the review and analysis of difficult couplets of one of khaqani’s...
TRANSCRIPT
Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020
29
The Review and Analysis of Difficult Couplets of One of Khaqani’s Odes with the
Commitment on using ‘Sobh’
Mansoor Sadat Ebrahimi∗
Amir Soltan Mmohamadi∗∗
Abstract Khāqāni Shirwāni, is one of the best poets who created a new form and style in Persian
literature by his unique features. Some of the features are utilizing the maximum of linguistic
and literary capacities, having complete knowledge of all kinds of sciences of his age and using
them artistically in a poem, exact descriptions, new kinds of imagination, and making delicate
links and relations. These special features have, of course, added to the complexity and difficulty
of his poems. For this reason, the appearance of all the hidden points and the literary and
technical beauty of his poetry requires the reader's diligence and endeavor. Due to this fact,
various interpretations have been written on his Divan (collection). Nevertheless, problems in his
poems have not been solved yet. One of his odes, which has difficult couplets, is the one in the
praise of Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Shirvānshāh, and the closure of Bāqlāni dam by use of
‘Sobh’ in each couplet. In this study, while investigating and criticizing all the previous
interpretations, we have decided to take another step towards eliminating the poetry complexities
and clarifying Khāqāni's words by studying and analyzing nine difficult couplets of this ode.
Introduction
Khāqāni Sharvāni is one of the brilliant Persian poets who has his own language and literary
taste. He has his own unique and significant style. Using verbal and semantical capacities in its
full extent, and also employing scientific concepts and terminologies of his own time in a
creative way lead him to become a virtuoso. Khāqāni introduced figure of speech into scientific
knowledge, and by doing so, he represented genuine images which lead to aesthetic values and
poetic intrications in his works. There are various interpretations on his Divan (collection).
Despite all of these attempts, there are still many complications in his works which many critics
could not perceive them, and even in some cases interpreters follow the wrong set of
assumptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze nine difficult couplets of one of
Khaqani’s odes with the emphasis on using the word ‘Sobh’.
Material & Methods
In this study, library sources was used; through which some of Khāqāniʼs abstruse verses are
studied rigorously. By using credible and original sources such as archaic tomes, inter-textual
and intra-textual evidence, and by interpreting and analyzing contemporary perspectives, we can
reach a veracious interpretation for every verses. In this study, some arguments were introduced
to correct some of the peculiarities of the verses.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions One of the Khāqāniʼs odes which has abstract and intricate verses put emphasis on the word
‘Sobh’ to extol ‘Khāqān-e Akbar Manoochehr Sharvānshāh’ and the closure of Bāqlāni dam. This
paper aimed to go through and interpret nine verses of this ode which, from the authors’ viewpoint,
need more probe and investigations. In each case, by referring to various manuscripts and
publications of Khāqāniʼs Divan, we attempted to find the best semantical interpretation of these
∗ Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
∗∗ Ph.D. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, Spring 2020
30
nine verses, and then by using archaic sources, considering inter-textual and intra-textual hints and
analyzing previous interpretations, we tried to terminate ambiguities. Hence, by doing so, we can
achieve crystal clear meanings. In this way, we paid special attention to delicate semantic and
verbal interrelation build up poetic texture of Khāqāniʼs works. We also paid attention to his
distinctive style in using the knowledge of the time and in employing poetical and aesthetical
images. The findings showed that if we ignore his creative conventions and imaginary forms, and
if we overlook his mastery over his knowledge of his epoch, wrong assumptions will be made. By
analyzing these verses, it was revealed that, in some cases, interpreters’ misreading and
misconceptions created a huge obstacle for understanding the true meaning of his works. Another
issue was Khāqāniʼs attention to multilayer meanings and concepts of some words and using these
in an ambiguous way. Disregarding this poetic characteristic can lead to misjudgment of his poetic
method. Analyzing and re-reading of this odes open up some new ways for perceiving the poetic
intention and solving his poetic ambiguities, by which we can represent an analytic approach to
understand hidden layers of his poems and to illuminate his main viewpoint as well as other
interpreters and researchers’ perspective.
Keywords Khāqani’s Poetry, Ode, Review of Interpretations, Interpretation of Couplets.
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