the reformation
DESCRIPTION
The Reformation. Martin Luther. Born 1483 Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany. Church Corruption. Pope Leo X started practice of selling Indulgences certificates issued by Church to reduce or cancel punishment of sins Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –. Papal Schism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Martin Luther
• Born 1483
• Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany
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Church Corruption
• Pope Leo X started practice of selling Indulgences– certificates issued by Church to reduce or
cancel punishment of sins
• Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –
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Papal Schism
• In 1301 the king tried to tax the French clergy.• The pope threatened to excommunicate the king and so
was arrested. He was later released.• The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the
Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France.• Many people felt that the French kings controlled the
Church.
Rome Avignon
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Three Popes!• The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope
Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377.
• When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon.
• Later, a Church council elected a third pope.
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Calls for Reform
• John Wycliffe (1330-1384)– Questioned the authority of the
pope
• Jan Hus (1370-1415)– Criticized the vast wealth of the
Church
• Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)– Attacked corruption in the
Church
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Luther Posts The 95 Theses
• 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Church
• Criticized Indulgences & church corruption
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Reformation Spreads
• Gutenberg’s printing press spreads ideas
• Indulgences sales drop
• Luther continued attacks
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The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c
The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c
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Response From Rome
• Pope Leo X sent envoys to end uprising
• Luther refused to stop his criticism
• In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Luther
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Diet of Worms• Council of German princes
• Luther declared a heretic & outlaw
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Peasant Revolt in 1525
• Luther backed princes
• Princes support Luther against Pope
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Catholic Lutheran
• Faith and Good Works
• Ritual and Tradition
• Pope
• Language – Latin
• Faith alone
• literal interpretation of bible
• Did not recognize authority of Pope
• Language – German
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The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism
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Calvin
• Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Predestination – God determines the fate of every person
• Popular in Netherlands & Scotland
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Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c
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The Anabaptists
• Baptized adults• No participation in
government• Pacifists• Persecuted went to
America in 1600’s• Quakers, Baptists,
Mennonites, Amish
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The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
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The Catholic Reformation
• Pope Paul III • Council of Trent
1545-1563
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ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)
ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)
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Religious Persecution
• Jesuits – religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
• missionaries• Inquisition
tortured unfaithful
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)
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Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
In 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes
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Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)
Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)
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Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ruler of each state could determine its
official religion, BUT must permit freedom of private worship.
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ReformationEurope(Late 16c)
ReformationEurope(Late 16c)
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Effects of ReformationEffects of Reformation
• Division within Christian faith
• Religious Wars—30 Years War
• Religious Persecution--Inquisition
• Began Separation of Church & State