the promise of cognitive science
TRANSCRIPT
Individual differences in numerical and mathematical abilities:
A cognitive neuroscience perspectiveDaniel Ansari
Numerical Cognition LaboratoryDepartment of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience
University of Western Ontario
Educational Neuroscience: An Emerging Discipline, Centre for Educational NeuroscienceBirkbeck College, 23-24th June 2010
Why study mental arithmetic?
• Early math skills strong predictor of educational achievement (Duncan et al., 2007)
• International comparison studies reveal ‘achievement gap’
• Health numeracy
• Many children & adults present with ‘Developmental Dyscalculia’
• Large individual differences
Background & Aims
• Background:– Adult neurocognitive models dominate current theorizing
and empirical work – Often focus on group studies with adults
• Aims:– Highlight the importance of considering roles of:
• Development• Individual Differences
– Considering these factors - crucial for emerging field of Educational Neuroscience
Neural correlates of mental arithmetic
Mental Arithmetic LEFT TEMPORO-PARIETAL CORTEX
(e.g. Gerstman, 1940; Roland & Friberg, 1985; Dehaene et al., 1996, 1999)
Evidence from AdultsFunctional Brain Imaging
Meta-analysis by Dehaene et al. (2003)
Are the neural correlates of mental arithmetic modulated by
mathematical competence?
Mental Arithmetic • Screened a large sample of adults (138)
• Selected individuals who did not differ in IQ but varied in their mathematical competence
• fMRI study
• Multiplication verification
Which brain regions activated during multiplication correlated with mathematical competence?
4 x 6 = 24
Grabner, Ansari et al. (2007)
Mental Arithmetic
Grabner, Ansari et al. (2007)
Relationship between AG activation and indiv. difference in Math Competence
Effect of arithmetic strategy choice on brain activation?
Strategy Variability Evidence from Brain Imaging
Are different brain regions involved in
procedural vs. retrieval strategies? – 28 adults
– fMRI study
– During scan : arithmetic problems– Post-scan: strategy self-reports
Comparison between trials for which retrieval vs. procedural strategies were indicated
Strategy Variability Evidence from Brain Imaging
Grabner, Ansari et al. (2009)
Neural correlates of mental arithmetic
Developmental Changes?
Mental Arithmetic
Rivera et al. (2005)
8-19 year olds
EXPERIMENTAL TASK
CONTROL TASK
Mental Arithmetic
Rivera et al. (2005)
Age-related increases in Activation
Age-related decreases in Activation
Mental Arithmetic
Rivera et al. (2005)
• Age-related decreases in the activation of the hippocampus
• Formation of arithmetic facts?• Dynamic relationship between left hippocampus & angular
gyrus in encoding & retrieval of arithmetic facts?
Mental Arithmetic• Protracted developmental trajectory?
• Different neural mechanisms subserving retrieval in adults and children?
Left hippocampusSingle > Multi-digit
(De Smedt, Holloway & Ansari, in prep)
Left Angular GyrusSingle > Multi-digit
(Grabner, Ansari et al. 2007)
ADULTSCHILDREN
Individual Differences & Chronological Age
Strategy-related activationGrabner, Ansari et al. (2009)
Dev. changes in activation Rivera et al. (2005)
Conclusions• Brain mechanisms underlying mental arithmetic are
modulated by:– Development – Individual Differences in Competence – Individual Differences in Strategy Use
• Considering these factors is important for educational neuroscience: – Adult studies insufficient for understanding brain
networks involved in learning arithmetic – Reveals brain networks likely modulated by education
Future Directions • Directly investigate the effects of math instruction
on brain function – Training studies exist with adults but not children– Comparing different educational approaches – E.g. concepts vs. procedures (drill vs. strategy)
• Atypical functioning in children with mathematical difficulties?
• Effects of remediation? – How do different training programs change the neural
circuitry underlying mental arithmetic?
Thank you for your attention!Funding
Collaborators & Students: Roland Grabner
Ian Holloway Lucia van Eimeren
Bert DeSmedt Gavin Price
Stephanie Bugden Bruce McCandliss
Sumit Niogi