the road of revolution 1763-1775 ap us history chevalier fall 2011
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The Road of Revolution1763-1775
AP US HistoryChevalierFall 2011
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The New “American”
• Republicanism- subordination of self-interests to the common good. Stability of society and authority of government lay in its citizenry, not authoritarian or aristocratic rule.
• “Radical Whigs”- wrote about corruption and threats to individual rights (against arbitrary power)
• Local control- “Distance weakens authority”
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Revolution In Thought (1607-1763)
• Early settlers disliked England• America’s distance and isolation weakened
England’s control• Produced rugged and independent people• Allowed colonies to control themselves (laws
and taxes)• Produced a new civilization and culture
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Revolution in Action (1763-1789)
• Taxation without representation• Colonial bloodshed by British• Battles of Lexington and Concord• Declaration of Independence• War and separation with Britain• Writing of the US Constitution• A new nation
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Economic Control of the Colonies
• Theory of Mercantilism to control the colonies– Navigation Laws of 1650
• Currency restrictions• Legislature nullification• Legislation and taxation and how it was
perceived by the colonists– Ultimately, colonists will have to deny both
legislative and taxation authority by Parliament
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Economic Control of the Colonies
• Mercantilism was both good and bad, but it was the principal of the matter:– Colonists: Protection, tobacco monopoly, bounties– Smuggling was common and encouraged
• Theodore Roosevelt:– “Revolution broke out because Britain failed to
recognize an emerging nation when it saw one.”
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King George III
• Despised the colonies for their insubordination.
• Strong supporter of taxing the colonies
• Would not compromise with colonies
• After losing the colonies, he went mentally insane
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Sugar Act 1764
• Indirect tax imposed on sugar imported from W. Indies (irksome?)
• Would pad the coffers of Parliament (140 million pound debt from war)
• Enforcement of Navigation Acts• Quartering Act of 1765
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Stamp Act (1765)
• Revenue for British troops stationed in America
• Commercial and legal documents
• Reasonable and just?• Admiralty courts for
offenders• Taxation w/o rep. and
virtual representation
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Stamp Act Protests
• Stamp Act Congress (significance)
• Non-Importation agreements
• Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty– Tarring and feathering– Ransacking homes of
unwanted officials and tax agents
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Stamp Act Protests
• The Stamp Act was never put into effect
• Large economic impact on Britain
• Declaratory Act– Maintained ‘absolute’
control– 2 lines in the sand
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17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. Champagne the Exchequer. Champagne Charley!Charley!Shift from paying taxes for Br. war Shift from paying taxes for Br. war
debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external tax internal to external tax (indirect).(indirect).Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.
Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.
Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770
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Townshend Protests
• Not as ‘loud’ as that of the Stamp Act– Prosperity– Smuggling– Light and Indirect– Non-importation
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1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..
2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** ““Daughters of LibertyDaughters of Liberty”” ** spinning beesspinning bees
3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock John Hancock’’s ship, the s ship, the LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.
Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend
DutiesDuties
Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend
DutiesDuties
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Boston Massacre Propaganda
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The Boston Massacre
• March 5, 1770• 11 colonists killed or
wounded• Details were somewhat
sketchy• John Adams• Manslaughter
(branded)
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Committees of Correspondence
• Purpose?• Significance?
• In 1772-1773, what was the probability of rebellion against England?
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Boston Tea Party: December 1773
• East India Trading Company
• Forced demand• Continued absence of
local control• Coercive Acts passed as
a result.
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The Massacre of American Liberty
• The Coercive Acts (1774) AKA the “Intolerable Acts”– Boston Port Act– Restriction of chartered rights (Mass. Gov’t. Act)– Quartering Act of 1774– Administration of Justice Act
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Quebec Act (1774)
• Established Roman Catholicism as the official religion on Quebec
• Set up a Govt. without a representative assembly
• Extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River
• American anger
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Bloodshed
• First Continental Congress Convenes (Sept.-Oct. 1774)– Consultative body vs. legislative body (12 colonies)– John Adams’ revolutionary course (close call)– Declaration of Rights, petition and appeals– Creation of the Association
• Total boycott (non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption)
• Not yet calling for independence; no rebellion yet.
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Fateful Drift Toward War
• April 1775- British commander sends troops to nearby Lexington and Concord from Boston– Seize stores of colonial gunpowder and arrest Sam
Adams and John Hancock (rebel leaders)
• Lexington: Colonial “minutemen” refused to disperse quickly enough and shots were fired. – Eight Americans were killed
• Concord: Redcoats forced to retreat
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Fateful Drift Toward War
• Redcoats retreated to Boston– 70 killed and a war on their hands.
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,Here once the embattled farmers stood,And fired the shot heard round the world.- Emerson
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The Line in the Sand
British• 130K (regulars/Hessians)• Domestic feeling• Leadership• Troop treatment/conditions• Ireland• Had to conquer colonists• French problem
Americans• Time for space; no cities• On the defense• Moral advantage• Good leadership• Organization• Sectional differences• Supplies• French
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Second Continental Congress (1775)
• Still not in open rebellion (maintained loyalty)
• Drafted George Washington– Political?– Economic?– Moral?– Social?– Military?
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Second Continental Congress
• Military Actions• Olive Branch Petition
– Prohibitory Act (1775) and the hiring of German mercenaries (guns for hire)
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Bunker Hill (June 1775)
• True battle fought outside of Boston• Breed’s Hill• British forces attacked and took the hill
– >1000 British casualties– American or British victory?
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Bunker Hill
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• June 17, 1775• The British suffered over
40% casualties.• 2,250 men• 1,054 injured• 226 killed
• Americans: Moral victory
• 800 men• 140 killed• 271 wounded
• King George sends 10,000 Hessian soldiers to help put down the rebellion.
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Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
• January, 1776• Anonymous• It was contrary to
common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small distant island and for people to pledge allegiance to corrupt and unjust government.
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Common Sense
• Republic• Not the first to bring it
up• Power flowed from the
people (popular consent)
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Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Jefferson: the Prosecutor
• Richard Lee of VA• Adopted 7/4/1776• Taxation• Trial by jury• Military dictatorship• Army/trade/violence
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King George’s statue is torn down by Patriots in New York City after the Declaration of Independence is signed by the
2nd Continental Congress
King George’s statue is torn down by Patriots in New York City after the Declaration of Independence is signed by the
2nd Continental Congress
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Purpose of Purpose of GovernmeGovernme
ntnt
Limited Limited GovernmeGovernme
ntnt
EqualityEquality
To preserve himself, his liberty and property
Government of laws not manMen being by nature all free, equal and independent
To secure these rights
History of the present King of England is repeated injuries
All men are created equal
Authority Authority of of
GovernmeGovernmentnt
Natural Natural RightsRights
John Locke
A government’s power comes from the consent of the people.
All people are born free and equal with natural rights to life, liberty and property
Declaration of Independence
The people have the right to abolish an oppressive government and establish a new one.
All men are endowed with certain unalienable rights among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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An excerpt…
• Hang together or hang separately…
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A War Within a War
• Patriots vs. Loyalists (whigs and tories)• Minority Movement as rebellions go• War of Propaganda• “The Americans would be less dangerous if
they had a regular army”• Characteristics of both sides (percentages and
numbers; 16, 50,000, conservative)• Geographic differences
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PatriotsAmericans who supported the
Rebels…..controlled the countryside.
LoyalistsAmericans who
supported England…
controlled the cities…
Loyalist/Patriot
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•March 1776, General
Washington forces the British out of Boston with the
“Seige of Boston”.•British General
William Howe sails his 9,000 soldiers to New York City and set up their military base of
operations.
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Summer and Fall 1776
• New York: 500 ships and 35,000 men• Washington routed at Long Island; fled across
Delaware River• William Howe• Princeton
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PopulationPopulation
ManufacturingManufacturing
MoneyMoney
ArmyArmy
LeadersLeaders
GeographyGeography
NavyNavy
Will to FightWill to Fight
Approximately 7.5 million
Highly developed
Richest country in the world
Large, well trained army plus Hessians
Few officers capable of leading
Strange land---difficult to re-supply troops
Naval world power
Trained soldiers---but no heart
Approximately 2.5 million and 16% loyal to England.
Practically none
No $$$ to support the war
Volunteers, poorly equipped
Dedicated officers plus foreign leaders
Familiar land, easy access to supplies
No navy
Defending homeland---will to fight
Factors Great Britain United States
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Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
The The AmericansAmericans
The BritishThe British
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.
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•Referred to as the Referred to as the ““ten crucial dayten crucial dayss””…Dec. 25…Dec. 25thth to Jan. 3rd to Jan. 3rd
•First major victory for the First major victory for the Continental Army and Washington Continental Army and Washington
•Raised the morale of the American Raised the morale of the American troops as well as the countrytroops as well as the country
•Led to soldiers re-enlisting and future enlistmentsLed to soldiers re-enlisting and future enlistments
•Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc.Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc.
•American Army re-crossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in PennsylvaniaAmerican Army re-crossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in Pennsylvania
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US Delaware
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Surrender/trenton
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Colonial Victories•The Battle of Trenton boosted the morale of the Colonials
•Defeated the feared Hessians (German mercenaries)•Despite the boosted morale the colonies were nearly bankrupt
•France puts itself into financial ruin with economic aid•British General Cornwallis falls back to Yorktown in the Chesapeake Bay•Washington marches his army 300 miles to siege Yorktown with the help of Rochambeau’s French Army and Admiral de Grasse Naval fleet
•Cornwallis realizes that he is trapped and reinforcements will not reach him in time so he surrenders
•Without the French the victory at Yorktown would have been impossible
•Peace at Paris•Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jay•Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognizes America as an independent nation