the response of sago (metroxylon sagu rottb) offered in the ration supplemented with probiotic on...

Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science

Vol. 2 No. 1, January 2011

Editorial Board : Toto Toharmat (Editor in Chief) A. R. Alimon Ali Agus Arnold Sinurat E. R. Ørskov Nahrowi Komang G. Wiryawan Yantyati Widyastuti Administration : Ratih Windyaningrum and Secretary Sri Suharti

Editorial Address : Faculty of Animal Science Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia Phone : (0251) 8626419, e-mail : [email protected]

Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science, published original papers in the field of nutrition and feed science. Manuscript submitted for publication and inquires regarding them should be sent to the Editorial Board, Indonesian Association of Nutrition and Feed Science (AINI), Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. Authors are earnestly requested to consult the “Instruction to Authors” published in Volume 2 Number 1. January 2011.

Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science, published three times a year. AINI also conducted a biannual National Seminar and Symposium in Nutrition and Feed Science

INDON. J. NUTR. AND FEED SCI.ISSN 1410-2390

Vol. 2 No. 1 , January 2011

Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science

January 2011 Vol. 2 No. 1 : 1-45

CONTENTS

The Respond of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) Offered in the Ration Supplemented with Probiotic on Production and Physical Quality of Duck’s Egg. A. A. A. S. Trisnadewi, T. G. B. Yadnya ......................................................................................................................................

Extracted Beta-Mannan from Copra Meal as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promotants in Broiler Diets. B. Sundu, E. Santo, L. Daisy, Damry, H. B .................................

Growth Performance of Bali Cattle Bull (Bos sondaicus) Fed Fermented Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. ) Waste. I. M. Mastika, I. W. Supartha, I. W. Wiranatha, A. W. Puger ....

The Use of Cellulolytic Microbes from Cattle Rumen Fluid to Improve In vitro Digestibilty of Fermented Robusta Coffee Pulp (Coffea canephora sp.). L. M. Yusiati, C. Hanim, F. Az-zahra ......................................................................................................................

Improving the Nutritive Value of Total Mixed Ration Based on By-products Fermented by Rumen Liquor and Enzyme. I. M. Mudita, A. A. P. P. Wibawa, I. W. Wirawan, N. W. Siti, I. G. L. O. Cakra ....................................................................................................................

The Evaluation of Nutrient Quality of Ramie Leaves Silage and Hay in Complete Mixed Ration of Etawah-Crossbreed Goat Using In vitro Technique. Despal, I. M. L. Hutabarat, I. G. Permana, R. Mutia....................................................................................................................

Addition of Chlortetracycline to Improve the Performance of Broilers Fed Local diets. R. Murwani, I. A. Setyawan, A. K. Ariesta .......................................................................................

Efficacy of Methionine Addition in Laying Hens Fed Corn Soy- Palm Kernel Meal Based Diet. M. Ridla, Sumiati, J. Jachja, T. Toharmat, I. G. Permana and Nahrowi ..............................

The Effect of Earthworm Supplementation in the Ration on Growth Performance, Carcass Production, and Abdominal Fat of Broiler. N. D. Dono, R. Damanik, J. Pasaribu, A. Wibowo.....................................................................................................................................

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REVIEWER ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Editorial team would like to thank the following scientists for their valuable contribution to the Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2011.



Ali Agus Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

Arnold Sinurat Center for Research in Animal Science, Indonesia

A. R. Alimon University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Caribu Hadiprayitno Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

E. R. Ørskov Rowett Research Institute, England

Komang G. Wiryawan Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Nahrowi Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Ning Iriyanti Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

Osfar Sofjan Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University, Indonesia

Suwarno Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia

Sri Suharti Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Toto Toharmat Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Yantyati Widyastuti Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesia

Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., January 2011, pages 1-5ISSN 1410-2390

Vol. 2 No. 1

The Response of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) Offered in the Ration Supplemented with Probiotic on Production and Physical Quality of Duck’s Egg

T. G. B. Yadnya * and A. A. A. S. Trisnadewi Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University

Jl. PB Sudirman, Campus Bukit Jimbaran 80361 Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia(Received 09-11-2009; Accepted 26-03-2010)

ABSTRACT

The research was carried out to study the response of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) inclusion in the ration which was supplemented with starnox to increase the production and improve physical quality of duck’s egg. The experiment was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments consisted of : ration without sago and starnox as control (C0), ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox supplementation (C1), and ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox supplementation (C2). Each treatment had five replicates with four ducks in each replicates. The data observed were feed efficiency, egg production, and physical quality of duck’s egg. The results showed that ration containing 10 - 20% sago could increase feed consumption and total egg weight (P<0.05), and also improved feed conversion significantly (P<0.05) compared to that of control treatment. The ration containing 10% and 20% sago increased hen day production and the egg number significantly (P<0.05), meanwhile the average of egg weight was not significantly (P>0.05) affected. However, the treatments had no significant effect (p<0.05) on egg index, pH, specific gravity (P>0.05) but on the percentage of egg yolk increased significantly (P<0.05). The physical composition of eggs with sago containing ration showed that the eggshell percentage and egg yolk colour increased significantly (P<0.05), and decreased the cholesterol (P<0.05) compared to that of control treatment.

Key words : Metroxylon sagu, starnox, production, physical quality, duck, egg

INTRODUCTION

The demand of maize increases as the source of energy for human being, as well as feed for livestock, so that maize needs to be substituted with appropriate ingredients such as sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb). The nutrient of sago is almost the same as maize, but sago has lower protein content which is only 5,28%, while protein content of maize is 9,7% (Harsanto, 1992). High fibre can reduce ration digestibility, so sago need

to be supplemented with probiotic, and one of them is starnox.

Starnox is a combination of starbio and pignox (product of Medion, Bandung) contains enzymes, and pignox contains minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn), vitamin, antibiotic and methionin. Belawa and Suwidjayana (2000) inclution of offer probiotic in the ration containly high fibre (sawdust) improved the digestibility of ration and fibre significantly. The starbio offered at the ration containly different level of fibre increased egg production significantly (Ariana, 2001). Starnox offered in the ration increased egg production (Kenda, 2006). Belawa (2002) obtained that the ration offered with different fibre sources and starbio reduced the cholesterol content of duck’s eggs.

Sago offered as the substitution of maize at 0, 10, 20 and 30% combined with starnox on grower phase did not affect the performance of duck at

* Correspondence authorFaculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana UniversityJl. PB Sudirman, Campus Bukit Jimbaran 80361 DenpasarBali-Indonesiae-mail: [email protected]

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10 weeks of age (Witariadi et al., 2005). But the influence on egg production and egg quality had not yet been studied, so further research is needed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in Guwang Village, Gianyar Regency in Bali for 12 weeks, while the dermination of the quality of duck egg was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University for 4 weeks.

DucksThe ducks used in the experiment were

layer ducks from UD Mertasari, Guwang Village which were originally obtained from ducks breeder in Tabanan Regency.

Ration and drinking Water

The rations were formulated based on Scott content (1982). The composition and nutrient of the rations are indicated in Table 1.

Table 1. The composition and nutrient content of the ration for ducks at the age 24 – 36 weeks

Animal and treatments were allocated in a completely randomized design. The treatments consists of ration without sago and starnox (C0), ration with 10% sago and supplemented with 1% starnox (C1), and ration with 20% sago and supplemented with 1% starnox

Ingredients(%)

Treatment RationsC0 C1 C2

Yellow maize 55.36 45.36 35.36Sago - 10.00 20.00Fish meal 8.12 8.12 8.12Rice bran 14.72 15.82 16.84Copra meal 9.31 7.31 6.31Soybean meal 11.97 11.97 11.97Starnox - 1.0 1.0NaCl. 0.52 0.42 0.40Nutrient compositionME (kcal/kg) 2879.6 2926.9 2831.9Crude protein (%) 19.3 18.36 17.89Fibre (%) 4.64 5.77 6.72Fat (%) 4.64 5.77 6.72Calcium (%) 0.27 0.29 0.30Phosphor available (%) 0.39 0.33 0.31

(C2). Each treatment consists of five replications and each replication consists of four layer ducks.

The variables measured were as follows:Feed consumption was ration given during research minus residues of ration (g/head)Total amount of egg was egg yielded during research (egg/head during research)Average of egg weight was total egg weight divided by number of egg yielded during research.Total egg weight was egg weight yielded during research (g) Hen Day Production is number of egg yielded divided by number of duck during research multiplied by 100% Physical quality of egg, included:

Egg index is egg length divided by width of the egg Physical composition was weight of each egg included eggshell, white and yolk of egg divided by weight of egg and multiplied by 100 Colour of yolk was colour of egg yolk compared to the rock yolk colour fan Egg acidity (pH) was measured with digital pH Specific gravity of egg was determined by a hydrometer apparatus Egg cholesterol by Liberman - Burchad was determined (Plummer, 1977).

The data were analyzed statistically with analysis of variance, and further analysis was continued using Duncan test (Steel and Torrie, 1989).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

The sago offered at the level of 20% in the ration increased feed consumption (Tabel 2). This may be due to high fibre content in sago (21.68%) (Harsanto, 1992) causing higher consumption to fulfill the energy requirement. Wahyu (1992) reported that the first factor influencing consumption level in duck was the requirement of energy.

Starbio and pignox (starnox) added in the ration improved the total egg weight yielded. The existence of cellulase, pectinase, ligninase, protease and lipase enzymes increased digestibility of the ration and also more amount of nutrient absorbed. Pignox consists of vitamins, minerals especially Zn assisting the metabolism, and also methionine amino acid useful in egg formation. Increasing the total egg weight

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YADNYA AND TRISNADEWI Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

caused the feed conversion ratio more efficient. In fact, the result indicated that 10 - 20% of sago offered with starnox supplementation had lower FCR values than the control treatment. Kenda (2006) reported starnox in the ration containing different fibre content improved total egg weight and more efficient in ration utilization compared to that in control treatment.

Egg production

Sago offered in the ration supplemented with starnox increased egg production, both for total egg

Variables Treatments SEMC0 CI C2

Feed Consumption (g/duck) 12743.30b 12900.16b 13657.86a 176.43

Total Egg Weight (g/duck) 2790.21b 3079.52a 3104.78a 45.34FCR 4.60a 4.18b 4.40c 0.05Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;

Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05) ; SEM : standard error of the treatment means.

Table 2. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration supplemented with starnox on feed conversion ratio and total eggs weight at the first layer phase

number and total egg weight (Table 3). Ariana (2001) obtained that starbio addition in the ration containing different fibre increased egg production. Kenda (2006) reported that using starbio and pignox in the ration improved number of eggs and hen day production. The average egg weight was not significantly improved (P>0.05), this might be caused by insufficiency of supply nutrients. Ariana (2001) obtained that starbio addition in the ration containing different fibre increased egg production. Kenda (2006) reported that using starbio and pignox in the ration improved number

Table 3. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration supplemented with Starnox on bali duck egg production at the first layer phase

VariablesTreatment

SEMC0 C1 C2

Hen Day Production (%) 53.88b 59.83a 60.23a 0.85

Total Number of Egg (egg/head) 45.25b 50.25a 50.59a 0.70Average Egg Weight (g/egg)ns 61.05 61.22 61.37 0.19Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;

Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05); SEM : standard error of the treatment means.

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Vol. 2 No. 1 THE RESPON OF SAGO

of eggs and hen day production. The average egg weight was not significantly improved (P>0.05), this might be caused by insufficiency of supply nutrients.

Physical quality of eggs

Egg index is comparison between length and width of the eggs. If the egg index value close to one, it means that the egg closely become circular. The result showed that egg index was not significantly different, this possibly because of the egg weight average was not significantly different, so the size of eggs were the same. Nutrient needed by duck in the ration have been fulfilled, and did not affect the length and width of the eggs (Table 4).

Sago offered in the ration supplemented with

starnox improved the colour of yolk. This might be related to the addition pignox that containing nutrients which are deposited in the yolk. Pignox consists of vitamins soluble in fat (A, D, E, K), vitamin B-complex (Bl, B2, B6, and B12), also the micro minerals (Mn, I, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) and methionine amino acid. The nutrients in pignox have similar nutrients composition found in the yolk colour. The acidity degree (pH) of egg was not significantly different. This is possibly because of the same egg weight and specific gravity of egg, so the content of ion H+ in the egg is equal.

Sago offered in the ration supplemented with starnox improved the yolk and egg shell percentage, while decreased the percentage of the white egg percentage. It is proven that the ration containing

� January 2011

sago and starnox increased the specific gravity or eggshell percentage. Starbio improved digestibility of ration, so higher amount of nutrients absorbed, and pignox consists of nutrient needed for yolk formation such as : Mn, I, Fe, Co, Cu, Fe. Higher feed consumption could cause higher value of specific gravity and eggshell than the control treatment (C0).

Sago offered as a fibre source decreased egg cholesterol. Fibre content in C1 in the form of glucosides bound cholesterol, so reduced the cholesterol absorbed or accumulated in egg (Alan et al. 1976, In Budaarsa, 1997). Besides, in large intestine the fibre was fermented into propionic acid which affect the cholesterol formation in the liver, through formation of 3 methyl, 3 hydroxy glutenyl, and -CoA reductase enzyme. Cholesterol formation in the liver decrease, meaning that the cholesterol circulation decreased and finally less cholesterol accumulation in eggs. Bestari et al. (1984) obtained that fibrous ration reduced the cholesterol content in eggs. Belawa (2002) reported that starbio offered in fibrous ration reduce the cholesterol content in eggs.

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the research, it could be concluded as follows:

Ration containing 10 - 20% sago which was supplemented with starnox could improve feed conversion ratio and egg production of Bali duck at first layer phase.Ration containing 10 - 20% sago which was supplemented with starnox could improve the

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VariablesTreatments

SEMC0 C1 C2

Egg index ns 0.68 0.60 0.70 0.39

Colour of yolk 6.90b 7.46ab 7.8a 0.19

Acidity (pH) ns 6.6 7.06 7.12 0.10

Egg specific gravity ns 1.070 1.072 1.078 1.19Egg physical composition (%)

Eggshell ns 10.53 11.26 12.13 0.42

Albumin 55.55a 53.35b 52.28b 0.48

Yolk 33.92b 35.39a 35.59a 0.35

Egg cholesterol 570.29a 411.34b 418.45b 22.45Note: C0 : Ration without sago and starnox; C1 : Ration with 10% sago and 1% starnox; C2: Ration with 20% sago and 1% starnox;

Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05); SEM : standard error of the treatment means.

Table 4. The effect of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) offered in the ration with starnox supplementation to physical quality of Bali duck egg at the first layer phase

physical quality of egg, especially increased the percentage and colour of egg yolk and also decreased the cholesterol content in eggs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks due to the Rector of Udayana University through the Head of Research Institute of Udayana University which provided fund (DIPA) for budget year 2008, so that the research could be conducted.

REFERENCES

Ariana, I N. T., 2001. Pengaruh Tingkat Serat yang Berbeda dalam Ransum yang disuplementasi dengan Strabio Plus terhadap Produksi Telur Itik Bali. Laporan Penelitian. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.

Belawa, Y. T. G. dan I N. Suwidjayana. 2000. Respon Pemberian Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) dalam Pakan Berserat terhadap Daya Cerna Ransum pada Ayam Pedaging. Prosiding Seminar Nasional, BPTP Bali.

Belawa, Y. T. G. 2002. Pengaruh Pemberian Tingkat Serat Berbeda yang Disuplementasi dengan Probiotik Starbio terhadap Konversi Ransum, Kadar Protein, Asam Urat, Kolesterol Darah dan Komposisi Karkas Itik Bali Umur 10 Minggu. Proc. Seminar Nasional. IP2TP, Denpasar.

Bestari, A. P., Suerat, A. D. Setioko, F. Setiadi dan Ulupi. 1984. Pengaruh Berbagai Tingkat Serat Kasar Dalam Ransum terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Telur Itik Tegal. Proc. Agro-Industri, Peternakan di Pedesaan. Balai Penelitian Ternak, Ciawi Bogor. Hal. 120-127

YADNYA AND TRISNADEWI Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Budaarsa, I . K. 1997. Kajian Penggunaan Rumput Laut dan Sekam Padi untuk Menurunkan Kadar Lemak dan Kolesterol Daging Babi. Disertasi S3. IPB Bogor.

Harsanto. P. B. 1992. Budidaya Tanaman dan Pengelolaan Sagu. Cetakan Ketiga, Kanisius. Yogyakarta .

Kenda, Y. 2006. Pengaruh Pemberian Starbio dan Starnox dalam Ransum terhadap Efisiensi Penggunaan Ransum pada Itik Bali Fase Peneluran Pertama (24-32 minggu). Skripsi. Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian Univeristas Warmadewa, Denpasar.

Plummer, D. T. 1977. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

Scott, M. L., M. C. Neisheim and R. J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. 2nd Ed. M.L. Scott and Assoc. Ithaca, New York.

Steel, R. G. D. And J. H. Torrie. 1989. Principles and Procedure of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York.

Wahyu, J. 1992. Ilmu Nutrisi Unggas. Cetakan ke-3. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Witariadi, N. M., N. G. K. Roni, I G. L. O. Cakra. 2005. Evaluasi terhadap Substitusi Jagung dengan Sagu Cincang dalam Ransum yang disuplementasi ” Starnox” pada Itik Bali Awal Periode Pertumbuhan. Laporan Penelitian Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Udayana Denpasar.

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Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci., Januari 2011, pages 6-9ISSN 1410-2390

Vol. 2 No. 1

Extracted Beta-Mannan from Copra Meal as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promotants in Broiler Diets

B. Sundu a*; E. Santo b, L. Daisy b and Damry H.B a

aDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Tadulako, Palu, Indonesiab Agricultural Beureau, Jl. R. A Kartini No. 80, Palu, Indonesia

(Received 09-11-2009 ; Accepted 20-08-2010)

AbstrAct

An experiment was conducted to determine the prebiotic function of extracted beta mannan from copra meal in an attempt to replace antibiotic growth promotants. A total of two hundred DOC (day old chicks) were used and the birds were distributed into 6 treatment diets. The birds were given starter diets from day 1-21 and grower diets from day 22-42. The treatment diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet + avilamycin, (3) control diet + 0.025% copra mannan, (4) control diet + 0.05% copra mannan, (5) control diet + 0.075% copra mannan and (6) control diet + commercial mannan (yeast mannan). Feeds were offered ad libitum and water was available at all times. A completely randomized design was used with 6 treatment diets and 5 replicate cages. Differences among treatments were tested by analysis of variance and then Duncan Multiple Range Test. Data indicated that supplementation of antibiotic (avilamycin), 0.05% copra mannan and 0.02 % commercial mannan increased (P<0.05) body weight gain. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, proportion of gram negative bacteria, mortality, intestinal dimension were not affected by antibiotic and mannan. Caeca pH of birds fed the commercial mannan in the diet was lower than those of birds fed the control diet. In conclusion, 0.05% copra mannan can be used to replace antibiotic (avilamycin) and the body weight of birds fed the 0.05% copra mannan increased to the same level of the body weight of birds fed the diet either supplemented with antibiotic or commercial mannan.

Key words : Beta mannan, copra meal, antibiotic, broiler

INTRODUCTION

The public is placing some blame of antibiotic resistance of some potential pathogen bacteria due to wide use of antibiotic growth promotants in poultry. Debate over resistance found among some negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella, has generated objection to antibiotic use. Therefore, the use of antibiotic growth promotants in broiler diets has

been banned in European Union since January 2006. Glucomannan (mannan oligosaccharides) from yeast (Saccharomyces cereviciae) has been commercially introduced as a feed additive for poultry since 2003. The capacity of mannan oligosccaharydes to block the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine of broilers resulted in an increased body weight gain and a decreased population of intestinal pathogenic bacteria and mortality (Lyons, 2002).

The efficacy of using beta mannan from palm kernel meal as an alternative to antibiotic growth promotants has been well reviewed by Sundu et al. (2006). Copra meal containing 30-40% beta mannan may have properties, in common, with the mannan from palm kernel meal or from yeast (Sundu and

*Correspondence authorAnimal Husbandry Department, Agriculture FacultyUniversity of TadulakoE-mail : [email protected]

6 January 2011

Table 1. Nutrient composition of the experimental diet

Diet Composition

R1 Basal diet

R2 Basal diet + antibiotic (avilamycin) (6 ppm)

R3 Basal diet + 0.025% extracted copra mannan



R6 Basal diet + 0.020% commercial from yeast

Table 2. Experimental diets

Dingle, 2003). This experiment, therefore, aimed to examine the potential use of extracted beta mannan from copra meal as a feed additive in broiler diets.


The study was conducted in the poultry house at the University of Tadulako Palu, Indonesia. Two hundred day old chicks were used as experimental animals. They were placed in brooder cages for two weeks. The birds were, then, transferred to the floor cages. From day 1-21, the birds were fed starter diets and grower diets were offered from day 22 -42. Feed and water were given ad-libitum throughout the trial. To avoid the use of unnecessary antibiotic, antibiotic-containing feed additives were not applied in this experiment. Feeds were offered ad libitum and water was available at all times.

A method of Kusakabe and Takashi (1988) was used to extract beta mannan from copra meal. A 24 liters of 24% NaOH was added to 3 kg in a stainless steel bucket. The mixture was occassionally stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The slurry is filtered through a cloth bag. The filtrate was neutralized with 12 NH2SO4 until the pH solution is about 5.5. Resultants precipitate (copra mannan) collected by centrifugation, was dialysed against tap water to remove salts.

Detection of gram negative bacteria was done at the laboratory of plant diseases at Tadulako University. To detect gram-negative bacteria, the method of gram stain was used based on the procedure of Tortora et al. (1982). The heat-fixed smear was covered with a basic purple dye. After a short time, the dye was washed off and the smear was covered with iodine. When the iodine was washed off, both gram positive and negative bacteria appear dark violet. The slide was then washed off with an ethyl alcohol solution. This solution acted as a decolourizing agent, removing the purple colour from the cells. The alcohol was rinsed and the slide was stained with safranin. The purple dye and the iodine combine with the bacteria and colour was dark violet. Bacteria that retain this colour after attempted decolourization were classified as gram positive bacteria (dark violet). Bacteria that was invisible (colourless) was gram negative. Application of safranin caused the gram negative bacteria to turn pink.

A completely randomized design was used with 6 treatment diets and 5 replicate cages. The treatments diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet + avilamycin, (3) control diet + 0.025% copra mannan, (4) control diet + 0.05% copra mannan, (5) control diet + 0.075% copra mannan and (6) control diet + commercial mannan (yeast mannan).

Data were analyzed of variance. Differences among treatments were tested by analysis and then Duncan Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1980).


The means of body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, intestinal dimensions, caeca pH and proportion of gram negative bacteria are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Feed intake, FCR, mortality, proportion of gram negative bacteria and intestinal dimesions were not affected by treatments (P>0.05) while the effects of treatments on body weight gain and caeca pH were significant (P<0.05). Supplementation of diet with either 6 ppm avilamycin, 0.05% extracted copra mannan or 0.02% commercial

Ingredients Starter diet (%)

Grower diet (%)

Soybean meal 25.00 24.00

Corn 57.80 59.40Fish meal 12.00 10.00Rice bran 3.00 6.00Dicalcium phosphate 1.50 0.9

Salt 0.30 0.66

Methionine 0.10 0.55Lysine 0.10 0.11Premix 0.20 0.20Crude protein 23.13 21.00Crude fibre 3.5 3.6ME (MJ/kg) 13.39 13.39Lysine 1.1 1.0Methionine + cystiene 0.9 0.79

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SUNDU ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Treatments Body weight gain

Feed intake(g)

FCR Mortality (head)

Control diet (CD) 1501b 3053 2.03 2

CD + avilamycin 1650a 3075 1.86 2CD + 0.025% extracted copra mannan 1625ab 2834 1.74 2CD + 0.050% extracted copra mannan 1701a 2809 1.65 3CD + 0.075% extracted copra mannan 1544b 2876 1.86 2

CD + 0.020% yeast mannan commercial 1705a 2794 1.64 2Note : Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05)

Treatments Length of intestine (cm/kg BW)

Weight of intestine(g/kg BW)

pH caeca

Proportion of negative gram

bacteria (%)

Control diet (CD) 132.2 22.6 7.3a 24.0

CD + avilamycin 137.9 32.4 7.1ab 25.8

CD + 0.025% extracted copra mannan 142.7 26.6 7.1ab 16.4



CD + 0.020% yeast mannan commercial 123.5 32.5 6.7b 20.0Note : Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)

Table 3. The effect of extracted copra mannan on the response of broiler chickens.

Table 4. Response of digestive tract of broilers fed extracted copra mannan

yeast mannan had higher body weight gain than those of birds fed the control basal diet. Caeca pH of birds fed the diet supplemented with commercial yeast mannan was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the pH caeca of birds fed the control diet.

The use of antibiotic (Evangelisti et al., 1975) to improve bird performance has long been believed. A positif effect of using antibiotic, in this current study, was an increased body weight gain from 1501 g to 1650 g. This improvement may be due to improved gut health. Related to a decreased in bacterial population in the caeca of birds fed the diet containing antibiotic. It is not hard to razionalise this fenomenon as antibiotic have a killing properties againts bacteria. This condition could minimize negative effect of pathogen bacteria.

Improvement of live weight gain was also found in birds fed the commercial yeast mannan. These results were supported by the previous findings of Shane (2006). Birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.05% extracted copra mannan could reach growth equal to that of chickens fed the commercial yeast mannan. This finding may justify that copra mannan at a right

concentration could have a prebiotic properties. It is hard to elaborate why concentration below or above 0.05% did not work well on this experimental diet.

Caeca pH of birds fed commercial mannan was lower than those of birds fed the control diet. Interestingly, caeca pH of birds fed extracted copra mannan tended to linearly decrease over an increased concentration of copra mannan in the diet. The mechanism that produces the decreased pH due to mannan supplementation is still unclear. It may be through mode of action in which mannan, either from yeast or copra meal, are fermented in the caeca as a results of indigestibility of this fraction in the digestive tract of broiler. One of the product of fermentation is lactic acid (Wang and Gibson, 1993; Okumura et al., 1994), which prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella (gram negative bacteria). This may be the reason of a small decrease in proportion of gram negative bacteria. In conclusion, extracted copra mannan could be used at 0.05% to replace antibiotic growth promotant. The efficacy of copra mannan was equal to commercial mannan.

8 January 2011

Vol. 2 No. 1 EXTRACTED BETA -MANNAN

CONCLUSION

Extracted copra mannan could be used at 0.05% to replace antibiotic growth promotant. The efficacy of copra mannan was equal to commercial mannan.

REFERENCES

Evangelisti, D.G., A.R. English, A.E. Girard, J.E. Lynch & L.A. Solomons. 1975. Influence of subtherapic levels of oxytetracycline on Salmonella typhimirium in swine, calves and chickens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 8: 664-672.

Kusakabe, I. & R. Takashi. 1988. Enzymatic preparation beta 1-4 mannooligosaccharides and beta 1-4 gluco-mannooligosaccharides. Methods in Enzymology, 160: 518-523.

Lyons, T. P. 2002. Navigating from niche markets to mainstream: A feed industry Kakumei. Proceedings of Alltech’s 16th Anuual Asia Pacific Lecture Tour, pp: 1-16.

Okumura, J., M. Furuse, T. Kawamura, K. Toyoshima, M. Sugawara, T. Suzuki, G. Seo & Soga, H. 1994. Effects of glucooligosaccharides and bacteria on egg production rate and caecal bacteria population in the chicken. Japanese Poultry Science, 31: 189-194.

Shane, S. M. 2006. Mannan oligosaccharide in poultry nutrition. Mechanisms and benefits. Nottingham University Press. UK.

Sundu, B., A. Kumar & J. Dingle. 2006. Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: its effect on chicken performance and health. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 62: 316-325.

Sundu, B. & J. Dingle .2003. Use of enymes to improve the nutritional value of palm kernel meal and copra meal. Queensland Poultry Science Symposium, 11, (14): 1-15.

Steel, R. G .D. & J. A. Torrie.1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. New York, McGraw Hill.

Tortora, G. J., B. R. Funke & C. L. Case. 1982. Microbiology, an introduction. Cummings publishing company, Menlo Park, California.

Wang, X. & G.R. Gibson, 1993. Effects of in vitro fermentation of oligofructosa and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 75: 373-380

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SUNDU ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.


Vol. 2 No.1

Growth Performance of Bali Cattle Bull (Bos sondaicus) Fed Fermented Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Waste

I M. Mastika a, I.W. Supartha b , I.W. Wiranatha c, dan A.W. Puger a*

a Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of UdayanaJl. PB Sudirman Denpasar Kampus Bukit Jimbaran 80361, Bali-Indonesia

b Faculty of Agriculture, University of UdayanaJl. PB Sudirman Denpasar Kampus Bukit Jimbaran 80361, Bali-Indonesia

c Livestock Services of Tabanan Regency, Bali, IndonesiaBr. Dauh Pala, Ds. Dauh Peken, Jln. Kutilang No. 6

(Received 09-11-2009 ; Accepted 10-0�-2010)

AbstrAct

An experiment was carried out to study the growth performance of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) bull fed fermented cocoa waste. A total of 16 Bali cattle with the range of body weight 220-225 kg were divided into two groups of 8 cattle each following the pairing method. The first group was given 2 kg head/day of fermented cocoa by product and the second was given 2 kg/head/day of commercial feed. Native grass and water were provided ad libitum. This experiment was run for 12 weeks. Final body weight of the cattle were 257.5 kg and 263 kg respectively for those given 2 kg fermented cocoa by product and 2 kg commercial feed (P>0.05). Daily weight gain of the cattle fed fermented cocoa waste and commercial feed were 451 g/day and 488 g/day respectively (P>0.05). Total intake dry matter recorded during the experiment were 595.61 kg and 582.32 kg for those given fermented cocoa waste and commercial feed (P<0.05). However, there is no significant different on the feed conversion ratio for both groups. Digestibility coefficient of crude fibre, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and NFE were not significant different for both groups. It was concluded that fermented cocoa waste has a prospective future for ruminant feed in Indonesia.

Key words : Bali cattle, fermented cocoa by product, digestibility, feed intake

INTRODUCTION

The constan increase of population in Indonesia result in the productive land has been transformed to resettlements and this condition reducing to some extend the forage availability for animal feeds. This situation will become a mayor constraint in the future in increasing animal production especially ruminant

species. In tropical country like Indonesia, the day length or the climate, soil condition will affect also the quality and quantity of the forage production, although some effort have been made to improve pasture production by introducing new species of grass and legume but the degree of success varies from one to another place. To overcome this problem, the possibility of using agriculture and industrial agriculture by product must be considered as one among those possible alternatives in feeding animals. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) by product is one of the estate plantation which is potentially producing waste which can be used as animal feeds (Laconi, 1998 and Mastika, 2006).

Cocoa plantation in Indonesia in general and in Bali especially, has increased continously by 7% per

* Correspondence authorFakultas Peternakan Unud, Jl. PB. Sudirman Dps Bali Telp: (0361)222096 E-mail: [email protected]

10 January 2011

year. in 2006, the plantation area of cocoa in Bali was 11,154 ha. The Jembrana and Tabanan regency are considered as the centre of cocoa production, and the total seed production estimated 2.62 ton/ha/year (Disbun Bali, 2006). The ratio is of seed and cocoa shell is 1: 3.4 in fresh materials (Ginting, 2004). Based on the figure it was calculated that the cocoa waste availability in Bali was 8.91 ton/ha/year.

The nutrient content of cocoa shell was reported by Suharto (2004). The crude protein, fat, crude fiber and total digestible nutrient (TDN) was 9.15%, 1.25%, 32.7% and 50.3% respectively. Although the nutrient content is good for animal feed, however, the material contains some limiting factor such as tannin, theobromine and high crude fiber content as considered as a toxic factors (Ginting, 2004). Theobromine and tannin substances has a high affinity to protein and carbohydrate causing these two nutrients decreased in their availability (Amirroenas, 2005) and finally affecting the growth of rumen microorganisms which is finally responsible for animal growth. Agricultural by product quality can be done improved using biofermentation process (Purnama, 2004). The common biofermentation agent is Aspergillus niger and the fermentation process of cocoa shell decrease theobromine and tannin content up to 80-83% and 91-98% respectively (Guntoro, 2006), and significantly increase protein content (91.98%) from 8% to 15.3% crude protein (Purnama, 2004).

Cocoa shell is a high potential of animal feed due to the high content availability of its nutrient content, however, since cocoa shell is known containing theobromine and tannin, it is worth therefore to run the experiment using A. niger to ferment cocoa shell as cattle feed.


AnimalsA total of 16 Bali cattle bull with the average

weight of 220 kg, age approximatelly 2 years were used in this experiment. Animals were divided into two treatment groups of 8 animals each as replicates.

Feeds and water As basal feeds, all animals were given native

grass and each group was supplemented with either 2 kg commercial feed per head per day as treatment A, or 2 kg of ground fermented cocoa shell as treatment B. Fresh native grass and water were provided ad libitum.

Management and HousingAnimals were placed in individual pen in one shed

and the size of each pen was 1.5 m x 2 m, and each of them was provided separate feeding throughs either for grass or concentrate. The size of feeding through for grass was 0.8 x 0.5 x 0.5 m and for concentrate was 0.4 x 0.5 x 0.5 m. A 20 litres plastic bucket is also provided for drinking water. Before the commencement of the experiment, all animals were vaccinated againt SE and dewormed.

Cocoa shell for fermentationFermenting agent used in this biofermentation

was A. niger provided by BPTP Bali Province. The preparation of fermentation followed the method described by Guntoro (2006). One kg of sugarcane, 1 kg fertilizer (NPK), 1 kg of urea and 1 litre of concentrated seed of A. niger were mixed in 100 lt of clean fresh water. This mixture was kept in the room temperature for 3 days before used. The fresh cocoa shell was cut into 2-3 cm pieces and 1,000 kg of these fresh chopped cocoa shell were mixed with 100 litres A. niger solution and then was placed in a fermenting box. Fermentation process was run for 5-6 days then the fermented cocoa shell was dried under the sunshine for 2-3 days. The dry fermented cocoa shell were ground using grinding machine (chopper; Kimdong 185 Type made in China), to make a powder.

In this experiment a pairing method was used, consisted of two treatments and 8 replicates. Animal in the first group were offered native grass + 2 kg commercial feed as treatment A and the second group were given fresh grass + 2 kg of fermented cocoa as treatment B. This experiment was run for 12 weeks. Body weight and daily weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were used as parameters of the treatment effects.

At the end of the experiment, all data collected were analyzed using Pairing Test (t-test) as explained by Chang (1979).


Data of laboratory analysis showed that there were quite significant changes of the nutrients and antinutrients content of cocoa shell fermented with A. niger compared to those non fermented materials (Table 1).

The protein content of the feed stuffs increased by 102.18% and on the other hand the crude fiber content decreased 7.05% compared to unfermented cocoa shell. This finding is in line with the results

January 2011 11

MASTIKA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Nutrients/ AntinutrientsFeedstuffs

Commercial feed Fermented cocoa Unfermented cocoa by product

Nutrients

Dry matter % 92.750 88.080 88.260Crude protein % 9.720 13.870 6.860Crude Fiber % 21.625 25.820 27.780Fat % 2.599 5.190 4.770

Total Digestible Nutrient % 58.134 49.580 21.030

Nitrogen Free Extract % 54.337 43.306 39.980

Digestible energy Mcal/kg 2.563 2.186 -

Ash % 11.510 11.120 8.870AntinutrientsTheobromine % - 3.460 5.110

Cyanide ppm - 91.130 132.980Source : Data of proximate analysis from Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University

Table 1. Nutrient content of commercial feed, fermented cocoa, and unfermented cocoa by product.

reported by Guntoro et al. (2002) and Guntoro (2006). It was postulated that biofermentation using A. niger could significantly improve the quality of the cocoa by product as an alternative feedstuff for animals.

Table 2 shows that when this fermented cocoa shell was given to Bali cattle at the rate of 2 kg/head/day, the animals grew as good as those given commercial feed supplementation (P>0.05) (treatment A) that was 257.50 kg vs 263.0 kg. The same trend in body weight gain and daily weight gain were performed by the animals fed either fermented cocoa shell or commercial diet supplementation.

However, feed intake of the cattle fed fermented cocoa feed significantly (P<0.05) higher than that given commercial concentrate (Table 2), on the other hand energy intake and feed conversion ratio of both treatments were not significant. The lower feed and energy was apparently responsible for the slightly lower body weight gain of the cattle fed fermented cocoa feeds. As stated by Parrakasi (1999) and Ginting (2004), that feed consumption of the ruminant basically to statisfy their energy requirement, thus the animals will stop eating whenever their energy requirement is satisfied or fulfilled.

The hemicellulose content as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction of the cocoa shell is high, but most of it is bound to tannin or theobromine causing this materials have a low or can not be digested in the rumen (Amirroenas, 2005). Biofermentation using A. niger causing the tannin and theobromine content were

reduced significantly (Purnama, 2004; Guntoro 2006). They postulated that decreasing the content of both tannin and theobromine and finally the availability of the hemicellulose that can be digested will be increased. Probably, the higher rate of hemicellulose digestion in animals given fermented cocoa shell (treatment B) causing higher crude fiber digestibility (Table 2) and stimulate higher feed consumption on fermented cocoa fed animals. This finding supported by the report of Preston (1986) that the more accessible of hemicellulose to microorganism in the rumen will therefore increase total fermentation and the rate of fermentation. The interesting point in this experiment was that the feed conversion ratio of the cattle fed commercial feed vs fermented cocoa shell was slightly higher on treatment B although statistically not significant. Probably this differences due to the fact that the NFE consumption of cattle on treatment B was lower than cattle on treatment A. Other factor that could be responsible for a lower efficiency of fermented cocoa fed animals is probably the tannin and theobromine content is not completely discarded during biofermentation process (Table 1).

From the present results, it was suggested that cocoa shell waste has a potential role for animal feed in the future. With the technology development, the quality of this feedstuff can be improved by physical, chemical and biofermentation process. Supplementation of 2 kg/head/day of fermented cocoa gave no significant different (451 g/head/day vs 488

12 January 2011

Vol. 2 No. 1 GROWTH PERFORMANCE

g/head/day) in gain compared to those given 2 kg commercial feed supplementation and this daily gain is almost double compared to animal fed grass only which was only 200 g-300 g/head/day as reported by Sukanten et al., (1990). The overall finding is that the supplementation of fermented cocoa shell will reduce feed cost in animal production.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that fermentation of cocoa shell with A. niger increased nutrients content and decreased theobromine and cyanide of cocoa shell. Daily gain, feed conversion ratio of Bali cattle fed 2 kg/head/day of fermented cocoa shell were similar to those given of commercial feed. The overall finding suggested that the supplementation of fermented cocoa shell will reduce feed cost and has a prospective future for ruminant production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to thanks all staffs of the Goverment of Estate Province of Bali for fund support in this research. Thanks are also due to the farmers

group association who help in feeding and looking after the animals during the period of experimentation. The Laboratory Staffs of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry for the assistance in analysing the nutrient content of the feedstuffs are also acknowledged.

REFERENCES

Amirroenas, D.E. 1990. Mutu Ransum Berbentuk Pellet dengan Bahan Serat Pod Coklat (Theobroma cacao L) untuk Pertumbuhan Sapi Perah Jantan. Thesis Magister. Fakultas Pascasarjana, IPB.

Chang, L. C. 1979. The Concept of Statistics in Connection with Experimentation . Extention Bulletin No 13. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Taiwan.

Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Bali. 2006. Demoplot Pengendalian Penggerek Buah Kakao dengan Pola Integrasi. Laporan DISBUN Provinsi Bali bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Pertanian Unud.

Dinas Peternakan Provinsi Bali. 2006. Data Populasi Peternakan di Provinsi Bali Tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2006. Dinas Peternakan Provinsi Bali. Denpasar.

Ginting, S.P. 2004. Tantangan dan Peluang Pemanfaatan Pakan Lokal untuk Pengembangan Peternakan

ParametersTreatments

SEMA B

Body Weight

Initial body weight (kg) 222.00 219.63 5.35Final body weight (kg) 263.00 257.50 4.87Body weight gain (kg) 41.00 37.88 2.16Daily body weight gain (g/head/day) 488.00a 451.00a 25.76Dry Matter IntakesTotal grass (kg) 426.67a 450.81b 3.16Total Feeds (kg) 582.32a 595.61b 3.11Daily grass (kg/head/day) 5.11a 5.37b 0.04Daily Feeds (kg/head/day) 6.93a 7.09b 0.04Feed energy consumption (Mcal DE/head/day) 17.21 16.87 16.26Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 14.78 16.32 1.00Digestibility Coefficient (%)Dry matter 62.22 60.59 1.80Organic matter 64.48 64.54 0.68Crude protein 69.28 68.95 2.34Crude fiber 57.37 63.12 1.87Crude fat 67.61 54.85 5.21

NFE 70.42 64.85 1.62Note : A : fresh native grass fed ad libitum + 2 kg commercial feed; B : fresh native grass ad libitum + 2 kg fermented cocoa shell; SEM = standard error of the treatment means; Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)..

Table 2. Body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio of bali cattle bull offered 2 kg commercial feed or 2 kg fermentation cocoa shell supplementation/head/day

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MASTIKA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Kambing di Indonesia. Disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Kambing Potong. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. http://peternakan. litbang. deptan. go. id. [30 Januari 2007].

Guntoro, S. 2006. Mengolah Limbah Perkebunan untuk Pakan Ternak. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Bali.

Guntoro, S., I. M. Rai Yasa, I. N. Sumawa, Sumartini & Rubiyo. 2002. Laporan Hasil Pengkajian Sistem Usaha Tani Ternak Kambing dengan Tanaman Industri. Proyek Pengkajian Partisipatif Bali. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian. Bali.

Laconi, E. B. 1998. Peningkatan Mutu Pod Kakao melalui Ammoniasi dengan Urea dan Biofermentasi dengan Phanerochaete chrysosporium serta Perjalanannya ke dalam Formulasi Ransum Ruminansia. Thesis. Program Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor.

Mastika, I. M. 2006. Pengolahan Limbah Kakao sebagai Pakan Alternatif dalam Laporan Akhir Demoplot Pengendalian PBK dengan Pola Integrasi. DISBUN dan HPT FAPERTA UNUD.

Parakkasi, A. 1999. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Ruminan. Cetakan Pertama. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press), Jakarta.

Preston, T.R. 1986. Better Utilization of Crop Residues and By-product in Animal Feeding; Research Guideline 2. A Practical Manual for Research Worker; FAO Animal Production and Health . Paper 50/2. FAO of

United . Rome.Purnama, I. N. 2004. Kajian Potensi Isolat Kapang Pemecah

Ikatan Tannin pada Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L). Abstrak. Skripsi. Program Studi Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak. Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan. IPB. http://fapet. ipb. ac. id [23 Mei 2007].

Suharto. M. 2004. Dukungan Teknologi Pakan dalam Usaha Sapi Potong Berbasis Sumber Daya Lokal. Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Sapi Potong. C.V. Lembah Hijau Multifarm, Surakarta. http://peternakan.Litbang. deptan.go.id. [2 November 2006]

Sukanten, I. W., S. Putra & A. W. Puger. 1990. Pengaruh Sistem Tiga Strata terhadap Penampilan Sapi Bali dengan Program Peternakan Inti Rakyat. Proceeding Seminar Nasional Sapi Bali. 21-22 September 1990. Denpasar, Bali.

1� January 2011

Vol. 2 No. 1 GROWTH PERFORMANCE

The Use of Cellulolytic Microbes from Cattle Rumen Fluid to Improve In vitro Digestibility of Fermented Robusta Coffee Pulp (Coffea canephora sp.)

L. M. Yusiati, C. Hanim and F. Az Zahra Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University

Jl. Fauna No. 3 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia (Received 09-11-2009 ; Accepted 1�-10-2010)

AbstrAct

The research was conducted to examine in vitro digestibility of fermented robusta coffee (Coffea canephora sp.) pulp using rumen cellulolytic microbes. Cellulolytic microbes as much as 0%, 5%, and 10% was added each to 200 g of coffee pulp (dry matter basis). Fermentation was done anaerobically for 21 days at room temperature. The fermented coffee pulp was examined for it’s odor, color, texture, pH, and the presence of fungi. The fermented robusta coffee pulp samples were taken out and dried at 55oC, for analysis of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and nitrogen free extract (NFE), dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and crude fiber digestibility (CFD). one way analysis of variance of completely randomized design and continued by Duncan’s new multiple range tests were used to examine the differences between mean values. addition of cellulolytic microbes 5% and 10% decreased the fungi growth. Addition of 5% cellulolytic microbes did not affect the pH value (5.81 vs. 5.91). The addition of 10% cellulolytic microbes decreased pH from 5.81 to 5.57. Addition of cellullolytic microbes 5% and 10% decreased CF content (P<0.01) as much as 9.14% and 21.12% from 42.99% (from the result of addition of 0% cellulolytic microbes) to 39.06% and 33.91% respectively. The NFE content of coffee pulp increased (P<0,01) by 56.83%, when it was fermented by addition of 10% rumen cellulolytic microbes, while the addition of 5% cellulolytic microbes did not affect NFE content. The increasing of inoculum from 5% to 10%, significantly increased NFE content by 24.21%. Nevertheless addition of cellulolytic microbes did not give significant effect on DM, OM, CP and EE content of fermented coffee pulp. The CFD, OMD, and DMD of fermented coffee pulp without addition of cellulolytic microbes were 30.25%, 30.30% and 36.83%. Digestibility of crude fiber, organic matter and dry matter increased significantly by 9.52%, 11.65%, and 8.85% after being treated with 5% and increased by 13.85% , 24.49%, 14.23% after being treated with 10% respectively. It could be concluded that addition of 10 % cellullolityc microbes in robusta coffee pulp fermentation altered physical and chemical composition as well as in vitro digestibility.

Key words : Fermented coffee pulp, cellullolytic microbes, in vitro digestibility

January 2011 1�


Vol. 2 No. 1

INTRODUCTION

The problems facing by animal feeding to support animal production in the developing countries amongst which are poor feed quality, high prices and

* Coresspondence authorNutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Animal ScienceGadjah Mada University, Jl. Fauna Number 3 Yogyakarta 55281E-mail : [email protected]

competitive uses with people. Various studies have been done concerning with grass substitution by agro-industrial by products, in animal diets. Krishna and Umiyasih (2006) stated that there were five inconventional feed materials that had potency as cattle feed, they were cassava stem (756,761.14 ton/year), maize cob (106,796.25 ton/year), soy bean straw (106,692.40 ton/year), cocoa pod (1,103.86 ton/year), and coffee pulp (312.42 ton/year). By product of coffee is very interesting to be evaluated plantation

for feedstuff substitution. Bressani (1979) reported that the dry weight of coffee berries are represented by 29% coffee pulp, 12% coffee hulls, 55% coffee beans, and approximately 4% mucilage. Coffee pulp disposal has created enviromental problem. Therefore, several attempts have been made to re-use the coffee by-products for different purposes, including animal feeding (Braham and Bressani, 1979), production of-amylase under solid state fermentation (Murthy et al. 2009) and cultivation and production of Pleurotus sp by solid state fermentation (Murthy and Manonmani, 2008).

Representative values of the proximate chemical composition of fresh pulp were dry matter 23%, crude fiber 14.59%, crude protein 9.01%, ether extract 2.10%, nitrogen free extract 67.81% while chemical composition of pulp 2-3 days after being collected from the berry had dry matter 92%, crude fiber 22.61%, crude protein 11.62%, ether extract 2.82%, nitrogen free extract 53.47% (Elias in Braham and Bressani, 1979). Those proximate compositions show a relative low nutritive value due to high level of crude fibre. The fibrous parts of plants are made up exclusively from cellulose, a polymer of D-glucose with β-(14)- linkage. A variety of other polysaccharides are present in plant cell walls. The cellulose fibrils are cemented together by a matrix of three other polymeric material, hemicelluloses, pectin and extensin (Mathew and Holde, 1990). Fiber breakdown in the rumen is a result of complex microbial processes involving fibrolytic microorganisms includes bacteria, fungi and ciliate protozoa. They produce a range of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes which are necessary for plant cell-wall degradation. Cellulose, the main constituent of crude fibre, can be hydrolyzed by cellulolytic microbes to its simplest constituent, glucose. Major cellulolytic species in the rumen fluid were Bacteroides succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (Ishler, 1996).

One of the most significant factors which affect digestibility is the chemical composition of feedstuff. Therefore the changes in their chemical composition as an effect of preservation, storage, maturity crop or any others treatments will affect digestibility value. It is generally believed that the percentage of crude fiber affect nutrient digestibility. The greater the amount of fiber, the lower the digestibility of the nutrient. Application of fibrolytic inoculums had been used to improve the quality of fibrous materials, such as rice straw fermented by lignocellulolytic microbes (Yusiati et al.,1995), palm cernel cake (Yusiati et al., 2009) and caccao pod (Hanim et al., 2009) fermented by rumen

cellulolytic inoculum. Based on the above considerations, this study

was conducted to evaluate the effect of using rumen cellulolytic microbes to ferment coffee pulp and improve quality and in vitro digestibility of fermented coffee pulp.


Microbe enrichmentRumen fluid as a source of microbes was taken

out from fistulated rumen of Ongole Cross bred cattle before morning feeding. Those fluid was examined for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC-ase) activity just before used. The activity was measured based on the amount of reducing sugar produced from the hydrolytic reaction of CMC as a substrate by cellulolytic enzyme, buffered at pH 5.5 The determination of reducing sugar was carried out by ferricyanide reaction (Halliwel et al., 1985). The CMC-ase activity was presented per gram protein of the enzyme, which was measured by Lowry’s Folin–Ciocalteu method using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a standard (Plummer, 1971). Specific activity was defined as activity per unit of protein (unit/mg).

Rumen fluid as much as 10% was added into medium suggested by Skinner (1971) that consisted of 0.2 g (NH4)2SO4; 0.1 g MgSO4.7H2O; 0.2 g K2HPO4; 0.4 g CaCO3; 2 ml NaCl 1 %; 1 g Cystein HCl; 2 drop of resazurin (0.1%); 120 ml H2O; and 80 ml sterilized rumen fluid and 2 g of cellulose. All steps during preparation were carried out anaerobcally by flowing CO2 gas into the fermenter. Fermentation was done at 39°C for 7 days.

Rumen cellulolytic microbes cultivationThe inoculum growing in the enrichment media

was taken out, and it was added into the glass fermenter filled with growing medium as much as 10% from the total medium. The medium consisted of 0.2 g (NH4)2SO4; 0.02 g MgSO4.7H2O; 0.4 mg NaCl; 1.8339 g, K2HPO4.3H2O; 0.2 g yeast extract; 1 g cystein HCl; 2 drop of resazurin, 80 ml steril rumen fluid and 120 ml H2O. As much as 4 g of cellulose was added to the medium as substrate (Skinner (1971). The process was done totally in anaerobic condition by CO2 gassing. The fermenters was kept at 39°C for 7 days. The cellulolytic inoculum then was ready for coffee pulp fermentation.

16 January 2011

YUSIATI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Fermentation of coffee pulpCoffee pulp weighed 600 g were divided into

three parts. Rumen cellulolytic microbes as much as 0%, 5%, and 10% were added to each part of coffee pulp (dry matter basis) respectivelly in 250 ml glass silos. Fermentation was done anaerobically at room temperature for 21 days. The fermentation was done in three replicates.

Evaluation of fermented coffee pulp quality

At the end of the fermentation period the glass-silos were opened for sampling. The samples were examined for their odor, color, texture, pH, and the presence of fungi. Content of dry matter was directly determined from the fresh fermented samples prior to 55°C drying for measurements of nutrient digestibilty. Fermented coffee pulp samples from each silo were kept at −20°C for further analyses of organic matter, crude fiber, crude protein and ether extract (AOAC, 1990) and also in vitro nutrient digestibility.

In vitro digestibility of nutrients determination

In vitro digestibility of nutrients in the fermented coffee pulp, were evaluated in duplicate for each sampel. The procedure included 48 h of incubation of 0.5 g plant material with rumen fluid according to the first step of two-stage fermentation technique of Tilley and Terry (1963). Rumen fluid free of saliva contamination was obtained before morning feeding via rumen fistula from two cattle fed with King grass and concentrate (70:30). Samples of the fermented coffee pulp and the residues of digestion were assayed in duplicate for content of DM (drying at 105°C for 24 h) and residual ash (4 h at 600°C) and crude fiber. Based on the data obtained from the above analysis, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (DMD), and crude fiber (CFD) could be calculated.

The data were subjected to statistical analysis by adopting One Way Completely Randomized design, and continued by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Astuti, 1981).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Physical quality and pH of fermented Coffee Pulp were shown in Table 1. The addition of cellulolytic microbes 5% and 10% acid, it’s texture reduced, and fungi growth but the brown color remained the same. Addition of 5% cellulolytic microbes did not affect the pH value (5.81 vs. 5.91), but the addition of 10% cellulolytic microbes decreased pH from 5.81 to 5.57 (P<0.05).

Reduction of pH value might be due to increased the lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria, which were naturally found in the forages crop (Lynn and Harrison, 2001). In homofermentative lactic acid bacteria metabolism, the majority of glucose present in the medium is converted to pyruvate via glycolysis pathway, which is then reduced to form lactic acid. The acid also produced by another group, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria from hexoses or pentoses via pentose phosphate pathway, along with volatile fatty acid, CO2, and ethanol. The acids produced reduced the pH of medium.

The composition of fermented coffee pulp are shown in Table 2 which demonstrated that addition of 5% and 10% rumen cellulolytic microbes in coffee pulp fermentation, decreased the crude fiber content about 9.14% and 21.12% . The decreasing of crude fiber content could be understood as the cellulolytic microbes have abilities in degrading cellulose, a major component of crude fiber. Cellulolytic activity of those microbes was presented by CMC ase activity with the value of 0.25 U/mg protein. Degradation of cellulose became its monomer, glucose, was also be indicated by increasing of nitrogen free extract (NFE) content of fermented coffee pulp. The NFE content of coffee pulp increased by 56.83%, when its fermentation was using 10% of rumen cellulolytic microbes (P<0.01), while the addition of 5% cellulolytic microbes did not affect NFE content. The increasing of inoculum from 5% to 10%, sinificantly increased NFE content by 24.21%. The values of organic matter, CP and EE were not affected. The decreasing values of CF content as an effect of cellulolytic microbes, was in agreement with Rojas et al. (2003) who reported that cellulose content of ensilage Coffee pulp was lower than oven dried-coffee pulp. Reduction of CF content as an effect of fermentation also reported by Penaloza, et al. (1985). It was reported that fermented Coffee pulp had a higher total amino acid content and a lower cell wall constituent value, primarily cellulose and hemicellulose than the original pulp, after subjected to a solid-state fermentation process.

Table 3 shows the nutrient digestibility of coffee pulp treated with rumen cellulolytic microbes. The nutrients digestibility including digestibility of crude fiber, organic matter and dry matter increased significantly by 9.52%, 11.65%, and 8.85% after being treated with 5% and increased by 13.85%, 24.49%, 14.23% after being treated with 10 % of innocula respectively. The increasing of CF digestibility was considered due to the decreasing of CF content of coffee pulp by fermentation. Luiza (2000) described that cellulase is a complex mixture of enzyme proteins

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Physical QualityAddition of rumen cellulolytic microbes

0% 5% 10%Acidity Slightly acid acid acidColor Brown Brown BrownTexture Rough Smooth SmoothPresence of fungi little Very little Very little

pH 5.91a 5.81a 5.57b

Note : Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)

Table 1. Physical quality and pH of coffee pulp after fermentation using rumen cellulolytic microbes

Chemical Composition Addition of rumen cellulolytic microbesSignificant

(%) 0% 5% 10%Dry Matter 59.74 59.70 63.19 nsAsh 12.76 13.39 12.99 nsCrude Fiber 42.99C 39.06B 33.91A P <0.01

Crude Protein 29.05 28.63 27.31 nsEther Extract 2.65 3.24 3.00 nsNitrogen Free Extract 16.70a 19.85a 26.19b P <0.05

Table 2. Chemical composition of coffee pulp after fermentation using rumen cellulolytic microbes (% DM)

with different specificities to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. The three major cellulase enzyme are: endocellulase (1,4- ß-D-glucan- 4-glucanohydrolase, endoglucanase, EG, EC 3.2.1.4.), exocellulase (1,4-β-D-glucan-cellobiohydrolase, CBH, EC 3.2.1.91) and β-glucosidase (β-D-glucosido-glucohydrolase, cellobiase, EC 3.2.1.21). Those enzymes break the linkages between components of crude fiber, therefore other enzymes produced by rumen microbes are facilitated to digest any compounds inside the cell. As the result, the digestibility of organic and dry matter increased.

CONCLUSION

The use of rumen cellulolytic microbes at the level of 5% and 10% in coffee pulp fermentation increased physical and chemical quality as well as in vitro digestibility. The addition of rumen cellulolytic

microbes at the level of 10%, resulted the highest qualities and digestibility of coffee pulp.

REFERENCES

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Food Composition; Additives; Natural Contaminants. Helrich, K. (Ed.), 15th Edition. Virginia, USA, AOAC, Inc.

Astuti, M. 1981. Rancangan Percobaan dan Analisis Statistik. Bagian I. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.

Braham, J. E. & R. Bressani. 1979. Coffee Pulp : Composition, Technology, and Utilization. Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama.

Bressani, R. 1979. The by-products of coffee berries. In : Coffee Pulp : Composition, Technology, and

Digestibility Addition of rumen cellulolytic microbes Significant

0% 5% 10%

Crude fiber 30.25A 33.13B 34.44C P <0.01

Organic matter 30.30A 33.83B 37.72C P <0.01

Dry matter 36.83a 40.09b 42.07b P <0.05

Table 3. Nutrient digestibility of coffee pulp after fermentation (%)

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YUSIATI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

Utilization. J.E. Braham and R. Bressani. (Eds). Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama

Elias. 1979, Chemical composition of coffee-berry by-products. In:Coffee Pulp: Composition, Technology, and Utilization. J.E. Braham and R. Bressani.(eds) Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama

Halliwel, G., N. N. B. A. Wahab & A. H. Patle. 1985. Chemical Compotition of endo 1,4-β-glucanase to cellulolitic in trichodrma koningii. J. App. Biochem. 7: 43-45.

Hanim. C., L. M. Yusiati, & V. P. Budyastuti. 2008. Pengaruh Penambahan Mikrobia Selulolitik dari Cairan Rumen Sapi pada Fermentasi Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao) terhadap Kecernaan in vitro dengan Metode Produksi Gas. In Progress.

Ishler, V. 1996. From Feed To Milk: Understanding Rumen Function. College of Agricultural Sciences The Pennsylvania State University. Pp.5-6.

Krishna, N.H. & U. Umiyasih .2006. Identification and Evaluation Nutrient of Non-Conventional Feed Material from Abundant Waste in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta District. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner PP.872-879.

Lynn M. J.& J. H. Harrison. 2001. Scientific Aspects of Silage Making. Proceedings, 31st California Alfalfa & Forage Symposium, Modesto, CA, UC Cooperative Extension, University of California, Davis.

Luiza, J.2000. Solid state fermentation of agricultural wastes for endoglucanase production. Int. J. of Industrial Crops and Products 11 :1–5.

Mathew, C.K. & K.E. Van Holde, 1990. Biochemistry. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Company 390 Bridge Parkway. Redwood City, CA 94065.

Murthy P.S. & H. K. Manonmani. 2008. Bioconversion of Coffee Industry waste with White Rot Fungus

Pleurotus florida. Research J. Environ. Sci. 2(2): 145-150

Murthy, P. S., M. M. Naidu & P. Srinivas. 2009. Production of -amylase under solid-state fermentation utilizing coffee waste. J. Chem.Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (8): 1246 – 1249

Penaloza, P., M. R. Molina, R. G. Brenes & R. Bressani. 1985. Solid-State Fermentation: an Alternative to Improve the Nutritive Value of Coffee Pulp. J. Appl and Environ. Microbiol. 49 (2): 388-393

Plummer, D. T. 1971. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., Bombay-New Delhi

Rojas, J. B. O., J. A. J. Verreth, S. Amato & E.A. Huisman. 2003. Biological treatments affect the chemical composition of coffee pulp. Biores. Technol. 89: 267–274

Skinner, F. A. 1971. Isolation of Soil Clostridia. In: Isolation Of Anaerobes. The Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series no 5. Academic Press, London, New York.

Tilley, J. M. & R. M. Terry. 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grass. Soc.18, 104–111.

Yusiati, L.M., Z. Bachrudin, Kustono & Didi Rachmadi. 1995. Chemical evaluation of lignocellulolitic microbes, yeast,and lactobacili addition to rice straw at silage preservation. Bulletin of Animal Science. Special Edition, ISSN 0126-4400.

Yusiati, L. M., Wihandoyo & C. Hanim, , 2009. Pemanfaatan Bungkil Kelapa Sawit Fermentasi Menggunakan Isolat Fibrolitik dalam Pakan Itik Terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Telur. In progress.

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Improving the Nutritive Value of Total Mixed Ration Based on By-products Fermented by Rumen Liquor and Enzyme

I. M. Mudita, A. A. P. P. Wibawa, I. W. Wirawan, N. W. Siti and I. G. L. O. CakraFaculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Udayana

Jl. PB Sudirman Denpasar Kampus Bukit Jimbaran 80361, Bali-Indonesia(Received 09-11-2009 ; Accepted 2�-08-2010)

ABSTRACT

An experiment was carried out to optimize the nutritive value of total mixed ration based on by-products fermented with rumen liquor and enzyme complex. Factorial Completely Randomized Design was used through out the experiment. The level of rumen liquor of 0 ml (RL0), 20 ml (RL20) or 40 ml (RL40) per 1 kg total mixed ration; the levels of optyzim as sources of enzyme complex of 0g (E0), 1 g (E1) or 2 g (E2) per 1 kg total mixed ration . The treatments were allocated randomly in 3x3 factorial of completely randomized design in three replicates. Nutritive value of total mixed ration including contents of dry matter/DM, organic matter/OM, crude protein/CP and crude fibre/CF were determined. Fermentation products including concentration of NH3-N, total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and methane were also measured. There was treatments interaction (P<0.05) effect on nutritive value except dry matter content, concentration of acetic and butyric acid. The untreated total mixed ration (RL0), optimum indicated good nutritive value (P<0.05) Fermentation of local by-products as compound of complete feeds using rumen liquor and enzym complex reduced contents of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, pH, and methane gas production, while concentrations of total VFA, propionic acid and NH3-N increased.

Key words : Complete feed, enzyme complex, local waste, nutrition quality, rumen liquor

* Coresspondence authorFaculty of Animal Husbandry, University of UdayanaJl. PB Sudirman Denpasar Kampus Bukit Jimbaran 80361 BaliE-mail : [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The development of feeding system based on the local resources is the pillars supporting the sustainable and competitive production systems especially animal species in Indonesian (Ginting, 2004). By-products of food crops and agro-industry are potential sources of ruminant feed ingredients. Total mixed ration for ruminnt can be formulated and compound of the by-product available localy (Wahyono and Hardianto, 2007).

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Most of agricultural by-products have limited nutritive value (high fiber, low available nutrient and digestibility), contain various anti-nutritional compounds such as oxalic, silica, tannins, theobromine, cyanide, and ceratyne which can lead to decrease productivity of livestock (Preston, 1986), thus they become a limiting factor in the utilization in rations (Ginting, 2004). . Fermentation is the most method strategy which can be applied to improve the nutritive value of the by-products (Tamada et al., 1999). Utilization of inoculants containing the degrading fibrous microbes such as rumen liquor and the enzyme complex in the fermentation may nutritive value of total mixed ration compound of local by-products.

Rumen liquor is animal from slaughterhouse waste containing a variety bacteria, protozoa and fungi (Arora, 1995) and produce different types of fiber degrading enzymes, such as alpha-amylase, galactosidase,

hemicellulases, cellulase, and xylanase (Kamra, 2005). Optyzim is a comercial enzyme complex in powder form consisting of a mixture of amylase, protease, xylanase, cellulase, and hemicellulases (Bidura, 2006). Inclution of inoculants hydrolysis plant cell walls (cellulose, hemicelluloses, xylan and pectin), reduced Neutral Detergen Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergen Fiber (ADF) content (Parakkasi, 1999), increased digestibility of crude protein, energy, dry matter, and NDF of feed ingredients (Hau et al., 2006).

Pantaya et al. (2005) showed the addition of enzymes from rumen liquor reduce the polysaccharide content and increased metabolized energy content of wheat pollard. Purnomohadi (2006) reported that addition of celulolytic bacteria of the rumen liquor improved crude protein (4.1% to 9.01%) and decreased crude fiber (37.10% to 31.17%). Lamid et al. (2006) reported that the use of xylanolytic bacteria (5-15%) of rumen liquor in rice straw ensilage increased crude protein and reduce a crude fiber content of rice straw silage. Ridla and Uchida (1999) reported that the combined treatments of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and celulase improved the fermentation quality of both the Rhodesgrass and Italian Ryegrass. by degrading a portion of cell wall during storage.

Nahrowi (2006) showed the assignment of silage complete feed, was accepted by sheep, beef and dairy cattle, with no negative impact on performance. Feeding silage became the source of probiotics, defaunating agents and alternative antibiotics for livestock which affected the balance of rumen microbes (Hau et al., 2006; Wina, 2006). Krisnan and Ginting (2005) reported that inclusion of fermented markisa 20 to 40% in ration gave the same intake, feed efficiency and daily gain of Kacang goat compared to control. Parwati et al. (2006) showed that goat production given feed ration containing fermented cashew waste improved.

This experiment was conducted to determine the best level of rumen liquor and enzyme complex in the fermentation to improved nutritive value of total mixed ration complete feed compound of by-products.


Location, feed and experimental design

An experiment was carried out at Bukit Jimbaran Research Stasiun and Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University. Experimental treatments had two factors as follows: (1) RL0 = without rumen liquor, RL20 = 20 ml rumen liquor, and RL40 = 40 ml rumen liquor per 1

kg complete feed; (2) the levels of 0, 1 and 2 optizyme as a source of enzyme complex per 1 kg complete feed as E0, E1 or E2, respectively. Each combination of treatment had three replicates. The rumen liquor and/or enzyme optizyme were diluted in 1 liter fresh clean water for each kg of a complete feed. Basal complete feeds composed of local feedstuff (Table 1). The complete feeds were treated with rumen liquor and optizyme and incubated for 31 days at anaerobic condition. Fermentability of complete feeds from different treatments was evaluated in vitro. The treatments were allocated in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design of 3 x 3 with three replications.

Data collection, sampling procedure and analysis

Nutrient content of the complete feed including dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) were determined. The characteristics of the complete feed fermentability were evaluated. Concentration of NH3-N, total VFA, partial VFA (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid), pH. and methane gas production were determined and used as variables.

Feed samples were collected from untreated and treated complete feeds produced and used in the experiment. Feed samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP and CF contents according to the proxymate analysis method of AOAC (1980). Concentration of NH3-N was analysed using the phenolhypoclorite method, Total volatile fatty acids was analysed bythe method of steam destilation technique (Department of Dairy Science, 1966), pH was measured using portable pH meter “HANNA instrument HI 9025”, partial VFA (Acetic, propionic and butyric) was analysed using a high performance liquid chromatography HPLC, and methane production was estimated accoding to the following calculaton: CH4 = 0.5 acetate – 0.25 propionate + 0.5 butirate production (Orskov dan Ryle, 1990).

Data collected were analyzed statistically by applaying the analysis of applied if necessary (Sastrosupadi, 2000).


Fermentation with rumen liquor or optyzime addition in a complete feed decreased (P<0.05) the contents of organic matter/OM, crude protein/CP and crude fiber/CF. There was the effect of interaction (P<0.05) between the level of rumen fluid and optyzime addition on these variables, except on dry matter (P>0.05). The interaction of the treatments (P<0.05)

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changed significantly ruminal pH, concentration of NH3-N, total VFA, propionic acid and methane. The concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid were not influenced (P>0.05) by the treatments and their interaction (Table 2-4). The results indicated that inoculants and optyzime had complementary effect in improving the nutritive value of the complete feed when they were added in it. This was probably also due to the increasing production of total propionic

Treatment Nutritive ValueDM OM CP CF

---------------------------------------------------------- % DM ------------------------------------------------------------

Rumen LiquorRL0 96.49a 81.90b 17.62c 23.84c

RL20 96.19a 80.19a 16.44a 23.21b

RL40 96.52a 80.92a 16.75b 22.90a

SEM 0.45 0.21 0.04 0.06Optyzime

E0 96.79a 81.80b 17.40c 24.34c

E1 95.72a 80.61a 16.87b 23.22b

E2 96.69a 80.60a 16.55a 22.38a

SEM 0.45 0.21 0.04 0.06Interaction P>0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05

Note: The means in same column with different letter different (P<0.05); SEM = Standard Error of the treatment means.

Table 2. Nutritive Value of Complete Feeds Treated with Inoculants and Optizyme

acid.Addition of both rumen liquor and optizyme

decreased OM, CP, and CF content, and reduced acidity and methane production in vitro, but increased NH3-N, total VFA production and propionic acid proportion in the VFA (Table 4). Reduction of OM, CP, and CF content in the complete feed was likely associated with the increased in microbial activity. The microbes in rumen liquor added, fermented and utilized the

Treatment

Fermentation CharacteristicpH NH3-N Total VFA Acetic

acid Propionic

acid Butyric acid Methane

------------------------------------------------------- mM-----------------------------------------------

Rumen Liquor

RL0 7.31c 11.88a 126.52a 55.88a 28.70a 11.12a 26.33a

RL20 6.62a 13.13b 179.15b 54.48a 30.39b 10.77a 25.03a

RL40 6.81b 12.54ab 176.11b 54.86a 30.93b 10.07a 24.73a

SEM2 0.01 0.26 2.55 0.72 0.40 0.71 0.44Optyzime

E0 7.38c 11.97a 141.58a 55.66a 29.16a 10.45a 25.77a

E1 6.88b 12.55ab 164.81b 54.27a 30.91b 10.23a 24.52a

E2 6.47a 13.03b 175.39c 55.29a 29.95ab 11.29a 25.80a

SEM 0.01 0.26 2.55 0.72 0.40 0.71 0.44Interaction P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P>0.05 P<0.05 P>0.05 P<0.05

Note: The means in same column with different letter different (P<0.05); SEM = Standard Error of the treatment means.

Table 3. Fermentation Characteristics of Complete Feeds treated with Inoculants and Optyzim

January 2011 23


Parameters Observed

Rumen Liquor Optyzime SEM

E0 E1 E2

OM RL0 84.37Bb 80.95Aa 80.37Aa 0.36 (% DM basis) RL20 80.28Aa 80.19Aa 80.10Aa

RL40 80.74Aa 80.71Aa 81.32Aa

CP RL0 18.82Cc 16.54Aa 17.51Bc 0.08(% DM basis) RL20 17.17Cb 16.44Ba 15.71Aa

RL40 16.20Aa 17.62Bb 16.44Ab

CF RL0 25.96Cc 23.33Ba 22.22Aa 0.11 (% DM basis) RL20 23.79Cb 23.21Ba 22.63Ab

RL40 23.26Ba 23.13Ba 22.30Aab

Acidity (pH)

RL0 7.58Cc 7.30Bc 7.04Ac 0.01RL20 7.42Cb 6.62Ba 5.81Aa

RL40 7.14Ca 6.73Bb 6.57Ab

NH3-N (mM)

RL0 10.65Aa 11.51Aa 13.47Ba 0.45RL20 13.10Ab 13.13Aa 13.17Aa

RL40 12.17Aab 13.00Aa 12.45Aa

Total VFA (mM)

RL0 84.74Aa 138.80Ba 156.02Ca 4.41RL20 171.08Ab 179.15ABb 187.22Bb

RL40 168.93Ab 176.46Ab 182.92Ab

Propionic Acid (mM)

RL0 25.14Aa 30.62Ba 30.34Ba 0.69RL20 31.59Ab 30.03Aa 29.55Aa

RL40 30.74Ab 32.08Aa 29.97Aa

Methane (mM)

RL0 28.44Bb 25.13Aa 25.41Aa 0.77RL20 23.96Aa 25.51Aa 25.61Aa

RL40 24.90ABa 22.92Aa 26.37Ba

Note : The means in the same row or column with different capital or small letter respectively differ (P<0.05). SEM = Standard Error of the Treatment Means

nutrients composing the complete feed. The decreased of OM and CP of treated complete feeds could be due to the utilization of nutrients in the feed by microbial inoculants for microbial protein synthesis to grow and support its activities (Fellner, 2004; Leng, 1997).

Increased NH3-N, total VFA production and its propionic acid proportion indicated that addition of inoculant and optizyme into the complete feed increased the fermentability of the feed. Activity of microbe inoculated into the feed hydrolyzed the large molecules of nutrients of the complete feed. The decreased in fiber content of treated feed up

to 2 g optizym in 1 kg complete feed and high pH liquor in the in vitro test, indicated the effectiveness of the enzyme produced by inoculant and optizyme in hydrolyzing the feed components including fiber compenents. The decreased in rumen pH liquor indicated that the inoculant and optizyme increased the solubility and availability of fiber, protein and others feed components, and therefore increased fiber fermentation and the protein degradation in the rumen liquor. The high acidity of pH 5.81 had been providing the best conditions for cellulolytic microbial activity to produce the highest total VFA (Fellner, 2004).

Table 4. Nutritive Value of Complete Feeds Treated with Inoculants and Optizyme

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The increased in propionic acid proportion in the VFA was likely associated with the reduction of crude fiber components in the treated complete feed. The decline in fiber will generally be accompanied by an increase in feed digestion (Fellner, 2004; Leng, 1997). Increased in the fermentability of the feed indicated that the inoculation of microbes and addition of optizyme improved the nutritive value of the complete feed (Mudita, 2008). The improvement of nutrients availability in the complete feed produced a better fermentation condition and facilitated the activities of microbes releasing fiber degrading enzymes during fermentation of the components of complete feed in the rumen liquor (Bidura, 2006).

Methane is one of the major components of environmental pollutant (Hegarty, 2001). The reduction in methane production in the present experiment indicated that the addition of inoculants and optizyme into the complete feed contributed to reduction of methane released from the ruminants. These conditions have also given a very positive effect in which resulted complete feed potentially produce the lowest methane production so that it is feasible to be developed in the effort of developing ruminant farm environmentally friendly. The low production of methane will reduce the risk of environmental pollution from ruminant farm which is currently contributing high pollutants that is 20-30% of the total emission of methane into the atmosphere (Nurtjahya et al., 2006) or it reaches 62.6 Mt CO2-equivalent (Hegarty, 2001).

CONCLUSION

Microbe from rumen liquor utilized some components of the complete feed for their growth and activities, and therefore reduced the organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber content of feed. However, the addition of rumen liquor in combination with optizym were able to hydrolyze the feed components and improved the availability as well as the fementability of the complete feed components.

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Purnomohadi, M. 2006. The Role of Rumen Cellulolytic Bacterial Inoculants on The Fermentation Process of Feed Quality. In: Journal Protein 13 (2).Pp:108-112. http://jurnal-protein.umm.ac.id [ January 2, 2010]. (in Indonesian with abstract in English).

Ridla, M. and S. Uchida. 1999. Comparative Study on The Effects of Combined Treatments of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Celases on The Fermentation Characteristic and Camical Composition of Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Silages. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci 12 (4). Pp:525-530.

Sastrosupadi, A.. 2000. Rancangan Percobaan Praktis Bidang pertanian. Edisi Revisi. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta. (in Indonesian)

Tamada, J., H. Yokota, M. Ohshima and M. Tamaki. 1999. Effect of Additives, Storage Temperature and Regional Difference of Ensilasing on fermentation Quality of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) Silage. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 12 (1):28-35.

Wahyono, D. E., and R. Hardianto. 2004. Utilization of Local Feed Resources to Develop Beef Cattle. Article in: Lokakarya Nasional Kambing Potong. Http://pe-ternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/download/infoteknis/kambingpotong [January 30, 2007]. (in Indonesian with abstract in English)

Wina, E. 2005. The Technology of Utilizing Microorganism in Feed to Improve Ruminant Productivity In Indonesia: A Review. http://peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/publikasi/wartazoa/wazo154-2.pdf [December 24, 2006]. (in Indonesian with abstract in English)

The Evaluation of Nutrient Quality of Ramie Leaves Silage and Hay in Complete Mixed Ration for Etawah-Crossbreed Goat using In vitro Technique

Despal*, I. M. L. Hutabarat., R. Mutia, and I. G. PermanaDepartment of Nutrition and Feed Technology

Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor(Received 09-11-2009. ; Accepted 23-03-2010)

ABSTRACT

A research was conducted to evaluate the effect of ramie leaves silage and hay in Etawah Crossbreed (PE) goat complete mixed ration (CMR) on nutrient content, fermentability, and digestibility by in vitro. There were seven CMR dietary treatments i.e. P0 (control ration) = 50% napier grass + 50% concentrate, P1 = 30% napier grass + 20% ramie leaves silage + 50% concentrate, P2 = 20% napier grass + 30% ramie leaves silage + 50% concentrate, P3 = 10% napier grass + 40% ramie leaves silage + 50% concentrate, P4 = 30% napier grass + 20% ramie leaves hay + 50% concentrate, P5 = 20% napier grass + 30% ramie leaves hay + 50% concentrate, and P6 = 10% napier grass + 40% hay + 50% concentrate. Both ramie leaves silage and hay increased the CMR digestibility and nutrient content, except the crude fiber. Control ration had a higher crude fiber than silage and hay. The CMR which contain 40% ramie leaves silage had higher nutrient digestibilities compared to the other rations. Rations which were added with ramie leaves silage (P1 – P3) had higher VFA concentration compared to the other rations. ammonia concentration of rations added with preserved ramie leaves were lower than control, however ammonia concentration in all treatments were in optimal range. acetate proportion was higher in CMR which contain ramie leaves hay than CMR which contain silage and the nutrients digestibilities were lower. Adding ramie leaves silage in rations resulted higher propionate and butyrate proportion than control and rations added with ramie leaves hay. Either silage or hay ramie leaves can be used up to 40% as napier grass substitute in the PE CMR.

Key words : Etawah goat, hay, ramie leaves, silage

INTRODUCTION

Ramie leaves are byproduct from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) plantation that produced fiber for textile raw materials. Currently, ramie plantations are widely expanded in Garut and Wonosobo regencies. The previous research showed that ramie leaves contained all major nutrients which were needed by

animal (Duarte et al., 1997). Sufficiently high crude protein content (20%) and crude fibre (16%) exhibited that ramie leaves could be used as forage to fulfill dairy nutrient requirement like PE goat. Despal (2007) explained that supplementation of dried ramie leaves until 33% in ration based on field grass prevented sheep body weight loss during dry season and gave positive growth.

Ramie leaves available periodically depend on stem harvest at 25 – 40 days interval. Harvesting occur at the same time and in great quantity. Each hectare of ramie plantation could produce forages up to 300 ton fresh material/year (FAO, 2005) or equivalent to 42 ton dry matter. Preservation of ramie leaves was


Vol. 2 No. 1

* Coresspondence authorDepartment of Nutrition and Feed TechnologyFaculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural UniversityE-mail : [email protected]

26 January 2011

necessary so that ramie leaves could be utilized more efficiently and being used as animal daily feed.

General preservations of forages are wet (silage) and dry (hay) preservations. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. Drying with open sun drying technique is a cheap forage conserving method. However, forage excess generally occur at rainy season so there is a needed for technology to handle the constraint. Whereas wet preservation (silage) is hampered by low water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and high water content that may produce a low quality of silage.

According to Despal and Permana (2008), ramie leaves dried by greenhouse technique produced better quality of hay than drying by open sun drying and oven technique. Adding dried cassava 20% (w/w) in silage ramie leaves produced better quality of silage than silage which were added with corn and pollard. The quality of preserved ramie leaves needed to be tested in ration.

The objective of the research was to study preserved ramie leaves using wet and dry preservation as grass substitute in PE goat ration and their effect on nutrient content, fermentability and in vitro digestibility.


This research was conducted from November 2008 to March 2009 at Agrostology Laboratory, Dairy Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Laboratory of Inter University Center, Bogor Agricultural University, and Laboratory of Nutrition Physiology, Animal Research Center, Ciawi.

Ramie leaves were obtained from Koperasi Pondok Pesantren (Koppontren) Darusalam, Garut Regency. As many as 2 kg of ramie leaves, that was chopped into a length of approximately 1,5 – 2 cm using forage chopper, added with 400 grams of dried cassava to make the silage. Silage was stored in plastic (28 x 50 cm) and rewrapped with plastic and polybag (60 x 120 cm) to avoid light intervention. Silages were incubated anaerobically for 35 days. After 35 days, silages were dried, ground, and mixed in ration. Hay was made by drying ramie leaves in greenhouse for 21 hours under intensive light and the hay was twist every 2 hours. After 21 hours light intensities, hay was ground and mixed in ration. The forage which used in ration was napier grass whereas the concentrate consisted of corn, pollard, rice bran, pressed coconut cake, dried cassava, CaCO3, and dicalsium phosphat.

Chemical composition of ingredients which were used in complete mixed ration was appeared in Table 1.

Complete ration was mixed appropriately according to formula (Table 2). Complete ration was formulated based on the nutrient requirement of lactating PE having 30 kg BW and produce 1 kg milk/d (4% FCM). The ration contained 66.5% TDN, 11.17% CP, 0.41% Ca, and 0.29% P (NRC, 1981).

Nutrients content, i.e. dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), and ash were analyzed according to AOAC (1999). Fermentability and in vitro digestibility were determined as described by Tilley and Terry (1969), NH3 analysis was conducted according to General Laboratory Procedure (1966), and partial VFA were analyzed with gas chromatography using Chrompack method (1998).

Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences between individual means were identified using Duncan’s multiple tests.


Nutrient composition of complete ration

Proximate composition is presented in Table 3. Nutrient composition among treatments ration were significantly different (P<0.05). Substitution of napier grass by ramie leaves hay on level 20% decreases the DM weight of ration, but it was still higher than the DM weight of the control ration. Substitute of napier grass by silage 20% caused the DM weight of ration was lower than of the control ration. On higher level substitute (30% and 40%), DM weight of ration that was produced were higher than control. The difference of ration’s DM weight was not only because of hay and silage alone, but also because of other ingredients (Table 1).

Ash shows the mineral contents of the substances. Generally, substitution of king grass with ramie increased the ash-content. This was because of the higher ash-content of both preserved ramie leaves compared to napier grass. The higher ramie hay and silage on ration, the higher ash-content was. Substitution of napier grass with ramie leaves hay increased the ration’s ash-content higher compared to substitution with silage. This was because of the ash-content on ramie leaves hay was higher than on ramie leaves silage (Table 1). Ash-content of ramie leaves was dominated by Ca that ranging from 4 – 5%. High content of 6% Ca on ramie leaves was also reported by

DESPAL ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

January 2011 2�

No. Feed IngredientsDM Ash CP EE CF TDN Ca P

------------------------------------------------- (%) -------------------------------------------------------1. Ramie hay 90.43 21.57 14.02 3.70 13.09 52.79 4.65 2.182. Ramie silage 90.10 17.90 10.20 4.41 11.10 62.30 3.98 0.173. Napier grass 22.20 12.00 8.69 2.71 32.30 52.40 0.48 0.354. Rice bran 87.70 13.60 13.00 8.64 13.90 67.90 0.09 1.395. Pollard 88.50 5.90 18.50 3.86 9.80 69.20 0.23 1.106. Pressed coconut cake 88.60 8.20 21.30 10.90 14.20 78.70 0.17 0.627. Corn 86.80 2.20 10.80 4.28 3.50 80.80 0.23 0.418. Dried cassava 79.50 4.70 2.60 7.00 5.70 78.50 0.17 0.09

Table 1. Ingredients and their chemical composition

Feed Ingredient P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

------------------------------------------- (%) -------------------------------------------------Ramie hay 0 0 0 0 20 30 40Ramie silage 0 20 30 40 0 0 0Napier grass 50 30 20 10 30 20 10Rice bran 10 10 12 7.87 10 10 10Pollard 10.39 17.67 17.85 23.16 15.64 19.74 18.42Pressed coconut cake 7.32 11.8 13.67 15.09 5 5 5Corn 18 9.03 5 3 13.09 7.04 5Dried cassava 3.94 0 0 0 10 10 15CaCO3 0.35 1 1 0.38 1 0 0DCP 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.28 0 0TDN 66.5 66.5 66.91 68 66.5 66.5 66.5PK 12 12 12 12 12 12 12Ca 0.41 1.518 1.879 2 1.584 1.558 1.982P 0.561 0.614 0.635 0.589 0.462 0.455 0.436

Table 2. Ingredients and rations composition

Duarte et al. (1997). The high content of Ca on ramie leaves was expected to be more available for dairy animals than inorganic Ca that usually added in ration (McDowell, 2003).

Ration fat-content (EE) that contained both preserved ramie leaves (silage and hay) were not different with control. Ration containing 40% silage had higher EE content than control and ration containing hay on every level. Because of that, the higher silage level that was added, the higher EE content was on ration. On the contrary, the higher hay level added, the lower EE content was. Crude fat-content on ration was high because of the high percentage of pressed coconut cake (Table 2).

Ration containing hay ramie leaves had higher CP

content than control. Hay ramie leaves contained of 14.01% CP were able to increase the CP content of the ration significantly. Eventhough, it was not obviously different, ration containing silage ramie leaves had a higher CP content than control. There was no obvious different caused by the level of hay-added on CP content of ration. The low CP content on using silage was proceed from dried cassava on hay ramie leaves that has 2.6% CP content. The use of dried cassava on ensilage had caused ramie ensilage to have content of 10.2% CP, which was not really different with napier grass (8.9%).

Ration consisted of preserved ramie leaves had a lower CF content than control. This was because of lower CF content on preserved ramie leaves compared

Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT QUALITY

28 January 2011

to napier grass. The higher use of preserved ramie leaves (hay

or silage) in the ration, the lower crude fiber-content on ration was. The lower crude fiber-content on ration was expected to cause a higher digestibility. According to Despal (2000), crude fiber had a negative correlation to digestibility. The lower crude fiber was, the higher digestibility of the ration was. But, the very low crude fiber on dairy animal ration can intrude the syntheses of milk fat that impacted on the lowering of milk production. This was because of the low content of crude fiber deliver the VFA pattern that has more proportion of molar propionate acid. Propionate was much more used as energy reserve and a bit as syntheses of milk fat. Seymour et al. (2005) reported that the content of milk fat had a negative correlation with propionate and butyrate content of the diet but had a positive correlation with acetate.

Fermentability and digestibility

Ration fermentability can be measured by VFA production as the product of organic matter fermentation

and NH3 as the fermentation product from protein. VFA was the main energy source to ruminant livestock and was an output from the ration fermentation on rumen (Orskov and Ryle, 1990). On that account, VFA production in rumen could be used as an indicator on ration fermentability (Hartati, 1998). VFA profile (molar proportion of VFA) that yielded could be used to describe whether a ration was approprioate to the livestock. The influence of adding ramie leaves silage and hay on ration fermentability was shown in Table 4. Statistical analysis resulted that organic matter and protein fermentability of the ration were not showing any different among treatments (P>0.05).

According to Sutardi (1980), the optimal range of ration VFA was 80-160 mM. Total VFA that yielded in this study was so low compared to range of VFA that was needed for the optimal growth of rumen microorganism. This was because of the different measurement method, in case on this research VFA was measured by GC, whereas on Sutardi (1980), the measurement was done using steam destilation. The low values of VFA on measurement using GC were also found by Despal (2005); Madrid et al., (1999);

Treatments DM (%)

Ash EE CP CF

------------------------------------- (% DM) ---------------------------------------

P0 82,17b 10,01a 4,52abc 12,97a 23,78e

P1 81,23a 10,81a 2,83a 13,69ab 16,97cd

P2 86,15e 11,11b 5,21bc 12,69a 14,29bc

P3 86,14e 11,17b 5,58d 13,16abc 11,45a

P4 85,26e 12,03b 4,75bc 13,83bcd 16,53d

P5 83,92d 14,26c 3,77ab 14,52d 17,18d

P6 83,86c 14,94c 3,94abc 14,31cd 13,08ab

Note: Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.05)

Table 3. Nutrient composition of complete ration

Treatments VFA (mM/L)* NH3

(mM/L)Acetate Propionate Isobutyrate Butyrate Isovalerate TotalP0 26,25 4,44 0,62 2,67 0,32 34,3 11,46P1 26,31 5,47 0,37 3,16 0,31 35,62 10,3P2 27,74 6,56 0,58 3,75 0,4 39,03 10,62P3 24,78 6,38 0,39 3,65 0,27 35,47 9,67P4 22,57 4,57 0,52 2,93 0,15 30,74 8,42P5 25,27 4,13 0,47 2,37 0,19 32,43 9,7P6 18,42 3,2 0,31 2,31 0,11 24,35 8,94

Table 4. Fermentability of complete ration


January 2011 29

and McCullough and Sisk (1972). On steam distillation methods, all volatile substances are counted as VFA, but not in VFA measured using GC.

Ration containing hay was less fermentable than ration containing silages. This was because of microorganism activity on the ensilage helped digesting the feedstuffs and caused silage in the rumen system more fermentable. The same result was also found by Schingoethe et al. (1976).

Acetic acid was present in greatest amount and the proportion of propionic acid usually exceeded that of butyric (Balch and Rowland, 1956). Acetate proportions to total VFA of the respective rations were 76.5%; 73.9%; 71.1%; 69.9%; 73.4%, 77.9% and 75.6%. The use of silage (P1 – P3) gave a lower acetate proportion than control. The higher use of silage on ration, the lower acetate proportion . This was because of the lower content of CF in silage containing ration compare to control (McCullough and Sisk, 1972). The use of hay on certain level might reduce acetate proportion, however not as much as on silage. On the use of hay as much as 30%, acetate proportion was higher compared to control. The high proportion of acetate on the use of hay can be found in Esdale et al. (1968).

Ammonia was the main source of nitrogen to synthesize the microorganism’s protein, so its concentration on rumen was a case that had to be observed (Satter and Slyter, 1974). According to McDonald et al. (2002), the range of NH3 optimal concentration to synthesize the rumen microorganism’s protein was 6 – 21 mM. The NH3 that yielded from protein fermentation on the experimental rations were in optimal range for the growth of livestock and not excessive.

Digestibility was an early indication on the availability of nutrients in certain feed to livestock (Yusmadi, 2008). The influence of hay-added and silage-added to ration on in vitro digestibility is shown on Table 5. Ration treatment highly influential (P<0.01) to ration DM and OM digestibility.

Ramie leaves silage-added to ration increased the DM and OM digestibility in line with the increased level. The increase in digestibility also observed in its on hay ramie leaves-added however is was not as much as on silage. Moreover 30% hay-added was ration gave a relative similiar digestibility to control. A higher digestibility of silage compared to hay was also found by Yusmadi (2008). Dry matter and organic matter pattern was inversely proportional to CF ration. The higher CF was, the lower digestibility was. This case was in mutual according to Despal (2000).

Treatments DMD (%)

OMD (%)

P0 61,21a 60,40a

P1 66,33abc 66,22abc

P2 69,53bc 69,25c

P3 71,91c 72,33c

P4 66,81abc 67,44bc

P5 61,63ab 61,89ab

P6 65,00ab 66,14abc

Note: Means in the same column with different superscript differ significantly (P <0.01)

The increasing of OM digestibility was in line with increasing of DM digestibility. As reported by Sutardi (1980), because of most components of DM were consisted of OM so that factors that influenced DM digestibility, could also influence OM digestibility.

Table 5. In vitro digestibility of complete ration

CONCLUSION

Ramie leaves silage and hay used as substitute for napier grass may improve nutrient content and ration digestibility. Eventhough ration fermentability using ramie leaves silage and hay lower than control, fermentability in all ration still in optimal range. Acetate proportion was higher on hay ramie leaves substitution though it had a lower digestibility than on silage. Either silage and hay ramie leaves can be used up to 40% as Napier grass substitute in Etawah TMR.

REFERENCES

AOAC. 1999. Official methods of Analysis. AOAC International. Washington.

Balch, D. A. & S. J. Rowland. 1956. Volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the rumen of dairy cows receiving a variety of diets. Nutr. 11 : 288 – 298.

Crompack. 1998. Reference Manual CP-9002 Gas Chromatograph. Middleburgh. Netherland.

Despal. 2000. Kemampuan komposisi kimia dan kecernaan in vitro dalam mengestimasi kecernaan in vivo. Media Peternakan 23 (3): 84 – 88.

Despal. 2005. Nutritional Properties of Urea Treated Cocoa Pod for Ruminant. Cuvillier Verlag. Goettingen.

Despal. 2007. Suplementasi nutrien defisien untuk meningkatkan penggunaan daun rami (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) dalam ransum


30 January 2011

domba. Media Peternakan 30 (3): 181-188.Despal & I. G. Permana. 2008. Penggunaan berbagai Teknik

Preservasi untuk Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Daun Rami sebagai Hijauan Sumber Protein dalam Ransum Kambing Peranakan Etawah. Laporan Penelitian Hibah Bersaing. LPPM Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.

Duarte, A. A, V.C. Sgarbieri & E. R. B. Juniar. 1997. Composition and nutritive value of ramie leaf flour for monogastric animals. Revista PAB : 32 (12).

Esdale, W. J., G. A. Broderick & L. D. Satter. 1968. Measurement of ruminal volatile fatty acid production from alfalfa hay or corn silage rations using a continuous infusion isotope dilution technique. J. Dairy Science 51 (11) : 1823 – 1830.

FAO. 2005. Animal Feed Resources Information System. htttp://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/Data/361. HTM. [1 Juni 2009].

General Laboratory Procedure. 1966. Departement of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin.

Hartati, E. 1998. Suplementasi minyak lemuru dan seng ke dalam ransum yang mengandung silase pod kakao dan urea untuk memacu pertumbuhan sapi Holstein jantan. Disertasi. Program Pasca Sarjana. IPB. Bogor.

Madrid, J., M. D. Megias & F. Hernandez. 1999. Determination of short volatile fatty acids in silages from artichoke and orange by-products by capillary gas chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agric 79: 580-584.

McCullough, M. E. & K. R. Sisk. 1972. Crude fiber, form of ration, type of silage and digestibility of optimum rations. J. Dairy Sci. 55 (4) : 484.

McDonald, P. R. A., Edwards J. F. D. Greenhalge & C. A. Morgan. 2002. Animal nutrition. 6th Edition. Longman Science and Technology. New York.

McDowell, Lee Russell. 2003. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Elseivier Science. Amsterdam.

NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirement of Goat. National Academy Press. USA.

Orskov, E.R and Ryle M. 1990. Energy Nutrition in Ruminant. Elseivier. London.

Schingoethe, D. J., H. H. Voelker, G. L. Beardsley, & J. G. Parsons. 1976. Rumen volatile fatty acids and milk composition from cows fed hay, haylage, or urea treated corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 59 (5) : 894 – 901.

Satter, L. and L. L Slyter. 1974. Effect of` amonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 32 : 199 – 208.

Sutardi, T. 1980. Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Jilid I. Fakultas Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.

Seymour, W. M., D. R. Campbella, & Z. B. Johnson. 2005. Relationships between rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations and milk production in dairy cows : a literature study. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119 : 155–169.

Yusmadi. 2008. Kajian Mutu dan Palatabilitas Silase dan Hay Ransum Komplit Berbasis Sampah Organik Primer pada Kambing PE. Tesis. Program Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.


January 2011 31

Addition of Chlortetracycline to Improve the Performance of Broilers Fed Local Diets

R. Murwani a*, I. A. Setyawan b, and A. A. K. Ariestab

a Lab. of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Nutrition and Feed ScienceFaculty of Animal Science, Diponegoro University Semarang, Indonesia

b Supervised undergraduate students (Received 09-11-2009. ; Accepted 1�-0�-2010)

AbstrAct

A research was carried out to study the effect of chlortetracycline addition in drinking water on the performance of broilers fed corn-mungbean base diet. The diet was composed of corn and mungbean as the major ingredients. One hundred of day-old chicks CP 707 were randomly assigned into two treatments i.e. 1) no addition of chlortetracycline in the drinking water (D1), (2) addition of chlortetracycline in the drinking water (D1+). Diet and water were offered ad libitum. Feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion were recorded up to day 21. Chlortetracycline addition via drinking water affected significantly feed consumption and feed conversion (P<0.05). Broilers with chlortetracycline administration showed lower feed consumption and feed conversion. The results indicated that chlortetracycline additive can improve the performance of broilers fed corn-mungbean base diet.

Key words : Chlortetracycline, mungbeans, corn, sorghum, feed conversion

INTRODUCTION

Subtherapeutic level in-feed antibiotics are commonly used in broiler commercial feeds (Murwani and Bayuardhi, 2007). In feed-antibiotic exerts its effect by decreasing the number of pathogenic bacteria and hence promoting a better microbial balance in the gut and improving nutrient utilization (Dibner and Richards, 2005). They are therefore useful in preventing bacterial infection and protect broilers from heat stress in hot and humid climate like Indonesia. It is also a common practice to administer antibiotics via drinking water in the management of

broiler production (Murwani and Bayuardhi, 2007). Such practice is helpful in maintaining broilers health, suppressing mortality, supporting maximal growth and sustaining profitable bussiness.

In-feed antibiotic is commonly used in commercial broiler diet based on corn, soybean meal, and meat bone meal. As these feed ingredients rely heavily on imports, high price of feed can not be avoided. In attempt to substitute imported feed ingredients, the use of locally available grains were studied. Soybean meal as source of vegetable protein can be replaced by mungbean which has high protein content among various local beans. Sorghum can also be used together with corn as source of energy. Although sorghum has been known to contain an anti nutritive-tannin, its use in appropriate amount in the diet composition can be beneficial to broilers (Nyachoti et al., 1996; Murwani, 2008; Murwani, 2009). Meat bone meal which has been banned for use in ruminants feed remains an important feed ingredients for broilers as it supplies high animal protein. However it can be substituted by various local animal protein such as fish meal,


Vol. 2 No. 1

* Coresspondence authorDepartment of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Diponegoro University, Campus drh. Soejono Koewoemowardojo Tembalang Campus Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia e-mail : [email protected]

32 January 2011

rejected milk, or by products of bakery industries. The following research therefore was carried out to study the effect of antibiotic additive i.e. chlortetracycline in drinking water in broilers fed local feed ingredients based diet.


Birds and diets

All feed ingredients were obtained from local feed producers. Corn, sorghum and mungbean were obtained in grain form with moisture content around 11%. These feed ingredients were ground separately and stored in clean water- tight plastic drum until mixed. They were also checked for the presence of mycotoxin, but no mycotoxin was detected.

Corn, sorghum, mungbean, protein mix, inactivated bakery yeast (fermipan), vitamin mixture and mineral mixture were used to compose the basal diet (Table 1). Protein mix consisted of locally produced milk powder and albumin powder. Albumin powder was prepared by steaming albumin obtained from side product of local bakery producers, dried and then ground.

A total of 100 Ross CP 707 day old unsexed broilers with initial body of weight 37± 5 g were chick used in this experiment. They were offered free access to sugar and vitamin mix solution on the arrival. The experimental chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups (in a warm brooder) and given the following treatments: 1) without chlortetracycline (D1), (2) with chlortetracycline via drinking water (D1+) (Table 1). On day 7, the birds from each large groups were further allocated randomly into 5 replicates with 10 chickens in each replicate.

The dose of antibiotic used was 500 ppm (500 mg/L water). The diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirement of broilers with protein level on 22.7%. The calculated ME of 3200 Kcal/kg. ME was calculated from ME value of each feed ingredient (NRC, 2004 and Hartadi et al., 1986). Chicks were offered ad libitum access to the diet and drinking water.

Antibiotic-free vitamin was given through drinking water and mineral mixture was mixed with the diet. Birds were vaccinated with commercial ND La Sota (PT. Medion Indonesia) on day-4 via eye drop and subcutaneous simultaneously. The dose and vehicle of vaccine was used according to instruction sheet. Subcutaneous route was given with automatic injector. The treatments were performed for 25 days of starter period, in an open broiler-house with similar condition as that found in most small to medium scale

Ingredients (%) D1 D1+

Treatment of antibiotic in drinking water - 500 ppmCorn 36.71 36.71Mungbeans 29.95 29.95Sorghum 2.90 2.90Protein Mix 21.26 21.26Coconut Oil 2,9 2,9Mineral 3.38 3.38Baker yeast 2.90 2.90Total 100 100Nutrient Contents Metabolisable Energy (Kkal/kg)2 3230.28 3230.28Crude protein3 22.7 22.7Crude fat3 1.09 1.09Crude fiber3 2.32 2.321 The contens of mineral mix per kg i.e. 32.5% Ca, 10% P, 6 g Fe,

4 g Mn, 0.075 g , 0.3 g Cu, 3.75 g Zn, 0.5 g vitamin B12, 50000 IU vitamin D3

2 Based on calculated values3 Based on proximate analysis.

Table 1. Composition and nutrient contents of experimental diets.

broiler chicken producers (Murwani and Bayuardhi, 2007).

Feed consumption, body weight and feed conversion

Feed consumption was determined from the amount of feed given ad libitum minus feed that was not consumed. Body weight was measured each week with an electronic scale. Feed conversion was determined from the ratio of feed consumption to body weight.

A completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 5 replicates was employed. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test .


Feed consumption of broilers in D1 was significantly higher than broilers in D1+ (P<0.05) (Figure 1). Antibiotic supplementation in drinking water reduced feed consumption.

MURWANI ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

January 2011 33

Figure 1. Means of feed consumption of broilers as affected by antibiotic addition in drinking water (g/bird)

There is no significant effect of treatments on body weight of broilers at 21 d (p>0.05). Antibiotic adminstration did not affect body weight of broilers (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Means of broilers body weight of as affected by antibiotic addition in drinking water

There is a significant effect of treatments on feed conversion of broilers at 1 – 21 day (p<0.05). Antibiotic administration improved feed conversion (Figure 3).

Feed consumption of broilers is affected by palatability. It is generally accepted that predominat senses of birds including broilers are sight and touch. Birds have taste buds and receptors, as well as touch receptors in the beak. Therefore, birds can taste and perceived physical form of the diets including colour, although with less acuity than mammals (Klasing, 2000). The use of corn and mungbean as major ingredients in the diet give certain colour and taste which are due to yellow colour of corn and the green skin colour of mungbean. Therefore, the palability of diet in birds with and without antibiotic should be the same. However, administration of antibiotic resulted in a decrease of feed consumption (D1+). Decreasing feed

Figure 3. Means of feed conversion of broilers as affected by antibiotic addition in drinking water.

compsution might indicate that antibiotic improved the effectiveness of feed utilization which could fulfill the energy and nutrient needs of broilers. Antibiotic might induce satiety system in birds and therefore had less consumption. Antibiotics might also excert its effect by improving gut morphology, especially on small intestine, suppressing pathogenic microbes, and consequently improving nutrient absorption (Parks et al., 2000; Perez et al., 2005; Murwani, 2008). Such effect was manifested by accretion into lean which is reflected in body weight of broilers. Consequently that in feed conversion of broilers fed in D1+ was lower than D1. The results of the present study showed that administration of chlortetracycline via drinking water to broiler starter fed corn-mungbean base diet improved feed conversion.

CONCLUSION

Administration of chlortetracycline via drinking water is beneficial to broilers starter fed corn-mungbean base diet.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supported by Research Grant “Hibah Kompetensi” fiscal year 2008 and 2009 from Directorate General of Higher Education which was granted to the first author.

REFERENCES

Dibner, J. J & J. D Richards . 2005. Antibiotic growth pro-moters in Agriculture: History and Mode of Action. Poult. Sci., 84:634-643.

Hartadi, H., S. Reksohadiprodjo & Tillman, A.D. 1986. Feed Composition Table for Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. Jogjakarta.

Vol. 2 No. 1 CHLORTETRACYCLINE ADDITIVE

3� January 2011

874,06751,40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

D1 D1+

gram

/bird

A B

528,80 560,80

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

D1 D1+

gram

/bir

d

BA

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

D1 D1+

gram

/bird

AA

B

Klasing, K.C. 2000. Comparative Avian Nutrition. CABI Publishing. Cambridge.

Murwani, R. & B. Bayuardhi. 2007. Broilers serum cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and their relation to antibiotic in feed and medication programs in four broiler producers in Semarang region-central Java, Indonesia. Intl. J. of Poult. Sci., 6(4): 266-270.

Murwani, R. 2008. Aditif Pakan. Aditif Alami Pengganti Antibiotika. Unnes Press, Semarang.

Murwani, R. 2009. Effect of Mung bean as Local Feed Ingredients to Substitute Soybean Meal in the Diet on the Performance of Broilers. The first International Seminar on Animal Industry: Sustainable Animal Production for Food Security and Safety. Bogor.

Nyachoti, C. M., J. L. Atkinson & S. Leeson. 1996. Response of broiler chicks fed a high-tannin sorghum diet. J. of App. Poult. Res. 5: 239¬-245.

NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.

Parks, C.W., J. L. Grimes, P. R. Ferket & A. S. Fairchild. 2000. The case for mannanoligosaccharides in poultry diets. An alternative to growth promotant antibiotics? Proc. of Alltech’s 16th Annu. Symp. (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A. eds.). Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham UK., p.45-60.

Perez, A.R., E. Amit-Romach & Z. Sklan Dand Uni. 2005. Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter supplementation. J. Nutr. 135:187-192.


January 2011 3�

Efficacy of Methionine Addition in Laying Hens Fed Corn-Soy-Palm Kernel Meal Based Diet

M. Ridla*, Sumiati, J. Jachja, T. Toharmat, I. G. Permana and NahrowiDepartment of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University

Jln. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680(Received 09-11-2009 ; Accepted 02-08-2010)

AbstrAct

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of methionine supplementation either in drinking water or diet on feed conversion ratio, hen day egg production from hens age 22-24 weeks, egg production, egg weight, percentage of egg yolk, egg albumin, eggshell weight, as well as eggshell thickness in laying hens fed corn-soy-palm kernel meal based diet. Three hundreds and fifty commercial laying hens age 16 weeks with initial weight of 1626.7 ± 38.7 g were assigned randomly in a completely randomized design to seven dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows: (S0) deficient in methionine without addition of methionine; (S1, S2, S3) S0 diet with addition of methionine in the diets at level of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 giving total methionine content in the rations of 0.33, 0.38, and 0.43%; (S4, S5, S6) S0 diet with addition of methionine in the drinking water at level of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075%. Diets and water were offered ad libitum. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to the procedure of SAS. The average intake of methionine of S2 during four weeks of the experiment was 388.8 mg/day/bird, while the average intake of methionine of S0 and S1 were less than the requirement, i.e., 276 mg/day/bird and 330 mg/day/bird, respectively. The intake of methionine of S3, S5, and S6 was over the requirement (432 mg/day/bird) and this amount of methionine could decrease the performances of the hens. Supplementation of 0.1% methionine in the diets (S2, total methionine in the diet was 0.38%), and 0.05% in the drinking water gave the best results in terms of hen-day egg production, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, albumin weight, and shell weight. It is concluded that methionine should be added to corn-soy-palm kernel based poultry diets as much as 0.1% in diet and 0.05% in the drinking water. Key words: Palm kernel meal, laying hens, methionine, egg, albumin, shell

INTRODUCTION

Corn-soy-palm kernel meal based poultry diets are deficient in limiting amino acids such as methionine. Amino acid balance and nitrogen retention in poultry diets are improved by methionine supplementation.

* Coresspondence authorDepartment of Nutrition and Feed TechnologyFaculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural UniversityAgatis street, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680e-mail : [email protected]

Adoption of low protein diet and supplementation of synthetic amino acid in poultry diets recently is becoming relevant in feed formulation to minimize the nitrogen excretion and production cost. Levels and balance of amino acids in the diets are important nutritional variables that affected feed efficiency in layer (Al-Saffar and Rose, 2002).

Liquid methionine hydroxy analogue and solid DL-Methionine (DLM) product are available in the market. Efficacy of the products is believed to be correlated with nutritional value of the diet, climate and the type of poultry. Supplementation of 0.25 %


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36 January 2011

DL-methionine in starter diets and 0.20% in finisher diets in the corn-soya based diet increased performance of broiler (Jahja et al,. 2007). However, the optimum level of methionine addition in broiler may differ from that in layer, and moreover, inclussion of palm kernel meal (PKM) in laying hens diets may affect nutrient retention including methionine.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of methionine supplementation either in drinking water or diet on egg production and its quality in laying hens fed corn-soy-PKM based diet.


Three hundred and fifty ISA-Brown strain laying hens, 16 weeks of age, were purchased from commercial breeder. Liquid methionine hydroxy analogue and solid DL-Methionine (DLM) was supplied by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Feedstuffs were obtained and mixed in a small commercial feed mill in Bogor-Indonesia. The pullets were kept in individual cages in conventional housing system (an open-side poultry housing). Each cage was completed with feeder and drinking water. The lighting was provided for 16 hours from 05:00 AM to 21:00 PM daily.

Experimental rations were formulated based on poultry requirement according to NRC (1994) using corn-soy-PKM based diet. The formula and chemical composition are shown in Table 1. The ration was mixed twice a month.

Experimental design

Three hundreds and fifty commercial laying hens age 16 weeks with initial weight of 1626.7±38.7 g were assigned randomly in a completely randomized design to seven dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows: (S0) basal diets deficient in methionine without addition methionine; (S1, S2, S3) S0 basal diets with addition of methionine in the diets at level of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 giving total methionine content in the rations of 0.33, 0.38, and 0.43%; (S4, S5, S6) S0 basal diets with addition of methionine in the drinking water at level of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075%. Diets and water were offered ad libitum.

Feed and water intake, egg production, and egg weight were recorded daily. Feed convertion ratio, henday egg production on the period 22-24 week of egg, and methionine intake were then calculated. During the last days of the experimental period, eggs sample from each treatment were taken to determine

Ingredients (%) Chemical CompositionNutrient (%)

Local Corn 53.96 Dry matter 86.16Indian SBM 18.08 Ash 10.18Limestone Pow 9.0 Crude protein 15.25Rice Bran 7 Crude Fiber 5.45CGM USA 2.74 Ether extract 2.66

Crude Palm Oil 2.13Nitrogen free extract 52.62

Dicalcium phosphat 1.28 Ca 4.38Sodium Bicarbonat 0.29 P 0.99Salt 0.20 NaCl 0.1L-Lysine 0.11 GE 3984Choline Chloride 0.10 EM (kcal/kg) 2868*Mineral mix 0.05Vitamin mix 0.05*Calculated from 0.72 x Gross Energy

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Response of feed intake

The means feed intake of the laying hens are presented in Table 2. Supplementation of DL-methionine either in the diets or in the drinking water did not affect the feed intake of the hens. However, the average of feed intake of the hens offered diet supplemented with methionine either in diet or drinking water were higher than that of the hens offered control diet (S0), except for the hens fed S6 diet ( + 0.15% DL-methionine in the drinking water). This feed intake was similar to that reported by Bell and Weaver (2002) that feed intake of brown egg layers at 22 weeks, 23 weeks, and 24 weeks old were 99.1 g/hen/day, 101.4 g/hen/day, and 103.2 g/hen/day, respectively.

Response of water intake

The means of water intake of the laying hens are presented in Table 3. Supplementation of DL-

Table 1. Formula and chemical composition of experimental basal diets

egg quality in terms of the percentage of egg yolk, egg albumen, eggshell, as well as eggshell thickness.

Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Steel and Torrie, 1991).

RIDLA ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

January 2011 3�

Treatments Age (Weeks)22 23 24

S0 96.06 ± 2.71 97.33±2.73 103.27± 5.65

S1 96.14 ± 3.63 97.40 ±3.40 108.36±1.87

S2 98.75 ±1.29 99.80±1.03 112.33±2.63

S3 95.96 ± 3.82 97.12±2.41 109.79± 1.32

S4 94.53 ± 3.69 97.41±2.79 106.63±4.01

S5 97.77 ± 2.35 95.85±4.42 106.68± 0.36S6 94.90 ± 2.52 94.72±7.90 105.12±1.57

* S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1= basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet + 0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in the drinking water.

methionine either in the diets or drinking water decreased the average of water intake during the first five weeks of laying period. Compared to the water intake of the hen fed control diet, the decreasing water intake were 16.04% (S1), 13.16% (S2), 20.58% (S3), 14.82% (S4), 17.78%, and 27.71% (S6). The hens fed S6 diet (+ 0.15% DL-methionine in the drinking water) had the lowest water intake. The reduction in water intake could be due to the taste of water as the result of rather high content DL-methionine. Water intake recommended by Bell and Weaver (2002) in laying hens was 220 ml/hen/day at house temperature of 28.9oC and 300 ml/hen/day at 34.4oC.

Table 2. As a response to DL-methionine supplementation on means of feed consumption (g/day/bird)*

TreatmentsAge (Weeks)

22 23 24S0 298.54±12.99 316.74±13.47 361.11±35.92S1 244.54±26.28 263.63±8.59 298.67±51.07S2 264.97±17.80 265.14±19.78 279.76±46.95S3 256.03±16.42 235.43±13.61 250.90±34.94S4 249.86±14.14 266.06±15.36 293.41±48.01S5 248.80 ± 2.80 258.91±22.06 278.46±25.17S6 216.89±21.33 228.17±17.07 49.51±29.20


Table 3. As a response to DL-methionine supplementation means of on water consumption (ml/day/bird)*

Response of egg weight

Means of egg weight are presented in Table 4. Supplementation of DL-methionine either in the diets or drinking water increased the egg weight by of 3.22% (S1), 5.2% (S2), 3.45% (S3), 4.96% (S4), 5.10% (S5), and 3.22% (S6). Leeson and Summers (2005) reported that apart from manipulating feed intake, egg size could be manipulated by adjusting dietary levels of energy, fat and linoleic acid, or by adjustment the levels of protein, methionine and basal sulphur amino acids (TSAA). There was a consistent linear trend in the increased in egg weight of young birds as TSAA increased from 0.65 to 0.81%. Egg size of young layers increased by 0.7g for each 0.05% increased in dietary TSAA. Dietary TSAA was 0.56% (S0), 0.61% (S1), 0.66% (S2), and 0.71% (S3). The hens fed S2(+

Treatments Egg WeightS0 51.24 ± 0.42S1 50.96 ± 0.53S2 51.98 ± 1.03S3 51.62 ± 0.76S4 52.14 ± 0.84S5 51.69 ± 1.51S6 51.56 ± 0.89


Table 4. Eggs weight (g) of layer with and without methionine supplementation*

0.1% DL-methionine in the diet) yielded the highest egg weight. The eggs weight were almost the same to the standard egg weight suggested by Bell and Weaver (2002) who reported that the weight of commercial egg was 47.5 g/egg (at 22 weeks of age), 49.0 g/egg (at 23 weeks of age), 50.7 g/egg (at 24 weeks of age), and 52.3 g/egg (at 25 weeks of age).

Response of egg production

Means of henday egg production are presented in Table 5. There was no different in henday production in the first five day production period. Henday egg production at the first week of the production period

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38 January 2011

ranged from 17.36 to 40.88%. During the first five weeks, all groups of laying hen indicated the similar trend in hen day production. Although the methionine supplementation either in solid or liquid form had no significant effect on henday production, the supplementation tended to improve the productivity of layer. The excess of supplemented methionine tended to reduce henday production.

Supplementation of DL-methionine either in the diet or drinking water increased henday egg production by 5.2% (S1), 19.37% (S2), 19.28% (S3), 18.49% (S4), and 9.94% (S5). However, the supplementation of methionine in the drinking water at the level of 0.15% (S6) decreased the henday egg production by 8.85%. Increased henday egg production could be due to methionine role in protein synthesis in the liver of hens, resulting in increased the follicle formation. The henday egg production of S3 and S4 at 24 weeks of henday egg production old of age was 88.48%, and

Table 5. Henday egg production (%) of layer fed diets with and without methionine addition*

Treatments Age (Weeks)22 23 24

S0 43 ± 14.52 63.00 ±16.95 68.04 ± 7.45

S1 46 ± 20.06 62.72 ±18.08 75.60 ± 12.52

S2 60 ± 16.55 70.00 ±16.54 81.48 ± 10.77S3 57 ± 6.96 71.96 ±11.90 83.72 ± 8.82

S4 60 ± 23.42 72.52 ±16.46 80.36 ± 10.50S5 56 ± 6.49 65.24 ±12.07 70.84 ± 9.37S6 37 ± 5.65 56.00 ±12.60 69.44 ±15.51


Response of feed conversion ratio

Feed conversion ratio of laying hen receiving rations supplemented with methionine are presented in Table 6. Supplementation of DL-methionine in the diets and drinking water decreased feed conversion or increased feed efficiency. The results indicated that basal diet (S0) had mild deficient of methionine. Pesti et al., (2005) reported that feed efficiency was reduced when imbalanced proteins were given to the birds.

Feed conversion decreased with the progress of the production period. Variation of feed conversion was high during the first three week of laying period,

especially in weeks 22, 23, 24. The values ranged from 2.47 to 2.96 in the week 4 of the laying period. Supplementation of methionine tended to decrease feed conversion ratio during the first five week of the production period. The excess of supplemented methionine tended to increase feed conversion. Available methionine in the experimental rations did not meet the requirement of the experimental laying hen. The supplementation of methionine at level up to 0.1% corrected the defficiency of methionin in the ration. However the methionine supplementation up to 0.15% resulted in excess of methionine or imbalance in dietary amino acid.

Table 6. Means of feed conversion ratio of layers receiving diets with and without methionine addition*

TreatmentsAge (Weeks)

22 23 24S0 8.87±9.36 5.16±3.02 2.91± 0.50S1 5.3 ±2.74 4.67±1.74 2.69±0.54S2 3.44±0.90 4.15±1.28 2.54±0.33S3 3.38±0.36 3.84±0.65 2.44± 0.24S4 3.54±1.46 3.79±1.17 2.47±0.24S5 3.48±0.56 4.15±0.93 2.79± 0.33S6 8.87±9.36 5.16±3.02 2.91± 0.50


Response of egg quality

Egg quality of laying hen receiving rations supplemented with methionine are presented in Table 7. Supplementation of DL-methionine in the diets and drinking water did not affect the yolk weight, but it increased the albumin weight. This results showed that methionine supplementation increased the protein synthesis in term of albumin protein. Pesti et al., (2005) reported that the essential, amino acids were needed to make protein and other compound. Amino acid needs change when protein synthesis changes. When birds were actively producing feather or egg, for instance, their requirements reflect the amino acids in these products as well as those needed for tissue growth and maintenance.

Pesti et al. (2005) reported that the most important factor in determining egg size was the size of yolk, largely lipids, and the second most important factor in determining egg size was the albumen, almost


January 2011 39

entirely protein. The used of laying hens on protein and amino acids to synthesis albumen were high, any lack of protein resulted in a decrease amount in the of albumen, and consequently egg size even though the quantity of yolk may be similar. Increasing the protein and amino acid contents of the diet had a marked effect on increasing egg size, particularly when the hen laid small eggs.

Supplementation of DL-methionine in the diets and drinking water increased the egg shell weight, except for the S4 and S5. This results indicated that there was an increased calcium retention into the egg shell due to increased in protein synthesis as methionine supplementationed calcium might be bound to protein in the enterocytes and was transported in the blood in both ionized and protein-bound forms.

Table 7. Eggs components weight in laying hens receiving with and without methionine addition*

Supplementation of 0.1% methionine in the diets (S2, total methionine in the diet was 0.38%) resulted in the best performances in terms of hen-day egg production, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, albumin weight, and shell weight. It could be due to fulfillment of the methionine requirement of the hens. The estimated methionine requirement for egg number and weight were 364 mg/day/bird and 356 mg/day/bird, respectively. The average intake of methionine by layer in S2 group during five weeks of the experiment was 388.8 mg/day/bird, while the means intake of methionine of those in S0 and S1 group were less than the requirement, i.e., 276 mg/day/bird and 330 mg/

Treatments ParametersYolk Score Eggshell thickness

(mm)

S0 9.50 0.34S1 9.80 0.36S2 9.50 0.35S3 9.70 0.35S4 9.50 0.37S5 9.70 0.37S6 10.20 0.36

*S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1= basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet + 0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in the drinking water.

Table 8. Eggs yolk and eggshell characteristic in laying hens receiving diets with and without methionine addition*

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Treatments ParametersWeight

(g)Yolk

weight (%)

Albumin weight

(%)

Eggshell weight

(%)

S0 51.81 22.56 63.67 10.87S1 51.84 21.97 64.52 11.29S2 51.90 22.00 64.47 11.43S3 51.96 22.38 64.37 11.01S4 52.19 22.44 64.52 10.84S5 51.92 22.67 64.19 10.93S6 52.09 22.53 63.79 11.08

*S0= basal diet without DL methionine supplementation; S1= basal diet +0.05% DL-methionine in the diet; S2= basal diet + 0.1% DL-methionine in the diet; S3= basal diet + 0.15% DL-methionine in the diet; S4= basal diet +0.025% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S5= basal diet + 0.05% DL-methionine in the drinking water; S6= basal diet + 0.075% DL-methionine in the drinking water.

day/bird, respectively. The intake of methionine by layers in S3 group was 21.35 % over the requirement (432 mg/day/bird) and this amount of methionine intake could decrease the performances of the hens. This result indicated that there was a mild excessive of methionine in the S3 diet.

Supplementation methionine 0.05 % in the drinking water yielded a better performances compared to others (S5 and S6). The methionine intake by layers in S5 and S6 group could be exceeded the requirement of the hens. The methionine intake of S6 group was 161.97% above the requirement, and it could be excessive to the birds.

CONCLUSIONSupplementation of 0.1% methionine in the corn-

soy-palm kernel meal based diets which was equal with 0.38% of the total dietary methionine, or 0.05% in the drinking water with the same formula of the diet resulted in the best performances of young laying hens in terms of hen-day egg production, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, albumin weight, and shell weight. It is recomended that methionine should be added to corn-soy-palm kernel based poultry diets as much as either 0.1% in diet or 0.05% in the drinking water.

REFERENCES

Al-Saffar, A. A. & S. P. Rose. 2002. The response of of laying hens to dietary amino acids. World Poult. Sci. 58 : 209-234.

�0 January 2011

Bell, D.D. & W. D. Weaver, 2002. Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production. 5th Ed. Nework, Springer.

Jachja, J., N. Ramli, M. Ridla, Sumiati & T. Toharmat. 2007. The effectiveness of DL-Methionine suplementation in diet on performance of starter and finisher broil-ers. Proceeding of Association of Nutrition and Feed Scientiest Seminar Gadjah Mada University, July 26-27th 2007.

Leeson, S., and J.D. Summers,. 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. 3rd Ed. University Book. Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. National Academy Press. Washington D. C. USA.

Pesti, G.M., R. I. Bakalli, J. P. Driver , A. Atencio, & E. H. Foster. 2005. Poultry Nutrition and Feeding.Trafford Publishing. Canada.

Steel, R. G. D. & J. H. Torrie. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistik. Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Terjemahan: M. Syah. P.T. Gramedia, Jakarta.


January 2011 �1

The Effect of Earthworm Supplementation in the Ration on Growth Performance, Carcass Production, and Abdominal Fat of Broiler

N. D. Dono*, R. Damanik, J. Pasaribu, and A.WibowoFaculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University,

3rd Fauna Street – Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281(Received 09-11-2009. ; Accepted 19-08-2010)

AbstrAct

Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) can be used as an alternative feedstuff in broiler ration due to its high nutritive values. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of earthworm meal supplementation in the ration on growth performance, carcass production, and abdominal fat of broiler. Sixty unsexed DOC strain of Lohmann were randomly kept within 3 levels of feeding trial, i.e.: LR-0 (basal ration without earthworm meal supplementation), LR-1.5 (basal ration with 1.5% earthworm meal supplementation), and LR-3.0 (basal ration with 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation). The basal ration was composed of : yellow corn, soybean meal, fish meal, wheat pollard, rice bran, coconut oil, bone meal, and mineral premix. The rations were designed iso-caloric (2979.58 + 18.05 kcal/kg) and iso-protein (22.36 + 0.40 %). Feed consumption, average daily gain, and FCR of the broilers were recorded weekly. At 42 days old, chickens were slaughtered to measure the carcass production and abdominal fat. Data were statistically analyzed with oneway of ANOVA and followed by Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test for significant differences. Results showed that supplementation of 3.0% earthworm meal in feed improved FCR (P<0.05), increased protein consumption (P<0.01), energy consumption (P<0.01), average daily gain (P<0.05), slaughter weight (P<0.05), and reduced abdominal fat levels (P<0.05), but did not affect significantly on feed consumption and carcass production.

Key words : Earthworm, broiler chickens, growth performance, carcass production, abdominal fat

INTRODUCTION

Broiler’s meat is a high quality protein source that can be found easily everywhere. It is a popular source of animal protein, since broiler meat was inexpensive, tender, and less fat. These may be the reason why broiler’s meat popular for human food.

A good quality broiler’s meat is produced by a quality chicken that reared and given high quality of feed. Supply of high quality feedstuffs will be useful

* Coresspondence authorFaculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, 3rd Fauna Street – Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281e-mail : [email protected]

and will support enhancement of poultry productivity. In order to improve productivity, it is important to supply high quality feedstuffs, which were easy to access, nutritious, less cost, and can be found locally. One of the alternative feedstuff that can be explored is the earthworm. It can be collected from many places in Indonesia.

Earthworm is a member of annelids that can be used as an alternative of poultry feedstuff due to its high quality of nutrient, easy to get, easy to grow, easy to reproduce, inexpensive, and easy to manage (Mudjiman, 2004). Rahman (2008) observed that earthworm meal contains crude protein of 60-72%, energy of 900-4100 kcal/kg, crude fat of 7-10%, and ash of 8-10%. Chumaidi (2005) also reported that earthworm contains crude protein of 52.17%, moisture of 79.39%, crude fat of 13.86%, and ash of 17.32%.


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�2 January 2011

Rukmana (1999) reported that earthworm is suitable as an alternative feedstuff for poultry since it contains high protein and amino acids. It is also contains protein and amino acids that are easily digested and absorbed by the gut. On the other hand, earthworm also contains anti-bacterial properties (Smith, 2001) that can reduce pathogenic bacteria of gram negative, such as : Salmonella typhii, etc. (Waluyo, 2008); non-toxic (Mambo, 2006) and contains α-tocoferol (vitamin E), which can be used as anti-oxidant (Purwakusuma, 2007).

In the bio-pharmacy practices, earthworm is known to have many purposes, such as : anti oxidative, hepatoprotective (Balamurugan et al., 2008), antipyretic, antihypertensive, anti-allergic, anti asthmatic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti inflammatory effects (Ismail et al., 1992; Cooper, 2005; Prakash et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2007).

Lumbricin, an active compound in earthworm’s, can be used in poultry feed as immunosuppressant (Damayanti et al., 2009), resulting in optimizing daily growth. Resnawati (2008) recommends to use earthworm meal as supplement in broiler ration. A further study must be done properly to explore hidden potencies of earthworm meal in broiler ration, particularly its effects on growth, and carcass composition.


This research was carried out at the Poultry Unit, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Materials that used in this study were: DOC broilers, base diet, and earthworm meal. Sixty (60) unsexed DOC broilers strain of Lohmann were used in this study. The birds were plotted into 3 treatment levels, i.e : LR-0 (base diet without earthworm supplementation; as control diet), LR-1.5 (control diet supplemented with 1,5% earthworm meal), and LR-3.0 (control diet supplemented with 3.0% earthworm meal). Every treatment was replicated 4 times, with 5 broilers in each replicate. The control diet was composed of : yellow corn, soybean meal, fish meal, wheat pollard, rice polishing, coconut oils, bone meal, and mineral premix. All diet was design iso-caloric (2979.58 + 18.05 kcal/kg) and iso-protein (22.36 + 0.40 %). Earthworm which used was is the Lubricus rubellus that had been sun-dried for 2-3 days and grilled properly.

During the feeding trial, total feed consumption,

average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of the broilers were recoded weekly. At 42 days old, the broilers were slaughtered and the carcass percentage, and abdominal fat levels were measured. Variables that observed in this study were: growth performance (feed consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio), carcass percentage (slaughter weight and percentage of slaughter weight), and abdominal fat levels (abdominal fat weight and percentage of abdominal fat) of broiler.

All data were statistically analysed by the One Way of ANOVA and followed by the Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for significant differences between treatments.


Growth performance

Growth performance of broilers used in this study was presented in Table 1. Supplementation of earthworm meal increased protein intake and energy intake significantly. Earth worm supplementation increased protein intake (P<.05) of the birds from 2.24 g/day (LR-0) to 2.41 g/day (LR-3.0). Supplementation also increased energy intake (P<.05) of the birds from 235.74 kcal/kg/day (LR-0) to 260.43 kcal/kg/day (LR-3.0), while supplementation at that level did affect on total feed intake of the birds. Total feed intake of broilers fed control diet was 83.37 g/day. It was not different with those that given 1.5% supplementation (82.89 g/day) or of those given 3.0% supplementation (84.98 g/broiler/day).

Data on Table 1 showed that on LR-3.0, energy intake and protein intake increased simultaneously. This made total feed consumption quite stable and did not detected significantly. Zuprizal (2006) reported that total feed consumption of broiler was depended on energy which is consisted in the ration. Improvement of that energy and protein consumption was caused by presence of nutrient that is consisted in earthworm meal. Therefore, earthworm supplementation increased protein consumption. It was not different with Mudjiman’s statement (2004) that since earthworm meal is so easy to digest, it will easy also to be absorbed by pores within gastrointestinal walls.

The average of daily weight gain of the birds fed control diet was 42.46 g/day. Supplementation of 3.0% earth worm meal increased average of daily weight gain (P<0.05) from 42.46 g/day (LR-0) to 46.47% (LR-3.0). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds fed control diet was 1.96. This FCR

DONO ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

January 2011 �3

Variabels Level of supplementation

LR-0 LR-1.5 LR-3.0

Total Feed Intake (g/day) 83.37 82.89 84.98Protein Intake (g/day) 2.24a 2.28a 2.41b

Energy Intake (kcal/kg/day) 235.74a 251.82a 260.43b

Average of Daily Weight Gain (g/day) 42.46a 43.79ab 46.47b

Feed Conversion Ratio (g/g) 1.96b 1.95ab 1.83a


Table 1. Growth performance of broilers during 42 days study

reduced significantly (P<.0.05) up to 1.83 following by 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation.

This may be caused by the higher amino acids content of earth worm – especially methionine and lysine – and fatty acids in the supplemented diet. Both amino acids and fatty acid contained by the earth worm more or less will contribute in the growth of the birds (Rukmana, 1999). Furthermore, earth worm meal also has strong anti-bacterial properties. Reducing certain number of enteropathogens alters microbial colonization in the gut (Rodriguez et al., 1996; Smith, 2001), resulted more nutrient available in the gut. Therefore, 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation improved performances of 42 day old broilers.

Carcass percentage

Results showed in Table 2 that slaughter weight of broilers fed with 3.0% earthworm meal increased significantly (P<.05) from 1830.75 g/bird (LR-0) to 1995.55 g/bird (LR-1.5). Addition of 1.5% earth worm meal on LR-3.0 didn’t automatically increase slaughter weight (P>.05). Damayanti et al., (2009) cited Liu et al. (2004) stated that earthworm contains Lumbricin which have an immuno-stimulation effect. This active compound is reported to accelerate the

growth rate of the broiler. This might be also caused by its higher nutrient intake. Soeparno (1994) described that acceleration of slaughter weight and the whole growth rate was much depends on the nutrient intake of the birds.

Data presented in Table 2 showed that carcass weight was not affected by 3.0% earth worm supplementation. Carcass weight of the birds fed control diet was 1139.25 g/bird, while in the LR-1.5 group was 1244.92 g/bird and in the LR-3.0 group was 1311.08 g/bird. At the other hand, carcass percentage of the bird fed 3.0% earth worm meal was 63.53%, while in the LR-0 which fed control diet was 62.30 %. Statistical analyses showed that there was no significant difference among the treatment groups.

Abdominal fat levels

Data presented in Table 2 showed that abdominal fat levels of the control birds (LR-0) were 20.75 g/bird. The abdominal fat decreased significantly (P<.05) to 18.08 g/bird (LR-3.0) following 3.0% earthworm meal supplementation. However, supplementation of 1.5% earth worm meal did not affect the abdominal fat weight.

Percentage of abdominal fat of 42 days old birds

VariablesLevel of Supplementation

LR-0 LR-1,5 LR-3,0

Slaughter Weight (g/bird) 1830,75a 1995,55a 2084,67b

Carcass Weight (g/bird) 1139,25 1244,92 1311,08Carcass Percentage (%) 62,3 62,29 63,53

Abdominal Fat Weight (g/bird) 20,75a 19,58a 18,08b

Percentage of Abdominal Fat (%) 1,13b 1,00b 0,87a


Table 2. Carcass production of 42 days old birds and abdominal fat levels fed earthworm meal supplement

Vol. 2 No. 1 THE EFFECT OF EARTHWORM

�� January 2011

Earthworm meal is one of high quality protein source which contains 52.17% to 60-72% crude pro-tein (Rahman, 2008; Chumaidi, 2005). Previous study showed that the higher earthworm meal supplementa-tion level, the more the protein content in the ration. On the other hand, earthworm meal can be digested and absorbed easily. As a result, protein metabolism in the body performed properly, resulting less fat deposi-tion. It is in the line of Zuprizal (1993) which reported that increasing protein intake reduced abdominal fat level. This is also in agreement with the result of Re-snawati (2004) which showed a high correlation be-tween feed protein levels with abdominal fat deposi-tion in broilers. This result was not different with the result reported by Rezaei et al. (2004).

CONCLUSION

Supplementation of 3.0% earth worm meal in feed improved feed conversion ratio, increased pro-tein consumption, energy consumption, average daily gain, slaughter weight, and reduced abdominal fat lev-els, but did not affect feed consumption and carcass production.

Further study on broiler chickens is suggested to observe the effect of earth worm meal on nutrient di-gestibility, nutrient absorption, and cholesterol content in the blood and meat of the birds.

REFERENCES

Balamurugan, M., K. Parthasarathi, E. L. Cooper & L. S. Ranganathan, 2007. Earthworm paste (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, haematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 11(1):77–90.

Balamurugan, M., K. Parthasarathi, L. S. Ranganathan, & E. L. Cooper, 2008. Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 9(2): 141–147.

Chumaidi, 2005. Peluang cacing tanah sebagai substitusi tepung ikan untuk pakan induk ikan. Warta Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 11 : 15-18.

Cooper, E. L. 2005. CAM, eCAM, bioprospecting: The 21st

century pyramid. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(2):125–127.

Damayanti, E., A. Sofyan, H. Julendra & T. Untari. 2009. The use of earthworm meal (Lumbricus rubellus) as anti-pullorum agent in feed additive of broiler chicken. Journal (JITV). 14(2). Abstract.

Ismail, S. A., K. Pulandiran, R. Yegnanarayan. 1992. Anti-inflammatory activity of earthworm extracts. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 24(12):1253–1254.

Mambo. 2006. Sabut Kelapa dan Ampas Tahu sebagai Media dan Pakan Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus rubellus). http://maluku.litbang.deptan.go.id. [2 July 2009]

Mudjiman, A. 2004. Makanan Ikan. Edisi revisi. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

Prakash, M., M. Balamurugan, K. Parthasarathi, G. Gunasekaran, E.L. Cooper, & L.S. Ranganathan, 2007. Anti-ulceral and anti-oxidative properties of “earthworm paste” of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) on Rattus Norvegicus. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 11(1):9–15.

Purwakusuma, W. 2007. Lumbricus rubellus sebagai Alternatif Pakan Ikan. Available at : http://O-fish.com. [2 July 2009].

Rahman, 2008. Pembuatan Pakan Ikan Alternatif dari Bahan Cacing Tanah. Available at : http://forum.O-fish.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=21896. [2 July 2009].

Resnawati, H., 2004. Bobot potongan karkas dan lemak abdomen ayam ras pedaging yang yang diberi ransum mengandung tepung cacing tanah (Lumbricus rubellus). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi. 10 (1) : 110 (Abstract).

Resnawati, H., 2008. Respon ayam pedaging terhadap ransum yang mengandung tepung cacing tanah (Lumbricus rubellus). Available at : http://balitnak.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=124&Itemid=60. [2 July 2009].

Rezeaei, M., H.N. Moghaddam, J.P. Reza & Kermanshahi. 2004. The effect of dietary protein and lysine levels in broiler performance, carcass and N excretion. Journal of Poultry Science. 3(2) : 148-152.

Rodriguez, C., V. Beoletti & M. Finola, 1996. Bacteriology of poultry litter, compost and the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Megadrilogica 6:91–95.

Rukmana, R., 1999. Budidaya Cacing Tanah. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.

Smith, L.W., 2001. The incidence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in liquor from selected wormfarms. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 34:215–217.

Soeparno, 1994. Ilmu dan Teknologi Daging. Cetakan keempat. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Waluyo, J., 2008. Purifikasi dan Karakterisasi Protein Antibakteri dari Cacing Tanah. Available at : http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php. [2 July 2009].

Zuprizal, 1993. Pegaruh penggunaan pakan tinggi protein terhadap penampilan karkas dan perlemakan ayam pedaging fase akhir. Buletin Peternakan. 17 : 110-118.

Zuprizal, 2006. Nutrisi Unggas. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.

DONO ET AL. Indon. J. Nutr. and Feed Sci.

January 2011 ��

INDEX OF AUTHORSVOL. 2 NO. 1



Ariesta, A. A. K., 32Az-zahra, F., 15Cakra, I. G. L. O., 20 Daisy, L., 6 Damanik, R., 42 Damry, H. B., 6Despal ., 26Dono, N. D., 42 Hanim, C., 15Hutabarat, I. M. L., 26Jachja, J., 36 Mastika, I. M., 10 Mudita, I. M., 20 Murwani, R., 32Mutia, R., 26 Nahrowi., 36Pasaribu, J., 42

Permana, I. G., 26, 36 Puger, A. W., 10 Ridla, M., 36

Santo, E., 6 Setyawan, I. A., 32Siti, N. W., 20 Sumiati., 36 Sundu, B., 6 Supartha, I. W., 10 Toharmat, T., 36 Trisnadewi, A. A. A. S., 1 Wibawa, A. A. P. P., 20 Wibowo, A., 42 Wiranatha, I. W., 10 Wirawan, I. W., 20 Yadnya, T. G. B., 1 Yusiati, L. M., 15

INDEX OF SUBJECTVOL. 2 NO. 1



abdominal fat, 42albumin, 36antibiotic, 6bali cattle, 10beta mannan, 6broiler, 6broiler chickens, 42 carcass production, 42 cellullolytic microbes, 15chlortetracycline, 32complete feed, 20 copra meal, 6corn, 32digestibility, 10duck, 1earthworm, 42 egg, 1, 36enzyme complex, 20 etawah goat, 26 feed conversion, 32

feed intake, 10

fermented cocoa by product, 10fermented coffee pulp, 15growth performance, 42 hay, 26in vitro digestibility, 15laying hens, 36local waste, 20methionine, 36Metroxylon sagu, 1mungbeans, 32 nutrition quality, 20palm kernel meal, 36physical quality, 1 production, 1 ramie leaves, 26 rumen liquor, 20shell, 36silage, 26sorghum, 32 starnox, 1

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Dietary treatmentsD0 D1 D2 D3 D4

pH 6.97±0.14 6.94±0.09 6.93±0.06 6.92±0.07 6.92±0.07

N-NH3 (mM) 13.52±4.93 12.55±5.56 11.81±4.96 10.81±4.64 13.93±6.02Total VFA (mM) 82.85±17.39c 105.54±12.02ab 114.68±6.99ab 122.46±7.88a 98.27±20.30bc

Gas volume (ml) 43.25±11.18 48.75±10.40 49.25±9.84 52.25±08.54 53.50±16.76Note: Means in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).

Table 1. Mean of pH, N-NH3 and total VFA concentration, and gas production in vitro as responses to various dietary treatments.

Figure 1. Length of stolons (A) and pattern of stolons growth (B) of B. humidicola grass during 14 weeks growth period: ◊= control, = mulch C. odorata, ∆= animal manure, x = combination C. odorata-animal manure, ○ = urea + SP36.

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Biswas, A., M. Ahmed, V. K. Bharti, & S. B. Singh. 2011. Effect of Antioxidants on Physiobiochemical and Hematological Parameters in Broiler Chicken at High Altitude. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 24: 246-249. (Journal)

Jayanegara, A. 2008. Methane reduction effect of polyphenol containing plants, simple phenols and purified tannins in in vitro rumen fermentation system. Thesis. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart. (Thesis/Disertation)

Peoples, M.B., R.M. Boddey, & D.F. Herridge. 2002. Quantification of Nitrogen Fixation. In. G. J. Leigh (Ed). Nitrogen Fixation at the Millennium. Elsevier B.V. Amsterdam. pp. 357-389. (Article in a Book)

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Address for CorrespondenceEditorial Board of Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Feed ScienceFaculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural UniversityJl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia 16680Telephone: +62 251 8626419Facsimile: +62 251 8626419E-mail: [email protected]

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