkṣat etc B. [Fut. varkṣyati , varhiṣyati; varḍhā, varhitā.] Verb, vṛḍhá bṛḍha B.S . ; [vṛḍhvā, varhitvā;] -vṛhya B.U.S.; -vṛhas K. ;

-várham -barham B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vṛhyate etc. B . — [1nt. varīvṛh-. — Desid. vivṛkṣa-, vivarhiṣa-. —] Caus. barháyati etc. RV. (varhita c.)

Deriv.: -vṛha s. + barhin, va- E. bárhaṇa, vá- AV. + barhís ? v.+ barha, va- AV.+

Compare √ bṛh. The confusion of b and v goes back to the oldest time.

√ ven, 'long'. Pres. [I.] v é n a t i et cy.B.

[/»erf. etc. vivena -ne; avivenat, avenīt -niṣṭa; veniṣyjati -te, v e n i t ā ; veven-, viveniṣ a- , venaya-.]

Deriv.: vená V.B. venyá RV.



veil] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 6 6

√ veil, 'stagger'. Pres. [I.] vellati etc. c. Verb, vell ita E. + Deri u. vellana c.

√ veṣṭ, see √ viṣṭ.

y vyac, vie, 'extend'.

Pres. [3.] viviktás vivyácat avivyak aviviktām avivyacus etc. vi-vyacanta RV . [— 6. vicati.]

Perf. v i v y ā c a V.B. , vivyáktha RV. ; viveca? AV. [vivicus.] [Aor. etc. vicyāt a v y ā c i , avivyacat , avyācīt; vyaciṣ yat i , vyacitā

v i c i t ā ; vicita, vici tvā; vevic- vāvyac- , vivyaciṣa- , vyācaya-.] Deriv.: vyácas V.B.S. vyáciṣṭha V.B. vīci ? v.

Has a very suspicious likeness to √ añc, ac + vi . √ vyaj, see √ vīj . √ vyath, 'waver'.

Pres. [1.] vyáthate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E . +

Perf. vivyathe E. +, -thus E. Aor. [I . avyāthi. —] 3. vivyathas B. — 5. vyathiṣ i etc. AV.+, vyathi-

ṣat B.

[Fut. vyathiṣyate, vyathitā.] Verb, vyathitá AV.+; vyathiṣyāi B.S. Sec. Conj.: [Int. vāvyath-. — Desid. vivyathiṣa- . —] Caus. vyatháyati

etc. v. + (vyathayīs AV . ; vyathyate c.) Deri v. : vyathā B. +

vyathaka c. -vyathya V.B.

vyathana E. + vyáthi v. vyathi ? AV.

vyáthis RV . -vyātha B.

vithurá V.B. s.

vyathayitṛ c.

√ v y a d h , v i d h , 'pierce'.

Pres. [4.] vídhyati etc. v.+, -te B.

Perf. vivyādha B.+, vivyadhus E. , vividhus u., vividhvāṃs RV . ; v i -vyadhe E.

Aor. [1. vidhyāt. —] 3. avīvidhat E. [avivyadhat.] — 4. vyāts īs B. Fut. 1. vet8yati -te E. [vyatsyati.] — 2. veddhā E. [vyaddhā.] Verb, viddhá v.+; veddhum E.; viddhvā B. ; -vidhya E,+; -vidhe RV . Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidhyate E. — [1nt. v ā v y a d h - , vevidh-. —] Desid.

vivyatsati B. — Caus. vyādhayati B. • vyadhayati c.; vedhayati etc. E.



167 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [vran

Deriv. : -vidh v. +

-vidhya E. vedha E. + vedhaka E. +

vedhin E. +

vedhya c. vyadha c. vyadhya c.

vyādha AV .+ vyādhin

AV.B.

-vyadhya AV . vedhana E. + vyadhana AV.C

veddhavya u. +

veddhṛ E. + -vedhima c.

vyadhvará? AV.

√ vyay, 'expend'.

Pres. [I.] vyayati -te etc. c . [Perf. etc. vavyāya vavyaye etc. etc.] Verb, vyayita c.

IS only a conjugation of √ i + v i , or denominative of vyaya.

√ v y ā , v ī , 'envelop'.

Pres. [4?] vyáyat i -te etc. v.+ Perf. vivyathus RV., vivyé etc. RV. [vivyāya vivyayitha etc.] ; -vyayāṁ

cakāra ŚB. Aor. [I. vīyāt. —] 2. ávyat etc. RV., avyata etc. v. [— 4. avyāsta, vyā-

sīṣṭa. — 6. avyāsīt.] Fut. I. [vyāsyati -te;] vyayiṣ ye s. [— 2. vyātā.] Verb, vītá v . + ; -vīya B.S .C [-vyāya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, vīyáte B. [— Int. vāvyā-, vevī-. — Desid. vivyāsa-. —

Caus. vyāyaya-.] Deri u.: -vī v. + -vyāya B.S. -vyāna c. -vyayana B.S.

√ vraj, 'proceed'.

Pres. [1.] vrájati etc. v. +, -te c. Perf. vavrāja etc. v. + Aor. 5. avrājīt etc. B.U. Fut. 1. vrajiṣyati etc. B. + [— 2. vrajitā.] Verb, vrajita B. + ; vrajitum E.; vrajitvā s. + ; -vrájya B. + ; -vrājam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrajyate c. — [Int. vāvraj-. — J Desid. vivrajiṣa- (in

d.). — Caus. vrājayati etc. B.+ (vrājyate E. ) Deriv.: -vrāj E . +

-vrajya E . +

vrajyā E . + -vrāj a v. +

-vrājaka E. + -vrājin B. +

vráj an a v. + -vrāj ana E. -vivrajiṣu c.

√ vrad, vrand, 'weaken'.

Pres. [1.] avradanta Rv 1.

Deriv. vrandin RV. √ vran, 'sound' (?).

Pres. [I.] vraṇati c. Deriv. vraṇa E. +

No Teal root; the single occurrence artificial.



vraśc] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 6 8

√ vraśc, 'cut up'.

Pres. [6.] vṛś cát i etc. V . B . S . C — [1.] vraścati? c. Perf. [vavraśca vavraścus] vavṛktam? RV. Aor. [3. avivraścat. —] 4. [avrākṣīt] vṛkṣ i B.S. [— 5. avraścīt.j Fut. 1. vrakṣyánt ŚB.? [vraściṣyati. — 2. vraścitā, vraṣṭā.] Verb, vṛkṇá v.+; [ v í a ś c i t v ā , ] vṛṣṭvā AV., vṛktvī RV . ; -vṛścya s.c;

-vráścam B . S . Sec. Conj.: Pass, vṛścyáte etc. V.B. (vṛścáte AV.) [— 1nf. varīvṛśc-. —

Desid. vivraściṣa- , vivrakṣa-. — Caus. vraścaya-.] Deriv.: vṛka ? v. +

vṛścika v. +

-vráśca B. -vraska V.B.S.

-vraskya s. vráścana v . + vṛkṣá? v . +

√ v r ā d h , 'stir up'.

Pres. [I.] vrādhanta vrādhant RV.

√ v r ī ḍ , 'be abashed'.

Pres. [1 .J vrīḍate etc. E . + — [4. vrīḍyati.] [Perf. etc. vivrīḍa; avrīḍīt; vrīḍiṣyatí, vrīḍitā.J Verb, vrīḍita E. +

Sec. Conj.: Caus. vrīḍayati c.

Deriv.: vrīḍā E. + vrīḍana c.

√ v r u ḍ , 'sink'.

[Pres. etc. vruḍati etc. etc.] Verb, vruḍita c.

The occurrence or two are doubtless artificial.

√ vlag, v l a ṅ g , 'pursue' (?).

Verb, -vlágya RV 2 . Deriv. -vlaṅga RV .

Only with abhi. Perhaps related with √ valg.

√ v l ī , b l l , 'crush.

Pres. [9.] vlīnāti etc. B. ; vlināti etc. ŚB. [Perf. vivlāya.J Aor. 4. vleṣ īs s. Fut. 1. vleṣ yat i B. [— 2. vletā.] Verb, vlīna B. , blīna AV. ; -vlīya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vlīyate etc. B.U. (blīya- K. . vliyeran AB.) — Int. ave-

vlīyanta B. [— Desid. vivlīṣa- . — Caus. vlepayati, avivlipat.] Deriv.:-vlaya B.S. vlayana B. vráyas? RV.



169 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [ śak

√ cans, 'praise'. Pres. [I.] śáṃsati -te etc. v.+ (śaṃsīyāt c 1 . ) Perf. śaśaṃsa -se etc. B. + (śaṃsus -sire E.) Aor. 1. śasta (2 p.) RV., śastāt AB. ; [śasyāt;] śaṃsi RV, — [3. aśaśaṃ-

sat. —] 5. aśaṃsīt etc. v.+ (śaṃsiṣat etc. V.B.) Fut. 1. śaṃsiṣyati B.S. [— 2. śaṃsitā.] Verb, śastá v. + , śaṃsita E. + ; śaṃsitum E. ; śastvā B. ; -śasya s.+,

-śaṃsya E. ; -śáse RV. ; -śaṃsam B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass, śasyáte etc. v. + — [7nt. śāśas- , śāśaṃs-. — Desid. śiśaṃ-

siṣa-. —] Caus. śaṃsáyati etc. v.+, -te c. Deriv.: -śas V.B.

-śās v. -śasa B. śásā RV. śásya v. +

śáṃsa v. + śaṃsā B. + -śaṃsaka E. śaṃsin v.+ śáṃsya v.+ śaṃsana E. +

śansaniya c. -śaṃsu s. -śaṃsuka B. śastí v. + -śastenya B. śaṃstavya B.E.

-śastavya E, śaṃsitṛ E. + śáṃstṛ V.B. śastrá B . + śaṃsatha s. śásman RV.

Compare the related √ 1 śā s. √ śak, 'be able'.

Pres. [5.] śaknoti -nuvánti etc. v.+ Perf. śaśāka śekús et c. v. + Aor. 1. śagdhí śaktaṃ śákat etc. śakyām v. — 2* áśakat etc. v.+ (śaké-

y a m etc. V.B.S., ś a k e m a h i u.) [— 3. a^īśakat.J Fut. 1. śakṣyati -te etc. B . + [— 2. śaktā.] Verb, śakta E. +, śakita E. +; -śaktave RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ś a k y a t e etc. E.+, -t i etc. E. — [1nt. śāśak- . —] Desid.

śíkṣati -te etc. v. + (śikṣāṇa E. ; ś i ś i k ṣa c.; śikṣyate etc. c.; śikṣa-yati -te etc. E . + ) [—- Caus. śākayati.]

Deriv. : -śáka RV. śakya u.s.+

śāka v. śāká RV. śākī? RV. śácī v.+ śāci? RV.

śákti v. + śaktí RV. śákman RV. śākman RV. -śíkman MS. śagmá V.B.S.

śakrá v. +

ś ikvá AV. śákvan V.B.S.

ś íkvan V.B. ś íkvas RV. śáciṣṭha V.B.S.

ś i k ṣ ā v . + ś ī k ṣ ā B . +

śikṣaka E. -śikṣin c. ś ikṣaṇa c. ś ikṣaṇīya c. śikṣeṇya s. ś i k ṣ ú RV. ś ikṣuka GB.

The desiderative ś ikṣ has won a so independent use and value that it might well enough have been treated (like bhakṣ etc.) as a separate root BR. divide ś ak (and ś ikṣ) into two roots, the second meaning 'help', but favor their ultimate identity.

There are other groups of words, not connectable with this or any other

verbal root: thus, śakuná, śakúni, śakúnta, śakúnti v.+; śáka, śakán, śákṛt v. +; śaṅkú v. +, śakti ('spear') E. +



śaṅk] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 170

√ śaṅk, 'doubt'.

Pres. [I.] śáṅkate etc. B.+, -ti etc. E. [Perf. śaśaṅke.] Aor. 5. śaṅkīs śaṅkiṣṭhās E.+ (śaṅkithās E.)

[Fut. śaṅkiṣyate, śaṅkitā.] Verb, śaṅkita E.+; śaṅkitum E. + ; -śaṅkya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, śaṅkyate etc. c. — Caus. śaṅkayati c. Derio.: śankā B. +

śaṅkin E. +

-śankya s. + śaṅkana E. ? śaṅkanīya E. +

śankitavya E. +

√ cat, 'cut in pieces'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. śātáyati etc. AV . +, -te B.

Deriv.: śāta c. śātin c. śātana E. + śātayitṛ c .

Called by the grammarians the causative of √ 2 śad.

√ 1 śad, 'prevail'.

Perf. śāśadús RV . •, śāśadmahe etc. ( ś ā ś a d ā n a ) v. Deriv. śátru? v.+

√ 2 śad, 'fall'.

Perf. śaśāda ś edus B. [Aor. 2. aśadat.] Fut. 1. śatsyati AV . [— 2. śattā.] Verb, śanna s. [Sec. Conj.: Int. śāśad-. — Desid. śiśatsa- . — Caus. śādaya-.] Deriv..* śada AV.B.S. śāda V.B. śādana c.

Compare √ cat, assigned by the grammarians to this root as another cau-

sative, and √ 1 ś ī , regarded by them as its present-system.

√ cap, 'curse'.

Pres. [1,] śápati etc. v.+, -te etc. B . + [— 4. śapyati -te.] Perf. śaśāpa śepus AV . +, śepé etc. v. + Aor. [3. aśīśapat. —] 4. śāpta (2 p.) B.S. [aśapta.] F ut. I. śapiṣye E. [śapsyati -te. — 2. śaptā.] Verb, ś a p t a B . + , c a p i t a E . ; ś a p i t u m E . , ś a p t u m E . ; [śaptvā,] śapitvāE. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ś a p y a t e c. — [Int. śāśap-, śaṃśap-. — Desid. śiśapsa-. —]

Caus. ś ā p a y a t i etc. AV.+ Deriv. : śāpa E. + śápana AV .

śapaná ŚB. śaptṛ AV . śapátha v. +



171 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [śaś

√ 1 śam, śim, 'labor'.

Pres. [1.] śámant sv. — [2.] ś amīṣ va śamiṣva śamīdhvam B.S. — [9.] śamnīṣe - īṣva -īthās B. ; ścámnan RV.? — [4.] śamyati etc. B,, śimyati etc. B.

Perf. ś aś amé -māná V.B. (śaśámate RV.) A or. 5. áśamiṣṭhās RV. Verb, śamitá B. Deriv. : śáma RV .

śámī V.B. śíma B. ś í m ī B.

śamitṛ V.B. śamiṣṭha s.

Compare the two following roots.

√ 2 cam, 'be quiet'. Pres. [4.] śāmyati etc. B.+, -t e etc. B . + — [1.] śamet E.

Perf. śaśāma śemus B. + Aor. [I. śamyāt; aśāmi. —] 2. aśamat B. — 3. aśīśamat etc. AV.+ [—

5. aśamīt.] [Fut. śamiṣyati; śamitā.] Verb, śāṁtá AV. + [śamitvā, śāṁtvā.] Sec. Conj.: [1nt. śaṃśam-. — Desid. śiśamiṣa-. —] Caus. śamáyati AV. + 7

-te etc. B. + ; śāmayati etc. E.+ (śāmyate E . + ) Deriv. : śám? v.+

śama B. + śamin c.

-śāmaka c.

śāmya E. + śámana AV. + śamanīya s. +

śaṁti- AV. śāṁti AV.+ śamitṛ E. +

śamatha c.

śamayitavya s. śamayitṛ s. +

Probably ultimately the same with the preceding.

√ 3 cam, 'note'. Perf. śemuṣī? c. Verb, -śāṁta s.; -śamya E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, -śamyate etc. E . + — Caus. -śāmayati etc. E. + (-śām-

yate E. )

Deriv.: -śāmana s. -śamaya c. -śāmayitavya c. Only with prefix ni-, except in the strange ś emuṣ ī; hence obviously a specialization from the preceding root, meaning 'settle in one's mind', or the like.

√ śal, 'leap'. Pres. [I.] -śalant c. [Perf. etc. śele, aśaliṣṭa, śaliṣyate śalitā.] Verb, -śalita c.

Only with prefix ud, and probably from √ śri, śṛ.

√ śaś, 'leap'. Pres. [I.] śaśati etc. c. [Perf. etc. ś aś āś a ś aś aś us , aś aś ī t , śaśiṣyati śaśitā.]



śaś] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 7 2 Verb, ś a ś i t a c Deriv. ś a ś á v . +

D o u b t l e s s a d e n o m i n a t i v e f o r m a t i o n f r o m ś a ś á . O n l y t w o o r t h r e e o c c u r -

r e n c e s .

√ ś a s , ś ā s , 'cut'.

Pres. [ 2 . ] ś a s t a ( 2 p . ) RV . ; ś ā s t i B.S., ś ā s a t i - a t u ( 3 p . ) B. , a ś ā t ( 3s . ) B. — [ 1 . ] ś a s a t h a s . , ś á s a n t i B., a ś a s a t c .

Perf. ś a ś ā s a [ ś a ś a s u s ] E. Fut. 1. ś a s i ṣ y a t i B. [— 2 . ś a s i t ā . ]

Verb, ś a s t a E. ; - ś a s y a E. ; - ś á s a s B. Sec.

Conj.:

Pass, ś a s y á t e

etc. B.

+

—

Desid. ś i ś ā s i ṣ a n t

s .

Deriv. : - ś a s B.

ś ā s á AV.B.S.

ś á s a n a v . + ś a s i t ṛ B . +

ś á s t ṛ v . + ś a s t r á B. +

- ś a s t ṛ B.S.

- ś i ś ā s i ṣ u B.

√ ś ā , ś i , 'sharpen'.

Pres. [ 3 . ] ś i ś ā t i ś i ś ī m a s i ś í ś ī t e etc. v . + ( ś i ś a n t i - n t u s . ) — [ 6 ? ] ś y á t i

etc. V.B.S., ś y ā n a B.S.

Perf. [ ś a ś ā u ] - ś a ś ā n á AV. Aor. 1. á ś ī t a ? RV. [ a ś ā t ; ś ā y ā t . — 6 . a ś ā s ī t . ]

[Fut. ś ā s y a t i , ś ā t ā . ]

Verb, ś i t á v . + , ś ā t a E. + ; - ś ā y a v . [Sec. Conj.: Pass. ś ā y a - . — 1nf. ś ā ś ā - . — Desid. ś i ś ā s a - , ś ī ś ā ṃ s a - . —

Caus. ś ā y a y a - . ]

Deriv.: - ś ā n a B.S. ś ā ṇ a ? c . - ś i t i V.B. ś i ś a y á RV.

D i v i d e d b y B R . i n t o t w o s e p a r a t e r o o t s , w i t h i d e n t i c a l f o r m s .

√ 1 ś ā s , ś i ṣ , 'order'.

Pres. [ 2 . ] ś ā s t i ś ā s a t i etc. ( [ ś i ṣ ṭ a s etc.] ś ā s t á n a RV., ś i ṣ y ā t etc. u . s . + ; a ś ā t

B . + ) v . + , ś ā s t e ś ā s ī t a ś ā s ā n a etc. v . + — [ 1 . ] ś ā s a t i etc. E . + , - t e E. Perf. ś a ś ā s a ś a ś ā s u s etc. v . + ( ś a ś ā d h i ś a ś ā s RV.)

Aor. 2 . a ś i ṣ a t etc. V.B.U. ( ś i ṣ á n t R V . ) , ś i ṣ ā m a h i RV . ( - h e SV.AV.) [— 3 . a ś a ś ā s a t . ]

Fut. 1. ś ā B Ì ṣ y a t i - t e etc. B . + [— 2 . ś ā s i t ā . ]

Verb. ś i ṣ ṭ á v . + , ś ā s t a s . + , ś ā s i t a E . + ; ś ā s t u m s . + , ś ā s i t u m E . + ; [ ś i ṣ ṭ v ā , ]

ś ā s i t v ā c . ; - ś i ṣ y a B.U., - ś ā s y a E . + Sec. Conj.: Pass, ś ā s y a t e etc. E. + ; ś i ṣ y a t e etc. c . — [1nf. ś ā ś ā s - , ś e ś i ṣ - . —»

Desid. ś i ś ā s i ṣ a - . — Caus. ś ā s a y a - . ]

Deriv.: ś ā s RV . - ś i s v . +

ś ā s á v . ś ā s ā RV .

ś ā s a RV.

- ś ā s a k a c . ś ā s i n c . ś ā s y a v . + ś i ṣ y a B. +

ś ā s a n a v . + ś ā s a n ī y a c . ś ā s u s RV . ś ā s t i c .

- ś i ṣ ṭ i V.B.S.

ś ā s i t ṛ E. + ś ā s t ṛ v . + ś ā s t r á v . +

C o m p a r e t h e a p p a r e n t l y r e l a t e d root ś a ṃ B .




√ 2 ś a s ,

' c u t ' ,

see √ ś a s .

√ ś i k ṣ , see √ ś a k .

√ ś i ṅ g h , 'snuff'.

T h e o c c u r r e n c e s o f ucchi ṅg ha na a n d upaśiṃhana i n S u ś r . a r e d o u b t -l e s s a r t i f i c i a l .

√ ś i ñ j , ' t w a n g ' . Pres. [ 2 . ] ś iṅkte śiñjate etc. v . + , śiñjant c . [Perf. et c. ś i ś iñje; aśiñjiṣṭa; śiñjiṣyate, śiñjitā.] Verb, śiñjita E. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. ś iñjayati etc. B.S.

Deriv.: śiñjin c . śiñjāra? RV. (n. pr.) P r o b a b l y a n i m i t a t i v e r o o t .

√ ś i p , ' b e s m o o t h ' ( ? ) . S u c h a r o o t m a y p o s s i b l y b e i n f e r r e d f r o m ś í p i v . +, ś í prā RV . , ś i pi tá ŚB.

√ ś i m , see √ 1 ś aj n .

√ ś i ṣ , ' l e a v e ' . Pres. [ 7 . ] ś inást i etc. B . + — [ 6 ? ] śiṃṣati etc. B.S. — [1.] śeṣant c l . Perf. ś i ś i ṣ e etc. B. [śiśeṣa.] Aor. 1. ś e ṣ i AV.B.S. [śiṣyāt.] — 2 . aśiṣat etc. V.B, (–śíṣat RV.), śíṣātāi AV.

[— 3 . aśīś i ṣat . ] Fut. I. śekṣyati -te B. [— 2 . śeṣṭā.] Verb, ś i ṣ ṭ á v . + ; -ś i ṣ ṭvā s . ; -śiṣya B. + ; -śeṣam s . +

See. Conj.: Pass, śiṣyate etc. A V . + — [1nt. ś e ś i ṣ - . — Desid. ś i ś ikṣa- . —] Caus. śeṣayati etc. E. +, -te B. (śeṣyate c . )

Deriv.: -ś iṣa c . ś e ṣ a B. + -śeṣaka E. +

-śeṣin c . śeṣya c .

śéṣaṇa AV. + śéṣas v .

√ 1 ś ī , 'fall'.

Pres. [4?] śīyate etc. AV.B.U.S. (śīyánte? ŚBV)

Deriv. -śāyana c

R e c k o n e d b y t h e g r a m m a r i a n s a s p r e s e n t - s y s t e m t o √ 2 ś a d ; a n d t h i s i s

c u r i o u s l y

s u p p o r t e d b y

JB.,

w h i c h

h a s

( i i .

8 1 ) upaśīyate tasmād upaśadam, a n d ( i i . 8 2 ) avaśīyante tasmāc chadaḥ. S o f a r a s t h e m e a n i n g i s c o n c e r n e d ,

i t m i g h t w e l l b e a s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f √ 2 ś i .



2 ś ī ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 7 4

√ 2 śī , 'lie'. Pres. [2.] śéte śérate etc. v.+ (śáye 3s. V.B,, śére 3 p. AV.B., śayire c.;

śayām 3s. AV,, áśeran V.B.) — [I.] śáyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. E.+ (áśa-yat V.B.) — aśāyatam -yata (3s.) RV .

Perf. ś i ś y e -yire B.+; śaśayāná v. Aor. [I . aśāyi. —] 3. aśīśayat E. — 4. ś éṣ an RV 1 . — 5. aśayiṣṭa etc. v.+ Fut. I. śayiṣyate -ti B. + ; śeṣyate -ti E. — 2. śayitā U.C. (-tāse ŚB.) Verb, śayita E. +; ś ayitum E. ; ś ayitvā u. +; -śayya c.; śayádhyāi RV . Sec. Con j.: Pass, [śayyate;] śīyant M 1 . — [1nt. śeśī- , śāśay-. —-] Desid.

śiśayiṣate c. — Caus. śāyayati etc. s.+, -te E.

Deriv. : -śī V.B. -śa? B . +

-śaya v. + śayā RV. śayin c.

śayyā B. + -śāyaka c. -śāyin s. + śáyana AV. + -śayanīya c.

-śāyana c. ś ayú v. śayitavya c. śayátha RV . -ś ītha E. +

-śīma v.B.s. -śéyya v. śayālu c. -śīvan V.B. ś iś ayiṣ u c.

√ cue, 'gleam'.

Pres. [I.] śócati et c. v. +, -t e etc. v.+ — [4.] śúcyati B 1 . — [2.] śocimi E 1 . Perf. ś uś óca etc. v . + (śuśukvāṃs RV., śuśugdhí v . ) , śuśucāná RV.

(-cīta RV.) Aor. I. [śucyāsam;] áśoci RV . — 2. aśucat etc. v. + (śucánt v., śucá-

māna RV.) — 3. śūśucat etc. AV.B. — 5. Ś O C Ī S B.

Fut. 1. śociṣyati etc. E.+, -te E. [— 2. śocitā.] Verb, śuktá? (adj.) B. + ; śocitum E.+, ś oktum M. ; ś oci tvā E. [śucitvāj;

śucádhyāi RV. Sec. Conj.: 1nt. ś óś ucan etc. ś óś ucāna etc. V.B. — Desid. [śuśuciṣa-,

śuśociṣa-;] ś uś ukṣ a- (in d.) — Caus. śocáyati etc. v. + (śocyate c.); śucáyant RV .

Deriv. : śúc v. +

śucá RV.C śúka? v . + -śoca AV . -śocin c. śocya E. +

śóka v. + śoká AV. -śócana AV.+ śocanīya c. -śokas RV . ś úci v. +

śocí v. -śucis- RV.C C0CÍ8 V. + śukti s. + śocitavya E. + śukrá v.+ śuklá AV.+

-śúkvan RV . śóciṣṭha RV. ś uś ukvaná RV . ś uś ukváni RV. -śuśukṣáṇi RV . -śocayiṣṇu AV.

√ ś u j , 'swell'(?),

Sec. Conj.: 1nt. śūśujāna RV.

√ ś u d h , ś u n d h , 'purify'.

Pres. [1.] śundhati -te etc. V.B.S. — [4.] śudhyati etc. B.+, -te etc. E . + —

[2.] śunddhi AGS.



175 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [śÍL

[Perf. etc. ś uś odha, śuśundha; aśudhat, aś ūś udhat , aśundhīt; śot-

syati śundhiṣyati , śoddhā śundhitā.] Verb, śuddhá v. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. śośudh-. —] Desid. śuśutsat s. — Caus. śodhayati etc.

B. + (śodhyate E. +); śundhayati V.B. Deriv.: -śodha c.

śodhaka E . + śodhin c.

śodhya c. śúndhana B.

śodhana s. + śodhanīya c. śúddhi B. +

ś undhyú V.B. śodhayitavya c.

√ ś u b h , ś u m b h , 'beautify'.

Pres. [I.] śóbhate etc. v.+ (śóbhe 3s. RV.), -ti etc. E. + ; śúmbhase etc. v.,

śúmbhati

etc. AV. — [6.] śumbháti

etc. v.c, -ámāna

RV.C

Perf. ś uś obha śuśubhe E.+ [śuśumbha.] Aor. 1. aśobhi c.; śúmbhāna śubhāná RV. — [2. aśubhat. —] 3. á ś ū -

śubhan RV., -bhanta B. [— 5. aśobhiṣṭa, aśumbhīt.] Fut. I. śobhiṣyati E. [śumbhiṣyati. — 2. śobhitā, śumbhitā.] Verb, śubhitá B., śumbhita AV. ; śubhé RV., śobháse RV. Sec. Conj.: Int. śośubhyate E. — Desid. śuśobhiṣate c. [śuśubhiṣa-.J —

Caus. śobhayati etc. AV.+; śubháyati -t e etc. V.B. Deriv. : ś úbh V.B.

śubha E . + śobha c.

śobhā B. + -śobhin E. +

śumbha E. + -śumbhaka E. śóbhana v. +

śobhaná B. + śúmbhana AV.+

śumbhū B. śobhátha sv.

śubhrá v. +

śubhrí RV .

śúbhvan RV . śóbhiṣṭha RV. śobhayitṛ c.

This root is , with considerable plausibility, divided by BR. into two: √ 1 śubh 'glide along', and √ 2 śubh 'beautify'; the former only in V.B.

√ 1 ś u ṣ , 'dry'. Pres. [4.] śúṣyati etc. v.+, -te etc. E . + [Perf. etc. ś u ś o ṣ a ; aśuṣat, aś ūś uṣ at; śokṣyati , śoṣṭā.] Verb, -śúṣya B. Sec. Conj.: [Int. ś oś uṣ - . — Desid. śuśukṣa-. —] Caus. śoṣáyati etc. AV. + ,

-te E. (śoṣyate c.) Deriv.: śuṣa? v.

śoṣa E. + śoṣaka c.

śoṣin E. + -śoṣya E. +

śoṣaṇa E. + śoṣaṇīya c. śóṣuka B.

ś úṣ ka v. + śúṣṇa? V.B.S.

śoṣayitṛ c.

√ 2 ś uṣ , 'blow', see √ ś v a s .

√ ś ū , ś v ā , ś v i , 'swell'. Pres. [1?] śváyati etc. V.B. Perf. [śuśāva, ś iś vāya] ŚŪŚUVUS etc. (ś ūś uvat ś ūś ávāma śūśuyāma)

ś ūś uve śūśuvāna RV. Aor. [I . śūyāt. —] 2. áś vat B. [— 3. aśiśviyat, aś ūś uvat , aśiśvayat. —

5. aśvayīt.]



śū] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 176

[Fut. śvayiṣyat i , śvayi tā. ]

Verb, ś ū n á c . ; śváyi tum B. • ś ū ṣ áṇ i RV. [Sec. Con;.: ś ū yat e ; ŚOŚU-, ś e ś v i - ; ś i śvayiṣa-; śvāyaya-.] Deriv.: -śū? RV .

ś áva B. + ś āva E. + - ś van v. + ś ávas v. + śavasāná RV.

śáviṣṭha V.B. śotha c . ś u n á v.B.s.

śūna, -nyá v.+ śūra v. + śávīra RV .

ś i vá v. + ś é va v. + -śévas AV. -śvāyin B. śvayana c . śvayátha B.

śvayathu c . śvātrá V.B. ś vān t á RV. ś í ś u v. + - ś í ś van RV. -ś i śvi RV.

The perfect forms in RV. are ascribed by BR. (perhaps with better reason) to a separate root śū 'prevail'. The connection of a part of the derivatives given here with one another and with any assignable root is open to much question.

√ 1 ś ṛ , 'crush'.

Pres. [9.] śṛṇāti etc. V.B.C 1 . , śṛṇāná RV 1 . — [6.] śṛṇa AV. — [4.] śīryate ŚB. Perf. [śaśāra śaśaritha śaśarus śaśrus] śaśré AV. Aor. 1. aśāri V.B. [śīryāt. — 3. aśīśarat.] — 5. aśarīt etc. AV.B. (-rāit AV.) Fuf. 1. śariṣyate B. [śarīṣyatI. — 2. śarītā.] Verb, śīrṇá AV. + ‚ -śīrta MS. , śūrtá? R V 1 . ; śárītos RV., śaritos AA.;

-śīrya B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, śīryate etc. v.+, -ti etc. U.E .+ [— 1nt. śāśṛ-, śeśīrya-. —]

Desid. śiśariṣa- (in d.), [śiśarīṣa-, śiśīrṣa-. — Caus. śāraya-.] Deriv.: -śir c .

-śar AB.

-śara v. + śará v. + śalá AV.B. śalyá v. +

śīrya B.S. śūla v. + śaraṇa c . śaráṇi v. śūraṇa RV. -śarīka AV.

śárīra v.+ śarāru RV. śāri RV. śáru v.+ śarvá AV. + -śāruka B . C

ś īr t i B. śalúna AV. śarabhá v. + śalala, -lī B. + śalāka B. + -ś i śar iṣu c .

Part of the derivatives are of very questionable belongings.

√ 2 śṛ, see y śra.

y 3 ś ṛ , see y ś r i .

√ ś ṛ d h , 'be defiant'.

Pres. [1.] śárdhati etc. v. , -te etc. B.C. [Perf. etc. śaśṛdhe; aśṛdhat, aśīśṛdhat, aśardhiṣṭa; śartsyati śardh-

iṣyate, śardhitā.] Sec. Conj,: [1nf. śarīśṛdh-. — Desid. śiśardhiṣa-, śiśṛtsa-. —] Caus, śar-

dháyati etc. R V . C Deri u, : śárdha RV.

-śardhin v. śárdhya RV. śṛdhyā RV.

śardhana c. śárdhas V.B.

-śardhayitṛ c .

Not worth dividing into two roots.



177 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [śrath √ ścand, cand, 'shine'.

[Pres. etc. oandati, cacanda etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Int. cániścadat Rvl. Deriv.: candana? E. + ścandrá v. + candrá v. +

The fuller form ścandra survives after v. only in the n. pr. háriścandra.

√ ścam.

The single doubtful form ścámnan RV . was entered above under √ 1 cam.

√ ś c u t , 'drip'. Pres. [I.] ścótati et c. v. + Perf. cuścota B .S . Aor. [2. aścutat. —] 3. acuścutat s. [— 5. aścotīt.j [Fut. ś cot iṣ yat i ; ścotitā.] Verb, ścutita B . +

Sec. Conj.: [Int. coścut-. — Desid. cuścotiṣa- , cuścutiṣa- . —] Caus. ścótayati etc. B.S. (-ścotayitavāí ŚB.)

Deriv.: -ścut v. + -ścotana c. The forms are often, especially later, written with ś c y u , and sometimes

with cyu. √ śnath, 'pierce'.

Pres. [2.] śnathihi śnáthat av. [— 1. śnathati.] [Perf. śaśnātha.] Aor. 3. aśiśnat śiśnáthat etc. av. — 5. śnathiṣṭam -ṭana RV . [Fut. śnathiṣyati; śnathitā.] Verb, śnathitá RV . ; -śnáthas RV. Sec. Conj.: śnatháyati -te etc. RV. Deriv.: śnáthana RV . śnáthitṛ RV. śiśnátha RV .

√ Cyā> Cī> 'coagulate'. Pres. [4?] śyāyati B., -te o. [Perf. et c ś a ś y e ; aśyāsta; śyāsyate, śyātā.] Verb, śītá v. +, ś īná vs., śyāna c. [śyāta.] Sec Conj.: Pass, śīyáte et c B. —- [Int. śāśyā-. — Desid. śiśyāsa-, —]

Caus. [śyāpaya-;] śyāyayati GB . Deriv.: śyāTs.c. - ś y ā y a s . + ś í ś i ra?Av.+

√ śrath, ślath, 'slacken'.

Pres. [9.] áśrathnan śrathnās RV., śrathnīté et c v. — [6?] śṛnthati Tsl. — [ 1 . ] [śrathati śranthate;] ślathati -te et c c.

Perf. śaśrathe RV. [śaśrantha śaśranthus śrethus.]



śrath] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 7 8 Aor. 3. śiśráthat etc. V.B. (ś iśrathantu RV.) [— 5. aśranthīt -thiṣṭa.]

[Fut. śranthiṣyati, śranthitā.] Verb, śṛthitá RV, , ślathita c ; [śrathitvā, śranthitvā;] -śrathya c Sec. Conj.: Caus. śratháyati etc. V.B . , -te RV. ; ślathayati c. (ślathyate

c.) [śrāthayati, śranthayatI.] Deriv.: śratha- v. śrathar- RV . ślatha E. +

√ śran, 'give'.

[Pres. etc. śraṇati etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. śrāṇayati etc. s.+ [aśiśraṇat, aśaśrāṇat; śraṇayatl.] Deriv.: -śrāṇana c. -śrāṇika c.

Only with prefix vi. √ śram, 'be weary'.

Pres. [4.] śrāmyati etc. v.+ — [I.] śramati -te etc. E. + Perf. ś aś rāma ś aś ramus v.+ (śremu8 KB.) , śaśramāṇá RV.

A or. [1. aśrāmi. —] 2. áśramat etc. v. — 5. śramiṣma RV.B. Fut. [I . śramiṣyati. —] 2. śramitā M. Verb, śrāṁtá v. + ; -śrámya B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, śramyate E . + — Desid. śiśramiṣa- (in d.). — Caus.

śramayati etc. s. + ; śrāmayati etc. E.+ (śrāmyate E . + ) Deriv. : śráma v. +

-śrāma E. + śramaṇá B. + -śramaṇa v.+ śrāṁti E. +

-śramiṣṭha RV . -ś iś ramiṣ u c.

√ ś r a m b h , 'trust'.

Pres. [1.] śrambhate etc. E. + [Perf. etc. ś aś rambhe; aśrabhat, aśrambhiṣṭa; śrambhiṣyate,śrambh-

itā.] Verb, śrabdha E.+; -śrabhya c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. śrambhayati etc. s. + Deriv,: -śṛmbhá RV . -śrambha E. +

-śrambhin c. -śrambhana c. -śrambhanīya c. -śrabdhi c.

√ śrā, 2 śrī, 2 śṛ, 'boil'.

Pres. [4?] śrāyati etc. V.B. — [9.] śrīṇāti etc. V.B. [— 2. śrāti.] [Perf. etc. ś a ś r ā u ; śrāyāt śreyāt, aś rās ī t ; śrāsyati, śrātā.] Verb, śrātá V.B.S. ; śṛtá v.+ [śrāṇa.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. śāśrā-. — Desid. śiśrāsa-. —] Caus. śrapáyati etc. AV . + ,

-t e etc. E. (aśiśrapat etc. B. ; śrapyáte etc. B. + ) Deriv. : śīrá? RV. śáras ? E. -śrápa B.

śrāpin s. śrápaṇa B. + śrapayitṛ B.



179 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [śru

√ śri, 3 śṛ, 'resort'.

Pres. [I.] śráyati etc. AV.+, -te etc. v.+ Perf. śiśrāya śiśriyé etc. v. + Aor. I. áśret -riyan etc. RV.; [śrīyāt;] áśrāyÌRv. — 3. áśiśriyat etc. AV.+

(aśiśret V.B., -śrema s,, -śrayus RV. ; -śriyus E. , -śriyan c.; śiśrītá? RV. ) — 4. aśrāit A v. [— 5. aśrāyiṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. śrayiṣyati -t e etc. B . + [— 2. śrayitā.] Verb, śritá v. + ; śrayitum E , , -tavāí B.S.; śrayitvā E.+ [śritvā];

-śrítya B. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, śrīyate etc. B. + (śriyate etc. B.s.) — [1nt. śeśri-. — Desid.

śiśrayiṣa- , śiśrīṣa- . —] Caus. śrāpayati vsl. [śrāyayati, aśiśra-

yat.] Deriv.: -śrī B.u.

-śraya AV. + -śrayin c. śrāyá v. +

-śāra AV. śālā AV. + śrayaṇa B. + śrayaṇīya c.

śaraṇá v.+ -śrit v. + śrití RV.C -śrayitavya c.

śretṛ E. śréṇi v. + śárman v. + śárīra? v.+

The derivatives from the root-form śṛ are probably best referred to a sepa-rate root ś r or śar, śal, meaning 'cover' or the like.

√ śriṣ, see √ śliṣ.

√ 1 śrī, śṛ, 'mix'. Pres. [9.] śrīṇāti śrīṇīté etc. V.B. Perf. ś iś riye v. Aor. 3. aśiśrayus RV. Verb, śrītá RV. , śīrta RV. Deriv.: -śir V.B.S. -śira s. + -śrī v. śrayaṇa s.

Is probably only a form of √ ś r i , from which it is at some points hardly separable. The interrelations of the roots śṛ , śrā, śri, śrī are intricate, and not yet fully worked out. Especially doubtful is it what is the connection with them of the noun śrī v.+ *fortune', and the related śriyás RV., śréyas v.+,

śréṣṭha v.+, śremán B.

√ 2 śrl , see √ śrā.

√ śru, 'hear'.

Pres. [5.] śṛṇóti etc. v. + , śṛṇuté etc. v. + (śṛṇviṣé -viré R V . ) — [2.] śróṣi RV.

Perf. śuśrāva ś uś ruve etc. v.+ (śuśrumas u. + ; śuśravat śuśrūyās -yātam áś uś ravi RV . )

Aor. I. áśravam -rot -ravan V.B. (śrávat -vathas etc. V.B.S. ; śrūyāsam

etc. v.c.; śrudhí śrótuetc . V.B . ) ; aśrāvi śrāvi v.c. — 2? ś ruvam TA. — 3. aś uś ruvat B., -ravus RV. [aśiśravat.] — 4. aśrāuṣīt etc. B. +



1 8 1 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [śṭhív [Fut. ślekṣyati , śleṣṭā.] Verb,

śl iṣṭa B.

+ ; ś leṣ ṭum

c ;

ś l i ṣ ṭvā

c.;

-ś l iṣya

E. +

; -śríṣas

v.

Sec. Con;.: Pass, śl iṣyate etc. c. — [1nt. ś eś leṣ - . —] Desid. śiś l ikṣa-(in d.)? — Caus. śleṣayati etc. B.+, -t e c.

Deriv.: -śriṣ AV . -Cliṣ B.C. -śréṣa AV.B.

-śreṣiṇa AV . ś l eṣa Av.+ śleṣaka c.

śleṣin B.c. -ś leṣaṇa B. +

-śreṣman AV . ś leṣ mán B . +

-ś iś l ikṣu? AV . √ ś v a ñ c , 'spread'.

Pres. [I.] śváñcate etc. v. («^mañc- TA.) Aor. 3 ? ś aś vacāí RV . See. Conj.: Caus.

śvañcáyas

RV .

Deriv. -ś vaṅka B.

√ ś v a s , ś u ṣ , 'blow'.

Pres. [2.] śvasit i etc. v.+ (śvasihí AV.+; aś vas ī t B.+, aśvasat E.+); ś u ṣ -ántam ś uṣ e śuṣāṇá RV . — [I.] ś vás at i -t e etc. AV.+

Perf. ś aś vās a etc. E. + Aor. [3. aśiśvasat. —] 5 (or pres.). ś vas īs c. Fut. 1. śvasiṣyati E. [— 2. śvasitā.] Verb, śvasita B . + , ś vas ta E. + ; ś vas i tum E , ; -śvasya s. + ; -śvásas RV. See. Conj.:

1nt. śāśvasat BV. — [Desid. ś iś vas iṣ a- . —] C aus. śvāsayati etc. v. + (śvasayati c 1 . ?)

Deriv.: -śvasa AV . ś vās a v.+ ś vās in B. + -śvāsya B. +

ś ū ṣ á V.B.8.

śóṣa? vs. ś vas aná v . + -śvasanīya c.

-śvāsana B. + -śvāsanīya c. śvási- RV . -śvasitavya B.+

śvasátha V.B. śúṣma V.B. śuṣman c.

√ ś v 5 , ś v i , see √ ś ū .

√ ś v i t , 'be bright'.

[Pres. etc. ś v e t a t e ; ś iś vi te . ] Aor. 1. aś vitan ś vi tāná RV . — 3. áś iś vi tat RV . — 4. aś vāit BV . [— 5.

aśvetiṣṭa.] [Fuf. etc. śvetiṣyate, ś vet i tā; śvitta.] Deriv.: -ś vi t v.c. ś vetá v. +

śvetanā RV. śvit i- RV. ś v í t n a RV .

ś vi trá v. +

√ ṣ ṭ h l v , 'spew'. Pres. [I.] ṣṭhīvati etc. AV. + [— 4. ṣṭhīvyati . ] Perf. t i ṣ ṭheva B. [ṭiṣṭheva.]

A or. 5. aṣṭhaviṣam? GB.S. [aṣṭhevīt.] [Fut. ṣṭheviṣyati , ṣṭhevitā.]



ṣṭhīv] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 182

Verb, ṣṭhyūta B.+, ṣṭhīvita c. ; ṣṭhutvā? s.; -ṣṭhīvya c.

[Sec. Conj.: int. teṣṭhīv-, ṭeṣṭhīv-. — Desid. t iṣṭhīviṣa- ṭ i ṣ - , tuṣṭhyūṣa-ṭuṣ-. — Caus. ṣṭhevayati.]

√ sakṣ.

For the participle sákṣant, see √ sah.

√ sagh, 'be equal to'. Pres. [5.] ásaghnos RV. [Perf. sasāgha.]

A or. I. sághat RV . ; saghyāsam B.S. [— 3. asīṣaghat. — 5. asāghīt.] [Fut. etc. saghiṣyati, saghitā; sāsagh-, sisaghiṣa-, sāghaya-.] Deriv. sághan B.

Doubtless another form of √ sah.

√ sac, 'accompany'. Pres. [1.] sácate etc. V.B., -ti RV 1 . — [3.] síṣakti etc. RV. ; sáścati(3 p.) RV.,

saścata (3 p.) RV. — [1.] sáścasi etc. saśce RV . Perf. secire AV. ; saścima V.B., saścus etc. RV., saściré RV. Aor. 1. sacāná RV. — 4. asakṣata

etc. (sakṣat -ṣīmáhi) RV. [—• 5. asaciṣṭa.] [Fut. saciṣyate, sacitā.] Verb, sacádhyāi RV . ; sakṣáṇi? RV . Deriv. : -sāc v.s.

-saca V.B. sácā RV.B. -sācin B. +

sācya RV. sacaná RV . sacas- RV. sáci v. +

sācí? V.B. sákhi? v .+ sacátha RV . sákman, -mya RV.

-sakra RV . sakṣáṇi RV. saścát v. sācayá ŚB.

√ s a j , s a ñ j , 'hang'.

Pres. [I.] sájati etc. v.+, -te s. Perf. sasañja B.+ ([sasajus] sasañjus c , sasajjatus? M., sejus ŚB.) Aor. I. asañji B. [sajyāt. — 3. asasañjat.] — 4. sāṅkṣīt etc. u.+, ásak-

thās -ta V.B. [Fut. saṅkṣyaU, saṅktā.] Verb, saktá v. + ; saktum E., saṅktos B. ; -sajya B. + ; -sáṅgam B.S. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sajyáte etc. B.+, -ti E. ; sajjate etc. E.+, -ti etc. E . + —

[Int. sāsaj-, sāsañj- . — ] Desid. sisaṅkṣati ŚB. [siṣaṅkṣa-.] — Caus. sañjayati etc. E. + ; sajjayati etc. E.+, -te E.

Deriv. : -saj v.

-saja RV . -sajya c. -sañja c.

saṅga v. +

saṅgin AV . + -saṅgya B.S.

-sañjana B . +

-sañjanīya c. sajjana c.

sakti v . +

sáktu'? v . + -saktavya c. -sanktavya c.



183 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [san

√ s a d , 'sit'. Pres. [1.] sīdati etc. v.+‚ -t e etc. R v 1 .E .+ — [2.] pátsi v.

Perf. sasāda sedús etc. v. + (sasáttha RV . ; sasadyāt AV. ; sīdatus E . ) ,

sediré RV. Aor. 1. ásādi sādi RV. — 2. ásadat etc. v. + (sádathas RV., sadas etc. v.+,

sadeyam etc. V.B.S., sadatuetc. sádatam V.B.S., sádantRv., sadantām

AV., sādat- RV.) — 3. asīṣadat etc. B. — 4. sátsat RV. — 5. asādīt TA. Fut. 1. satsyati etc. B.S.; sīdiṣyati c. [— 2. sattā.] Verb, sanná AV.+, sattá v.; sattum B. , sīditum E.; -sádya v.+; -sádam

RV., -sáde V.B.; -sādam B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass,

sadyate B.

—

[Int.

sāsad-. — Desid.

siṣatsa-.

—] Caus. sādáyati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (sadyate etc. B. + ; sisādayisa- in d.)

Deriv.: sád v. +

sada B . + -sádya V.B.S.

-sádya n. V.B. -sadyā ŚB. sādá v.+ -sādaka E. +

sādín AV.+ -sādya E. + sádana v. + sādana v. + -sādanīya E. + sádas v. + -sádi A v.

sādi E. sedi AV.B.S.

-sandī? AV.B.S.

seduka E. satti v. + sáttṛ V.B.U.

sattrá v. +

sanni c. sádman v. + sadmán RV. -sádvan v.s. -sadvará B.S. -satsnu RV. sādayitavya E. + -s isādayiṣu E.

The stem sada, so far as accented sáda, is perhaps rather a present-stem.

√ san, 2 sā, 'gain'.

Pres. [8.] sanóti etc. V.B.S. — [1 ?] sánat etc. sánema sána sánant RV .

Perf. sasāna RV. (sasavāṃs v., sasanúṣī B.S.) [sene.] Aor. [I . asāta; sanyāt, sāyāt. —] 2. asanam etc. V.B. (sanéyam etc. B.S. ;

sanem B.S.) — [3. asīṣaṇat. —] 4? seṣam set B. — 5. asāniṣam RV. (saniṣat etc. v. , sániṣantu sv.), [asaniṣṭa] (saniṣāmahe sániṣan-ta R V . )

Fut. 1. saniṣyáti V.B. [— 2. sanitā.]

Verb, sātá V.B. Sec. Conj.: [Pass, sanyate, sāyate. —] Int. [saṃsan-, sāsā-,] saniṣṇata

Bv,.— Desid. síṣāsati etc. V.B. [sisaniṣa-. — Caus. sānayati.] Deriv. : -san RV.

-sána RV. sina? RV. -sānin c. -sanana RV. -sā V.B.

-sa RV .

sani V.B. -sáni v. + sānuká RV . sániti RV. Bánitva RV. -séya v. sātí v.

sanitṛ V.B. sanitra RV. sánutṛ RV . sanitvan RV . sátvan? v.+

sātu? RV . sāman? v.+

sanéru? RV. sánīyas B. sániṣṭha RV. sānasí RV. sásni V.B. siṣṇu RV. siṣāsátu RV . siṣāsáni RV . siṣāsú V.B.

Different from this is the root seen in sána 'old' v.+ and the related words.



sap] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 184

√ sap, 'serve'. Pres. [I.] sápati -te etc. V.B.

Perf. sepus RV. Aor. 3. sīṣapanta RV. [Fut. sapiṣyati, sapitā.] Sec. Con j.: Caus. sāpáyant? B. Deriv. : -sāp RV. sapa B.s.

-sapin RV. sapar- v.+ sápti v. +

The relations of part of these forms are very doubtful.

√ saṛj, 'creak'. Pres. [1.] sárjati etc. V.B.

Does not appear to admit of connection with √ sṛj. √ saśc, see √ s a c

√ sas, 'sleep'.

Pres. [2.] sásti etc. (sastás sasánt etc.) v. — [3.] sasásti TS., sásasti vs., sasat c1. [Perf. etc. sasāsa; asīṣasat, asāsīt; sasiṣyati, sasitā; sāsas-, sisasiṣa-,

8āsaya-.] Deriv. sasá? RV.

The single later occurrence is doubtless artificial.

√ sah, 'prevail'.

Pres. [I.] sáhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E.+ (sáhant RV.); sāhati etc. avl.El. — [4.] sahyami Ml. — [2.] sakṣi sákṣva sākṣva RV.

Perf. [sehe] (sehāná RV. ; sasahe AV. ; sasāhé etc. v.; sāsahāná v. , sā-sahīṣṭhas Rv.), sehima -hus B. (sāsāha v.; sāsáhat etc. v., sā-

sahyāma etc. RV., sāsahvāṃs RV., sasahvāṃs TA., sāhvāṃs RV.) Áor. 1. sahāná RV.; 8āhyāma v., sahyās etc. BV. — [3. asīṣahat. —]

4. asākṣi sākṣi RV . } asakṣmahi B. (sākṣate RV. ; sākṣīya etc. AV.B.) ,

sākṣīt GB. (sakṣati AV., sakṣat RV., sākṣāma RV., sákṣat ppl e. RV.) — 5. ásahiṣṭa RV., sāhiṣīmáhi etc. v.

Fut. I. sakṣyati etc. E. , -te B., s&kṣye? AV.; sahiṣyati -te etc. E.+ (asah-iṣyat B. ) — 2. soḍhā E.+ [sahitā.]

V erb. sāḍhá v.+, soḍha c.; soḍhum E. +, sahitum B. ; [sāḍhvā, sahitvā;] -sáhya v. + ; -sáham B . ; sáhadhyāi RV.K.

S ec. Conj.: Pass, sahyate etc. c. — [Int. sfisah-. —] Desid. 8īkṣati -te etc. RV.TS. [sisahiṣa-.] — Caus. sāhayati etc. E. +



185 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [sSdh

Deriv. -sāh v.+

sáha

V.B.

sahá v.+ sahaka c. -sahya sv.+ -sáhya n. R^ sāhá v. + -sāha RV. -sāhin c. -sahya v. +

-sabha? E . + siṃhá? v. +

sáhan? RV. sahana c. sahanīya E. + -sāhana E. + sáhantya V.B. sáhas v. + sahasāná RV. -sāhi c.

séhu? AV.K. sāḍhi MS. soḍhavya c. sahitavya E. sāḍhṛ RV. soḍhṛ E. sáhuri v. sáhīyas v. + Báhyas RV. sáhiṣṭha V.B.

sáhyu RV. sahiṣṇu E . + sáhvan B.S. sakṣa B. -sakṣin RV. sakṣáṇa RV. sakṣáṇi v. sāsahí v.

√ 1 s ā , si‚ 'bind'.

Pres. [6?] syáti etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [9.] sināti etc. V.B.U. — [5.] asinot JB,, -sinvant RV.? — [1?] sāmi santi seyam set M.

Perf. sasāu c.; siṣāya RV. (siṣet? RV.) [siṣye.] Aor. I. asāt etc. V.B. (sāhi sitam RV., sīmáhi RV.TS.?) [seyāt. — 3. asī-

ṣayat. — 4. asāiṣīt, aseṣṭa. — 6. asāsīt.] Fut. í. [sāsyati] siṣyati M. [seṣyati -te. — 2. sātā, setā.] Verb, sitá v.+; sātum JB., sétave AV., -situm c ; s i t v ā s . ; -sāyav.+,

-sya B. +; -sāí RV .

Sec. Conj..- Pass, sīyate etc. E . + — [Int. sāsā-, seṣi- . — Desid. siṣāsa-, 8isīṣa-. — ] Caus. sāyáyati etc. B . +

Deriv.: -sā? R V . +

-sāya E . + -sāyin B . +

-seya c. -8āna v. + -sātṛ RV.O,

-sya E.

-siti v. ? c. sétu v.+

setavya c. setṛ RV. -sinva? RV .

It is not practicable to separate the two forms of this root. Its prevailing use with ava has led to its reduction to mere s in some of the forms made from it.

√ 2 s S , see √ s a n .

√ s ā d h , s a d h , 'succeed'.

Pres. [I.] sādhati -t e et c BV . — [5.] sadhnoti et c J ^ . ; [sādhnoti. — 4. 8ādhyati.]

[Perf. sasādha.] Aor. 3. sīṣadhāti -dhas et c -dhema -dhātu V.B. [— 4. asātsīt . ] [Fut. sātsyati , sāddhā.] Verb, sādhitum (caus. ?) c.

Sec Con;.: [Int. sāsādh-. — Desid. siṣātsa-. —] C aus. sādháyati etc v.+, -te et c E. + (sādhyate etc E. + ; siṣādhayiṣati etc sisādh- c.)

Deriv.: -sādh RV. sādha RV. sādhaka

E. + sādhin c.

sādhyá v. + sādhana v. +

sādhanīya E . + sādhas v.

sādhú v. + sādhu RV.

saddhi JB.

sādhīyas B . + sādhiṣṭhaRv.u.

sādhayitavya c. sādhayitṛ c.

siṣādhayiṣā c. siṣādhayiṣu s. +



si] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 186

√ si, 'bind', see √ 1 s ā . From a root or roots si or sī appear to come sundry doubtful derivatives,

as sāyaka E . +, sénā v. +, sītā v. +, sīmán -mant -mā AV. +, sīrá v. +

√ sic, 'pour out'. Pres. [6.] siñcáti etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [1.] sécate RV 1 . Perf. siṣeca siṣ ice etc. v.+ (s is icus RV. , sisice av.c.) Aor. 1. sicyāt B. (siñcyāt? AŚS.); aseci B.S . — 2. asicat etc. v.+, -cata

etc. V.B. (sicāmahe V .B . ) — [3. asīṣicat, asīsicat. — 4. asikta.] Fut. 1. sekṣyati -t e etc. B.E . Verb, s i k t á v. + ; sekt um E., - t a v ā i B.; s i k t v ā B . + , s i ñ c i t v ā c ; - sícya

AV. + ; -secam s., -sekam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sicyáte etc. v.+, -ti E. — [Int. sesic- . — Desid. sis ikṣa-,

siṣikṣa-. —] Caus. secayati etc. s.+, -te s. + ; siñcayati E 1 . Deriv. : síc V.B.S.

-s ícya B. -sieya n. B. séka v. +

-sekin c. -sekyà B. + -secaka E. -secya E.

sécana v.+ -secanīya B. siktí V.B. sektavya c.

séktṛ v. + -secitṛ E. siktha o.

√ 1 sidh, 'repel'.

Pres. [I.] sédhati etc. v.+, -te etc. s.+ Perf. siṣedha etc. v.+, siṣidhe E. Aor. 1. asedhi c. — [3. asīṣidhat. — 4. asāitsīt. —] 5. asedhīs etc. RV.E. Fut. 1. setsyati E. , sedhiṣyati c. [— 2. seddhā, sedhitā.] Verb, siddha B. + ; seddhum B. + ; –s ídh ya A V . + Sec. Conj.: Pass, sidhyate etc. E. + — int. séṣidhat RV. — [Desid. sisedh-

iṣa-, sis idhiṣa- , siṣ itsa- . —] Caus. sedhayati etc. s. + Deriv.:

sedha AV. +

-sedhaka E. + -sedhin c.

-sedhya c. -sedhana

E. + -sedhanīya c.

-siddhi c. -seddhavya E. + -seddhṛ B. + •

-seddhra B.

sidhmá, -man? B . + -sedhayitṛ c. See the following root.

√ 2 sidh, 'succeed'.

Pres. [4.] sidhyati etc. RV-.U.S.+, -te etc. E . +

Perf. siṣedha RV-? Aor. [I . s idhyās am; asedhi. — 2. asidhat. — 3. asīṣidhat. —] 4. sāit-

s īt c 1. Fut. I. setsyati -te etc. E.+ [-— 2. seddhā.] Verb, siddha Bl.E.+ [sedhitvā, sidhitvā, siddhvā.J [Sec. Conj.: s eṣ idh-; s iṣ i t s a- ; sedhaya-.]



187 AN D PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [sul

Deriv.: -sidh RV. siddhi u. + sidhmá RV. -sidhvan RV. sidhrá RV . Appears to be a weakened form of √ sādh. Grassmann, however, con-

siders 1 sidh and 2 sidh as one root, and there are in fact some difficulties in their separation.

√ s i , see y s i .

√ s ī v , s y u , 'sew'.

Pres. [4.] sīvyati etc. v.+, -te v.

[Perf. et c. s iṣeva; asīṣivat, asevī t ; seviṣyati , sevitā.] Verb, syūtá v. + ; syūtvā s.; -sīvya AV. Sec. Conj.: [Int. seṣīv-, — Desid. siseviṣa- , susyūṣa-.—] Caus. [sevayati;]

sīvayati c . Der iv. :

syū B. sīvaka c. sīvya c.

seva B. sevana B . + sīvana B. +

sevitavya c . sūtra AV.+ sūná V . B. S .

syuman V.B. syoná? V.B.S.

The noun sūcī (of which Būcay 'point out' is a denominative) can hardly be connected with this root.

√ s u , 'press out'.

Pres. [5.] sunóti etc. v. +, sunute etc. v. + (sunviré RV.) — [3.] suṣvati (3 p.) RV.

Perf. suṣāva suṣumá etc. V.E., suṣvāṇá RV . Aor. 1. sótu sutám etc. RV., suvāná svānáv.; ásāvÌRv. — 3. asuṣavus

AB . [asūṣavat. — 4. asāuṣīt, asoṣṭa. — 5. asāvīt, asaviṣṭa.] Fut. 1. soṣyati KŚS., saviṣyati ŚB. — 2. sotā AB. Verb, sutá v.+; sótave RV., -tos V.B. ; -sútya B.+; -sūya E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sūyáte etc. v.+ — [int. s o ṣ u - . — Desid. s u s ū ṣ a- . —] Caus.

sāvayati s. Deriv. : -suva B.

savá V . B. S .

sāvá RV. -sāvin RV. -sāvya s.+

savana v. + -sut v. + -suti v. sutya s.+ sutyā B.S .

sótu RV. sótva RV . sotṛ RV. sútvan v. sóma v. +

soman RV. sūya B. súrā ? v. + -sunva RV. súṣvi RV.

Doubtless the same with √ s ū , and the forms and uses of the two not al-ways clearly distinguishable.

V « a ( T ) .

Only in the single form prá sulāmi TS .TB . , for which vs. has prá t i lāmi: see √ til .



subh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 188

√ subh, sumbh, 'smother' (?). Pres. [9.] asubhnan TS. — [6?] sumbhan K. Verb, subdha TS. Deriv. sóbharī? v.

√ sū, su, 'generate, enliven, impel'.

Pres. [2.] sūte súvate etc. v. + (suvāná svāná? RV. ) , sāuti B . +, súhi s. — [6.] suváti etc. V .B .U . (sva AV.TA . ) , suvate etc. B. — [4.] sūyate

etc.

B

1

. + ,

-ti

etc. E . + —

[I.] savati

etc. E . + Perf. suṣāva etc. E . +, s uṣ uvé etc. AV . + (sasūva v.)

Aor. [I. asāvi.] — 3. [asūṣavat,] asuṣot MS., -ṣavus TB . — 4. [asāuṣīt,] asoṣṭa u . + — 5. asāvīt etc. V .B . (sāviṣat V.B . ) [asaviṣṭa.]

Fut. I. soṣyáti -te etc. B. + (sūṣyant R V - . C 1 . ) , saviṣyati -te etc. E . + [— 2. sotā, savitā.]

Verb. s ūtáv. +, suta B . + [ s ū n a ] ; [sotum,] sūtave v., -tavāí AV. , sávi-tave AV . ; sūtvā B . + ; -sūya E . + ; -sútya ŚB.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, sūyáte etc. v. + — Int. soṣavīt i RV. — [Desid. susūṣa-. — Caus. sāvaya-.l

Deriv. :

8ū v.+ savá v. + sávya? n.pr. RV. -savin c. sávana v. + -súvana AV .

-savas B.s. sūti v. + -suti RV. sūtu AV . savitṛ v. + -savītṛ RV.

sūtrī AV. ṣtrī? v.+ savatha ? c. -sūna s.+ sūnú v. + -sūma v.

-sūya

A V . +

sūra ? v. sūrí ? v. + sávīman V.B.S.

-sūvan v. sūṣā AV . sūṣanā? AV .

Usually divided into two roots, 1 s ū 'impel', and 2 s ū 'give birth' (the verb-forms of the former, with three or four sporadic exceptions, limited to the older language); but their forms and meanings are mixed beyond the possibility of successful separation.

√ sū d , 'put in order'.

[Pres. sūdate.] Perf. [suṣūde,] suṣūdima RV. (súṣūdati etc. súṣūdat etc. RV. , suṣūd-

áta A V . )

Aor. 3. asūṣudanta TS. [Fut. sūdiṣyati, sūditā.j Sec. Conj.: [Int. soṣūd-. — Desid. suṣūdiṣa-. —] Caus. sūdáyati etc. v.+,

-te etc. E. + Der iv. : -8ūd RV.

sūda v. + -sūdaka E . + 8ūdin B. sūdana v. + sudayitnú RV .



189 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [s?j

√ s ū r k ṣ , 'heed'.

Pres. [I.] sūrkṣati etc. B.S. [Perf. etc. suṣūrkṣa; asūrkṣīt; sūrkṣiṣyáti, sūrkṣitā.] Deriv. sūrkṣya B.

√ s ṛ , 'flow'.

Pres. [3.] sísarti sísrat etc. RV., sísrate (3 p.) etc. v. (sísratus Rv 1.) — [1.] sarati etc. s 1 . E . + , -te etc. E . +

Perf. sasāra sasré etc. v . + (sasṛva CB., sasṛvāṃs v.+, sasrāṇá RV.; sasṛ-māṇá RV.)

Aor. I. asāri B. [sriyāt.] — 2. asarat etc. V.B. (sárat etc. sára RV.) — 4. [asārṣīt,] sarṣat AV . Fut. I. sariṣyáti etc. v.+ [— 2. sartā.] Verb, sṛtá B.+; sartum c , sártave RV., -tavāí RV.; sṛtvā B . + ; -sṛtya

B. +; -sāram B. Sec. Conj.: Int. sarsré etc. RV. (sársrāṇa v.) — Desid. sisīrṣati etc. B. —

Caus. sārayati -t e etc. v . + (sāryate etc. B. + ; sisārayiṣa- in d.); saráyante RV.

Deriv. : sará v. + saraka E. + sárin? RV. sāra v. + sāraka B. + sārin B. + -sārya c. sirā v.+ sīrā RV . (

saraṇa v. + saraṇi c.

sāraṇa B . + -sāraṇīya c. sáras v.+ sarít v. + sáru? AV. -sṛt v. +

sṛtí AV. +

-sṛtya AV. -sṛtyā JB . -sártu RV. -sartavyà B . C

sártṛ B. sṛtvan V.B. -sṛtvara c. sárma RV . -sarman RV. sárīman RV.

sarámā? v.+ sṛmará B. + saráyu v. + sarirá B. salilá v. + sarala? E. + sasrá RV . sásri RV . -sisārayiṣu c.

√ s ṛ k , 'be pointed' (?).

A root sṛk or sṛ c inferable with plausibility from the derivatives: sṛká V.B. sraktí V.B.S. sṛkva c. sṛkvan v. +

srákva RV. sṛkvi E. +

√ s ṛ j , 'send forth'.

Pres. [6.] sṛjáti -t e etc. v. + — [I.] sárjatas AV., -anti c. (sarájant Rv 1?) Perf. sasarja sasṛjé etc. v. + (sasarktha c. [sasarjitha sasraṣṭha], sasṛj-

máhe -jrire RV., sasṛgmáhe sv.; sasṛjyāt asasṛgram RV.) Aor. I. ásṛgran - r a m Rv .; ásarjiv-B.; sṛjāná RV. — [3. asīsṛjat, asa-

sarjat. —] 4. asrākṣīt etc. v.+ (asrāk V.B .O 1 . , asrāṭ B. , srās A v.; srakṣat B.), ásṛkṣi ásṛṣṭa etc. V.B.

Fut. I. srakṣyati -te etc. B. + — 2. sraṣṭā? PB.



8ṛj] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 1 9 0

Verb, sṛṣṭá v. + ; sraṣṭum E. + ; sṛṣṭvā B.U . ; -sṛjya B. + ; -sárgam B,,

-sárjam B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sṛjyáte etc. v.+ — [1nt. sarīsṛj-. —] Desid. sisṛkṣati etc.

B . + (sisṛkṣmas el.), -te GB. — C aus. sarjayati -te etc. B . + Deriv. : -sṛj v.+

sráj v.+ sṛjya B . + sárga v. +

-sargin s. + sarjá B . + -sarjya E. sárjana v.+

sṛṣṭi v. + 8ṛṣṭí CB 1 . sraṣṭavya c. sraṣṭṛ v. +

sṛjayá -yā B. 8isṛkṣā c. 8isṛkṣu E. + sarjayitavya u.+

√ sṛp 'creep' .

Pres. [1.] sárpati etc. v.+, -te etc. B . + Perf. sasarpa etc. B. + Aor. 2. asṛpat etc. AV.B. — 3. asīsṛpat B. [asasarpat.] — 4. [asārpsīt,

asrāpsīt;] asṛpta B.S. Fut. I. srapsyati etc. B.+, sarpsyati B. [— 2. sarptā, sraptā.] Verb, sṛpta B . + ; sarpitum E.+; sṛptvā B. ; -sṛpya AV.B.S. ; -sṛpas B . ;

-sárpam B.S . Sec. Conj.: Pass, sṛpyate etc. E . + — 1nt. sarīsṛpant c , -pyate B. —

Desid. sísṛpsati etc. v.+ — Caus. sarpayati etc. s.+ Deriv. : -8ṛp B . S .

-sṛpya c. sarpá v.+

-sarpaka s. -sarpin B. + sárpaṇa v. +

sarpi B. sarpís v. + -sṛpti c.

sṛprá RV. sasarparī RV. sarīsṛpá v. +

√ sev, 'attend upon'. Pres. [1.] sévate etc. v.+, -ti etc. R V - . E . +

Perf. siṣeve etc. E. +, -va c. [Aor. asiṣevat, aseviṣṭa.] Fut. 1. seviṣyati E. [-te. — 2. sevitā.] Verb, sevi ta B. +; sevi tum c.; sevi tvā E. ; -sevya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sevyate etc. B. + — [I nt. seṣev-. — Desid. siseviṣa- . —]

Caus. sevayati c (siṣevayiṣa- i n d.) Deriv. : sevā E. + sevaka E . +

sevin E. + sevya E. +

sevana B . + sevanīya c.

sevi tavya B . + sevitṛ E . + s iṣevayiṣu c.

√ skand, 'leap'.

Pres. [I.] skándati etc. v. +, -te c. Perf. caskánda v.+, -de B . + Acr. I. askan skán V.B. [skadyāt.] — [2. askadat. — 3. acaskandat. —]

4. askāntsīt B . (áskān skān B .S . ) Fut. I. skantsyati B. [— 2. skanttā.] Verb, skanná v. + ; [skanditum; skanttvā;] -skándya B. +, -skádya B. ;

-skáde -skádas RV. ; -skándam AV.B.



191 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [s tan

Sec. C onj.: [Pass, skadyate. —] int . kániṣkan eaniṣkadat RV. — [Desid.

ciskantsa-. —1 Caus. skandayati etc. B. + Deri u. : skanda v. + skandin B. + -skandya B.

skandana B. + -skádvarī B. skandhá AV.+

skándhas? V.B . √ skambh, skabh, 'prop'.

Pres. [9.] skabhnāti etc. V.B. (skabhāna B . ) — [5.] skabhnuvánt B. [— 1. skambhate.]

Perf. caskambha c l . (cāskámbha skambháthus -bhus RV. ) , [caskam-bhe] caskabhāná AV .

[Aor. etc. acaskambhat, askambhīt; skambhiṣyati , skambhitā.J

Verb, skabhitá v . ; [skambhitum;] skabhitvī RV . ; -skábhe RV. Sec. Conj.: Caus. [skambhayati] (skambhita c ) Deriv. : skabha- V.B.

skambhá v. + -skambhaka c. -skambhin E. +

skámbhana V.B. skábhīyas RV .

√ s k u , 'tear'.

Pres. [2.] skāuti ŚB. — [5.] skunoti AV. [skunute. — 9. skunāti , skunīte.]

[Perf. etc. cuskāva cuskuve; acuskavat, askāuṣīt askoṣṭa; skoṣyati -te, skotā.]

Verb, skuta RV . -skāvam B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, skūyáte MS. — 1nt. coṣkūyáte etc. RV . [— Desid. cu-

skūṣa-. — Caus. skāvayati .] Deriv.: -skava AV. -skavana s.

The doubtful form skuptvā in Ap. Dh. S. (i. 31. 24) perhaps belongs here; compare dantaskavana ib. ii . 5. 9.

√ s k ṛ , see √ 1 k ṛ . √ s k h a l , 'stumble'.

Pres. [I.] skhalati etc. E.+, -te AB. Perf. caskhāla caskhalus E. + [Aor. etc. askhālīt; skhaliṣyati , skhalitā.] Verb, skhalita B. +

Sec. Conj.: Caus. skhalayati etc. c. [skhālayati.] Deriv.: skhala B. + skhalana E. +

√ s t a n , 'thunder'.

Pres. [2.] stanihi stan RV. — [1.] stanati etc. AV.E .+ , -se cl. [Perf. tastāna tastanus.] Aor. [2. atiṣṭanat. —] 5. astānī t AV [Fut. staniṣyati , stanitā.]



stan] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 192

Verb, stanita s.+; stanitvā c.

Sec. Conj.: Int. taṃstanīhi AV . [— Desid. tistaniṣa-. —] C aus. stanáyati et c v. + Deriv. ; -stana V.E.

-stānaka? c. stanana c. stāmú? RV.

stanátha RV. stanáthu AV.

iṣṭáni? RV . stanayitnúv.+

Compare √ 2 tan.

√ s t a m b h , s t a b h , 'prop'.

P res. [9.] stabhnāti et c v. + (stabhāná V.B. ) — [5.] stabhnoti etc. B. — [I.] stambhant c , stambhate et c c.; stabhamfina A A.

Perf. tastámbha tastabhús et c v. (tastámbhat RV.) , tastambhe etc. B . + (tastabhānáv.B.)

Aor. 1. [stabhyāt;] astambhi c. — [2. astabhat. — 3. atastambhat. —] 4. astāmpsīt TB. — 5. ástambhīt stámbhīt RV .

[Fut. stambhiṣyati, stambhitā.] Verb, stabhitáv. , stabdhaB. + ; stabdhum c.; stabdhvā AV.E., stambh-

itvā E. ; -stábhya B.+; -stambham B. Sec Conj.: Pass, stabhyate c. — [Int. tāstabh-. — Desid. tistambhiṣa-. —]

Caus. stambhayati -t e et c E.+ (stambhayiṣa? in d.)

stambha v.+

stambhaka

E . +

stambhin E. +

stabha- RV . -stabhya c. stabhu- RV.

stámbhana B. +

stambhanīya E . +

-stabdhi B. +

-stambhayitṛ c .

-stambhayiṣu E.

Compare the parallel and equivalent root akambh.

√ s t ā , 'be stealthy'.

Is inferable from the derivatives: stāyát AV.GB.

stāyāt JB. stāyú vs. tāyú? v.

stéya v. + stená v. +

stāmán? AV. GB . reads stay an; JB. has na stāyād bhavati if. 24 (ter).

Y s t i g h , 'mount'. Pres. [5.] st ighnoti -nuyāt MS. [stighnute.] [Perf. et c t i ṣ ṭ ighe; atiṣṭighat, asteghiṣṭa; steghiṣyate, steghitā.] Verb, -stígham MS. Sec Conj.: [1nf. teṣṭigh-. —] Desid. tiṣṭighiṣati MS. [tistighiṣa-, t iste-

ghiṣa-. — Caus. steghayati.] These forms are somewhat amended from the MSS. (which have st iṅnoti

«t c): see Schroder in ZDMG. xxxiif. 195.

y s t i m , s t l m , 'be stiff'.

[Pres.

et c

stīmyati;

t iṣṭema,

tiṣṭīma;

et c

et c]

Verb, atimita B . + Compare √ styā.



193 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [S tṛ

√ 1 stu, 'praise'.

Pres. [2.] stāúti stuvánti etc. v. +, stute stuváte etc. v.+ (stavīmi c 1 . , stoṣi RV., stuvāná v., stávāna v. , stavāná RV.) — [1.] stávate etc. (stave 3s.) RV. — [6?] astuvat E., stuvate etc. AV.E. — [ 5 . ] stun-vant i etc. u . c , stunvāna u. — stuṣé (1,3s.) v.

Perf. tuṣṭāva tuṣṭuvús etc. v.+ [tuṣṭuva -ma], tuṣ ṭuvé etc. v . + Aor. I. [stūyāt;] ástāvi RV. — 3. átuṣṭavam RV., -ṭuvam JB . (tuṣṭávat

RV.) — 4. astāuṣīt etc. B. + (stoṣat etc. stoṣāṇi RV.) , ástoṣṭa etc. V.B. —- 5. astāvīt etc. B.S.

Fut. 1. stoṣyati etc. B. + (astoṣyat etc. B.U.) , -te etc. B. + ; staviṣyati -te etc. v. [— 2. stotā.]

V erb, stutá v. + ; stotum B.+, stótave RV.; stutvā AV. + ; -stútya B . + , -stūya E. +; stavádhyāi RV.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, stūyáte etc. v. + — [Int. toṣṭu-. —] Desid. tuṣṭūṣita c. — Caus. stāvayati etc. B.+, -te c,; stavayati el .

Deriv. : -stu RV .

stáva v. + stavya E. stāva B. + stāvaka c.

-stāvya s. stavana s. + -stavanīya s. -stavana E. +

stút v.s. stuti v. + stútya v. + stotavya B. + stotṛ v. f

stotrá v. + stavátha RV . stóma v. + stavān? RV. stuṣéyya RV .

√ 2 stu, 'drip'. Such a root is with probability inferable from the derivatives:

-stu RV . -stāva AV. stúkā V.B.S.

stoká v. + stupá AV.B. stupa v. +

√ stubh, 'praise'. Pres. [1.] stóbhati V.B.S. [-te]. — [2.] stobdhi (3s.) JB., stubhāná RV .

[Perf. etc. tuṣṭubhe; atuṣṭubhat, astobhiṣṭa; stobhiṣyate, stobhitā.] Verb, stubdha B.S. Sec. Conj.: Caus. stobhayati Rv.c 1.

Deriv. : stúbh v. + stubha E.

-stobha B . + stobhana c. stobdhavya JB. stúbhvan RV.

Seems related with √ 1 stu.

√ stṛ, 'strew'.

Pres. [9.] stṛṇāti stṛṇīté etc. v .+ — [5.] stṛṇóti stṛṇute etc. v . + — [1.] starati etc. E. +

Perf. tastāra tastarus B, +, tastare -rire c. (tastriré AV. , tistiré 3s. -rāṇá RV. )

Aor. 1. ástar star RV., astṛta AB. (stárate starāmahe RV.); [staryāt;] ástāri RV. — [3. atastarat. —] 4. [astārṣīt] astṛṣi B.; stṛṣīya AV. — 5. astarīs AV. [astariṣṭa, stariṣīṣṭa.]



stṛ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 194

Fut. I. stariṣyati -t e B . C [— 2. startā.]

Verb, stṛta v.+, stīrṇá v. + ; stártave B., -tavāi B. , staritavāi B. , stárī-tave AV.B. , -starītavāí B , ; stṛtvā B.S., stīrtvā B.S.; -stṛtya E., -stīrya B. +; -stíre RV. ; stṛṇīṣáṇi RV .

Sec. Conj.: Pass, stīryate etc. s . + , -ti M.?; striyáte ŚB. [staryate. — Int. testīrya-, tastarya-. —] Desid. tistīrṣate JB. ; tustūrṣate B.U.S. —

Caus. stārayati etc. E. + Deriv. : stṛ? RV.

-stir RV . -stur RV . -stára v.+

stárya B. -staryà B. -stāra v. + -stāraka c

-stārin AV.+ stáraṇa v. + stṛti B. + stṛtya B.

-stárītu RV. -staritṛ c. stárīman RV . -stṛṇa c.

√ s tṛh, 'srush'.

Pres. [6.] stṛhant s l . [Perf. etc. tastarha etc. etc.]

Seems to be a variant oí √ tṛh. •

√ s t y ā , s t l , 'stiffen'.

Pres. [4.] styāyate etc. B.C. [Perf. et c. tas tyāu; styāyāt styeyāt, astyāsīt; styāsyati, styātā.] Verb, styāna c. [stīta, s t īma]; -styāya B.

Deriv.: st íyā RV . -styāya c. -styāyana c. st īmá AV. -stīmin AV.B.

The last two derivatives perhaps rather from √ stīm (or this from them).

√ s t h a g , 'cover'.

[Pres. etc. sthagati; tasthāga; asthagīt; sthagiṣyati, sthagitā.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. sthagayati etc. c. Deriv.: sthagaka c. sthagana c.

√ s t h ā , 'stand'.

Pres. [I.] t íṣṭhati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (tiṣṭhāsam? GGS.) Perf. tasthāú tasthe etc. v. + Aor. 1. ásthāt etc. v.+ (sthāti sthāthas stheyāma sthānt RV.) , ásthithās

-ita v.+, ásthiran V.B. ; [stheyāsam;] asthāyi c. — 2? āsthat AV.K. — 4. [sthāsīṣṭa;] stheṣam B. , -ṣus? AV. — 5. asthiṣi -ṣata B . +

Fuf. I. sthāsyati -té etc. B . + — 2. sthātā etc. E . +

Verb, sthitá v. + ; sthātum B.+, -tos B.S., -sthitum R. ; sthitvā E. + ;

-sthāya v. + ; -sthāyam V.B. Sec. Con j.: Pass, sthīyate etc. B. + (asthāyiṣi c 1.) — [1nt. tāsthā-, teṣṭhī-

ya-.<--] Desid. tiṣṭhāsati etc. B. + (tiṣṭhāset? ŚB.) — Caus. sthāpayati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (átiṣṭhipat etc. V .B . ; -sthāpam B. ; sthāpyate etc. B. +; -sthāpayiṣati B. )



195 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [snu

Deriv.:

sthā v. + -stha v. + -sthin AV. + -sthāya E. -sthāyaka c. sthāyin B. + sthāna v. + -sthi RV. stheya B. + -sthéya n. B.

-sthu v. + -sthṛ B. sthāyuka B. sthiti B.+ sthiti CBl. sthātavya E . + sthātúr RV. sthātṛ v. + sthātrá v. sthāṇú v. +

sthāman v.c. sthemán B. + sthéyas v. + sthirá v. + sthāla, -lī? v,+ -sthāvan V.B. sthāvará B. + sthāsnu s. + tasthu c.

tiṣṭhāsā c. t iṣṭhāsu c. sthāpaka E. + sthāpin c. sthāpya B. + sthāpana E. + sthāpanīya B . + sthāpitṛ c. sthāpayitavya E. + sthāpayitṛ E. +

A number of derivatives are also made from a root sthū, which appears to

be only a form of sthā. They are sthurá V.B. sthūlá AV. +

sthávira v. + sthāvira RV. -sthāva B.

sthūṇā v. + sthūri? V.B.

stháviman B. sthávīyas B. + stháviṣṭha B. +

√ sn ā , 'bathe'.

Pres. [2.] snāti etc. v. +, snāyīta E. — [4.] snāyate etc. E. Perf. sasnus c . Aor. 1. [snāyāt, sneyāt;] asnāyi c. [— 6. asnāsīt.] Fut. 1. snāsyati -t e etc. E. + [— 2. snātā.]

Verb, snātá AV. + ; snātum B. + ; snātvā AV.+ ; -snāya V.B. Sec. Conj.: [1nt. sāsnā-. —] Desid. siṣṇāsa- (in d.). — Caus. snāpáyati

etc. R V . S . + , -te GB.; snapáyati etc. A V . +

Deriv.: -snā v.c. -sna E. +

snāyin E. +

snéya B. + snāna AV. + -snātṛ v.c.

snātva V.B. snātavya E . + siṣṇāsu E.

snāpaka E. + snāpana E. + snápana AV.+

√ s n i h , 'be sticky'.

Pres. [4.] snihyati et c E. +, -t e et c E. + [Perf. et c siṣṇeha; asnihat , asiṣṇihat; snehiṣyati , snekṣyati , sneh-

itā snegdhā sneḍhā.] Verb, snigdha E.+ [snīḍha; snehitvā, snihitvā, snigdhvā, snīḍhvā.] Sec Conj.: [Int. seṣṇih-. — Desid. sisnehiṣa-, sisnihiṣa-, sisnikṣa-. —-]

Caus. sneháyati et c RV.C. Deriv. : sníh TA.

sneha B. + snehaka c .

snehin c. snehya c.

snīhán B. snehana E. +

snīhiti v. snéhit i RV. snehayitavya c.

√ snu, 'distil'.

Pres. [2.] snāuti etc. B. + [snute.] [Perf. et c suṣṇāva su ṣṇ u v e ; asnāvi , asnoṣṭa , asnāvīt; snaviṣyati

snoṣyate, snavitā snotā.]



snu] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 196

Verb, snuta s.? E . +

[Sec. Conj.: soṣṇu-; susnūṣa-; snāvaya-.] Deriv.: -snu RV . -snava E. + -snāvin c.

√ s p a n d , ' quiver'.

Pres. [1.] spandate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E. + [Perf. etc. paspande; aspandiṣṭa; spandiṣyate, spanditā.] Verb, spandita c.; spanditum c. Sec. Conj.: Int. paniṣpad- (in d.). — [Desid. pispandiṣa-. —] Caus. spand-

ayati -te etc. B . +

Deriv.: spanda E. + spandin c. spandanáAv.+ paniṣpadá AV.

√ s p a ś , see √ p a ś .

√ s p ū r d h , see √ s p ṛ d h .

√ s p ṛ , 'win'.

Pres. [5.] spṛṇoti spṛṇute etc. V.B.U.S. (spṛṇvaté RV.) — [9.] spṛṇāti JUB.

Perf. paspāra B. Aor. 1. aspar etc. v. (spárat v., spṛdhi etc. RV.) — 4. áspārṣam RV . [Fut. spariṣyati, spartā.] Verb, spṛtá V.B. ; spṛtvā B. ; spárase RV . Deriv. : spara B. spáraṇa AV.B.

spṛt V.B. SpṛtÌ B.S.

-spartṛ RV.

√ s p ṛ d h , s p ū r d h , 'contend'.

Pres. [1.] spárdhate etc. v . +‚ -t i etc. E . + — [6.] spūrdhán RV 1 . Perf. paspṛdhé etc. V.B. (ápaspṛdhethām v . ) , paspardha E . +

Aor. I. aspṛdhran spṛdhāná RV . [— 5. aspardhiṣṭa.] %

[Fut. spardhiṣyate, spardhitā.] Verb, spardhita E. +; spárdhitum AV.B. ; -spṛdhya RV . ; spūrdháse RV. [Sec. Conj.: pāspṛdh-; pispardhiṣa-; spardhaya-.] Deriv. : spṛdh RV .

spardhā B . +

spardhin E. + spardhya E.

spardhánīya c. -spardhas v. +

√ s p ṛ ś , ' touch.

Pres. [6.] spṛśáti etc. v.+, -t e etc. AV.+ (spṛśāna E.) — [I.] asparśat o1.

Perf. paspṛśus -śe etc. B. + (pasparśus? u.; paspárśat RV.) Aor. I. spṛśyāt E. — 3. pispṛśas -śati RV. — 4. asprākṣam etc. B.E.

[aspārkṣīt.] — 7. áspṛkṣat etc. AV.B. Fut. 1. sprakṣyati etc. B. [sparkṣyati. — 2. spraṣṭā, sparṣṭā.]



197 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [sphuṭ

Verb, spṛṣṭá AV.+ ; spraṣṭum E.+; spṛṣṭvā B.+; - s p ṛ ś y a B . + ; -spṛśe RV., -spṛśas B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, spṛśyate etc. E .+ — [1nt. parīspṛś-. —] Desid. pispṛkṣa-(in d.). — Caus. sparśayati etc. B. +, -te RV.

Deriv. : -spṛś v. + -spṛśa E. + spṛśya E. +

sparśa AV. + sparśin s.+ sparśana u.s.+ sparśanīya E. +

spṛśi c. spṛṣṭi B. + spraṣṭavyà B. + spraṣṭṛ B. +

sparśitṛ E. pispṛkṣu E. + sparśayitavya u.

Compare √ p ṛ ś , p ṛ ṣ ; a part of the words there given may with consider-able plausibility be connected with this root.

√ s p ṛ h , 'be eager'. Pres. [6.] spṛhantī s. Sec. Conj.: Caus. spṛhayati etc. v. +, -te etc. E. + Deriv.: -spṛh v.

spṛhā E. + spārhá v. + spṛhaṇa E.

spṛhaṇīya E. + spṛhayālu E. + spṛhayāyya RV.

The non-causative form only in Ap. Dh. S. i. 31. 9 (perhaps an error?).

√ sphaṭ, 'split'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. sphā ṭ i t a c.

Deriv. sphaṭika u. + No proper root; the participle probably a denominative formation.

√ sphar, see √ sphṛ.

√ sphal, 'strike'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. sphā la y a t i etc. TA.C

Deriv. sphālana E. +

√ sphā, 'fatten'. [Pres. etc. sphāyate; pasphāye; apisphavat, asphāyiṣṭa; sphāyiṣyate,

sphāyitā.] Verb, sphīta E. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, sphīy a t e B. — Caus. sphā v a y a - (in d.). Deriv.: -sphaka AV.

-sphāna v.c. sphātí V.B.S.

sphīti c. sphirá RV . sphāvayitṛ AB .

√ s p h u ṭ , 'burst'. Pres. [6.] sphuṭati etc. B. + — [I.] sphóṭati B.E. Perf. pusphoṭa c. [Aor. apusphuṭat, asphoṭīt.]



199 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [sraṃs

√ s m ṛ , 'remember'.

Pres. [I.] smárati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + Perf. sasmāra sasmarus E. Aor. [1 . smaryāt, asmāri. — 3. asasmarat. —] 4. asmārṣus M. Fut. 1. smariṣyati E. — 2. smartā E. Verb, smṛta v. + ; smartum E. • smṛtvā s.+, smaritvā E. ; -smṛtya s. + ;

smāram c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, smaryáte etc. B . + — [1nt. sāsmṛ-. — Desid. susmūrṣa-.

—] Caus. smārayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E.+ (smāryate etc. E.+); smara-yati etc. c.

Deriv, : smará AV. + smarya c. smāra B. +

smāraka c. smārin c. smāraṇa E. +

smaraṇa E . + smaraṇīya E.+ -smṛt c.

smṛti AV. + smartavya E.+ smartṛ c.

√ s y a n d , s y a d , 'move on'.

Pres. [I.] syándate etc. v.+, -ti etc. E . + Perf. siṣyanda siṣyadús -de AV.B.; sasyande c. [-dimahe -dmahe.] Aor. I. syándi ŚB. — [2. asyadat. —] 3. ásiṣyadat -danta v. — 4. asyān

RV. [— 5. asyandiṣṭa.] Fut. 1. syantsyáti B. [syandiṣyate. — 2. syanttā, syanditā.] Verb, syanná v. + ; syánttum B . ; syanttvā B. , syattvā B. ; -syadya B, ;

-syáde RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, syandyate c. — 1ní. sániṣyadat V.B. — [Desid. sisyan-

diṣa-, sisyantsa-. —] Caus. syandayati etc. B. + (syandayádhyāi RV.) Deriv.: -syad v.

syáda B. syanda B . +

syandaka E. + syandin s. + syandya B.S.

syandaná v. + syédu AV. syánttṛ RV.

syandrá RV. sasyád RV . saniṣyadá AV.

√ srans, sras, 'fall'. Pres. [I.] sráṃsate etc. B.+, -ti etc. E . + Perf. sasraṃsus B. , sraṃsire ? c. Aor. 1. asrat B. — 2. asrasat etc. v.+ (srasema RV. ) — 3. asisrasat etc.

AV.B. — 5. asraṃsiṣata B. [Fut. sraṃsiṣyate, sraṃsitā.] Verb, srasta AV.+; [sraṃsitvā, srastvā;] -sráṃsya B.S. , -srasya s ;

-srásas V.B.U.

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, srasyate. —] 1nt. sanisras- (in d.). — [Desid. sisraṃ-siṣa-. —] Caus. sraṃsayati etc. AV.+ (sraṃsyate E. )

Deriv.: -sras V.B. -srásā B.S. -srásya B. sraṃsa AV.+ -sráṃsaka B. sraṃsin c. sraṃsana E . + sanisrasá AV.



sridh] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 200

√ sridh, 'blunder' (?). Pres. [I.] srédhati et c. RV. Aor. 2. sridhat sridhāna RV . Deriv. srídh v.

√ srīv, 'fail'.

Pres. [4.] srīvyanti B 1 . [Perf. et c sisreva; asrevīt; s reviṣ yat i , srevitā; s rūta, srevitvā

srūtvā.] Sec Conj.: [Int. sesrīv-. — Desid. sisreviṣa-, susrūṣa-. —] Caus. srevá-

yant RV., śrīvayati AV. Deriv.: -srīví? B. -sreman?Rv.

Sometimes found written with ś for s. √ sru, 'flow'.

Pres. [I.] srávati et c v.+, -te et c E. + ; śrúvat RV. Perf. susrāva susruvus AV.+ [susruma], susruve etc. E . +

Aor. 3. ásusṛot et c V.B. [asusruvat; asusravat asisravat.] — 5. asrā-VĪS JB .

Fuf. I. sraviṣyati et c E. [sroṣyati. — 2. srotā.] Verb, srutá Av.+, śruta AV . • srávitave RV., -tavāí RV . Sec Conj.: [1nt. sosru-. — Desid. susrūṣa-. —] Caus. srāvayati et c AV . + ,

-te et c B. ; sravayati c. Deriv.:

srū RV . sruvá v.+ srava v.+ -sravin c. -srāva AV . +

sravin B. + srāvya E. + srávaṇa v.+ srāvaṇa AV .+ -sravas E.

sravát v. srúc ? v. + -srut v. + srutya B. sruti v. +

srótas v.+ srotyā V.B. sravátha RV. srāvayitavyà MS.

Apparent forms and derivatives of this root are occasionally found with

initial ś, even in v. ; and BR. recognize a root 2 śr u , equivalent in meaning with sru.

√ svaj, svañj, 'embrace'.

Pres. [I.] svájate et c v.+, -ti etc. RV-.E.+ (svajāna E. ) Perf. sasvajé et c v.+, -jus c. [sasvanje.] Aor. 3. ásasvajat (plpf.?) RV . [— 4. asvaṅkṣi.] Fut. I. svajiṣyate E.[svaṅkṣyate. — 2. svaṅktā.] Verb, s vakta B.+« s vaktum E.; svaj i tvā E. ; -svajya E. + ; -sváje v. [Sec

C on j.: svajya-; sāsvañj-, sāsvajya-; s is vaṅkṣ a-; svañjaya-.] Deriv.: svajá AV.B. -svajya E.

-svaṅga E. + -svaṅgin c. -svajana c.

-svajīyas AV. -svañjalya AV .



svar] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 202

Aor. [3. asisvarat. —] 4. ásvār asvārṣṭām RV. — 5. asvārīs JB. [Fut. svariṣyati , svartā svaritā.] Verb, svaritos JB . ; -svāram s. Sec. Conj.: [Int. sāsvar-. — Desid. sisvariṣa-, susvūrṣa-. —] Caus. svar-

áyati AV. + (svaryate c.) [svārayati.] Deriv. : -ṣvar RV.

svára AV.B. svará v. +

svaryà RV . svārá v. + -svārya c.

sváraṇa RV . -svaras RV . svari? RV . sváru? V.B.S.

sváritṛ RV. -svartṛ RV . svarīyas c. svarayitavya c.

Hardly to be separated from this root are the derivatives showing the r a -dical sense of 'brightness': namely.

svàr v. +

-svara u.c.

sura V.B. sūrí ? v. +

súrya v. + sūrta? v.

√ svād, see √ svad.

√ svid, 'sweat'.

Pres. [I.] svedate B.U. — [4.] svidyati etc. E.+, -te etc. c. Perf. siṣvide E. -dāná RV . [siṣveda.] Aor. 1. svidyāt s, [— 2. asvidat. — 3. asisvidat.] [Fut. svetsyati , svettā.] Verb, svinná AV . + ; -svedam B.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. seṣvid-. — Desid. siṣvitsa- . —] Caus. svedayati etc. B . + Deriv.: svéda v . + s v e d i n E . + s vedya c. s v e d a n a c. své du-?Rv.

√ had, 'cacare'. Pres. [I.] hadati c. [-te.] [Perf. etc. jahade; ahatta; hatsyate, hattā.] Verb, hanna c. [Sec. Conj.: jāhad-; j ihatsa-; hādaya-.] Deriv.: -hāda E. + -hadana a

√ han, 'smite'. Pres. [2.] hánti hatás ghnánti etc. v.+, hate ghnate etc. v . + (hanma E. ;

ghnīya -īta B.c 1 . , hánīta etc. B. ; jahí v.+, handhí TA. ; ahata 3 p. AB.) — [I.] hanāmi TA., ahanat -nan B. + — [6?] aghnam E., ghnata (2 p.) E.+, aghnanta ghnamāna B. — [8.] hanomi PGS. — [I.] jí -ghnate etc. RV.B., -ti etc. B . ; jaghnant E.

Perf. jaghāna jaghnús etc. v.+ (jaghántha v. ; ja ghan vā ṃs V.B., jaghni -vāṃs B.+; jaghánat Rv.), jaghne etc. B . +

Aor. [I . aghāni,] — 3. ajīghanat etc. E . + — 4. ghān? s. [ahasta.] — 5. ahānīt JB .

Fut. I. haniṣyáti etc. v.+, -te etc. B. + (ahaniṣyat E.+); haṃsyati E. — 2. hantā E.



203 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [has

Verb, hatá v. + , ghāta B.; hántum v.+ , -tave V.B., -tavai V.B.S. , -tos

V.B. , hanitum c

1

.; hatvā v. + , -tvī RV. , -tvāya v.; -hátya v.+, -hanya E. +;-ghātam B. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, hanyáte etc. v.+, -ti E. — 1nt. jáṅghanti etc. -ananta V.B.,

jaṅghanyate u.; ghánighnat RV.; jī ja hi ? E. [jeghnīya-.] — Desid. jíghāṃsati etc. v.+ (ajighāṃsīs ŚB.), -te etc. E . + — Caus. ghātayati etc. B. +, -te etc. E. + (aghātayithās E.) [ajīghatat.]

Deriv.: -han v. + -ha v. + -hána v. + -gha u.+ ghaná v, +

-ghna v. + -ghnya v. + -ghni AV. -ghnī V.B. hánana AV.+

-hanas? V.B. hánu? v.+ -hat RV.

hati v.+ -hátya n. v.+

hatyā v.+ -hanti B. -hántu v.+ hántva V.B. hantavya E . +

hantṛ v. + hátha RV. hatnú v. hánman V.B. hánīyas B.

hániṣṭha RV. ja gh ána ? v.+ ghanāghaná v.+

jághni v.s. jáṅghā v.+

j ighatnú RV. jighāṃsā E.+ jighāṃsu B. + -hāta c. ghāta B. +

ghātaka E . + ghātin AV. + ghātya c. ghātana E. + ghātuka AV.B.

√ har, 'be gratified'.

Pres. [4.] háryati -t e etc. V.B. [Perf. etc. jaharya; ajaharyat, aharyīt; haryiṣyati, haryitā; jāha rya-,

jiharyiṣa-, haryaya-.] Deriv. haryatá V.B.

Perhaps a derivative from √ hṛ.

A conspicuous group of words show an inferable root ha r or hir 'be yellow': thus,

hári v.+ harit v.+

hárita v. + hariṇá v. +

harimán v. híraṇya v.+ hiri- RV .

√ h a s , 'laugh'.

Pres. [I.] hásati etc. B.+, -t e etc. E . + Perf. jahāsa jahasus E.+, jahase c. Aor. I. ahāsi c. [— 3. ajīhasat. — 5. ahasīt.] Fut. I. hasiṣyati E . + [— 2. hasitā.] Verb, hasita E. +; hasitum E. ; hasitvā E. +; -hasya B.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, hasyate etc. c. — 1nt. jāhasyate E. — [Desid. j ihas-

iṣa-. —] Caus. hāsayati etc. c. Deriv. : has- RV .

hása v.+ hasá AV. -hásya AV.

hāsa B . + hāsaka E. hāsin AV.+ hāsya E . +

hasana RV. hasana E. + hasanlya c.

hasana c. hasrá RV. -hásvan RV.

Compare the derivative root 2 jakṣ.



1 h ā ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, 204

√ 1 h ā , 'leave'.

Pres. [3.] jáhāti jahati etc. v.+ (jahītam -īta -ītāt AV., jahīhi c. [jahihi, jahāhi], johimas etc. johitam ajahitām AV.B,, jahyāt etc. AV. + ) — [I.] jahat AB., -hati etc. E . +

Perf. jah'āu jahús etc. v. + (jahā RV. ?), jahe B. Aor. I. ahāt B.C. ; ahāyi AV.B. [heyāt.] — 3. ajījahat c. — 4. ahās (3s. ) RV.,

ahāsma hāsus etc. V.B. , áhāsi -sthās etc. AV.B. — 6. hāsiṣam etc. v.+ Fut. I. hāsyati etc. AV.+, -te etc. B. + ; jahiṣyati etc. E . + [— 2. hātā.] Verb, hīná v. +, hāta c , hāna AB., jahitá v. +; hātum B. +; hitvā v. +,

-tvī RV., -tvāya RV. [hītvā]; -hāya B. + ; -hīyam TS. Sec. Conj.: Pass, hīyáte etc. v. + (hīyate etc. TS.ŚB.) , hīyanti E. — [1nt.

jāhā-, jehīya-. —] Desid. j ihāsati etc. c. — Caus. hāpayati et c. E . + , -te c. (jīhipas RV. [ajīhapat.])

Deriv. : -h ā V.B.

-h a E. +

hāyaka E. hāyin JB .

-hāyya B. hāna B. + -hāyas v. + hātavya E. + hāni U .S . +

-hi? c. heya c. -hāvarī MS. hāpana c. -hāpanīya c.

j ihāsā c. j ihāsu c. jáhāka B. jahana c.

Compare the next root. Two or three of the forms given above show the establishment of a secondary root-form jah.

√ 2 h ā , 'go forth'.

Pres. [3.] j íhīte jíhate et c. v.+ (jihīthām CB.) Perf. jahiré AV. Aor. 4. ahāsta etc. v. + Fut. I. hāsyate etc. B.E. [— 2. hātā.] Verb, hāna B. ; hātum B.E. ; [hātvā;] -hāya v. + Sec. Conj.: [Pass, hāyate. — Int. jā hā -. —] Desid. j ihīṣate AV. ? — Caus.

hāpayati etc. AV.B. [ajīhapat.]

This is only the middle conjugation of 1 hā, with the signification slightly weakened or generalized. The forms of the two cannot everywhere be distinctly separated, and one or two of the derivatives given under 1 hā have an equal or better claim to be placed here. Compare also √ hāB, which is a secondary form

of h ā (doubtless through the aorist-stem).

√ h a s , 'go emulously'.

Pres. [I.] hāsate etc. v. Sec. Conj.: Caus. hāsayanti RV.

A secondary form of √ I. 2 hā (hāsante AV. iv. 36, 5 is omitted in the Atharva-Yeda Index).



205 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. Lhiṇḍ

√ h i , 'impel'.

Pres. [5.] hinóti hinvánti etc. v. + ‚ hinvé etc. v. (hinviré RV.) — [1.] hinvati etc. v.+ — j ighyati -tu AB. — háyant RV.TS. — hiṣe (Is.) RV.

Per f- jighāya j ighyus B. + Aor. I. áhema áhetana ahyan heta RV. , hiyāná RV.S. [hīyāt.] — 2.

ahyam? AV. — [3. ajīhayat. —] 4. ahāiṣīt B. (áhāit AV.), aheṣata RV . Fut. I. heṣyati etc. E . + [— 2. hetā.] Verb, hitá v. + ; -hyê RV. Sec. Conj.: Pass, hīyate c. [— 1nt. jeghīya-. — Desid. jighīṣa-. — Caus.

hāyaya-.]

Deriv.: háya v.+ -héya AV.B. -hit B.

-hiti RV .

heti v. + hetú v. + hétva RV. hetavya c.

hetṛ RV . -héman V.B. hemán RV . hitvan RV .

hinvá RV. héṣas? RV . -hāyyà AV.

Probably another form of √ hā, with causative value. Some of its uses are equivalent with those of √ h ā ; and the stem jighya perhaps belongs directly to the latter.

√ hiṃs, 'injure'.

Pres. [7.] hinásti híṃsanti etc. v.+ (hiṃsyāt etc. B.+; ahinat 3s. B , ; hiṃsi

2s. E.), híṃste etc. V.B. — [I.] hiṃsati -te etc. B . + Perf. jihiṃsa -simá AV.B.S. Qíhiṃsīs AV.)

Aor. [3. ajihiṃsat. —] 5. ahiṃsīt etc. v.+ Fut. 1. hiṃsiṣyati -te etc. B . + [— 2. hiṃsitā.] Verb. hiṃsitáAv. + ; hiṃsitumB. + , híṃsitos B. ; hiṃsitvā AV.B. ; -hiṃs-

ya E.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hiṃsyate v.+ — [1nt. jehiṃs-. —] Desid. jí hi ṃs iṣ at i ŚB. — Caus. hiṃsayati E.

Deriv. : hiṃsa B. + hiṃsaka E. + hiṃsya s.+

hiṃsana E. + hiṃsanīya E. +

hiṃsitavyà AV. hiṃsrá v. +

Probably an abbreviated desiderative of √ han.

√ h i k k , 'soh.

Pres. [1.] hikkati -te etc. c. [Perf. etc. j ihikka - k e ; ajihikkat, ahikkīt áhikkiṣṭa; hikkiṣyati -te,

hikkitā.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. jehikk- . — Desid. j ihikkiṣa-. —] Caus. hikkayati c. Deriv.: hikkā E. + hikkin c.

√ h i ṇ ḍ , 'b e empty' (?).

Pres. [I.] ahiṇḍanta cK [Perf. etc. j ih iṇḍe; ahiṇḍiṣṭa; hiṇḍiṣyate, hiṇḍitā.]




Deriv.: -hiṇḍaka E.+ -hiṇḍukaE.+ The single occurrence is probably artificial.

√ hīḍ, hel, 'be hostile'.

Pres. [I.] heḍant RV., heḍamāna RV., helamāna E. , hīḍamāna B. ; ahiḍat? GB.

Perf. j ihīḍa RV . (jīhīḍa AV.), j ihīḍé etc. V.B. Aor. 3. ajīhiḍat AV. [ajiheḍat.] — 5. hīḍiṣātām TA. [Fut. heḍiṣyate, heḍitā.] Verb, hīḍi tá V.B. Sec. Conj.: Caus. heḍayant RV . (helayām āsa a), helayate E. Deriv. :

hīḍá?

RV.

héḍa v. helā E. + -héḍana v. helana

E.

+

helanīya c. héḍas

V.B.

helitavya E.

√ hu, 'sacrifice'.

Pres. [3.] juhóti júhvati et c. v. + , juhuté júhvate et c. v.+ (juhudhi B.S . , juhvant E.+, ajuhavus V.B. , -huvus ŚB.?) — [2.] hoṣi Rv 1.

Perf. juhāva juhu vus E., j uhuve E., juhvire B. (juhvé juhuré R V . ) ; juhavāṁ cakāra etc. B.U.

Aor. 1. áhāvi RV. [hūyāt. — 3. ajūhavat.] — 4. ahāuṣīt etc. B . + Fut. I. hoṣyáti etc. AV.+, -te E. (ahoṣyat B.) [— 2. hotā.]

Verb, hutá v. + ; h ót u m B.S. , -tavāí B.S. , -tos B.S. ; hutvā B . + Sec. Conj,: Pass, hūyáte etc. v. + — 1nt. johavīti c. — Desid. juhūṣati et c. s.+ (juhuṣet? GGS.) — Caus. hāvayati et c. s.+

Deriv. : -hava E. + havyá v.+ -hāva RV . hávana V . B . S.

havis v. + -hut V.B.S.

-huti V.B. hotavyà B. +

hótṛ ? v. + hotrá v. + hótrā v. + hóma A v. +

hóman RV. -hoṣa RV.

juhū v. + j u hū ṣu c.

√ hur, see √ hvṛ.

√ hū, hvā, 'call'. Pres. [4?] h váyat i -te etc. v.+ (hvayāna E.) — [I.] hávate etc. V.B. — [6?]

huvé etc. V.B. (huvéya etc. áhuve etc. h u vān á V.B. ; hve AV., hvā-mahe vs.), h u vat -véma -vánt RV. — [2.] hóma RV., -hvatī KŚS., hūte K,, hūmáhe RV . — [3.] juhūmási RV.

Perf. ju hāva ju hu vu s v.+, juhvé juhūré RV. , ju huve -vire B . ; hvayām

ās a E. , h vayāṁ cakre E. Aor. I. ahvi AV,, áhūmahi RV. [hūyāt; ahvāyi .] — 2. áhvat etc. V.B.,

ahvata etc. V.B. — [3. ajūhavat. -—] 4, ahūṣata RV. [ahvāsta.] — 6? ahvāsī t GB.

Fut. I. hvayiṣyat i -te B. , hvāsyate s. [— 2. hvātā.] Verb, hūtá v . + ; h ávī t ave RV., hváyi tum B., -tavāí B.S. , hvātum o.;

hūtvā c.; -hūya B. + ; huvádhyāi RV. ; -hāvam B.S.

hiṇḍ]



207 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [2hṛ

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hūyáte etc. v.+ — Int. jóhavīt i etc. v . c , johuvanta

jóhuvāna V.B. — Desid. juhūṣati B. — Caus. hvāyaya- (in d.). Deriv.: -h ū v. +

-hūya V.B. háva v. + havin AV.B. hávya v. + hávyā RV . -hāva B. +

huvana- RV. hávana v. + havás RV . hūti v. + -hávītu RV . -hūtavya c'. hótṛ v. +

hótrā v. + hóman RV. hávīman RV. haviṣṭha? c. -hvā c. -hva AV.C

-hvaya E . +

-hvāyaka c.

-hváyana E. hvāna B . +

hvātavya c. -hvayitavya E. hvātṛ E. +

jihvā? v. + johū tra RV. -hvāyayitavya c.

√ h ū r c h , 'fall away'.

Pres. [1.] hūrchati et c. B.U. [Perf. etc. juhūrcha; ahūrchīt; hūrchiṣyati , hūrchitā; hūrchita

hūrṇa.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. h ū r c h ayat i B.

Probably related with √ hvṛ.

√ 1 hṛ, 'take'.

Pres. [I.] hárati

etc. v.+, -t e

etc. v. + — [2.] harmi

RV-, — [3.J j iharti

sK

Perf. jah āra jahrus etc. AV.+ (jahártha B.+; ja harus ? AV.), jahre etc. B.+

Aor. 1. ahṛthās JB . ; ahāri c. [hriyāt. — 3. ajīharat.] — 4. ahārṣīt etc. V.B.U.S.E. (ahār AV.B. ; hāriṣīt sl.), ahṛṣata RV. [hṛṣīṣṭa.]

Fut. 1. hariṣyati -t e etc. B.+ (ahariṣyat etc. B.U. ) — 2. hartā B.E. Verb, hṛtá v. + ; hártum B.+‚ -tave c1., -tavāí B.S. , -tos B.S . , haritum R 1 . :

hṛtvā B.S. ; -hṛtya AV.+; -hāram B . +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hriyáte etc. AV.+, -t i etc. E. + — Int. jarīha rti c. [jarhṛ-, jeh rīy a- .] — Desid. jíhīrṣati etc. AV.+ (-ṣyate c.) — Caus. hārayati etc. B.+, -te etc. B.S. (hāryate etc. E.+); harayanta RV 1 .

Deriv.: -hara u.s. + hāra v. + -hāraka E. + hārin E. + hāryà AV. +

háraṇa AV . + -haraṇīya E. + -hāraṇa c. háras v. + hāruka B.

-hṛt v. + hṛti B. + -hṛtya B. hartavya E. + hartṛ B . +

j ihīrṣā E. +

j ihīrṣu E. + -hārayitavya c.

Apparently a variant to √ bhṛ; making a very small figure in the oldest language, it gains rapidly in use, and becomes extremely common.

√ 2 hṛ , 'be angry'.

Pres. [9.] hṛṇīté etc. v. (ahṛṇāt KB . ?) Deriv.: hṛṇāy- hṛṇīy- v.

Compare the √ bhur beside √ bhṛ.



209 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. [hval

√ h r ā d , 'make a noise'.

Pres. [1.] hrādate etc. s.+ [Perf. etc. jahrāde; ahrādiṣṭa; hrādiṣyate, hrāditā.] Verb, hrādita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. hrādayati etc. B . +

Deriv.: h r ā d a B . + h r ā d i n E . + - h r ā d a n a E . + - h r ā d i U.E.

√ h r ī , 'be ashamed'.

Pres. [3.] j ihreti etc. B.+ (jíhriyat MS.) Perf. jihrāya c. [jihrayām āsa.] Aor. 1. -hrayāṇa? RV. [hrīyāt. — 4. ahrāiṣīt.]

| Fut. hreṣyati, hretā.] Verb, hrīta B. +, hrīṇa E. Sec. Conj.: Int. jehrīyate c. — [Desid. jihrīṣa-. —] Caus. hrepayati etc. c.

[ajihripat.J Deriv. : h r í B. +

-hr i RV .

-hraya RV. hrīti E. hrepaṇa c.

√ h r u , see √ h v ṛ .

√ h r e ṣ , 'neigh'. Pres. [1.] hreṣati -te etc. E . + | Perf. etc. j ihreṣe; ahreṣiṣṭa; hreṣiṣyate, hreṣitā.] Verb, hreṣita E. +

Sec. Conj.: Caus. hreṣayati etc. E.

Deriv.: hreṣin E. hreṣuka E.

√ h l ā d , 'refresh'.

Pres. [1.] hlādate etc. c. [Perf. etc. jahlāde; ajihladat, ahlādiṣṭa; hlādiṣyate, hlāditā; hlanna.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. hlādayati -te etc. TA--.E. + (ahlādayiṣata c.) Deriv. : hradá v. +

hlāda u.+ hlādaka v.c. hlādin E. + hlādana E. +

hlāduka TA. hlāduni c. hrādúni V.B.U.

-hlādayitṛ c.

Only one or two late sporadic forms outside the causative conjugation ; and the proper form of the root seems to be hlad (or hrad).

√ h v a l , 'go wrong'.

Pres. [I.] hválati etc. CB.E.+, -te E.

[Perf. etc. jahvāla; ajihvalat, ahvālīt; hval iṣ yat i , hvalitā.] Verb, hvalita E. + ; hválitos ŚB. •, -hvālam ŚB.S. Sec. Conj.: Caus. hvaláyati ŚB. [hvālayati.] Deriv.: -hvala E.+ hvalā ŚB. . -hvalin c. hvāla s.

Is only a specialized form of the following root.



h v ṛ ] ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. 21 0

√ h v ṛ , h r u , h u r , 'be or make crooked'.

Pres. [1.] -hvarant hvárate RV . — [9.] hruṇāti RV . [hvṛṇāti.] — [3?]

juhuras RV., juhūrthās juhuranta -rāṇá RV. [Perf. jahvāra jahvartha jahvarus .]

Aor. [I. h v a r y ā t; ahvāri. —] 3. j i hv ar a s v., -ratam vs. (jīhv- TS.TA.) —

4. h v ā r ṣ ī t etc. B. (hvār B., h v ā r i ṣ u s K.)

Fut. 1. h v a d i ṣ y a ti ? TA . [— 2. hvartā.] Verb, h v ṛ ta RV., [hvarita,] hrutá v. +

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, hvaryate. — 1nt. jāhvṛ-, jarīhvṛ-. — Desid. juhvūr-

ṣa-. —] Caus. hvārayati etc. B.

Deriv. : -hurya RV. -hvara v . +

hvaraka c.

hvārá v.

hurás RV. hváras V.B.

-hvṛt RV. hrút V.B.

-hvṛti v .+

-hruti v.c. ?



INDEXES O F

TENSE- AND CONJUGATION-STEMS.

T h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t s g i v e t h e s t e m s o f t h e v a r i o u s t e n s e - a n d c o n j u g a -t i o n - s y s t e m s , e a c h m o d e o f f o r m a t i o n b y i t s e l f . M o d e - s t e m s a r e n o t a d d e d , e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f t h e a o r i s t - o p t a t i v e s , a m o n g w h i c h t h e s o - c a l l e d p r e c -a t i v e s a r e i n c l u d e d . F o r t h e s a k e o f i l l u s t r a t i n g m o r e c l e a r l y t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e l a n g u a g e , t h e s t e m s o f e a c h f o r m a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h r e e d i v i s i o n s .

A. S t e m s f o u n d o n l y i n t h e e a r l i e r l a n g u a g e ( o f V e d a , B r ā h m a ṇ a , U p a n i s h a d , S ū t r a ) ;

B. S t e m s f o u n d i n b o t h t h e e a r l i e r a n d t h e l a t e r l a n g u a g e ; C S t e m s f o u n d i n t h e l a t e r ( e p i c a n d c l a s s i c a l ) l a n g u a g e o n l y . I n t h e s e d i v i s i o n s t h e s t e m s f o l l o w o n e a n o t h e r n o t a l p h a b e t i c a l l y ,

b u t i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e r o o t s a s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e . T h e r e f e r e n c e s t o p e r i o d s a r e i n a n a b b r e v i a t e d f o r m : o n l y t h e five p r i n c i p a l p e r i o d s a r e n o t e d — n a m e l y , V e d a , B r ā h m a ṇ a , S ū t r a , e p o s , c l a s s i c s ( t h e V e d a s a r e n o t s e p a r -a t e d , a n d U p a n i s h a d i s i n c l u d e d i n B r ā h m a ṇ a ) ; a n d , i n e a c h d i v i s i o n , a l l r e f e r e n c e s a r e o m i t t e d i f t h e s t e m i s f o u n d t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e d i v i s i o n ( t h a t i s , i n A. i s o m i t t e d t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f v.B.s . ; i n B., t h a t o f v . + ; i n

C , t h a t o f E.+). A l s o , a l l a c c e n t s , q u e s t i o n - m a r k s , v a r i e t y o f s t e m - f o r m s , a n d t h e l i k e , a r e l e f t o u t ; f o r s u c h d e t a i l s , w h e n d e s i r e d , t h e b o d y o f t h e

w o r k m a y b e c o n s u l t e d . F u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s a s t o s o m e o f t h e l i s t s a r e g i v e n u n d e r t h e d i f f e -

r e n t h e a d s b e l o w .

I. PRESENT-STEMS. [use]

1. Root-class (ad-class, second class). [143.]

A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [80.]

am V.B.

īḍ V . B .

īr V.B.

u v .

ūh v. ṛ B.

kṛ v .

1 k ṣ i V.B.

2 k ṣi v .

kṣṇu gam v .

ci v .

chand V.B. 2 jak ṣ V.B .

jan V.B.

ji v .

juṣ v .

tak v .

takṣ V.B. taḍ v . tu v .

tur v .

tvakṣ v . tviṣ v .



212 INDEXES.

dan v . dah v . 1 dā v . 2 dā di B.

dāś v . dṛ v . dṛbh B. 1 dr ā v . dhā v . dhū B.

dhṛṣ v .

niṃs v. nī v . s .

2 n u s . 1 pā v . pī v . Pṛ v . prā v . psā V . B .

bhaj v . bhiṣaj v . bhṛ v . mad v . yaj yam V . B .

yu yuj v .

yudh v . rad v . randh v . rāj v . rih V . B .

2 ru v . ru j B.

rudh v . 1 va s B.

vah V.B.

vī V.B.

vṛt v . cam B . S.

1 śās

śundh s . śnath v .

śru v . śuṣ v . sad v . sas v . sah v . sku B.

stan v . stubh V.B. svan v . h u v . hū hṛ v .

B. E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 4 9 . ] ad an as ās i

ī

kṣu B . +

gā B . E .

ghrā B.E. cakṣ 1 jakṣ B. + trā

dih duh 2 dr ā B . +

dviṣ dhī B . +

dhyā B. +

nij v . c . 1 n u 2 pā plu S.E.

brū bhā

mā mṛj yā rā 1 ru B. +

rud

l ih B. +

v a m

v a ś 2 v as v ā 1 v i d

2 v i d 2 śās Ciñj 9 -śvas sū

stu snā sn u B . +

svap han hn u

0. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [14.]

kū c . khyā

glā E.

cakās c .

dad dyu c. dhmā c . pad E.

mnā c . mlā E.

lā c . vac vind

ś uc E.

2. Reduplicating-class (hu-class, third class). [ 4 9 . ] A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [ 3 3 . ]

iyar V.B. cakṛ v .

jigā V.B. j ighṛ V.B. ciki V.B. didiś v .

dīdī dīdhī V.B. ninij v . ninl V.B. pipā V.B. pīpī V.B.

pipṛc V.B. mamad v . maman v . 2 mimā V.B. mimikṣ v . miml V.B.

yayas v . yuyu V.B. rarā v . vivac v .

vavaś , v i v a ś v. vivic v .



I. PRESENT-STEMS.

vi v i ṣ v. vavṛt V.B. vivyac v.

siṣac v. susu v.

sisṛ v. juhū v.

j ihṛ s. juhur v.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [16.]

jighrā ti tṛ v.c. dadā dadhā

1 pipṛ v.c. 2 pipṛ babhas V . B . C .

bibhī

bibhṛ 1 mimā ś i ś ā sasas B.C.

jahā j ihī juh u jihrī B . +

3. Nasal-class (rudh-class, seventh class). [ 2 9 . ] A. Earlier Language. [16.]

unad unabh V.B. ṛñ j v.

ṛṇadh v.

kṛṇat gṛṇath v. chṛṇad B. tanac B.S.

tuñj v. tund v. tṛṇad V.B. tṛṇah V.B.

pṛṇac V.B. bhiṣṇaj v. mṛṇaj V.B. rinac V.B.


anaj inadh chinad

pinas

bhanaj bhinad bhunaj

yunaj ruṇadh vinac

vṛṇaj ś i n aṣ B. + hinas

4. nu-class (su-class, fifth class). [50.]

A. Earlier Language. [24.]

akṣṇu V.B . in u v.

un u v.

ṛ ṇu v.

kṛṇu

kṣubhnu

B.

j in u V.B. takṣṇu B.S. daghnu B. dabhnu V.B. dāśnu v.

pinu

V.B.

1 pṛṇu s. pruṣṇu v. r iṇu B. lunu B.S . saghnu v.

s inu

V.B.

sadhnu B. skabhnu B. skunu v. stabhnu B. stighnu B. spṛṇu


aś n u āpnu ṛdhnu k ṣ i ṇ u 1 cinu tṛpṇu, -nu V.B.C

dunu dhinu B. + dhùnu dhṛṣṇu 1 minu 2 minu v.c.

rādhnu B . + 1 vṛ ṇ ú ūrṇu 2 vṛ ṇ u B. + ś ak n u

ś ṛ ṇ u sunu stunu B.C. stṛṇu hinu

C. Later Language. [4.] 2 cinu jaghnu c. t inu c. 2 pṛṇu c.



214 INDEXES.

5. u-class (tan-class, eighth class). [s.] T h e s t e m s o f t h i s c l a s s a r e t o o f e w t o b e w o r t h d i v i d i n g b y p e r i o d s .

kuru v . + k ṣ aṇ u B. +

tanu v . + taru v .

manu v . + vanu V.B.S.

sanu V.B.S.

hanu s.

6. nā-class (krl-class, ninth class). [ 5 3 . ] A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [ 3 1 . ]

inī v .

isṇā ubhnā v .

uṣṇā v . kṣiṇā V .B . 2 gṛṇā v . s . gṛbhṇā V.B.

junā v .

jinā dṛṇī B

drūṇā V.B. pṛṇā pruṣṇā B. bhrīṇā v . mīnā V.B . mṛṇā v .

ramṇā V.B . riṇā 1 vṛṇī v .

vlīnā B. śamnī B. ścamnī v . śrathnā v . 1 śr īṇā V.B .

2 śrīṇā V.B. sinā V.B. subhnā B. skabhnā V.B. spṛṇā B. hṛṇā V.B . hrunā v .

B. E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [17.]

2 aśnā krīṇā 1 gṛṇā

grathnā B. + gṛhṇā

jānā punā prīṇā

badhnā

mathnā m u ṣ ṇ ā mṛdnā s . +

lunā B . +

2 vṛṇā śṛṇā stabhnā

stṛṇā

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [5,]

1 aśnī E. k u ṣ ṇ a c. kliśnā dhuni c. puṣṇā

7, a-(unaccented)-class (bhū-class, first class). [ 5 2 9 . ]


akṣa V.B. aca añja s . ata v .

ana V . B .

ama V . B .

inva v . īḍa v . s . īra v .

īrṣya B.S. ī ś a V . B .

ī ṣa V . B .

2 eṣa v .

oha v .

arc a B .

arṣa V .B .

īj a v .

kara v . kṛpa v . krakṣa v . klatha B. kṣada V.B. 1 kṣaya v . kṣoda v . kṣobha u . kṣveda B. kharja s . gama v .

garda B. gūrda B . cata v . cāya V .B . 1 cay a v .

2 caya V.B. ceta v . coda v .

jana V.B. jasa v . j inva java V.B. jūrva v . 2 jara v .

jeha v .

jraya v . taṭa B . tanda v . tāva v . teja V .B . tuñja v . tunda v . tūrva V.B tośa v . tsara thūrva B. dakṣa V.B . dabha V .B .



I . PRESENT-STEMS. 2 1 5 dāsa clāśa v.

dodha v. darpa s. dṛṃha V.B . dhanva V .B . dhava v. dhūrva V.B. dhrā ja v.B. dhvara B. nakṣa V.B. nabha v.

2 naśa v. nasa v. nādha v. nikṣa v. 1 nava v. 2 nava v. neda B. patha s. pana v. pāya B . paya v. pinva pibda V.B . pīya V.B . pūya B.S . para B. pṛñca v. prava

protha V.B . bṛṃha B. bhana v. bhanda v. bharva v. bhasa v. bhaya v. bhūṣa V.B. bibhra v. bhyasa v. bhreṣa V.B . maṃha V.B. manda V.B. metha megha v. mlva V.B. moṣa v. mara v. mṛcha B . mrada V .B . mardha v. myakṣa RV. mroca V.B. mreḍa B . yabha V.B. yeṣa V .B . yāda v. yucha v. yodha V.B. raṃha v.

raṇva B . rada V .B . 1 raṇa v. rapa V .B . rapśa v. ramba v. 1 rāsa repha B . reṣa v. 2 rava B. 1 rodha v. roṣa V.B. reja V.B. reḍa B .S . laya V .B . ukṣa v. vañca vata v. vadha V .B . vana v. 2 vapa valha B .S . vaśa v. vena V.B. vrada v. vrādha v. 1 cam a v. śāya v. śundha śumbha v.

śvaya V.B . śroṣa v.

śreṣa v. śvañca v. śmañca B. saca V.B. saśca v . sána v. sapa V.B. 1 sarja V.B . sādha v. seca v.

sūrkṣa B.S . stabha B. stava v. stobha sredha v. svāda v. svara sveda B.

jighna V.B . hāsa v.

jighya B. haya V.B . heḍa v. hīḍa B. hava V.B . hūrcha B . hvara v.

B . E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [212.

añca aj a area arha ava asa aya

ī kṣa īṅkha B. + īha B. +

oṣa 1 ūha arja B . +

arda ej a edha kampa B.H kasa kasa v.c. kāṅkṣa B. • kāśa B. + kuja karsa kalpa

kranda krāma

krīḍa krośa kvatha B. + kṣapa kṣama kṣara khana khāda gada s .+ gacha garha

gāha gūha

gṛhṇa B . + grasa ghoṣa

jigh ra cakṣa

cāma B. + cara cala ceṣṭa cyava cyota s. + chanda B.E.

jak ṣaß.+



216 INDEXES.

japa B . + jalpa B . + jay a j īva 1 jar a

jṛmbha jāna B.E. jyota B.E. jvara B. + jvala B. + takṣa tapa

tara tyaja s . + trasa tvara B. + daśa daya daha dada dīkṣa B . + dyota

drava dhama dadha 1 dhāva 2 dhāva dhāra S.E. dharṣa B.E. dhvaṃsa B . + nada nanda nama

narda B. + 1 naśa nātha B. + ninda naya paea paṭha B. +

paṇa B. + pata piba pava pratha plava bādha bodha bhaj a bhaṇa B. + bhartsa bhāṣa B . + bhāsa bhikṣa bhuñja B. + bhava bhara bhraṃśa bhrama B. + bhrāja maha V.E. majja

mantha matha mada may a V .E.

meha mīla B . + moda mūrcha mana s. + mloca B. + mlecha B. +

yak ṣ a V.E. yaja yata yacha yāca rakṣa rabha

rama rasa B. + rāja rebha 1 rava B. + roca roda s . + roha lapa labha lamba B. + loka B.C. vada vanda 1 vapa valga vasa vaha vāñcha vāśa veda B.E. vepa

v e ṣ a

V.E.

veṣṭa vara v . c . varta vardha varṣa vyatha vraja śaṃsa śaṅka B . + śapa

śasa B. + śaya śoca śobha śardha ścota śraya

ślāgha B. + śvasa

ṣṭhīva saja sīda saha sāha V.E. sedha sara s . + 2 sarja v . c . sarpa seva

skanda skhala B . + stana tiṣṭha spanda spardha sphoṭa B.E. sphūrja smaya smara

syanda

sraṃsa B .+ srava svaja svada svapa hana B . + hasa B. +

jaha B . + hinva hiṃsa B. +

hara harṣa v . c . heṣa hnava B . + hrasa s . + hrāda s . + hvala B. +

C . Lat e r L a n g u a g e . [ 1 4 2 . ]

aṅga c .

aṭa aṇṭha c .

ada E.

aśa E.

āñcha c.

āsa

iṅga 1 e ṣa

2 ūha

kattha kāsa c .



I. PRESENT-STEMS. 217

kuñca c . kuñja c .

k ū ṇ a c . kūrda karta E. klanda c. klinda c. k vaṇ a c. 2 ksaya k ṣ ve ḍ a kṣvela E. khaca c . khañj a c . khalla c . khela garja gala c . galbha c . guñja c . gopa c . gumpha c . glaha E. ghaṭa

ghūrṇa gharṣa caka c . cakāśa cañca c . caṭa c . cinva c . copa E. cumba chaya c .

chinda c . jhaṇa c .

jhara c . ṭala c . ṭ īka c . ḍama c . ḍamba c . ḍaya c . ḍhāuka c . tarj a tarpa E. trapa tvaṅga c . daṃśa c . dala deva dunva E. dhukṣa E. dhvana c . naṭa c . naha E. paṭa c parda c .

poṣa c . pūja E. ploṣa c . phakka c . phaṇa c . 1 phala 2 phala bandha badhna E. bhaksa

bhas a bibhya

mathna E. mārga moṭa c . mrakṣa c . mārja marda yama raṅga c . rañja raṭa c . 2 raṇa c . 1 rambha 2 rambha c . 2 rāsa riṅkha c . riṅga c . roṭha E. 2 rodha E. laksa laga laṅgha c .

laḍa c . lambha E. lala lasa lasa luṇṭha E. lobha c . lola c . vama

vala c . vāha c .

veja E. vīja vyaja c . vṛṃha vel la c . 1 vyaya c . vraṇa c . vraśca c . vrīḍa 2 śama E. śala c . śaśa c . śāsa ś e ṣ a c . ślatha c . śrama śrambha sa E.

sava stambha c . stara

sparśa c . svana E. hada c .

jaghna E. hikka c . hiṇḍa c. hela E. hreṣa hlāda c .

8. á-(accented)-class (tud-class, sixth class). [ 1 4 2 . ]

A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [ 7 2 . ]

ana v .

i ṭa V.B.

2 iṣa v .

unda B.S. ubja umbha V.B. ṛṇva v . ra v .

ṛñja V.B. ṛd a v .

ṛṣa k u v a B. kṣiya V.B. khada B. khuda v . gṛṇa v . cṛta

chya

V.B.

jura v . ti la B.

tuja v . tira tura V.B. tṛmpa t v i ṣ a v . 1 dya 2 dya V.B.

dṛbha B. dṛṃha v . dhūva V.B.

piṃśa V.B. p ī ṣ a v . pṛṇa V.B. pruṣa v . bṛha V.B. bhura v . mima B. mitha v . mina v . muca V.B.



218 INDEXES.

mṛṇa V.B. mṛkṣa v . mṛḍa mṛdha v . s . meda v . 1 yuvā V.B. 2. yuva rikha v .

ripha

riśa v . rudha v . l i śa B. u k ṣ a v . vana V.B. u ś a v .

ucha

uṣa v .

vindha v . v ṛ ṣ a v . s . vṛha ś i ś a s . ś ya śiṃṣa B.S. śṛṇa v .

śṛntha B. sumbha B. sula B. suva, sva V.B. stṛha s . spūrdha v . spṛha s . huva, h va V.B .

B . E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 5 3 . ] icha ukṣa uñcha s . + ṛcha archa B.E. kuca s . c . kira kṛnta kṛṣa kṣipa khida gura

2 gira gila B . +

j u ṣ a tuda diśa duha dviṣa B. + nuda piṃṣa V.E. pṛcha bruva B . + bhuj a bhṛjja miṣa

muñca

mṛja mṛśa yuñja B . + ruva ruja ruda s . + rundha B . + ruṣa s . + lajja B. + l ikha l impa lumpa

vija

vida 2 vinda vidha v i ś a vṛśca śumbha v . c . sya siñca sṛja stuva V .E . spṛśa sphuṭa B. +

sphura

C L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [17.]

i la c .

1 iṣa ujha k u ṣ a c . kṣupa E.

1 gira c . ghūrṇa truṭa c . p i ṣ a E.

puṭa c . mila c . m u ṣ a E. ruha

liha luṭha c . 1 vinda ghna

9. ya-class (div-class, fourth class). [ 1 3 3 . ]


ārya v . ucya V.B. ṛjya v . kāya v . kṛśya B. kṣāya B.S. kṣīya V.B.

jasya v .

jūrya v . j īya V .B . tanya v .

tīrya v . tūrya v . tṛṣya V.B. dāmya B. dasya dīya v . dṛhya v . pacya V.B. patya

V.B.

pisya B.

pūrya v . pruṣya B . bhṛjjya B. mṛcya B . medya V.B . mritya B . radhya V.B. raṇya v .

rāya V.B.

rīya V.B .

rupya B. śamya B . śimya B. ś īya śucya B . śīrya B. śrāya V.B . ślāya B. srīvya

B .

harya V.B.



I I . PERFECT-STEMS. 2 1 9


asya īya 2 iṣya ṛdhya krudhya kṣudhya gāya gṛdhya glāya

jāya

jīrya tapya B . + tāmya B. + tuṣya s . + tṛpya trāya

dīpya

dīvya

duṣya B . + dṛpya druhya B . + dhaya dhyāya B . + naśya nahya nṛtya

padya paśya puṣya pyāya príya B. + budhya

bhraśya s . + mādya B. + manya mīya muhya mṛṣya mlāya B. + yasya yudhya rajya

rādhya ricya B.E. riṣya līya lubhya vāya

vaya vāśya V.E. vidhya 2 vyaya śāmya B. + śudhya B. + śuṣya śyāya B .C śrāmya śliṣya B. +

sidhya sīvya sūya B, + styāya B .C hvaya hṛṣya

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 2 8 . ]

āsya E. 1 iṣya

kupya klāmya c . klidya kliśya kṣamya

kṣubhya ghuṣya c .

ḍīya c . timya c . trasya truṭya, -ḍya c . tviṣya c .

dahya E. 1 dāya E. 2 dāya c . diśya E. duhya drāya dhāya E.

bhrāmya ruṣya

lapya E.

sahya E. snāya E. snihya svidya

II . PERFECT-STEMS. [ 4 7 3 . ]

T h e v a r i e t y o f s t e m - f o r m s i s n o t g i v e n , e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f m e d i a l e f r o m a.

T h e r a r e i n t e n s i v e a n d d e s i d e r a t i v e s i m p l e p e r f e c t s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t . A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [169.]

ākṣ v .

ac B.

aj v .

ānaj V.B. ān v .

ām, em V.B.

ānṛh V.E. 1 āś v .

īdh V.B.

2 ī ṣ v .

īr v .

ī ś v .

3 ī ṣ v .

ūc v .

ūd v .

u v o ṣ B. ūh v .

ānṛj v . ānṛdh V.B. ānṛṣ B. cākan RV . cakā

cakṛp v . cakṛś v .

cikrī s . cakṣad v .

jugur v . 1 jagṛ B.

jagṛbh jagras v . jaghas V.B. j ugh uṣ B. 1 ciki B. cikit cacṛt v . cucyu v .

cicyu v . cachand v .

jajas v . j ij inv v . juju v . jajṛ v . jujur v . jijyā B . tatas RV . tat am B.

titij B.S. tūtu v .



220 INDEXES.

tutuj v.

ti t ir , tutur v. tātṛṣ v. tatṛh v. tityaj v. tatrā V.B. t i t v i ṣ v. tatsar v. dadakṣ B. dadabh, debh v. dadambh v. dadas v.

2 dadā B. didās desid. B. dadāś V.B. dīdī didīv v. dādṛh v. dodru int. B. didviṣ B. dadhan v. dadhanv v.

2 dadhā v. dīdhī V.B. davidhu int. v. dādhṛṣ V .B . nanakṣ v. nonu int. v. pāpaj v. papan v.

paspaś v.

pīpī v. pipinv v. p i p i ś v. pipis B. pipīḍ v. pupū B.S. papṛ B. papṛc V.B. pipyā v. paprā v. piprī

pupru B. babṛh v. bibhikṣ B. 1 bubhuj v.

jabhṛ V.B . māmah V.B. mamad V.B. mamand v. 1 mimī V.B . mimi v.

mimikṣ v. mimith v. mumur v. mimṛkṣ v. mamrḍ v. mimikṣ v. mumluc B . yet V.B.

yuyu v.

yoyu int. B. yuyup v. rārah V .B . rarad v. rāradh v. rāran V.B . rarapś v. rarā v. rarādh V.B. riric V .B . ririp v. riribh v. ririh v. l i l i ś B. lelī int. B. vavakṣ v. vavac v. vivac v. vāvac v. ū d V.B.

vāvan v.

uvam B. 1 vāvaś RV. 1 uvas V.B. ū v v.

vivic v. vivip v. viviṣ v. v i v ī v.

vāvṛj v.

vivyac V.B. vividh V.B . vivyā v. vavṛśc v. śāśad v. śaśad, śed B. 1 śaśam V.B. śaśā v. ś i ś i ṣ B. śaśay v. ś ū ś ū v. ś a ś ṛ v. cuścut B.S. śaśrath v. ś iśr ī v. t iṣ ṭhīv B. saśc , sec V.B. sasan sep v.

s iṣ i v. 2 siṣidh

sasū v. suṣūd v. tistir v. paspṛ B. siṣyand V.B. 2 jahā v.

jihiṃs jīhīḍ V.B.

B. E a r li e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [191."

ānṛc āv ānaś 2 āś 1 ās 2 ās āh āp

īy 1 ĪS B. +

n' ār cakam

cukup B .B . 1 cakṛ cakṛt cakṛṣ B . + cāklp v.c. cakrand v.c . cakram

cikrīḍ B. + cukrudh B . + cakṣam

cikṣip B. + c u k ṣ u B . + cukṣubh

cakhan cakhād cakhyā

jagam

1 jagā 2 jagā B . +

jugup 2 jagṛ

jāgṛ int. jāgṛdh

jagṛh cacakṣ cacar, cer

2 ciki 3 ciki cichid B . +

jajan j igi jijīv B . + jujuṣ jajñā jajval B . + tatakṣ

tatan, ten tatap, tep tutud



II . PERFECT-STEMS. 221

tatṛ, ter tatṛd v . c . tātṛp V.E. dadaś V.E. dadah, deh B. + 1 dadā didiś didīkṣ B.C. duduh dadṛ dadṛś didyut 1 dadrā v . c . dudru B.C. dudruh 1 dadhā dudhū

dādhṛ dadhyā B . + dadhvas nānam, nem

nanaś, neś

ninind ninī nunud papac, pec papat, pet papad, ped papā pipiṣ pupuṣ paprach B. +

paprath puplu B. + babandh, bedh

babādh bubudh babhaj, bhej babhañj babhāṣ B . + bibhid bībhī 2 bubhuj babhū babhṛ mamath, meth maman, men

1 mamā 2 mīmī v . c . mumuc mumud mumuh B . + mamṛ māmṛj māmṛś mamṛṣ V.E.

īj . yej

yayam, yem yayā yayāc B. + yuyuj yuyudh

rārakṣ rārabh, rebh raram, rem B. + ruru B.E. ruruc

ruruj rurudh ruruh

lalabh, lebh l i l ikh B. + lilip B . + lilī B. + l u l U p B . + lulubh s . + uvac vavand uvap v a v a m , v e m B .+ vāvas v.c. 2 uvas uvah v a v ā B .+ 2 vāvaś vivij vid 2 vivid v i v i ś 1 vavṛ 2 vavṛ vāvṛt

vāvṛdh

vāvṛṣ vavṛh vivyadh B . + vavraj śaśaṃs B. + śaśak, śek śaśap, śep 2śaśam,śemB.+ śaśās

ś i ś ī

B. + ś u ś u c śaśram, śrem

śiśri śuśru ś iś l iṣ B. + sasañj, sej B .+ sasad, sed

sāsah, seh siṣic 1 siṣidh suṣu suṣū sasṛ sasṛj sasṛp B . + caskand caskambh v . c . tastambh tuṣṭu tastṛ tasthā paspṛdh paspṛś siṣmi

sasraṃs B.C. susru sasvaj suṣvap siṣvid V.E.

jaghan 1 jahā

jighi B . + juhu juhū

jahṛ

jāhṛṣ

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [113.] ānarch E. edh c .

cakamp E. cakas c . cakāṅkṣ cakāś cukuc c . cukūj c .

cukūrd c . 2 cakṛ E. cukruś o . caklam c . cikliś c . cakṣar c . cukṣud B.

jagad

jagarj jag arh jagalbh c . jagāh c . jugúh ja jā gṛ

jag haṭ c . jaghaṭṭ E.

jughūrṇ jaghṛṣ c . jagh rā c . cacaṭ c . cacam, cem E

cacal, cel

cucumb ciceṣṭ E.



22 2 INDEXES.

cachṛd c . ja ja p, jep E. jaj al p E. jajṛmb h ḍuḍhāuk c . tataḍ c . tutuṣ tatyaj tatras, tres tutruṭ c . tatvar didih E. didīp c . 2 dadrā c . dadhmā B. dadhāv c . dadhvan c . nanad, ned nanand nanard E. nunu c .

nanṛt papaṭh c . pupūj E. pupūr c . paphal E. phel c . babhaṇ c . babhā babhās babhram, bhrem

babhrāj mamajj

mamanth mimil c . mimiṣ c . mimīl c . mumuṣ c . mumūrch mamṛd mamlā raras, res

rarāj, rej

rarās c . rurud E. lalajj c . lalap, lep lalam c . lalamb lalas, leṣ c . lalas c . luluñc luluṭh c . lulū c .

lulok c . luloc c . vavap E. vaval c . vavalg E. vavah 1 v i v i d c . vivyaj E.

vavṛṃh c . vivyath ś i ś i k ṣ desid, c .

3 ś e m c .

śaśas E. śuśubh śaślāgh c . śaśvas sasā s. siṣev caskhal sasnā c .

pusphuṭ c . sasmṛ E. sasyand c . sasvad c . sasvan

jahas j iheṣ c . jihrī c .

III. AORIST-STEMS. [ 7 3 ? ; ]

From stems with p . added, only optative or «precative» forms occur.

1. Root-aorist. [uo.] Simply the root is given. The passive-aorist third persons will be found

further on, under VII.

A. Earlier Language. [1 1 2 . ]

ad p. B .

av p.

aś

āp p. B . idh v. uh p. B .

ṛ V . B .

ṛdh kṛp v. kram v. gam

gur v. gṛ v. grabh V.B ghas ghrā p . s.

1 ci v. 2 ci v. CÌt V.B.

cyu v. chid v.

jan B.S.

j ī v p . jñā p. v. tan V . B .

tap v. tṛd v.s. tṛ p p. B.

dagh v. dabh v. dīB. 2 d ṛ B .

dyut V.B. 2 dhā v. dhṛ v.

naś V . B . nas p. v. nid V . B .

nṛt v. pad v. spaś v. piś v. Pṛ v. pṛc v.s. prath v. pr ā V . B .

budh v. bhid V.B.

bhī bhuj v. bhram p . s.

bhrāj v. majj p . B . mand v. man V . B .

muc V . B .

mud p. v. mṛ mṛṇ p. B .

mṛd p. B . S .

mṛdh p . v. mṛṣ v. myakṣ v. yat v.



III . AORIST-STEMS. 223 ya m v . y u V . B .

yuj V . B .

ram v . rāj p . s . rādh ric v . riṣ B.

rue V . B .

ruj B.

v a c p . B.

va d p . B.S.

vadh p . va n v . 1 vas v . 2 v a s va n p . s . vij V . B .

vip v . v i ṣ v . v i ś v . 1 vṛ v . vṛ j v .

Vṛt V.B.

ś as V . B .

śak v . ś ā v . śubh v . śri v . śvit v . sagh v . sac v . sah v . sā , sī V . B .

sic p . B . S .

su v .

sṛ j v .

skand V.B. stṛ V . B .

spṛ v . spṛdh v . sras B. svap p . s . s v i d p . s . hi v . s . hū v . hṛ B.

hrī

v .

B. E a r l i e r a n d La t e r L a n g u a g e . [18.]

i p . B . +

kṛ ga

j i p . B.E.

juṣ

dā

dṛ ś 1 dhā, dhī, hi pā puṣ p . B.C.

bhū bhṛ B.C.

yudh v . c . rudh V .B .C

2 vṛ śr u sthā hā B.C.

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 1 0 . ] as p . E.

kir p . c j ā p .

dah p . E.

1 dṛ p . c . nud p .

piṣ c prī p . c .

bru p . E.

s pṛś p . E.

2. a-aorist. [sc.]


aśa v . ara V . B .

ṛdha V.B. kara kṛta v . krada v . krama V.B. kṣudha v . khya guha v . gṛdha V.B. gṛha V.B. ghasa B. tasa V.B. tana v . tama

tṛpa V.B. tṛṣa V.B. tṛha v .

dagha B. dasa da V . B .

dusa B. dṛpa B. dṛśa V.B. dha v . dhṛṣa V.B. dhvasa v . nija v . s . nṛta v . puṣa

budha v . bhida v . bhuja v .

bhuva V.B. bhraśa V.B. muca v . muha B. mṛdha s . mruca B. radha v . riṣa ruda V.B. vida vṛdha vṛṣ a B.

vy a v . cam a B.

1 ś iṣ a V.B. 2 ś iṣ a V.B. ś v a B.

śrama v . śruva B. śriṣa v . sana sara V.B. sṛpa V.B. stha V.B. sridha v .

hya

v .

h va V . B .



2 2 4 INDEXES.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [ 1 8 . ]

astha āpa krudha gama chida

dyuta B. + druha V.E. mṛṣa yuja v . c . rudha

ruha voca vṛta śaka

śuca sāda

sica srasa

C. Later Language. [7.]

naśa yasa c .

rica c . ruca c .

lipa c . ś l iṣa

hrsa E.

3 . Reduplicated Aorist. [ 1 5 4 . ]

A. Earlier Language. [ 101 . ]

amama V.B . āpipa B. cīkama B. cīkṛta B. cīkṛṣa v . cikrada V.B . cukrudha v . cikṣipa v .

jīgama V.B. jūgupa B.S . 1 jīgṛ v . 2jīgṛ v .

jigr abha B. jīghasa B. cīcata B. cucyava V.B. cucyu v .

jījab ha v . jījasa B. jajas v . tataṃsa v . tītara v . tī tṛṣa V.B. titrasa v . dadakṣa B. didīkṣa B.

dūduṣa v . didyuta V.B. dudru v . dadhāv v . dīdhara dīdhṛ v . n e ś V.B.

n ū n u v . pīpata v.

papta pīpada V.B. pūpura V.B. 1 pīpara v . 2 pīpara V.B. papratha v . piplava B. būbudha v . babhakṣa B. bībhaj B.

bībhaya v. bibhīṣa V.B. būbhuva v. mīmada V.B. mīmī v . mīmisa B.

mūmuha V.B. mīmṛṇa v . mīmṛja B. mīmṛṣa v . yīyaja B. yūyu v . yūyupa B. 1 rīradha v . rīrama v .

rīrica B.S. rūruca V.B. rūrupa V.B. l ī l ikha B. lūlubha B. vavak ṣ a v. vīvata v. vīvasa B. vīvaśa v. vīvija v.

vīvipa v. vīvara v . vāvṛ v. vīvṛta v . vivyatha B. śūśuca V.B .

śūśubha V.B. cuścuta s . ś iśnath v . śiśratha V.B. ś iśr ī v . śuśruva V.B. śaśvaca v . ś i ś v i t a v . sīṣada B. sīṣapa v . sīṣadha V.B . susu B. s u ṣ ū B. sūṣuda B. sīsṛpa B. tuṣṭava V.B. pispṛśa v . siṣyada v . sisrasa V.B. susru V.B. sasvaja v . siṣvada V.B. siṣvap v .

j īhiḍa v . jīhvara V.B.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [17.] eīklpa cīcara

jīja na tītapa V.E. tītṛpa

didīpa v . c . dīdipa B.E. dīdṛśa B. + dudruva B . +

nīnama v . c . nīnaśa

mīmara B .C 2 rīradha B.C.

rīriṣa vīvṛdha

ś īśama śiśriya



III . AORIST-STEMS. 225


cīkasa c. cīkara c.

jigr aha c. cūcuda E. cūcura c. cachada c. cichida E.

jī jaya E.

titvara E. dīdaha c. dūduha c. dīdara pīpiṣa E. bībhara E; bibhrama E. mimīla c.

mūmuca c. mīmṛda E. yūyuja yūyudha E. rīraca c. rūruva c. rūruja c.

lūlupa E. v ī v i śa c. vivṛṣa E. vīvidha E. ś īśaya E.

j īghana jī ja ha c.

Here appended are the reduplicated aorists from causative stems in p . [6.] arpipa v.

jī ja pa , jī ji pa B. j i j ñ a p a , j i j ñ i p a

B.C.

śiśrapa B. tiṣṭhipa V.B.

j īhipa v.

4. s-aorist. [ 1 4 5 . ]


a k s V . B .

k ī r ṣ B.

2 k ā r ṣ v.

k r ā n t s V.B.

k r a ṁ s

k ṣ ā r ṣ v.

1 k ṣ e ṣ v. 2 k ṣ e ṣ

k h ā ṃ s B.

g a s V . B .

g ā s v. c a r s B.S.

c ā i ṣ B.

c ā i t s v.

c y o ṣ V.B.

c h a n t s v.

jñās V.B. t a n s , t a s V.B.

t a p s

t r ā s V.B.

t s ā r ṣ v.

2 d i ṣ p. v. 3 diṣ v. d i k ṣ v.

d h u k ṣ V.B.

darṣ v. d ṛ ṣ B .

dyāuts V.B. 1 drās v. 2 drās B. dhās v.

dhūṣ v.s. dhūrṣ v. naṁs V.B. nāikṣ v. nū ṣ V.B.

nuts V.B. pakṣ v. pats V.B. 1 pās v. 2 pās v.

parṣ

V.B.

1 prākṣ prās V.B. prāiṣ V.B. proṣ s. ploṣ B. bhits B. bhārṣ V.B. mats

m a s p. v. m ā s v. m e ṣ

m ṛ k ṣ p. v.

m a r k s B .

y a k s

y a ṁ s y ā s v. y ā u ṣ

r a p s v.

r ā s V . B .

r ā t s

r ā i k ṣ V.B.

r u k ṣ B.

l a p s B.S.

l e ṣ B .

l o p s p. B . v a ṃ s , v a s p. V.B.

v ā ṁ s B.

1 v ā t s v.

v a k ṣ

v i t s V.B.

v i k ṣ v.

v a r ṣ v.

v ṛ ṣ V . B .

vārkṣ V.B. vyāts B. vṛkṣ B.S. v l e ṣ s. śāps B.S. ś e ṣ v.

śrāiṣ v. śvāi ts v. 1 sakṣ v. 2 sakṣ V.B. satp v. sākṣ V.B. sarṣ v. sṛps B.S . skānts B.S . stamps B. stṛṣ

V.B .

spārṣ v. syānts v. svārṣ v. ghāṃs s. hāiṣ V.B. hūṣ v. hvārṣ B.


1 kārṣ B . + gaṁs s. +

g ī ṣ B . +

c h ā i t s

jāiṣ tārs s. +

dhakṣ dās, diṣ



226 INDEXES.

drākṣ

dhi^ B. +

nāiṣ 2 prākṣ bhuts bhakṣ bhāiṣ māṃs

māukṣ

yokṣ yots raṁs v.c. rāuts l ips v.c . vāps B . +

2 vāts

vṛts śrāuṣ B. + sāṅkṣ B . + SOṣ B. +

srākṣ stāus

sthiṣ B. +

sprākṣ

B.E.

svāps s.+ 1 hā s V .B .E .

2 hās hāuṣ B . + hārs


āps E.

ceṣ c.

tyākṣ

drokṣ E. dhyās E.

bhāṅkṣ vāits c.

sāits c. smārṣ E.

5. iṣ-aorist. [ 1 7 4 . ]


akṣiṣ v. ajiṣ s. añjiṣ B. aniṣ v. aviṣ āsiṣ B.S. indhiṣ B. idhiṣ s.

1 iṣ iṣ B. īkṣiṣ B. ukṣiṣ B. uṣiṣ B.S. 1 ūhiṣ B. 2 ūhiṣ v. artiṣ B. ardhiṣ B. edhiṣ p . V.B. kāniṣ v.

1 kāriṣ v. 2 kāriṣ v. kartiṣ B. krapiṣ v. krāmiṣ V.B. kṣaṇiṣ v. gamiṣ V.B. gāriṣ v. grabhīṣ V.B. caniṣ v. cāriṣ cāyiṣ v. cayiṣ v.

codiṣ v. japiṣ B. jambhiṣ v. joṣiṣ v. jūrviṣ v. jāriṣ v. takṣiṣ v.s. tāniṣ B. tāriṣ trāsiṣ B. tsāriṣ B, dambhiṣ dāsiṣ v. dadiṣ v. dīkṣiṣ B. doṣiṣ B. dṛṃhiṣ B. dhanviṣ V.B. dhāyiṣ v. 1 dhāviṣ B. 2 dhāviṣ v. dhinviṣ B. dhūrviṣ B. dharṣiṣ B. dhrājiṣ p . B. dhvaniṣ v. nindiṣ v. s . naviṣ v. nudiṣ v. nartiṣ v. paniṣ v.

paviṣ V.B . pūriṣ B. pāriṣ v. pyāyiṣ p . s. prathiṣ v. bādhiṣ V.B . bhaviṣ B. mathiṣ V.B . manthiṣ v. mandiṣ V.B. modiṣ p . v. moṣiṣ V.B . mārjiṣ B . mardhiṣ V.B. marṣiṣ v. yatiṣ B. yamiṣ v. 1 yāviṣ v.

2 y ā v i ṣ v. yodhiṣ v. randhiṣ v. rāṇiṣ v. rājiṣ v. rādhiṣ V.B . 1 rāviṣ v. 2 rāviṣ V.B . lekhiṣ B.S. leś iṣ B. āukṣiṣ

v.

vaniṣ V.B . vandiṣ p . v.

vasiṣ v. vāśiṣ B. vepiṣ B.S . v e ś i ṣ v. v e ṣ i ṣ v. vāriṣ B. varṣiṣ V.B. barhiṣ v.

vrājiṣ B . śamiṣ v. śociṣ B. śariṣ V.B. śnathiṣ v. śramiṣ V.B. ṣṭhaviṣ B,S . sādiṣ B. sāniṣ v. sāhiṣ v.

sāviṣ V.B . stāniṣ v. stambhiṣ v. stāviṣ B .S . stariṣ v. sphariṣ v. sraṃsiṣ B. srāviṣ B . svāniṣ v. svāriṣ B. hāniṣ B. hīḍiṣ B.



HI . AORIST-STEMS. 227


aśiṣ grahīṣ

janiṣ jayiṣ B.C. jīviṣ jvāliṣ B . +

nāyīṣ v . s . c . bodhiṣ v . c . mādiṣ yāciṣ rākṣiṣ

rociṣ B. + vādiṣ vadhiṣ vediṣ B . + vardhiṣ B. +

vyathiṣ śaṃsiṣ śayiṣ sedhiṣ V.B. hiṃsiṣ

C L a t e r L a n g u a g e , [16.]

2 i ṣ i ṣ ujhiṣ c . kopiṣ B. krandiṣ c .

grasiṣ c . daliṣ c .

deviṣ B. bhāṣiṣ c .

majjiṣ B. rāudiṣ c . vaśiṣ B. vartiṣ B.

śaṅkiṣ śvasiṣ c . sthāyiṣ c . smayiṣ B.

H e í e a r e a d d e d , w i t h o u t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b y p e r i o d s , t h e i ṣ - a o r i s t s f r o m d e s i d -e r a t i v e a n d c a u s a t i v e c o n j u g a t i o n - s t e m s . [14.]

īpsiṣ B . īrtsiṣ v .

cikīrṣiṣ B. cikitsiṣ v .

jijñāsiṣ B. dhitsiṣ B.

mīmāṃsiṣ B. jighāṃsiṣ B.

ilayiṣ v . dhvanayiṣ v . pyāyayiṣ B.

vyathayiṣ v . ghātayiṣ v . hlādayiṣ c .

6. siś-aorist. [ 1 9 . ] I n t h i s a o r i s t a n d t h e o n e f o l l o w i n g , t h e n u m b e r s b e i n g s o s m a l l , t h e h e a d i n g s o f t h e d i v i s i o n s a r e o m i t t e d . F r o m t h o s e o f t h e s is - s t ems t h a t a r e f o l l o w e d b y a q u e s t i o n , n o f o r m s h a v e b e e n m e t w i t h t h a t m i g h t n o t b e l o n g t o

t h e s - a o r i s t ( 2 d a n d 3 d s i n g u l a r ) . gāsiṣ V.B .

jyāsiṣ B. drāsiṣ? B.

dhyāsiṣ B. pyāsiṣ p. v . B . S .

bhukṣiṣ p . B.S . raṁsiṣ v.

vaṃsiṣ p . v. vāsiṣ? B. hvāBiṣ?B. [io,]

jñāsiṣ B . + glāsiṣ? B.

yāsiṣ v . + dhmāsiṣ? c .

hāsiṣ v . + naṁsiṣ? c . pāsiṣ? c .

[ 3 . ] mnāsiṣ o . [6.] mlāsiṣ ? B.

7 . sa-aorist. [ 1 9 . ] kṛkṣa B. krukṣa V.B . ghukṣa V .B . dhikṣa B. dikṣa B.C.

dṛkṣa B. drukṣa B. dvikṣa v .

dhukṣa, du- v . +

pikṣa B. mikṣa B. ṛukṣa V.B.S.

1 mṛkṣa v . + 2 mṛkṣa V.B.

likṣa s . 1 vṛkṣa V.B . 2 vṛkṣa B. spṛkṣav.B. [i4 r

vikṣa B.C. [5 ;



228 INDEXES.

IV. FUTURE STEMS. [ 3 4 7 . ]

la. Sibilant Future without I. [ 1 3 1 . ]

If from any root there are made both a future-stem without and one with i, each of the stems has a + prefixed to it.


atsya B.S . + arkṣya B. + kartsya v . + krakṣya B.S. + klapsya B.

kreṣya B.S. 1 kṣeṣya v .

+ 2 kṣ eṣ ya B. cyoṣya B.

jyāsya B. taṃsya B. trapsya B.

2 dāsya s. + drapsya%B.

drāsya B. droṣya B. dhrokṣya B.

+ naṁsya B. pekṣya B. ploṣya B.

+ bhantsya B.S. + bhakṣya B.

bheṣya B. 1 meṣ ya B.

mekṣya 2 meṣya B. mrakṣya B. mārkṣya B.S. mlāsya B. yapsya B.S.

+ yaṁsya B. rātsya rekṣya B.

+ vapsya B.S. 1 vatsya B.

varkṣya B. vrakṣya B. vleṣ ya B. śatsya v . śekṣya B.

+ satsya B.S. + 1 soṣya s.

sarpsya B. skantsya B. syantsya B.

+ hvāsya s.


āpsya B. +

+ eṣya + kraṁsya

khyās ya B . + gāsya B . + gopsya 1 ceṣya B. + chetsya B . +

+ jeṣya jñāsya B. +

+ tapsya B. +

trāsya B . + + dhakṣya 1 dasya dekṣya s. +

drakṣya B . + 1 dhāsya B .+

+ neṣya notsya B.E. pakṣya B. + patsya B . + pāsya B. + prakṣya B . + bhotsya B.E. bhāsya B. + bhetsya B . + bhokṣya s.+ + maṅkṣya B. +

+ maṃsya B . + mokṣya B . +

yakṣya

yāsya yokṣya yotsya B . + raṁsya B . + rotsya B. +

+ rokṣya B. + + lapsya B. +

1 vakṣ ya + 3 vats ya B. + + 2 vakṣ ya

2 vets ya B . + 2 vekṣ ya B. + 3 vekṣ ya B . +

+ 1 vartsya

śakṣya B . + śroṣya B . +

+ sākṣya sekṣya B.E.

+ 2 soṣya B . + sūṣya v . c . srakṣya B. + srapsya B. +

+ stoṣya B. + sthāsya B. +

+ svapsya B. +

1 hāsya 2 hāsya B.E. hoṣya

0. Later Language. [26.]

+ kṣaṁsya E. kṣepsya 2 ceṣya E.

jāsya E. + tyakṣya E.

dhokṣya c . 2 dhāsya E.

dhyāsya E. + naṅkṣya E. +

bhaṅkṣya E. + rakṣya E.

rapsya 2 vats ya c . vāsya c .

1 vekṣ ya c . + 1 vets ya

2 vartsya c . 3 vets ya E.

+ śeṣya E. siṣya E.

+ 1 setsya E. 2 setsya snāsya sprakṣya E.

+ haṃsya E. heṣya E. +



230 INDEXES.

śapiṣya B. śociṣya śobhiṣya E. śvasiṣya E.

+ sīdiṣya c.

+ sahiṣya + sedhiṣya c. + 2 saviṣya

seviṣya E. sphuṭiṣya E. smariṣya E. sraviṣya E.

svajiṣya i

hasiṣya jahiṣya

2. Periphrastic Future. [ 5 8 . ] A. Earlier Language. [18.]

āptā B. ardhitā B. kamitā B. jñātā B. dhātā B.

dhyātā B. paktā B. bhartā B. mraṣṭā B. yaṣṭā B.

yuvitā B. yoktā B. voḍhā B. veditā B.

vartitā B. vraṣṭā B. sotā B. sraṣṭā B.


etā B. +

kartā s.+ gaṁtā B. +

janitā B . + jetā B.E. dātā B.E.

bhavitā B.E. vaktā B. +

śayitā B .C hartā B.E.


avitā c. grahītā B. ghaṭṭitā E. cetā E. tāyitā c. taptā E. draṣṭā E. dhartā c.

naśitā E. ninditā E. netā, nayitā E. patitā E. bhaṅktā E. bhoktā B. mathitā E. yātā

yoddhā E. rakṣitā

rātā c. labdhā B. vettā E. veṣṭā E. veddhā E.

śramitā E. śrotā E. soḍhā sthātā smartā E. svaptā E. hantā E.

V. SE CO NDARY CONJUGATION-STEMS. [ 1 1 5 3 . ]

1. Passive Stems. [ 2 5 9 . ]

For causative passives etc., see under VI.

A. Earlier Language. [ 3 7 . ] 1 ajya v. amya B. ṛcya v. udya v. krūḍya B. gupya B. ghriya B. cāyya B. cṛtya B. 2 jīya V.B.

tāyya B. tujya v. tṛhya v. dabhya v. dadya v. nidya v. panya v.

piśya v. psīya B.

madya v. 3 mīya v. 4 mīya B. mūrya B. riphya s. ribhya v. ūya B.S.

1 vīya V.B. vṛjya

vṛhya B. 2 vīya B. vṛścya V.B. vlīya B. 2 śīya B. sadya B. skūya B, striya B. sphīya K.



V . SECONDARY CONJUGATION-STEMS, 2 3 1


acya 2 ajya adya B . + aś ya asya āpya B. + idhya

īkṣya s.+ ukṣya B. + ùhya B. +

ṛdhya kriya kīrya B. + kṛtya kṛṣya B. + kramya s. + krīya B. + kṣ īya khāya B. + khyāya B. + gamya gīya guhya gṛhya carya B. + 1 cīya B. + chidya

j īvya B. + jñāya tāya tapya dahya 1 dīya 2 dīya dūya B. + duhya dīrya B. +

driya B .+ dṛśya dhamya dhmāya B. + dhīya dhūya dhriya dhvasya B.C. namya B . + nīya pacya pīya piṣya B. + pūya pūrya B. + pṛcya

pṛchya badhya 1 bhajya 2 bhajya bhidya B. + 2 bhujya B. + bhūya B. + bhriya mathya mucya

mriya mṛjya mṛdya B . + yamya yujya rakṣya B . + ricya rudhya labhya B . + l ikhya s. + l ipya B. + lupya ucya vacya udya upya

uhya v i c y a 2 vidya v i ṣ y a B . + 2 vriya s.c. 1 ś as ya 2 śasya B. + 2 ś iṣ ya śīrya śrīya B . + śrūya sajya B. + sicya 1 sūya 2 sūya sṛjya stūya stīrya s. + sthīya B. + smarya B. + hanya 1 hīya hiṃsya 1 hūya 2 hūya hriya

0. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [117.] asya

ī ya c .

iṣya īḍya c . uṣ ya c . k u c y a c . kruś ya E. kṣamya kṣ ipya khanya khādya c . khidya gadya garhya c . gāhya

gīrya E. grathya c .

grasya E. ghuṣya ghṛṣya ghrāya c . cakṣya carvya G. 2 cīya c . cumbya c . cūṣya c .

japya E. jalpya c . 1 j īya

j īrya c.

jvarya c . ḍīya c .

tanya c . tudya t īrya E. tyajya trāya c . daśya E. diśya dihya c . dhāvya c . dhyāya c . nadya E. nandya c . nahya c .

nāthya c. nijya

nindya c . nūya nṛtya c . paṭhya paṇya E. puṭya c . puṣya c . priya pluṣya c . bādhya budhya c.

bhaṇya c. bhāṣya



232 INDEXES.

1 bhujya c .

bhṛjjya manya c . 1 mīya 2 mīya c . mīlya c . muṣya mṛś ya mṛṣya E. mnāya c ijya yatya c . yāya E. yācya yudhya

rajya c .

rabhya ramya rādhya c. rujya E. rudya c . ruhya E. lapya c . lambya l ihya E. vaṇṭya c . vadhya vandya uṣ ya

vāñchya c .

v ā ś y a c . 1 vidya c . v i ś y a c . 1 vriya E. vidhya E. vrajya c . ś akya śaùkya c śapya c . ś amya śāsya 1 śiṣya c. 1 ś īya E.

śramya

ślāghya śl iṣya c. sahya c. sīya sidhya sṛpya s evya stabhya c . spṛśya syandya c. s upya hasya c . 2 hīya c .

2. Intensive Stems. [167.]

A + prefixed shows that there is another stem from th e same root in another

division.

A. Earl ier L a n g u a g e . [105. īy āy B. alar v.

cākaś, -śya karikṛ, carikṛ V.B.

carkṛ v. carkṛṣ V.B. kanikrand,

-kradya V.B. canīkhud s. kanīkhun B. + ganīgam V.B. + jāgam v.

+ galgal B. jaṅgah v. jogu V.B. 1 jargur v. 2 jargur, jal-

gul v.

f carcar V.B. calcaljCācalv.B.

jañjapya B . + jañjabh v.s.

tantas v. tetij V.B. tavītu v.

totudya s. tartṛ, tartur,

tarītṛ v. tātrasya B. dandaś v. dediś, -śya V.B. dedī B. dardṛ, dādṛ V.B. davidyut V.B. dandramya B. dodru B. dedhī B. + davidhu v. dardhṛ, dādhṛ

V.B.

nannam, -mya navīnu, nonu v. nonudya B. pāpat v. panīpan V.B. p e p i ś V.B. popruth v. panīphaṇ, pam-

phaṇ v.s. parphar v, balbal B.

b ā b a d h , bad-badh V.B.

barbṛh v. jarbhur v. + jarbhṛ, bharī-

bhṛ v.

1 memī v. memih B. 2 memī v. + momuh s. marmṛj, -jya,

marīmṛjya marmṛd v. m a r m ṛ ś , marī-

mṛśya V.B. māmṛṣ s. malimluc s. yaṃyam v. 1 y o y u v. 2 yoyu V.B. yavīyudh v. yoyupya B.S. rāraj v.

rārandh v. rārap v. rerih, -hya V.B.

2 roru v. roruc v.

+ lālap

V.B.

lelī B.S. v ā v a c v. vāvad, -dya V.B. v a n ī v a n v.

+ v a n ī v ā h y a B . s .

+ v ā v a ś v. v e v i c s. v e v i j , -jya v. v e v i d v. v e v i ṣ , -ṣya V.B. vevī , -īya V.B. varīvṛ V.B. varīvṛj v. varvṛt, varīvṛt ,

-tya V.B.

vevl īya B. ś o ś u c V.B. ś ūś uj v. caniścad v. ś ā ś v a s v.

sanīṣan v. seṣidh v. so ṣū v.



V . SECONDARY CONJUGATION-STEMS, 2 3 3

sarsṛ v. + sarīsṛpya B. kaniṣkand, ca-

niṣkad v.

coṣkūya v. taṃstan

v.

paniṣpad v. saniṣyad Y.B.

sanisras v. saniṣvan v. jaṅg han, -nya

V.B.

ghanīghan v. jarhṛ ṣ

V.B.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [21.] caṅkram, -mya + jaṅgam B . +

jāgṛ + carcūrya cekit v.c. + jañjabhya B . +

daridrā B.C. + dodhū V.E. nānad, -dya nenij nenīya

pepīya B.C. poplūya B. + bobudh B.C. bobhū yāyaj B . +

yāyā B . + + 1 roru + lel ih B. + lolup, -pya B. +

johū

C. Later Language. [41.] jāgadya c. + galgalya c.

jeglya jāghaṭ c. jājam E. ja rij ṛmb h c. jājval, -lya tātapya

dandah, -hya c. dedīpya darīdṛśya c.

dādhmāya c. + dodhūya dandhvan E. nānardya c. narīnṛt, -tya c. pāpacya c. pāpaṭh, -ṭhya c. panīpadya c. bobhuj, -jya c. + barībhṛ c.

bambhram, -mya c.

+ momuhya B. marīmṛ c. rāraṭ rārāsya E. + rorūya rorud, -dya rorudh E. + lālapya + lelihya

loluṭh c. lolubhya c. + v ā v a h c. + v ā v ā ś y a E. śośubhya E. + sarīsṛp c.

jāhasya B. johu c. jarīhṛ o. jehrīya c.

3 . Desiderative Stems. [i62,]

A prefixed + in either class indicates that from the same root is made also a stem of the other class.

a. Stems without i. [ 1 2 2 . ]

A. Earlier Language.

[48.]

īrtsa V.B. cukṣūṣa B.

jigāsa B . jugukṣa v. + cicarṣa B. 2 cikīṣa cikṣīṣa B. cichitsa B. +Jujyūṣa,jijy-B.

jijyāsa V.B. tūtūrṣa v. titṛtsa V.B.

titṛpsa v. dip-,dhīpsa V.B. dhīkṣa B. didāsa didhiṣa v. dhīṣa v. didhyāsa B. dudhūrṣa V.B. inakṣa v. ninitsa v.s. pi pī ṣa v. piprīṣa v.

ṁimikṣ a iyakṣa V.B. yiyapsa s. yiyaṁsa B. yuyūṣ a v. ririkṣa v. 1 rurukṣa v. vivās a v. vivats a B. vivṛkṣ a B. vivṛts a V.B. vivyatsa B.

ś uś ukṣ a v. ś uś uts a s. ś iś l ikṣ a v. sisaṅkṣa B. siṣāsa V.B. s ī kṣa V.B. sisīrṣa B. t ist īrṣa B. tustūrṣa B.S.

j ihīṣa v. 1 juhūṣa s. 2 juhūṣa B .



234 INDEXES.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [4 4. ] īpsa cikīrṣa + j igāṁsa 1 j ig īṣa v.c. + jugupsa B . + + jighṛkṣa B. +

jighatsa 1 cikīṣa B. + cikitsa 2 j ig īṣa

jijñāsa t i t ikṣa

t it īrṣa B . + ditsa d u d u k ṣ a , du-

dhu- v.c. didṛkṣa dudrukṣa, du-

dhru- B.C. dhitsa ninīsa 2 pitsa B.C. pipāsa + bībhatsa

bibhitsa V.E. bubhūṣa bubhūrṣa B . + mīmāṃsa mumukṣa mokṣa B. + mumūrṣa s.+ yuyutsa ripsa B.C. rurutsa B. +

2 rurukṣa

l ipsa vivakṣa B. + 2 vivitsa B. + ś ikṣa śuśrūṣa sisṛkṣa B. + sisṛpsa t iṣṭhāsa B. + suṣupsa B . +

jighāṃsa

jihīrṣa

C. Later Language. [30.

cikrīṣa c. cikṣipsa c. cikhyāsa c. cicīṣa c. ^itāṃsa c. t ityakṣa c.

didhakṣa didikṣa c.

didrāsa c. didhīrṣa c. ninaṁsa c. nunutsa c. + 1 pitsa c. pupūṣa c.

+ pipṛkṣa c. bubhutsa ś.

bubhukṣa mimaṅksa c. mitsa c. yiyakṣa E. yiyāsa yuyukṣa

riraṁsa

+ 1 v i v i t s a c. 1 vivikṣa 2 v i v i k ṣ a E. tuṣṭūṣa c. siṣṇāsa E. pispṛkṣa

jihāsa c.

b . S t e m s w i t h i . [ 4 0 . ] A. Earlier Language. [12.]

edidhiṣa B. cikramiṣa B. + jigrahīṣa B.

+ cicariṣa B. j ijaniṣa B. didīkṣiṣa B.

+ pipatiṣa V.B. ruruciṣa B. vivadiṣa B.S.

ś iśās iṣa s. t iṣṭ ighiṣa B.

jihiṃsi ṣa B.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [5.] a ś i ś i ṣ a B . + + jigamiṣa B .+

+ j i j īviṣa B . + + bibādhiṣa B . C + v i v i d i ṣ a B. +

O. Later Language. [23.]

eṣiṣ iṣa c. ī c ikṣ i ṣa c. cikartiṣa c. cikrīḍiṣa c. cikhādiṣa

j igadiṣa E.

+ jugupiṣa B. cicalisa c. cucumbiṣa c. ninartiṣa c. + pipṛchiṣa c.

bibhaksisa B.

bibhaṇiṣa c. mimardiṣa B. rirakṣiṣa E. rurudiṣa c. vivandiṣa c.

vivarṣ iṣa E.

vivrajiṣa c. ś iśayiṣa c. śuśobhiṣa c. ś iśariṣa c. ś iśramiṣa c.

For desideratives from causatives, see below, under VI.



V . SECONDARY CONJTJGATION-STEMS. 2 3 5

4. Causative Stems, [ses.]

A. Earlier Language. [100.] āmaya V.B. āvaya V.B. 2 āsaya B. i laya V.B.S.

iṣaya RV. kṛntaya s. kṛpaya V.B. krāthaya B. krūḍaya B. 1 kṣayaya v. gādaya s. gāyaya B. gulphaya s. gūrdhaya v. gṛbhaya v. grāsaya B.S. caksaya V.B. 2 cātaya V.B. citaya v. chadaya V.B. chāyaya B.

jambhaya V.B. jyotaya v. taṃsaya V.B. tamaya B.S.

tuj ay a v. tośaya v. tuṣaya v. turaya v. tardaya s. daṃsaya v. dakṣaya B. dambhaya V.B. dāsaya V.B. dāśaya B. dṛṃhaya dyutaya v. dhanaya v. dhvasaya v. dhvanaya V.B. nabhaya B. nambhaya B.S. nardaya B. nāvaya B. pāthaya

B.S.

panaya v. spāśaya pinvaya B. prothaya s. phāṇaya

baṃhaya B. barhaya v. bhrāśaya v. maṃhaya v. maṇṭaya B. mandaya v. mekṣaya B.S. marcaya mradaya B.

yāvaya V.B. yopaya raṃhaya v. raj ay a v. 1 ranaya v. riṣaya v. rucaya v. 1 ropaya B. re jay a v. limpaya s. ukṣaya v. vakṣaya v. vājaya vātaya v. vānaya v. 2 vāpaya s.

valgaya s. 1 vāsaya V.B. vāś aya v.s. vipaya v. vīḍaya barhaya v. śiñjaya B.S. śucaya v. śundhaya V.B. śubhaya V.B. ścotaya B.S. śnathaya v. śyāyaya B. śrathaya V.B. ś vañcaya v. sāpaya B. sāvaya s. sphāvaya B. srevaya v. ś rīvaya

v.

2 hāsaya v. heḍaya v. hūrchaya K. hvalaya B. hvāraya B.


añjaya s. +

ādaya B. +

ānaya arcaya arhaya s. + āśaya B. + 1 āpaya B. + iṅgaya

īkṣaya īṅkhaya īraya ukṣaya s. +

arjaya s.+

ardaya ardhaya

ejaya B.C. edhaya s.+ kāmaya kampaya B . + kālaya B. + kāśaya kopaya kūḍaya kūlaya s. + kāraya B . + 1 kartaya s. + karśaya kalpaya krandaya krāmaya B . +

krīḍaya s. + krodhaya

kledaya s. + kvāthaya s.+ kṣāraya B. + kṣālaya B. + kṣodaya v.c. khānaya s. + gāmaya garhaya B. + gūhaya s. + grāhaya B. + ghoṣaya

ghāraya cāmaya B. +

cāraya B. + cetaya

cintaya B. + codaya ceṣṭaya B. + cyāvaya chadaya chandaya chedaya s. + chardaya B. +

janaya jāsaya B . + j īvaya joṣaya

jāraya



V . SECONDARY CONJUGATION-STEMS. 2 3 7

añcaya c. 1 āsaya E. + āyaya c. indhaya c. 1 eṣaya c. ichaya E. 2 eṣaya E.+

īḍaya c. 1 uhaya c. 2 ūhaya E. katthaya E. kalaya E. + kāsaya c. kāṅkṣaya E. kuñcaya E.+ kocaya E. + kuṭṭaya c. kothaya c. kūṇaya c. kīraya E. 2 kartaya c.

karṣaya

B.+

krośaya klāmaya c. kleś aya E. + kvaṇaya c. kṣāmaya E. + 2 kṣayaya E .+ kṣepaya E . + kṣobhaya E. + kṣveḍaya E. khādaya E. +

khedaya E. + khelaya c. gālaya c. gāhaya c. guṇṭhaya c. gopaya E . + gumphaya c. gūraya c. giraya c. granthaya E. grathaya c. ghāṭaya E. +

ghaṭṭaya E. + ghūrṇaya o. gharṣaya E. cakāsaya c. cāṭaya c. carcaya E. + carvaya c. cālaya E. + cāyaya c. cumbaya c. coraya E. +

cūṣaya c. cyotaya c. choḍaya c. churaya E. + choraya c.

jāvaya c. jṛmbhaya c. jvaraya c. ṭaṅkaya c. ḍambaya c.

ḍāyaya c. ḍvālaya c. ḍhāukaya c. tāḍaya E. + tarkaya E. + tarj ay a E. + tejaya E . + todaya E. + tolaya E. + tulaya E. + tyājaya E .+ trapaya c. troṭaya c. dayaya c. dālaya dāhaya deśaya dehaya

1 devaya c. 2 devaya dāvaya c.

dolaya c. darpaya

darbhaya c. dveṣaya c. dhukṣaya dhūnaya nāṭaya c. nādaya nāyaya pāṭhaya c. paṇaya c. pothaya 2 pāraya c.

phālaya E. bolaya c. bṛṃhaya bhartsaya bhikṣaya c. bhedaya bhūṣaya bhāraya E. bharjjaya c. bhraṃśaya

bhrājaya maṇḍaya

māthaya mārgaya melaya c. mocaya moṭaya c. muṣaya c. mrakṣaya c. mṛkṣaya E. mardaya marṣaya mreḍaya yāsaya yojaya racaya rañjaya 2 raṇaya c riṅgaya c. rodhaya rundhaya E. 1 roṣaya 2 roṣaya c.

lakṣaya lāgaya c. laṅghaya lajjaya c. lambaya lālaya lāsaya lepaya lāyaya c. 1 loṭhaya c. 2 loṭhaya c.

luṇṭhaya c. loḍaya lolaya lokaya locaya vadhaya E. vandaya E. vāmaya o. valaya c. vaś aya c.

vāñchaya E. 2 vāhaya c. vecaya c. 2 vedaya E. veṣ aya vījaya 2 vāraya vedhaya E. vrīḍaya c. śaṅkaya c. 2 śāmaya śeṣaya ślathaya c. ślāghaya sañjaya sajjaya sāhaya siñcaya E. sīvaya c. sevaya c. skambhaya c.

skhalaya c. stambhaya

C L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [190.]



23 8 INDEXES.

stāraya sthagaya c. sphāṭaya c. sphoṭaya

sphāraya sphur ay a c. smāyaya c. smāraya

1 hāsaya c. hinsaya E. hikkaya c.

helaya hvāyaya c. hreṣaya E.

The causative stems showing a p added to a final vowel may be given by themselves, as follows (with headings of divisions omitted): [33.]

kṣāpaya kṣepaya v. gāpaya B. +

jāpaya B.S. 2 dāpaya s.

drapaya B. 2 dhāpaya V.B.

śrāpaya B. 2 hāpaya V.B.

2 āpaya B. + arpaya

khyāpaya B. + glāpaya

ghrāpaya B . + jñāpaya

1 dāpaya 1 dhāpaya

1 māpaya B . + mlāpaya

yāpaya B. + 2 lāpaya B. +

vāpaya śrapaya

sthāpaya snāpaya

knopaya c. kṣapaya

kṣmāpaya c. dhmāpaya

2 māpaya smāpaya

1 hāpaya hrepaya c.

Finally, the bastard stems with āp added (as in Prakrit) to a final consonant: [11.]

aśāpaya s. kṣālāpaya s.

krīḍāpaya E. kṣamāpaya c.

j īvāpaya

dīkṣāpaya E. bhidāpaya c.

bhuñjāpaya c. melāpaya c.

l ikhāpaya c. vardhāpaya

VI. TERTIARY (derivative from secondary) CONJU-

GATION-STEMS. [202.]

la. Passives from Desideratives. [ n . ] cikitsya E. +

jijñāsya E. + jñīpsya c.

dhitsya c. mīmāṃsya v.+ rurutsya B.S.

l ipsya B. vivakṣya c. śikṣya c.

śuśrūṣya B. + j ihīrṣya c.

lb. Passives from Causatives. [ 1 4 7 . ]

A. Earlier Language. [9.] iṅgya B‚

īkṣya s. ghārya s.

jyotya B. dāhya B.

dohya B. pāyya s .

bhajya V.B. vary a B.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [28.] arcya B.E.

īrya B. + kālya s. + kalpya B . + cintya B. +

codya s.+ chādya s.+

jñāpya B. + jvālya B. + tāpya B.E. dīpya B.E. dhārya B . + pādya B . + pīḍya B . +

pyāyya B. + bhakṣya B. + bhraṃśya s. + bhrāmya B. + yātya B . + vādya B. + 2 vāsya B . +

v e ś y a s. + ve ṣ ṭ ya B . + vartya B. + śrapya B. + sādya B . + sārya B . + sthāpya B. +



V I . TERTIARY CONJUGATION-STEMS. 239 C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 1 1 0 . ]

esya E. arpya c. ardya kampya c. kās ya c. kāś ya B. kārya krāmya c. krodhya E. kvāthya kṣobhya

khyāpya c. gopya E. grāhya c. ghāṭya ghaṭṭya c. ghoṣya c. ghūrṇya c cārya cālya E. corya c. chandya

jāsya E. ḍambya c. tāḍya tarkya tarjya E. todya

tolya c.

toṣya c. tārya tarpya E. tyājya c. trāsya E. tvarya E. dālya c. dūṣya dārya dyotya c.

drāvya E. dhmāpya B. dhāpya c. dhukṣya c. nādya nāmya nodya pācya E. pāṭya c. pāṭhya c. pātya pāvya c. pūjya pūrya pārya c. plāvya c. bodhya B.

bhartsya

bhāsya c. bhāvya mānya mocya c. mohya c. mārya mārjya c. mardya c. yās ya E. yojya c.

yodhya E. racya c. rādhya E. rocya B. rodhya E. roṣya ropya lakṣya laṅghya c. lambya lālya c. lāsya c. lāpya c. luṇṭhya c. loḍya lopya c.

lobhya

lokya c. vācya c. vañcya 1 v ā s y a E. vāhya v e d y a vījya vārya varjya vyathya c.

vrājya B. 1 ś āmya 2 śāmya E . ś eṣ ya c. ś ocya c. śodhya ś oṣ ya c. ślathya c. śrāmya śrāvya sādhya smārya sraṃsya B. s vādya c. svarya c. hārya

2. Desideratives from Causatives. [38.]


āpipayiṣa B. cikalpayiṣa B .

jijanayiṣa B. titarpayiṣa B.S . didrāpayiṣa B. pipāyayiṣa B .

bibhāvayiṣa B. mumodayiṣa B. rirādhayiṣa B .

lulobhayiṣa B . vivārayiṣa B. sthāpayiṣa B .

B. E a r l i e r a n d L a te r L a n g u a g e . [5.]

didarśayiṣa s. + didharayiṣa s.c. pipādayiṣa B. + bibhakṣayiṣa s.+ siṣādhayiṣa s.+

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [21.]

cukopayiṣa B. cikārayiṣa cukṣobhayiṣa E. cikhyāpayiṣa c.

j ijīvayiṣa E. nināśayiṣa c.

bubodhayiṣa bibhedayiṣa B. mimānayiṣa B. mumocayiṣa

mumokṣayiṣa R.

mimārayiṣa c. mimardayiṣa B. riramayiṣa c.

vivedayiṣ a E.

vivardhayiṣa

sisādayiṣa E. sisārayiṣa c. siṣevayiṣa c. stambhayiṣa E. sismāpayiṣa B.



240 INDEXES.

3a. Causatives from Intensives.

jāgaraya B. + dandaśaya c dādhāraya B. varīvarjaya v.

3b. Causatives from Desideratives.

cikīrṣaya c. ś ikṣaya E . +

VII. SUNDRIES.

1. Passive Aorists (third persons singular). [ 9 2 . ] The unaugmented form is given, if the augmented does not occur.


ārdhi B. kṣāyi B .S . ghoṣi v. aceti v. achedi a j a m V.B.

atāyi B. atāpi V.B. atari V.B. dāyi V.B. adarśi v. apāti B.

apāyi v. aprāyi v. abhāri V.B. abhrāji v. 2 amāyi B. amyakṣi v.

ayāmi

V.B.

ayāvi B. arādhi V.B. areci aroci v. lopi s.

avaci V.B. vandi v. vāpi B. avedi v. avāri v. varhi v.

śaṃsi v. ś e ṣ i aśoci v. aśāri V.B. aśrāyi v. asañji B.

asādi v. aseci B.S. asāvi v. asāri B. asarji astāvi v.

astāri v. syandi B. svani v. ahāyi V.B. ahāvi v.


āpi B . +

akāri

agāmi v.c

ajñāyi adhāyi

apādi

abodhi abhedi B.B. 1 amāyi

amoci ayoji v.c.

aśrāvi v.c.


āsi c .

āikṣi c. ohi c. akūji c. agādi c. aṭaṅki c. adhāri c.

apūri c. abhakṣi c.

abhāji c. abhāṇi c abhāvi c. abhrāmi E. omajji c. amoṣi c. araci c.

arambhi c.

aropi c. alepi c. aloki c. avoci c. avādi c. avadhi c. avāhi c. aveś i c.

aśobhi c. asedhi c. astambhi c. asthāyi c . asnāyi c. asvāpi c. ahāsi c.

ahāri c.



V H . SUNDRIES. 2 4 1

2. Aorist Optatives (including Precatives). [us.]

T h o s e s t e m s f r o m w h i c h a c t u a l p r e c a t i v e f o r m s ( w i t h s i b i l a n t b e t w e e n m o d e -s i g n a n d e n d i n g ) a r e m a d e a r e t o b e r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e i r final s i b i l a n t . T h e

o p t a t i v e s o f t h e a-aor i s t (2d f o r m ) a r e n o t i n c l u d e d ( e x c e p t i n g v i deṣ ṭa ) . T h e

a o r i s t - s t e m s h e r e i n s t a n c e d h a v e a l l b e e n g i v e n a b o v e , i n t h e a o r i s t - l i s t s , w h e t h e r o th e r t h a n o p t a t i v e - f o r m s a r e m a d e f r o m t h e m o r n o t

a. Active Stems. [63.] A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [48.]

adyās K. avyā, -yās

aśyā, -yās āpyās B. iyās s . uhyā B. aryā B. ṛdhyā, -yās kriyā, -yās gamyā, -yās ghrāyā s .

j īvyās

jñeyā v . tṛdyā s .

trpyās B. daghyās v . dahyā E. deyā v . dīdyās B.S. dheyā v . nindyā B. peyās v . priyās v . bhidyā B .

bhriyā, -yās B. bhramyā s .

bhrājyās v . majjyā B. mṛṇyā B. mṛdyās B.S. mṛdhyā v . yamyās v . yūyā, -yās v . n . yujyā v . rājyās s . rādhyās

ucyās B. udyā, -yās B.S . badhyā, -yās uhyā s . vṛjyā, -yās v . śakyā v . saghyās B.S. sāhyā, -yās v . sicyā B .S . stheyā v . supyā s . svidyā s .

B. E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [ 5 . ]

iya B. +

jayyā B.E. pusya, -yās B.C. bhuya, -yās śruya, -yas v.c.

C. L a t e r L a n g u a g e . [10.]

asya E. kīryā c.

jāyā

juṣyā c. dīryā c nudyā

prīya c. brūyās E.

rudhyā c. spṛśyā E.

b. Middle Stems. [ 5 5 . ] A. E a r l i e r L a n g u a g e . [ 5 4 . ]

aśī idhī v . indh- , idhiṣī

B.S. ar ī v .

ṛdhī v . edhiṣī V.B . gmī B.

gmiṣī B . cucyuvī v .

janiṣī, -ī ṣ

tāriṣī v . trāsī v . diṣī v . dhukṣī B. darṣīṣ v . dhiṣī, dheṣī B.S. dhrājiṣī B. naśī v : nasī v .

padīṣ v . pṛcī v . s .

pyāyiṣ ī s . pyāsiṣī bhakṣī, -īṣ bhukṣiṣī B.S. mandiṣī V.B. maṃsī, -ī ṣ v . masī v . mucīṣ v . mukṣī V.B. mudī v . modiṣīṣ v .

murī v . mṛkṣīṣ v . yakṣī B. yamī v . yāsisīṣ V.B. rāsī v . rucī B. roc-, ruciṣī V.B. lapsī s . lopsī B. vaṃsī, vasī v .



242 INDEXES.

vaniṣīṣ v.

vaṃsiṣī v. vandiṣī v.

videṣ v.

vurī V.B. vardhiṣī B.S.

sakṣī v.

sākṣī V.B. sāhiṣī v.

sasahīṣ v.

stṛṣī v.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [1.] rīriṣiṣ v.c.

Here may be added the problematical optatives in eṣ from roots in ā: namely, khyeṣ B.S., geṣ V.B.S., jñeṣ V.B., deṣ B.S., y e ṣ v., seṣ B. , stheṣ V.B.; and jeṣ V.B.S. (√ ji ).

3. Periphrastic Perfects (primary conjugation). The periphrastic perfects of secondary conjugation (very numerous for the cau-

sative, quite rare for the desiderative, unknown for the intensive, except √ jāgṛ) are not given. With vidām are made also a periphrastic aorist (B.) and

present (c) . The headings of the divisions are omitted.

cāyaṁ kṛ B. tāyāṁ kṛ B.

bibhayāṁ kṛ B. layāṁ kṛ B.

vasaṁ kṛ B. vidāṁ kṛ B.S.

vyayaṁ kṛ B. juhavāṁ kṛ B.

asāṁ kṛ B . + īkṣaṁ kṛ B . + edhaṁ kṛ, bhū B.C. ayāṁ kṛ ujhāṁ kṛ c.

jā garām as c.

jay am as c. dayām as c.

nayam as, kṛ E. bibharām bhū c.

smayam as E. h v a y ā m a S j k ṛ E .

4. Vedic Sibilant Presents (first persons singular). a r c a s e

o h i ṣ e

ṛ ñ j a s e

k ṛ ṣ e

g ā y i ṣ e gṛṇīṣe punīṣe yajase

stuṣe hiṣe

There are certain odd or questionable forms given here and there under the roots above, of which no account is made in the Indexes. Those most worthy of note are as follows:

Pres. āitat, iṅkṣva, inttām, kurmi, kṣāmat, gṛhī-, glapet, ji ha rti, chāyati, achinam atṛṇam abhanas, ja jhat ī, ja ñja tī , jña, tandrat, ta-ruṣa- vanuṣa-, dadīyam, dadāyant, dūṣya-, dughāna, dhuṅgdhvam, duhīya-, dart, dhunet, participles like namāna,nahyus, pīpṛhi pipīpṛhi, apiprata, pṛkṣase , bhuñjīyāt yuñjīyāt śaṃsīyāt, bhuraja saraja, minīt, rīṣant, lāyata (√ i + nir ?), vāda, ude- upe- uṣa-, śmasi , avāk-sam, avāstam, vema, tiṣṭhāsam, śruvat, j ihīthām, hiṃsi.

Perf. erire, jigāhīre, jakṣīyāt, dīdidāya, dudūhus, vavavruṣas, māmada- vāvṛdha- vāvṛṣa- suṣūda-, sīdatus, siṣet.

Aor. āpīpipat, aprāiṣit , akat, ajīgṛbham, cacārīt, neṣa puṣa parṣa, abhāriṣam hāriṣīt hvāriṣus, ririṣes, vam, avarīvur.

Fut. gṛhīṣyati, grahiṣyati.

Sec Conj. ajagrabhāiṣan, titikṣmahe sisṛkṣmas, prathayi, jī jahi . Sunds. cukrūḍāyati.



INDEX OF ROOTS. Arranged in reversed alphabetical order.

T h e d e s i g n a t i o n o f p e r i o d s i s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e v e r b - f o r m s o n l y . R o o t s h a v i n g n o s u c h f o r m s a r e l e f t u n d e s i g n a t e d . I t s e e m e d b e t t e r n o t t o c l a s s i f y b y p e r i o d s ; b u t i t m a y b e a d d e d t h a t o f t h e m o r e t h a n 800 r o o t s h e r e r e c o r d e d a s m a k i n g -fo rm s o f c o n j u g a t i o n , n e a r l y 200 o c c u r o n l y i n t h e e a r li e r l a n g u a g e , n e a r l y 500

i n b o t h e a r l i e r a n d l a t e r , a n d l e s s t h a n 150 o n l y i n t h e l a t e r l a n g u a g e . k ā v.B.s.

k h ā (khan) 1 gā v. + 2 gā v. +

chā v. +

j ā v . + jñā v. + tā (1 tan) s tā

sthā v. + 1 dā v. + 2 dā v. + 3 d ā v . + 4 dā B . +

1 dhā v. + 2 dhā v. +

m nā s . + snā v. + 1 pā v.+ 2 pā v. + sphā B. + bhā v. +

1 m ā v. + 2 m ā v.+ 3 m ā V.B.

dhmā(dham) kṣmā c

y ā v.+ khyā v. +

jyā V.B.S.

styā B.C . dhyā B. + p y ā v.+ v y ā v. + ś y ā v. +

1 rā v. + 2 rā V.B.

ghrā v. + trā v. +

1 drā v. +

2 drā v. +

daridrā (1 drā)

prā V.B.

śrā v. +

lā c glā v. +

m lā v. +

ś l ā B.

1 v ā v. + 2 v ā v. + 3 v ā (van) ś v ā (śū) h v ā (hu) ś ā v.+ k ṣ ā V.B.S.

1 sā v. + 2 sā (san)

p sā V.B.

1 hā v. + 2 hā v. + 1 i v.+ 2 i V.B.

1 ci v. +

2 ci v.+ 1 j i v.+

2 j i V.B.

t i c di (3 dā) dhi B . +

pi v . + 1 m i v. +

2 m i (mī) sm i v. +

ri V.B.S.

jri v. ś r i v. + v i (2 v ā) ś v i (ś ū) ś i (śā) 1 k ṣ i V . B .

2 k ṣ i v. + s i (1 sā) h i v.+

j ī (jyā) ḍī E . +

stī (styā) 1 dī V.B.

2 dī V.B.S.

dīdī (2 dī) dhī v.+ d ī d h ī (dhī)

n ī v.+ 1 pī (pi)

2 pī (pīy) b h ī v. + m ī v.+ rī (ri) krī v.+ prī v. + bhrī v. 1 śrī V.B.

2 śrī (śrā) hrī v. +

1 lī v. +

2 l ī B.S.

p lī B .

blī (vlī) V lī V.B.S.

1 VĪ V.B.

2 v ī (vyā) 1 Cī V.B.S.

2 ś ī v.+

3 ś ī (ś y ā )

kṣī (2 k ṣ i )

s i 1 u v. 2 u (2 v ā ) k u ( k ū ) s k u V.B.

gU V.B.

ū r ṇ u ( l vṛ) k ṣ ṇ u V.B.S.

t u v. 1 s t u v. + 2 s t u du v.+ dhu (dhū) 1 n u v. + 2 n u V.B.S.

s n u B. +

h n u v.+ 1 y u v. + 2 y u V.B.S.

c y u v. + d y u c .

1 ru v. + 2 ru V.B.

k;ru dru v. + dhru (dhvṛ) pru V.B.S.

1 ś r u v.+

2 ś r u (sru)



244 INDEX OF ROOTS.

sru v . + hru (hvṛ) plu v . + k ṣ u B. +

s u v . + h u v . + k ū v . +

j ū v . + 1 dū (du) 2 dū dhū v . + n ū (1 nu) k n ū B.C.

p ū v . + bhū v . + m ū (mīv) syū (sīv) drū V.B.

brū v . + l ū B. +

ś ū v . + s ū v . + h ū v . + ṛ v . + 1 kṛ v . + 2 kṛ v . + 3 kṛ v .

skṛ (I. 2 kṛ) 1 gṛ v . + 2 gṛ v . + 3 gṛ v . +

jāgṛ (3 gṛ)

ghṛ v . + 1 j ṛ v . + 2 j ṛ v .

tṛ v . + stṛ v . + 1 dṛ v . + 2 dṛ B . +

dhṛ v . +

nṛ 1 pṛ v . + 2 pṛ

v .

+

3 pṛ B. +

spṛ V.B.S.

sphṛ V. +

bhṛ V.+ 1 mṛ V. + 2 mṛ V.B.

smṛ V. + 1 vṛ V. + 2 vṛ v . +

dhvṛ v . + hvṛ V. + 1 śṛ v . +

2 śṛ (śrā) 3 ś ṛ (śri) sṛ V. + 1 hṛ v . + 2 hṛ V . B .

ca k c .

tak v .

vak (vañc) śak v . +

ṭīk c .

sṛk lok B . +

ḍhauk E. + phakk c . hikk c . ṭaṅk c . śaṅk B. + tark E. + rikh v . l ikh v . + riṅkh c .

īṅkh v . +

sthag c . la g B . +

vlag v . aṅg c .

raṅg c . vlaṅg (vlag) t vaṅ g c . iṅg v . + riṅg c . mārg B .+ valg v . +

jagh c. dagh V.B.

sagh V.B.S.

ślāgh B . + stigh B. migh (mih) laṅgh s . + śiṅgh ac v . +

khac E. + tac (tañc) pac v . + vyac V.B. rac E. +

vac v. + tvac sac V.B.

yāc v . + ric v . +

1 vic v . + 2 vic (vyac) sic v . + uc v . +

kuc s . + tuc muc v . + ruc v . + mruc v . + mluc (mruc) śuc v . + ṛc (arc) pṛc v . +

mṛ c V.B.S.

loc E. +

añc (ac) cañc c . tañc B.S. mañc c . śmañc B. vañc v . + śvañc v . kuñc (kuc) luñc E. + ar c v . + carc E.+ vraśc v . + saśc (sac)

gach (gam)

yach (yam) prach v . + ich ( 1 iṣ) uch ( 1 vas) yuch (2 yu) ṛch (ṛ ) mṛch B. mlech B. + rañch āñch c . lāñch c . vāñch v . + uñch s . + mūrch v . + hūrch B. aj v . + paj v .

bhaj v . + yaj v . + tyaj v . + vyaj (vīj)

1 raj (ṛj) 2 raj v . + bhuraj v . dhraj V.B. vraj v . + va j V.B.S.

svaj v . + bhiṣaj v . saj v . + rāj v . + dhrāj (dhraj) bhrāj v . + tij v . +

nij v . + vij v . +

īj (ej) VĪj E . +

tuj v. 1 bhuj v . + 2 bhuj v . + yuj

v . +

ruj v . + śuj v .

kūj v . + pūj s . + 1 ṛj v . + 2 ṛ j mṛ j v . + vṛj v . +

sṛj v . + ej v . + rej V.B.

majj v . + lajj B. + bhṛjj v . + añ j v . +

khañj c . jañ j v . bhañj v . + rañj (raj) svañj (svaj) sañj (saj) śiñj v . + kuñj c . guñj c .

ṛñj (ṛj) ub j V.B.S.

arj (ṛj) kharj s . garj E . + tarj E.+ sarj V.B. sphūrj v . +

ja jh v . ujh E. +

aṭ E. +

ghaṭ E. + caṭ c .

jhaṭ c . taṭ B .

naṭ c .

paṭ B. +

sphaṭ c . bhaṭ c . raṭ E . +

iṭ V.B. ghuṭ E. + chuṭ c .



INDEX OF ROOTS. 24 5

puṭ c

sphuṭ B . + muṭ c .

truṭ c .

ghaṭṭ E. +

kuṭṭ E. + maṇṭ B. vaṇṭ c .

viṣṭ v . +

ceṣṭ v . +

veṣṭ (viṣṭ)

path

B. + ruṭh E. 1 liiṭh c .

2 luṭh E. +

heṭh aṇṭh c .

kuṇṭh c .

guṇṭh s . + luṇṭh (luṭh) taḍ v . + laḍ c .

drāḍ c .

i ḍ

kṣviḍ E. +

ī ḍ v . + nīḍ

pīḍ v . + krīḍ v . +

vrīḍ E. +

v ī ḍ V.B.S.

hīḍ v . + chuḍ c . * v r u ḍ c .

luḍ s . +

kūḍ v . + krūḍ B. mṛḍ v . +

reḍ B.S.

mreḍ B. +

maṇḍ E. +

hiṇḍ c .

jhaṇ c . p aṇ B . +

phaṇ v . +

bhaṇ B.C. man c . k v a ṇ c .

kūṇ c .

pṛṇ (1 pṛ )

mṛṇ (2 mṛ )

ghūrṇ E. +

at v . + cat V.B.

1 pat v . + 2 pat V.B.

yat

v .

+

v a t v .

śa t v . +

ci t v . +

mrit B.S. mlit (mrit) śv i t v .

ścut v . +

cyut s . c . jyut B. +

dyut v . + ṛt V.B.

1 kṛt v . + 2 kṛt v . +

cṛ t V.B.S.

nṛt v . + pṛt

v ṛ t v . + cint B. + ar t (ṛt)

śnath v .

path B.S. math v . +

vyath v . +

krath B. grath v . +

prath v . +

śrath v . + klath B. ślath c .

kvath B. +

nāth

v . + mith v . + kuth c .

puth E. +

pruth V.B.S.

katth E. + manth

(math) granth

(grath) ad v . + kad E.

khad B. ga d s . + 1 chad

v .

+

2 chad

(chand) da d (1 dā)

nad v . + pa d v . + mad v . + syad(syand) ra d V . B .

mrad (mṛd 1 vrad v .

v a d v . + svad v . + 1 ś ad v .

2 ś a d V .B.S .

kṣad V.B. sad v . + had c .

khād v . +

yād v .

hrād B. + hlād B . + svād (svad) khid v . +

chid v . + nid (nind) bhid v . +

m id (med)

klid s . + 1 v i d v . +

2 v i d v . +

kṣvid B . C svid v . + ud v . +

khud V.B.S.

c ud v . + tu d v . + n ud v . + m ud v . +

rud v . + kṣud v . + s ūd v . + ṛd v . +

chṛd B . + tṛd v . + mṛd

v . + ne d B.

me d v . + skand v . + cand(ścand) ścand v .

chand v . +

tand v .

nand v . +

spand v . + bhand v .

mand V.B. syand v . +

krand v . + kland c .

vand v . + nind v . +

un d (ud)

pibd V.B. ar d (ṛd)

gard B. nard B . + pard c .

kurd E. +

gurd B. gadh v .

dadh (1 dhā)

badh (vadh) vyadh v . +

radh v . +

vadh v . + sadh (sādh) nādh (nāth) bādh v . +

rādh v . + vrādh v . sādh v . +

idh v . + sridh v .

1 vidh v . +

2 vidh (vyadh)

1 sidh v . +

2 sidh v . + dudh v .

budh

v . +

yudh v . + 1 rudh v .

2 rudh v . +

krudh v . +

śudh v . + kṣudh v . + ṛd h v . + gṛdh v . +

spṛdh v . + mṛdh V.B.S.

vṛdh v . +

śṛdh v . +

edh v . +

bandh v . +

randh(radh) indh( idh) vindh v . śundh(śudh) gūrdh v .

spūrdh

(spṛdh) an v . + kan v .

khan v . + ca n v .

jan v . + 1 tan v . + 2 tan v .

stan v . +

da n v .

dhan v . pa n V .B.

bhan v .



24 6 INDEX OF ROOTS.

m a n v . + 1 ran V . B .

2 ran c .

vran c .

śran s . + v a n v . + dhvan v . +

svan v . + ksan v . +

sa n V.B.S.

han v . +

in ( 2 i) v e n V . B .

jap B . +

tap v . + ra p V . B .

trap E. +

lap v . + 1 v a p v . +

2 v a p V.B.S.

svap v . + cap

v . +

kṣap v . +

sap V . B .

āp v . +

rip v .

l ip v . + v i p v . + ś i p

kṣip v . +

di p v . +

k up v . + gup v . +

cup E . +

tup

y u p V.B.S.

rup V.B.

lup v . + mlup (mluc) kṣup E. kṛp V.B.

tṛp v . +

dṛ p v . + sṛp v . + k i p v . +

v e p (vip)

kamp B . + limp (lip)

culump c .

jalp B . + raph v .

riph v . + guph c .

gumph (guph)

gulph s .

ḍamb c . ramb v .

lamb B. +

cumb E. +

skabh (skambh)

gabh (gāh)

jabh( jambh) stabh

(stambh) dabh V.B. nabh V.B.S.

yabh v . +

rabh v . + grabh V.B.S.

labh v . + ribh v . +

ubh v . +

stubh v . +

lubh v . +

śubh v . +

kṣubh v . + subh B. dṛbh B. +

rebh (ribh) skambh v . +

jambh v . +

stambh v . +

dambh

(dabh) 1 rambh

(rabh) 2 rambh c .

śrambh s . +

umbh (ubh)

śumbh (śubh)

sumbh (subh)

jṛmbh v . +

galbh c .

am V.B.

ka m v . + gam v . + cam B. +

ścam v . jam E.

da m c .

tam v . + dam B . +

dham v . +

na m v . +

y a m v . + ram v . + kram v . +

dram B. bhram B. + śram v . +

lam c .

klam E. + v a m v . + 1 ca m V.B.S.

2 cam v . + 3 cam s . + kṣam v . + bhām V.B. ti m B . +

st im E . + ś i m (1 cam)

ay (i )

ca y ( 2 ci)

da y v . + vyay c .

cāy V.B.

tāy B.

pay B.

pīy V.B.

p u y B.S.

īrṣy B . +

ghar (ghṛ)

ca r v . + jhar c .

phar v .

sphar (sphṛ) jvar B. + tvar v . +

dvar svar v . +

kṣar v . +

tsar V.B.S.

1 har V.B.

2 har, hi r

ār v .

kir ( 2 kṛ )

gi r ( 2 gṛ )

tir (tṛ)

īr v . + gu r v . + cur E. +

chur E . + jt--* (1 Jṛ) tur (tṛ)

dhur (dhvṛ) sphur (sphṛ) bhur v .

hu r (hvṛ)

pūr (l pṛ )

mūr(mūrch) kal B. +

skhal B. +

ga l B . +

ca l v . +

ṭal c .

da l E. +

1 phal E. + 2 phal E. +

sphal B.C. bal B .

bhal B . C lal E. +

va l c .

jval B. + ḍval c .

hval B. +

śal c .

kṣal B. + il v . + gi l ( 2 gṛ )

til B.

mil B. +

m i l v . + tul E. +

du l c .

sphul (sphṛ) bu l c .

lul E. + sul B.

kūl s . +

khel E. +

kṣvel E. +

hêl (hīḍ)

khall c .

vei l E. +

av v . + dhav v .

klav c .

tā v v .

1 dhāv v . +

2 dhāv v . +

div

j ī v v . + ṣṭhīv v . + 1 dīv v . + 2 dīv B. +

m ī v V.B.S.

śrīv (srīv)

srīv V.B. s ī v v . + dev ( 2 dīv)

s e v v . + r a ṇ v V.B. dhanv V.B. i n v ( 2 i)

j inv V.B.S.

dhinv (dhi)

pinv v . B . S . carv s . + bharv v .

jūrv v .



INDEX OF ROOTS. 247

turv V.B. thūrv B. dhurv V.B. 1 aś v . +

2 aś v . +

daś (daṃś) 1 naś v . + 2 naś V.B. 1 paś v . + 2 paś

spaś (paś) raś bhraś (bhraṃś)

vaś v . + śaś c . kāś v . +

dāś V.B. vāś v . + diś v . + piś v . + miś (mikṣ) riś V.B. l i ś B.S . kliś B. + v i ś v . + ī ś v . + tuś v . ruś (ruṣ) kruś v . + ṛś B.

kṛś v . + dṛś v . +

Pṛ9 spṛś v . + mṛś v . + aṃś (1 aś) daṃś v . + naṃś (2 naś) bhraṃś v . + rapś v .

kaṣ

v . +

bhaṣ E. + laṣ E. +

bhāṣ 'B. + 1 i ṣ v . + 2 i ṣ v . + piṣ v . + miṣ v . +

riṣ v . + śriṣ (ś l iṣ) cliṣ v . +

v i ṣ v . + tv i ṣ v . c . dviṣ v . + 1 ś i ṣ v . +

2 ś i ṣ (śāṣ) ī ṣ V.B. bhīṣ (bhī) 1 uṣ v . + 2 uṣ (1 vas) kuṣ B.C. ghuṣ v . + ju ṣ v . + tuṣ v . + duṣ v . + puṣ v . + muṣ v . +

ruṣ v . + pruṣ V.B. śruṣ v . pluṣ E. + 1 śu ṣ v . + 2 śu ṣ (śvas) cūṣ c . bhūṣ v . + rūṣ E. +

ṛṣ V.B.S.

kṛṣ v . + ghṛṣ s . + tṛṣ v . + dhṛṣ v . +

Pṛṣ (Pṛś)

mṛṣ v . +

vṛṣ v . + hṛṣ v . +

eṣ (īṣ) yeṣ (yas) bhreṣ V.B. hreṣ E . + heṣ v . + 1 akṣ V.E . 2 ak ṣ V.B.S .

cakṣ v . + 1 jakṣ v . + 2 jakṣ V.B. takṣ v . + dakṣ V.B. nakṣ V.B. bhakṣ v . + yakṣ V.E. myakṣ v . rakṣ v . + krakṣ v . lakṣ B. + vakṣ v . tvakṣ v . sakṣ (sah) nikṣ v . bhikṣ v . + mikṣ V.B.S.

śikṣ (śak) īkṣ v . + dīkṣ v . + 1 ukṣ v . + 2 ukṣ (vakṣ) dhukṣ E. + mṛkṣ v . + mokṣ (muc) kāṅkṣ B. + sūrkṣ B.S. 1 as v . +

2 as v . + kas v . + ghas v . +

jas v . +

tas (taṃs) das v . +

nas v . bhas v . + yas v . + bhyas v . ras B. +

gras v . + tras v . + sras (sraṃs)

hras s . + las E. +

1 vas v . + 2 vas v . + 3 vas v . + dhvas (dhvaṃs)

śvas v . + śas v . +

sas v . + has B. +

ās v . + kās c . cakās E. + dās (das) bhās v . + 1 rās E. +

2 rās (rā) 1 śās v . + 2 śās (śas) hās v .

pis B. taṃs V.B. daṃs v . sraṃs v . + dhvaṃs v . + śaṃs v . + niṃs v . hiṃs v . + bharts v . + ah v . + jah (hā)

dah v . + nah v . + mah (maṃh) yah rah s. +

grah (grabh) glah E. vah v . + sah v . + gāh v . + vāh c . dih v . + snih v . + mih v . + ri h V.B.S.

l ih B. +

īh B. +

guh v . + duh v . + muh v. + ruh v . + druh v . +

1 ūh v . + 2 ūh v . + tṛh V.B.

stṛh s . dṛh v . + spṛh v . + 1 bṛh v . + 2 bṛh (vṛh) vṛh v . + jeh v . aṃh baṃh v . + maṃh v . + raṃh V.B.S.

dṛṃh (dṛh) bṛṃh (vṛṃh) vṛṃh E . + arh v . + garh v . +

valh B. +



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

O f t h e f o l l o w i n g emendanda, s o m e a r e c o r r e c t i o n s o f d i s c o v e r e d o v e r s i g h t s , s o m e a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f c o n t i n u e d c o l l e c t i o n , a n d a l a r g e p a r t a r e g l e a n i n g s f r o m t h e l a s t - i s s u e d p o r t i o n ( t o e n d o f 1) o f Böhtlingk's m i n o r d i c t i o n a r y . A

f e w o b v i o u s m i s p r i n t s a r e p a s s e d u n n o t i c e d . T h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d n e w m a t e -r i a l h e r e g i v e n a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e I n d e x e s .

p . 1, √ ac, 1.1 — r e a d ancati etc. AV.B. - 2, 1. 1 — r e a d ac yat e etc. V.B. - 2, √ aj, 1. 1 — r e a d etc. V.B.

- 2, √ aṭ — t o deriv. a d d aṭ āṭ yā c . - 2, b o t t o m — a d d √ aṇ ṭ h , ' v i s i t ' : pres. aṇṭhati c . ; verb, aṇṭhita

c . ( B Ō . )

- 4, √ arc, 1. 7 — r e a d (arcyate U.E.) .

- 5, 1. 1 — r e a d a ś ī t a etc. V.B.S.

- 6, √ āp, 1. 3 — r e a d 1. āp yāsam AA. , āpi; 1. 12. c o l . 3 — r e a d āpayitṛ u .c .

- 7, √ 1 i, 1. 6 — r e a d ī y ā t etc. B. + ; t o deriv. a d d -āpin c . - 9, √ 1 i ṣ — t o deriv. a d d - e ṣ i ṣ i ṣu c . - 9, √ 2 i ṣ — t o deriv. a d d -eṣitṛ c . - 14, √ ṛ, 1. 8 — r e a d ṛtvā AV.B.U.

- 16, √ ṛ ś , — p e r h a p s ár śat v s . ( x l . 4) b e l o n g s h e r e . - 20, √ k ū , 1. 1 — a d d [2.] k āu t i c . - 26, √ krudh, 1. 8 — r e a d k r ú d h m i RV. - 29, √ k ṣi p , 1. 2 — r e a d c i k ṣe p a etc. U.E. +

- 34, √gam, 1.4 — a d d jagm yātam RV . ; — t o deriv. a d d - j igamiṣā c . - 38, y 1 gṛ, 1. 6 — r e a d -gīrya B.S., a n d a d d gṛṇádhyāi AA. - 40, √ grabh, 1. 10 — f o r agrabhiṣṭa etc. r e a d agrabhīṣata; — t o

deriv. a d d gr āh ayi t avya c .

- 45, 1.1 — r e a d -cámya B. + - 46, 1. 5 — r e a d cālayati s . + - 47, 1. 5, c o l . 4 — r e a d c e ya S.E. - 47, √ cit , 1. 7 — a d d ac i t e RV . - 50, √ chand, 1.1 — d e l e MS. ( B Ö . ) - 50, √ c h u t — t o deriv. a d d choṭana c .

- 54, √ j u ṣ , 1. 2 — a d d ju ju ṣan RV . - 55, √ 1 j ṛ , 1. 2 — r e a d -te etc. B. + ; — t o deriv. a d d -jariṣṇu c . - 56, √ jñā, 1.11 — a d d jñīpsyate c . ; 1.14, c o l . 3 — r e a d jñapana AV.B.



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 249

p . 5 6 , √ jyā, 1. 1 — r e a d j íyate.

- 6 0 , √ tan, 1. 1 6 — r e a d tanitṛ c ; — a d d -titāṃsu c . - 6 1 , √ tap, l a s t 1. — r e a d tāpaka c . - 6 3 , √ tuj, 1. 7 — r e a d túj v . c .

- 6 3 , √ tud, 1. 8 — r e a d - tud S.E.C

- 6 5 , 1. 1 9 , c o l . 1 — r e a d turá v . + - 7 0 , √ dabh, l. 3 — a d d dambhiṣak s . - 7 2 , 1. 1 7 , c o l . 3 — r e a d dāda E . +

- 8 2 , √ dhā, 1. 7 — r e a d dhīmahe V.B. ; 1. 1 6 — a d d adhitsiṣam AA. - 8 4 , √ dhū, 1. 7 — r e a d dhūtvā B.U. - 8 7 , 1. 2 — r e a d dhūrtí RV.MS.

- 8 8 , nam , 1. 1 0 — r e a d namayati etc. v.+, -te c . - 9 1 , 1. 8 — r e a d -tavāí B., -tos B.S. - 9 2 , √ ned, 1. 1 — r ead nédati. - 9 4 , 1 pat, 1. 1 4 , c o l . 4 — r e a d p at ayāl ú A V . C ; 1. 1 6 , col . 3 — r e a d

pātuka B. + - 9 4 , √ pad, 1 . 3 — r e a d Aor. 1. apadi ŚB. ( 3 s . pass.?), apadmahi e t c . - 9 5 , 1. 6 , c o l . 3 — r e a d pāduka B.C. - 9 5 , √ pard — pardate c 1 . i s n o w q u o t a b l e (Bö.), - 9 6 , 1. 2 — r e a d -tavāi B.S. - 9 9 , √ pū, 1. 8 — pupūṣati c' . i s n o w q u o t a b l e (Bö.). - 1 0 1 , √ pṛc, 1. 1 0 , c o l . 4 — r e a d prakṣá? V.AA. - 1 0 1 , √ pyā, 1. 3 — d e l e 4 . apyāsam AA. — - 1 0 2 , y prach — t o deriv. a d d prāś AV. ( s e e J.A.O.S., v o l . x i i i . , p . x l i i . ) ,

pipṛkṣu c - 1 0 3 , 1. 6 — a d d prīṇayitṛ c - 1 0 3 , √ plu, 1. 5 — r e a d -plutya u . s . + - 1 0 6 , √ bādh, 1. 8 — r e a d bibādhiṣate ŚB.C. ; — t o deriv. a d d bādh-

ayitṛ c . - 1 0 7 , √ brū, 1. 2 — a d d bravīthās -īta u . - 1 0 7 , √ bhakṣ, 1. 5 — r e a d bibhakṣayiṣati s . + - 1 1 1 , √ bhikṣ, 1 . 5 - r e a d bhikṣitvā u . c

- 1 1 2 , √ 2 bhuj, 1. 9 — r e a d bhuktvā B . + - 1 1 8 , √ m ad — t o deriv. a d d mandayitṛ c - 1 1 9 , 1. 9 — a d d mananīya c - 1 2 5 , √ mṛc‚ 1. 3 — r e a d mṛktá RV.AA.

- 1 2 5 , √ mṛj, 1. 1 1 — r e a d mṛṣṭvā AV.S. - 1 2 6 , √ m ṛd — t o deriv. a d d -mṛdya c - 1 2 9 , √ yaj, 1. 6 — d e l e — 7 . ayakṣata (3s.) AGS. - 1 3 5 , √ raṭ, 1. 1 — r e a d raṭati. - 1 3 7 , √ ram, l. 2 — r e a d remus et c B. + - 1 4 0 , √ riph, 1. 1 — r e a d -atī AV.B.S.

- 1 4 0 , √ ribh — t o deriv.

a d d rebhin c - 1 4 1 , l. 3 , c o l . 2 — r e a d reṣa B.C.

- 1 4 1 , √ rih, 1. 1 — a d d rehāṇa s .

the roots, verb forms, and primary derivatives of the sanskrit language- whitney

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