The Republicans Take PowerThe Republicans Take Power

Election of 1800Election of 1800

FederalistsFederalists

John Adams V.P.- Charles Pinckney

Election of 1800Election of 1800RepublicansRepublicans

Thomas Jefferson V.P - Aaron Burr

The CampaignThe Campaign

Neither candidate Neither candidate traveled the traveled the country making country making speeches about speeches about why he should be why he should be elected.elected.

The candidates The candidates wrote letters to wrote letters to leading citizens leading citizens and newspapersand newspapers proclaiming their proclaiming their views.views.

Election DeadlockElection Deadlock

When the members of When the members of the electoral college the electoral college voted, Jefferson and voted, Jefferson and Burr each received 73 Burr each received 73 votes. This votes. This tiedtied the the two candidates. It was two candidates. It was up to the up to the House of House of RepresentativesRepresentatives to to break the tie. break the tie. Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton urged one Federalist urged one Federalist to vote for Jeffersonto vote for Jefferson

In 1800 the candidate In 1800 the candidate who received the who received the second-highest second-highest number of votes (no number of votes (no matter the party of matter the party of the winner) in the the winner) in the electoral system won electoral system won the vice presidency.the vice presidency.

The AftermathThe Aftermath

Congress understood Congress understood that the electoral that the electoral process needed some process needed some changes. In 1804 they changes. In 1804 they passed the passed the 1212thth amendmentamendment to the to the constitution. Instead of constitution. Instead of having a first and second having a first and second place method to electing place method to electing the president, electors the president, electors now cast separate now cast separate ballots electing a ballots electing a president and a vice-president and a vice-president.president.

President JeffersonPresident Jefferson

Inaugurated Inaugurated March 4March 4thth, 1801, 1801.. Jefferson believed in reducing the Jefferson believed in reducing the

power power and and sizesize of the federal of the federal government. These ideas were government. These ideas were similar to the French philosophy of similar to the French philosophy of laissez-fairelaissez-faire, which means , which means let the let the people do as they pleasepeople do as they please..

Jefferson’s PoliciesJefferson’s Policies

Jefferson believed the strength of the Jefferson believed the strength of the U.S. was its U.S. was its independent farmersindependent farmers..

He believed as long as most people He believed as long as most people owned their own property owned their own property they would they would fight to protect their rightsfight to protect their rights and to and to preserve the preserve the RepublicRepublic. For this . For this reason he favored expanding the reason he favored expanding the nation nation WestwardWestward..

He also believed the government He also believed the government should be kept should be kept smallsmall..

Jefferson’s CabinetJefferson’s Cabinet

Secretary of State – Secretary of State – James James MadisonMadison..

Secretary of Treasury – Secretary of Treasury – Albert Albert GallatinGallatin..

They allowed the They allowed the Alien Alien and and SeditionSedition Acts to expire and repealed Acts to expire and repealed the the Naturalization ActNaturalization Act..

Cutting CostsCutting Costs Jefferson and Gallatin aimed to reduce Jefferson and Gallatin aimed to reduce

the the national debtnational debt. They cut costs by . They cut costs by scaling down scaling down military expensesmilitary expenses. .

Government funds would come from Government funds would come from customs dutiescustoms duties, which are taxes on , which are taxes on foreign imported goodsforeign imported goods, and from , and from the sale of the sale of western landswestern lands..

In Jefferson’s view the government In Jefferson’s view the government should be limited to should be limited to delivering the delivering the mail, collecting customs duties,mail, collecting customs duties, and conductingand conducting a census every 10 a census every 10 years.years.

Jefferson and the CourtsJefferson and the Courts Before Jefferson took office the Before Jefferson took office the

Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed. It Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed. It set up set up regionalregional courts for the U.S. courts for the U.S. with 16 judges and many other with 16 judges and many other officials.officials.

Federalist Federalist John MarshallJohn Marshall was named was named Chief Justice by John Adams.Chief Justice by John Adams.

Midnight judges – Midnight judges – last minute last minute appointmentsappointments..

One commission not delivered was for One commission not delivered was for William MarburyWilliam Marbury. Jefferson told . Jefferson told Madison not to deliver it.Madison not to deliver it.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

To force delivery Marbury took his To force delivery Marbury took his case to the case to the Supreme CourtSupreme Court. . Marshall turned down Marbury’s Marshall turned down Marbury’s claim. He noted that theclaim. He noted that the constitutionconstitution did not give the Court did not give the Court jurisdiction to decide the case.jurisdiction to decide the case.

John MarshallJohn Marshall Three principles of Three principles of Judicial ReviewJudicial Review.. The The ConstitutionConstitution is the supreme law is the supreme law

of the land.of the land. When there is a conflict between the When there is a conflict between the

Constitution and any other law, the Constitution and any other law, the Constitution Constitution must be followed.must be followed.

The The JudicialJudicial branch has a duty to branch has a duty to uphold the Constitution. It must be uphold the Constitution. It must be able to determine when a federal law able to determine when a federal law conflictsconflicts with the Constitution and to with the Constitution and to nullifynullify, or cancel, unconstitutional , or cancel, unconstitutional laws.laws.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Americans moved west for Americans moved west for land and land and

adventure.adventure. In 1800, the territory of the U.S. extended In 1800, the territory of the U.S. extended

only as far as the only as far as the Mississippi RiverMississippi River. The . The area west of the river was known as the area west of the river was known as the Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory and belonged to Spain. and belonged to Spain.

   1n 1802, Spain changed their policy of 1n 1802, Spain changed their policy of

allowing Americans to use the Mississippi allowing Americans to use the Mississippi River and the port of River and the port of New OrleansNew Orleans_. They _. They made a secret agreement to transfer that made a secret agreement to transfer that land to _land to _France.France.

Napolean Bonaparte Napolean Bonaparte was the new leader of was the new leader of France.France.

  

In 1803, Napoleon agreed to sale the In 1803, Napoleon agreed to sale the entire Louisiana Territory to the United entire Louisiana Territory to the United States for States for __15___15_ million dollars. This million dollars. This purchase purchase doubleddoubled the size of the US and the size of the US and made the Rocky Mountains the new border.made the Rocky Mountains the new border.

   Jefferson persuaded Congress to send an Jefferson persuaded Congress to send an

expedition to explore the new territory. He expedition to explore the new territory. He chose Meriwether chose Meriwether LewisLewis to head the to head the expedition. The co-leader was William expedition. The co-leader was William ClarkClark. . The expedition left The expedition left St. Louis,St. Louis, Missouri in the Missouri in the spring of 1804. A young Shoshone woman spring of 1804. A young Shoshone woman named Sacagawea joined their group as a named Sacagawea joined their group as a guide. After 18 months and nearly guide. After 18 months and nearly 4,0004,000 miles they reached the miles they reached the PacificPacific Ocean. Ocean.

  

Lewis and Clark returned in Lewis and Clark returned in September 1806. They collected September 1806. They collected valuable information on people, valuable information on people, plants, animals and the plants, animals and the geographygeography of of the west. It also opened up a way of the west. It also opened up a way of trade and settlement for the new trade and settlement for the new nation and gave the US a strong nation and gave the US a strong claim to the Oregon country.claim to the Oregon country.

    

FederalistsFederalists opposed the Louisiana opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared any Purchase because they feared any new states made from it would new states made from it would become become Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican. . They plotted to secede from the They plotted to secede from the Union. They turned to Union. They turned to Aaron BurrAaron Burr for for support. When support. When Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton accused Burr of plotting accused Burr of plotting treasontreason,,

Aaron Burr challenged Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton Hamilton to a to a duel. duel. Hamilton Hamilton was seriously wounded was seriously wounded and died the next day. and died the next day.