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82

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CONTENTS-I. Chapter : Muhammed's Prophetic Consciousness

(1, First appearance of the revelation by Muhammed ;2, The transmission of the revelation ; 3, Muhammedand the contemporary soothsayers and poets) . II.Chapter : The Nature of the Revelation (4, The ideaof the revelation ; b, The universal destination of therevelation ; 6, Muhammed's attitude to the earlierrevelation), ; III . Chapter : The Contents of Faith inthe Revelation (7, The idea of God ; 8, Relation to theheathenism and to Christian dogmas ; 9, Eschatology).IV . Chapter : The Bearers of the Revelation (10, Theprophets ; 11, The miracles ; 12, Earthly punishments) .

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Thoughts on Death .

An Oration delivered by the Sheikh-ul-Islam of the British Isles at the MemorialService held on the day that the mortalremains of Queen Victoria were placed intheir tomb .

In the Name of Allah, Merciful,Compassionate!

It , is God who hast guided theminds of all the prophets and teachersfrom Adam to Muhammed to preachand to write His word, and to openour minds to thoroughly understandHis almighty will and prepare ourhearts to do it . It is only of Hisinfinite mercy that we have not longere this been cut off from the landof the living .

Let us pray unto Himto blot out for ever the record of.our manifold transgressions and ournumberless sins . Let us beseechHim so as to number our, days, thatwemayapply our hearts unto wisdomand our minds to the performance ofacts of loving kindness, of charityand of tender mercy, and to awakenand ever increase in us an earnestanxiety about the things belongingto our eternal peace, that we maylive and act as befits True-Believersso to do, in order that when theperiod of our earthly pilgrimage beended we may become the happyhabitants of another country, even

. an heavenly one, and let us prayAllah to prevent us from loving theworld and the things of the world, forGod seeth all that which we do.

Hisis the kingdom of heaven and earth,

THE CRESCENT83

and unto God shall all things return.

He causeth the night to succeed theday, and He causeth the day to suc-ceed the night ; and He knoweththe innermost part of men's breasts .Know then that this present life isonly a toy and a vain amusementand worldly pomp, and the affecta-tion of glory among you, and themultiplying of riches and children,are as the plants nourished by therain, the springing up whereof de-lighteth the husbandman ; after-wards they wither, so that thouseest the same turn yellow, and atlength they become dry stubble .And in the life to come will be asevere punishment for those whocovet worldly grandeur, and pardonfrom God, and favour for those whorenounce it ; for this present life isno other than a deceitful and a

vain provision. Hasten, therefore,O True-Believers, with emulationto obtain pardon from your Lord,and paradise, the extent whereofequalleth the extent of heavenand earth, prepared for those whobelieve in God and His apostles.This is the bounty of God ; Hewill give the same unto whomHe pleaseth ; and God is enduedwith great bounty. No accidenthappeneth in the earth, nor in yourpersons, but the same was enteredin the book of God's decrees beforeHe created it . Verily this is easywith God ; and this is written lestye immoderately grieve for the good

84

which escapeth you, or rejoice forthat which happeneth unto you ; forGod loveth no proud or vaingloriousperson, or those who are covetous,and command men covetousness.It is God who hath created you ;will ye not therefore believe thatHe can raise you from the dead ?What think ye ? The seed whichye emit, do ye create the same, oris God the creator thereof? Godhath decreed death unto you all, andnone shall hinder Him.

He is ableto substitute others like unto you inyour stead, and to produce you again'in a condition or form which yeknow not . Ye know the originalproduction by creation ; will ye not,therefore, believe that God is ableto reproduce you by resuscitation ?What think ye ?

The grain whichye sow, do ye cause the same tospring forth, or doth God cause itto spring forth? If God pleased,verily He could render the samedry and fruitless, so that ye wouldnot cease to wonder, saying, Verilywe have contracted debts for seedand labour ; but we are not per-mitted to reap the fruit thereof.What think ye ?

The water whichye drink, do ye send down the samefrom the clouds, or is God the sen-der thereof ?

If He pleased Hecould render the same brackish .Will ye not therefore give thanks ?What think ye ?

The fire whichye kindle, do ye produce the

tree and the material from whence

THE CRESCENT.

ye obtain the same, or is Godthe producer thereof? He hathordained the same for an ad-monition and a sign, and an advan-tage unto mankind. Whereforepraise the name of thy Lord, thegreat God.

And among His signsanother is that thou seest the landwaste ; but when He sendeth downrain thereon, it is stirred and fer-menteth .

And He who quickeneththe earth will surely quicken thedead, for He is almighty. Fearnot therefore, neither be grieved ;but rejoice in the hope of paradisewhich ye have been promised, forif ye be of those who shall approachnear unto God, thy reward shall berest, and mercy, and a garden ofdelights ; and if ye be of the com-panions of the right hand, thoushalt be saluted with the salutation" Peace be unto thee .

From Godye came and unto Him shall yereturn."

Amin !Asalamo aliekoum warahmat

Allah

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The Future Life.

An Oration delivered by His Honour theSheikh-ul-Islam of the British Isles (AbdullahQuilliam E,fendi) at the Liverpool Mosque.

The mind of the thoughtful Christian is,doubtless, often painfully impressed with theconsequences resulting to thehuman race fromthe fall of man through the disobedience ofEve; and the theory of the ever-enduringatom of '' original sin," implanted as Christiantheology would believe in the heart of everyinfant from the actual moment of its concep-tion, aye, more, for according to this sameChristian theology, the very act by which thechild, the offspring of heaven-born love, iscreated, is tabooed and placed under a ban,and the pious Christian meekly repeats thetime-honoured

formula," In

sin

did

mymother conceive me."

There are others whohave, perhaps, shaken off to a certain degreethe trammels of Christian dogma, by havingdrunk, albeit perhaps not too deeply, atthe Pierian spring, and whose thoughtfulminds are deeply impressed by the apparentconsequences of the scientific doctrine ofheredity, for probably no other branch ofmodern science falls with such a crushingweight upon the mind of a thinking man asthe thought of his own existence as an in-dividual, and of his spontaneity as an agent.We are aware that there exist many per-

sons with intellects so constituted as to beperfectly ready and willing to cheerfully sur-render their individuality and spontaneity ifonly by so doing they could be positivelyassured to be mechanically preserved fromgoing wrong ; but, to ordinary, well-regulatedminds, sash aconception must almost of neces-sity prove to be repulsive in the highestdegree.

To possess no Personaltv, to -have,

as it were, nn self to devote, heart and soul, toa worthy object;and no choice in the matter,

even if one had ; that, what afriend could pos-sess in uswould not bea freesympathising

spirit, but the equivalent of mechanicalmotion,

THE CRESCENT. 85

a mere result occasioned by the action of cer-tain racks and pinions, fly-wheels and apendulum, arranged in a certain order, such athought assuredly would be intolerable todwell upon unless it be true in substance andin fact . Certain competent scientific writershave felt this deeply, and have applied them-selves to enquire whether, amidst the rush ofknowledge which has attended the dawn of thediscoveries relating to the doctrine ofevolutionin the science of biology, contracted views oflife and its directive forces may not haveattained to undue prominence, to the greatdisparagement and hindrance of real science,and to the intense discomfort of thousands ofpersons possessing cultured minds.

Heredity is, without doubt, a natural law.But it would be unreasonable and illogical,indeed absolutely fallacious, to argue from itas if it were an irrevocable edict imposed fromwithout. Heredity has no existence apartfrom the universal order which affects itsaction as the life of an organism influences itsfunctions. Heredity is just as subject tonatural laws as are the movements of theplanets or the rise and fall of the tide. Afuller conception of heredity undoubtedly canonly make the student the more convinced ofthe existence of certain natural laws, all wiselyordained and maintained by the source of allwisdom, the One and Only God.

Whatever we learn to do perfectly, for themost part we do automatically. We breathe-qur blood circulates-we assimilate ourfood--automatically. To as all this tome's as amatter of course.

'We say that we do thesethings naturally, and we are not incorrect inso stating, but we probably never consider howmuch is contained and signified by the word" naturally "-what a measureless amount ofevolution and heredity must be involved in theperfect accomplishment of our most ordinary,

functions,

" Verily ;' to use the words of ena ayat of the .c oran-Shar"herein are signs

for men to cnsider."Here is plenty of food.for reflection for the thoughtful mind.

Scientists assert that it required the lapse

86 THE CRESCENT.

ofmany ages to establish a heart ; that creatures 'lower in the scale of development than manhad this goal to aim at, this mighty task toaccomplish, and that finally it was done forthem, and for all those who came after thewith the necessity only of such modification aswas required by environment and by develop-ment. But the first heart that ever beat wasa co-operative work, physical and psychical, in

a process leading to the possibility of a higherlife, unattainable with no better organ of cir-culation than sufficed for the laboured systole

and diastole of an animalcule . A similarproccss of gradual progression doubtless alsotook place when eyes and ears, the lungs, anda nervous system were initiated .

Equally is co-operation exhibited in thepreservation of acquired advantages by theactive principle of heredity. All the higheranimals, while they are in the embryo state,before they are born, pass successively throughforms resembling the lower creatures fromwhich the evolutionist contends that they haveascended. What is to preserve the helplessembryo from sinister maternal influences, orcarry it safely through its due number of philo-genetie stages, but the strong hand and arm ofheredity, which moulds with tender grasp theunoonscions germ. Does not this fact demon-strate the unerring wisdom of the Great FirstCause, who has provided such a mode of preserving

and

moulding the puny

germ ?" What think ye ?The seed which ye emit,

do ye create the same, or is God the creatorthereof1 "

But the evolution of which heredity is

echief minister is not like the fabulous heathendeity, careful only to bestow on one vassalfierce fangs, and on another swiftness of foot,to escape them.* If less conspicuously, yet

ThePagan deity alluded to by the

Sheikh-ul-Islam in his lecture is undoubtedly Bellona, the god-Of war. She was belioved to have been the

daughter of Phoroys and Ceto, and the sister of Mars .The Greeks termed her Enyo, and she is often con-founded with Minerva.

She prepared the chariot ofMare when going to war ; and she appeared in battlesarmed with a whip, her hair dishevelled anti a torchin her left hand .

The Romans paid great adorationto her.

In the temple dedicated to her at Rome the

not the less actually, does primitive evolutionever declare for the nobler and gentler, andthe higher capacities of life.The correctness of this assertion can beily demonstrated . The lower forms of

livmg organisms are destitute of sex.

Then,by slow, but perfectly recognisable gradations,arose that -astonishing division of the unit into.male and female, the fountain head of love,poetry and sense of beauty.

In the outset of life reproduction involvedno long-continued relation between parent andoffspring.

In the invertebrates and in fishessome commencement was made in this direc-tion; in birds there was farther developmentof parental intercourse, but it was only tran-sient. Then came the mammals with theirintense affection for their offspring, which wasbrave and altruistic, but yet brief, rarely last-ing for a year ; till we reach the quadrumana,having a greatly lengthened period of infancy,and a dependence lasting sometimes even foryears.

It is surely scarcely necessary to point outwhither all this was leading . In man it wasto a greatly prolonged infancy, to a dependencewhich endured to the time of youth, to a lovethat knows no period of limitation, and to thenecessity of a permanent home.

So from the very first the inclination of thehereditary tendency was towards the home-life;in which the co-operation of the members of ahousehold fulfills the functions of a highlycomplex life, as in a coral or a sponge . Outof this home-life as understood amongst humanbeings has gradually grown every element ofsocial progress . The family is tho unit ofhuman existence.

All civilization is the un-folding and gradual realization of the true

senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, andto generals returned from war. At the gate was asmall pillar, called the column of war, against whichthey threw a spear whenever war was declaredagainst au enemy, The priests of the temples ofBellona consecrated themselves to her service, bymaking great incisions in their thighs, and whenthe blood flowed therefrom received it in the palmsof their hands and offered it as a sacrifice to thegoddess, and in the wild enthusiasm they often pre-dicted war and bloodshed, the defeat of the enemieswith great slaughter, or the besieging of towns.

meaning of the words,, "father," "mother,"and " child," and the reciprocal duties, obliga-tions and advantages arising from these respec-tive relationships one to the other, and to thecommunity at large. If childhood amongsthuman beings were abolished, with it wouldalso go the glory and the aweetness of adult life .

" Oh, what would the world beIf the children were no more?

We should dread the desert behind noMore than the dark before ."

One great Austrian philosopher*, in dis-cussing the system of the psychology of sexuallife, says :-"The propagation of the humanrace is not left to mere accident or the capricesof the individual, but is guaranteed by thehidden laws of nature, which are enforced bya mighty, irresistible impulse. Sensual enjoy-ment and physical fitness are not the only con-ditions for the enforcement of these laws, buthigher motives and aims, such as the desire tocontinue the species or the individuality ofmental and physical qualities beyond time and'space, exert a considerable influence . Manputs himself at once on a level with the beastif he seeks to gratify lust alone, but he elevateshis superior position when by curbing theanimal desire he combines with the sexualfunctions ideas of morality, of the sublime andthe beautiful." Placed upon this elevatedpedestal he stands far above the brute beast,and draws from inexhaustible sources materialfor nobler enjoyments, for serious work andfor the realisation of ideal aims .

Another medical writer (Dr. Maudsley)justly claims that sexual feeling is the basisupon which social advancement is developed :-"If man were deprived of sexual distinction,and the nobler enjoyments arising therefrom,all poetry, and probably all moral tendency,would be eliminated from life ."

Sexual life undoubtedly is a mighty factorin the individual and social relations of man,which disclose and bring into play his powersof activity, of acquiring property, of establish-

' Dr . R. Von Krafft-Ebing, Professor of Psychologyat the Univarsity of Vienna .

THE CRESCENT.

******************************************************

ing a home, of awakening altruistic sentimentstowards a person of the opposite sex, andtowards his own issue, as well as towards thewhole human race. The sublimest virtues,even the sacrifice of self, may spring fromsexual life, which, however, on account of itssexual power, may easily degenerate into thelowest passion andthe basest of vices. Unbrid-led love is a fierce and active volcano that inthe course of its eruption burns down andlays waste all around it ; it is a bottomlessabyss that swallows all-honour, substance,health, life.

It is of great psychological interest to tracethe gradual development of civilization and theinfluence exerted by sexual life upon habitsandmorality . Modern-day Christian apologistswho, in their desire to glorify their own creed,frequently contend that the present mentaland material advancement in the position ofthe female sex is due to the teachings ofChristianity, are either sadly ignorant of thehistory of the past and the writings of theChristian fathers or else are wilful pervertersof the truth. The tradition that woman wascreated from the rib of the sleeping man,as given in the Book of Genesis, is prob-ably one of the causes of the inferiorposition to which the woman was relegated by the Christian theologians.

Accord-ing to the Old Testament writings the womanwas responsible for the fall of man, andafter the fall she was told " thy will shall besubject to man," and this doctrine became thecorner-stone of Christian teaching.

Thus thesocial position of woman had to be neglected,as it were, until the spirit o£ a more enlightenedcivilisation had conquered Christian traditionand priestly-made tenets.

(For continuation see page 93.)

Order your thoughts to noble ends, for thoughtsare things, and we are branded or beautified by them.An American scientist has been making experimentsto test the effect of thought on the body, and hefound that a continuous train of evil thought injuresthe health and spoils the personal appearance, buthigh and holy thoughts have a beautifying effect.Be a man, and embrace a manly creed. Live forothers, live openly,-Madame Sarah Grand.

MEDINA HOME FOR CHILDREN(Established 1896),

4, SHEIL ROAD, LIVERPOOL.

This Institution has been established after havinggiven the following facts careful consideration :-,

seduction is a frequent occurrence inour midst, and the result is that a large number ofgirls in fairly respectable positions in life give birth toillegitimate children. Over 200 cases came before theLiverpool Police Courts last year, in which girls soughtto obtain orders of affiliation against the putativefathers of children to which they had given birth, andat least ten times as many. cases were probably settledprivately and never came before the courts at all.

Quite two thousand illegitimate children are borneach year in the city of Liverpool and neighbourhood-the second city of the British Empire, the centre ofChristendom ! What becomes of these children? Inmany instances they are put cut to nurse, or a smallsum of money is paid for them to be adopted .

Caseswe continually leaking cut showing that baby-farmingis still being conducted on a large scale in this country .Very often the parents of these children would be onlytoo glad to pay a reasonable sum for their mainten-ance, provided that a suitable place was established fortheirreceptionwhere the children would receive properattention and care .The advantages of such a Home are manifold :-

1. - It will be a check upon infanticide.2.-It will ensure the children being well cared for

and trained under good surroundings .8 .- It will give the mothers of thechildren an oppor-

tunitytoretrieve theircharacter, and once more returnto the path of virtue and respectability.With referenceto this last matter it is unfortunately

the case in England that while society forgives theman any transgressions of this nature, it remembersfor ever a woman's slip . The way for a woman toreturn to virtue is made difficult, while the way for aman to commit indiscretions of this character is facilitated.

Those who so cruelly hound down the weakersex for the slightest deviation from the strictest mor-ality appear to have entirely forgotten the teaching ofChrist upon the subject .

Whenan unfortunate erringwoman was brought before him, he wrote on the sand-" Let him who is without sin among you cast thefirst stone," and one by one her accusers,

conscience-stricken, stole away, until none but Jesusof Nazarethand the woman were left, and then he turned to herand kindly said-" Neither do I condemn you.

GoIn Peace and sin no more."

Critics may think such an institution as this willmake it easy for wrongdoers to get rid of the fruits oftheir folly. Such is not the intention of the pro-moters, and

per precautions will be taken toKevet as

as possible such being the case .nquiries will be made into each case before the

child is admitted into the Home, and a second childwill not be taken from the same mother.We earnestly hope you will co-operate with us in

this work of charity . We are anxious " to do somelittle good," and try if we cannot succeed in makingone life even morebright-more good. Thatie our aim .The result we feel content to leave in the Almighty'shands, knowing that in the great Hereafter it will beshown our labours for Him were not in vain.a Gifts of Cast-off Clothing will be always gratefully

THE CRESCENT.

A Ladies' Sewing Committee meets every week.will you kindly allow your name to be placed onour Subscription List ?

Believe usto be faithfully yours,President-Sheikh Abdullah Quilliam.

Hon . Seeretary-Mr. F. A. FEINT.Treasurer-Mls . HANNAH QUILLIAM.

committee-Mrs. Winter, Mrs. Sutherland, MissAnnie Burrows, Miss Shone, Miss Khadijah Quilliamand Mien Hanifa Quilliam, Messrs. J . Rankin ; T. E.Lawrenson, 0. A. Felton, J . B . Jeffery and Pro. H.Nasrallah Warren, with power to add to theirnumber .Auditors-Messrs. Geo .Watsonand Billal Wilkinson

Friends who send us newspapers would considerablyenhance the favour by marking the particularpassages to which they desire to call our attention .

A MUSSULMAN at present resident in Englandis desirous of opening up correspondence with

a view to business relations with Mussulmans inIndia or China dealing in Tea or Spices .

Corres-pondence invited in either English or Arabic.-Address, in first instance, ABU-BEER, c/o CrescentNewspaper, 6, MANCHESTER STREET, LIVERPOOL.

Answers to correspondents .

Will the following subscribers please remit theirsubscriptions (now in arrear) per return post :-Dr. H. A . Lakhani(Murud).

October 6, 1900 .Wajidally (British Guiana) .Moulvie Syed Nasrat Ali Sahib (Delhi) .Abdool-Aziz (Trinidad) .N . Cham (St . Louis, Senegal) .Imdad Ali (Narangunj) .Shaikh Maniaddeen (Balassue) .Shaikh Barhardon Ali (Trinidad) .S. A. Rahameen (Anuradhapur .Mirza Aga Isphani (Constantinople) .

23rd January, 1901 .

Liverpool Muslim Literary andDebating Society .

PROGRAMME OF LECTURES AND DEBATES.Feb. 12-Science Lecture on " Electricity," by Pro .

H. Nearallah Warren, F.S.C.� 19--,Social Evening and "Pound" night .� 26--Address by Woo Annie D. Burrows : ' " My

Experiences Amongst Criminals and theirFamilies."

Bro. J . Bokhari Jeffrey will preside at all thesemeetings.