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criminal justicePolicy and Management
The Program in
annual report
w w w . h k s . h a r v a r d . e d u / c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e
2008
�
� ThePrograminCriminalJustice
PolicyandManagement
Our partners: over thirty faculty members
from six schools and two institutes / 2
Letter from the Executive Director / 4
5 Research
Program in Criminal Justice convenes
two Executive Sessions / 6
PCJ brings top police chiefs, scholars,
and government and city officials
together to discuss the future
of policing and public safety / 8
PCJ assembles human rights, civil
rights, and police leaders from across
the US to speak about human rights
commissions and criminal justice / 10
Program in Criminal Justice organizes
workshops in police and justice
performance measurement, and
empirical approaches to criminal
procedure reform / 12
�4 Publications
Our twenty-one recent books, articles,
and working papers / 14
�6 Teaching
Eighteen Harvard criminal justice
and policy classes / 16
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
safety & justiceT he Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at the John F. Kennedy School of
Government aims to enable governments to fulfill their obligations to ensure public safety
and justice. We do this through research, instruction and curriculum development, and
the maintenance of long-lasting partnerships with practitioners and other scholars. We
also organize executive sessions—intensive conversations among leading practitioners
and scholars in a specific field that span several years, punctuated by research, practical
experimentation, and collaborative publications.
The Program in Criminal Justice takes a sector-wide view of criminal justice, focusing on
the policies and management of multiple institutions whose work contributes to safety and
justice, rather than specializing on issues of policing, courts, or corrections. By examining
multiple institutions at once, the program takes a broad view of several issues that affect the
entire justice and safety sector, such as transparency, legitimacy, protection of human rights,
and cost-effectiveness.
The Program also takes an international, comparative approach to questions of safety
and justice. This includes research to expand the range of empirical indicators available
to facilitate comparisons among countries, particularly comparisons that cut across legal
traditions and levels of economic development.Boston Police Department Deputy Superintendent Nora Baston speaking with Boston residents
GrowthinUSTotalPrisonPopulation
1977 1986 1996 20040
400,000
800,000
1,200,000
1,600,ooo
See page 19, “Incarceration and Inequality”, for implications
of mass incarceration.
On the Cover:
�8 Events
The Wire, Who Bears the Burden of Crime,
and other Sponsored Events / 19
Film Screenings: Bus 174, Mystic River,
and Elite Squad / 21
Speaking and presenting across the world,
from Chile to China / 22
26 WhoWeAre
The faculty and staff that comprise the
Program in Criminal Justice / 26
2 �
Harvard Interfaculty Partnership on Crime and JusticeJohnF.KennedySchoolofGovernment
AnthonyBragaLecturer in Public Policy and Senior Research Associate, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
ChristineM.Cole**Executive Director, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
KathrynEdin*Professor of Public Policy and Management
StephenGoldsmithDaniel Paul Professor of Government; Director, Innovations in American Government Program
ChristopherJencksMalcolm Wiener Professor of Social Policy
FrancisX.HartmannSenior Research Fellow, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
DavidLazerAssociate Professor of Public Policy
MarkMooreHauser Professor of Nonprofit Organizations
TimothyNelson*Lecturer in Public Policy
LuizEduardoBentoDeMelloSoaresProgram in Criminal Justice Policy and Management (Dec. 2007–Mar. 2008)
MalcolmSparrowProfessor of Practice of Public Management
ChristopherStoneDaniel and Florence Guggenheim Professor of the Practice of Criminal Justice; Faculty Chair, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Director, Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations
KimWilliamsAssociate Professor of Public Policy
JulieWilson*Harry Kahn Senior Lecturer in Social Policy; Director, Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy
WilliamJuliusWilson*Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor; Director, Joblessness and Urban Poverty Research ProgramGreater Boston
DavidLuberoff**Executive Director, Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston
RappaportInstituteforGreaterBoston
RobertSampson*Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences
KimberlyTheidonAssistant Professor of Anthropology
BruceWestern*Professor of Sociology
LawSchool
DavidBarron*Professor of Law
JacquelineBhabhaJeremiah S. Smith Lecturer, Harvard Law School; Executive Director, University Committee on Human Rights Studies
JamesCavallaro*Clinical Professor of Law; Executive Director, Human Rights Program
PhilipHeymann*James Barr Ames Professor of Law
CharlesOgletreeJesse Climenko Professor of Law; Director, Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice
CarolSteikerProfessor of Law
WilliamStuntz*Henry J. Friendly Professor of Law
BethMolnarAssistant Professor of Society, Human Development, and Health
JaySilvermanAssistant Professor of Society, Human Development, and Health
ChristopherWinship*Diker-Tishman Professor of Sociology
DeborahAzrael**Associate Director, Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center
DavidHemenway*Professor of Health PolicyDirector, Harvard Injury Control Research Center
MatthewMillerAssociate Director, Harvard Injury Control Research Center; Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Injury Prevention, Department of Health Policy and Management
SchoolofPublicHealth
FacultyofArtsandSciences
RichardFreemanHerbert S. Ascherman Professor of Economics
LouiseRichardsonExecutive Dean, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
RadcliffeInstitute
RafaelDiTellaJoseph C. Wilson Professor of Business Administration
BusinessSchool
Photos unavailable for: Felton Earls, Professor of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Scientific Director, Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Frederick Schauer, Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment, John F. Kennedy School of Government
*Program in Criminal Justice Faculty Affiliate
**Staff
4
research
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
In the Field In Print
Working closely with statisticians, police supervisors, and justice officials
in Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, Todd Foglesong and Christopher
Stone examined how these governments collected and analyzed data on
crime, and created governance structures that could use these analyses
to improve the value of criminal justice interventions. The result is a
Working Paper, Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems
to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the
Dominican Republic.
Anthony Braga co-edited and contributed to the
book, Legitimacy and Criminal Justice, which
extends previous work on the role of legitimacy in
policing by offering an international perspective.
This comprehensive book explores community
perceptions of the police, courts, and other criminal justice institutions in
Britain, Slovenia, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, France, the Nether-
lands, and Germany. Additional chapters discuss formal and community-
based routes to legitimacy and legitimacy and minority-group relations.
F aculty and research staff of the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management are
engaged in a variety of research efforts. Our research is not designed to advance a particular
agenda but rather to expand the thinking of leaders, test innovations, and provide new
conceptual frameworks that help practitioners solve persistent problems. Our approach to
research is empirical and often involves extensive work in the field with strong partners from
government and civil society. Our efforts include several initiatives conducted in partnership
with domestic police agencies such as the Boston Police Department where we facilitate the
construction, maintenance and analysis of homicide and shooting databases and evaluate
innovative police strategies. We are exploring the resiliency of changes in the Los Angeles
Police Department established and monitored by the consent decree agreement between
the city of Los Angeles and the US Department of Justice. The past year has also seen the
initiation of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety and the culmination of the
Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal Justice. Our international
work continues in China where we work jointly with scholars to strengthen the foundations
for empirically based policy development and reform in criminal justice. The Justice System
Workshop expands the Program’s international initiatives through workshops and collabo-
rations that strengthen national capacity in developing countries to design and implement
sector-wide indicators of safety and justice.
5
I
Letter from the Executive Director
Christine Cole and Markel Hutchins at the final meeting of the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal Justice
was thrilled to be selected early in 2007 as the third Executive Director of the 28- year-old
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at the Harvard Kennedy School. It has
been an exciting year and a half at the Program; we have experienced many changes and
positive growth while continuing to develop our long-standing relationships with the univer-
sity’s faculty and students and within the criminal justice practitioner community. Getting up
to speed on ongoing projects, sharing in the development of new research initiatives, work-
ing with tremendous faculty and staff while bringing in fellows and new employees has kept
me challenged and energized.
Reflecting on the activities of the last year was a welcome affirmation of hard work accom-
plished by an outstanding team. A bus tour of Boston for faculty, the screening of an award
winning film, and the submission of a million dollar proposal relies on team work and great
partnerships as well as relentless activity!
The Program in Criminal Justice is grateful for its strong relationships across the Harvard
Kennedy School community. We have continued to partner with the Malcolm Wiener Center for
Social Policy and to collaborate closely with other Harvard Kennedy School Research Centers,
including the Rappaport Center for Greater Boston, the Center for International Development
and the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy.
With the generous support of the Provost’s Office, we are proud to announce the forma-
tion of a new community affiliation at the University known as the Harvard Interfaculty
Partnership (HIP) on Crime and Justice. Each of the members conducts research or instruc-
tion within the broad scope of criminal justice policy and management at Harvard. You will
see a list (pages 2–3) of the faculty drawn from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard
Kennedy School, and Radcliffe Institute as well as the professional schools of business, law,
public health, and medicine. HIP on Crime and Justice gathers members on a regular basis to
share research agendas and to establish new relationships built on common areas of interest.
With our longtime partner, the Rappaport Center for Greater Boston, we have organized a
smaller working group of researchers investigating issues of crime and justice in Boston.
As you thumb through the following pages and review the events and the research accom-
plished over this last year and a half, I hope you share my excitement for the coming year.
Our academic calendar for 2008-2009 includes a fall and spring seminar series, new part-
nerships across the University, and additional sponsored research opportunities. I invite
you to join our events and be involved in our common interests of field research, student
engagement and practitioner support.
Very truly yours,
Christine M. Cole
�
An Executive Session is a convening of individuals of independent
standing who are prepared to take joint responsibility for rethinking and
improving society’s responses to an issue over two, three, or four years.
It is more than just a series of conferences. The people invited to be
members of an Executive Session might be thought of as the Board of
Directors, if there were one, for the issue.
Individuals are selected based on their experiences, their reputation for
thoughtfulness, and their potential for helping to disseminate the work
of the Session. While several constituencies are represented, every effort
is made to have at least two individuals from each constituency. That
ensures that no individual feels as though he or she must be a spokes-
person for some group, and thus is free to speak his or her mind freely.
The members convene on five, six, or more occasions over the years
of the session. The length of each meeting of the session is important.
Typically, a meeting will convene on a Thursday evening for a working
dinner, and then continue to work all day on Friday and part of the day
on Saturday. Meeting over a three-day period (two working days) makes
it possible to delve deeply into an issue. It leaves time for individual
members to hear one another, to discuss papers, and to have an evolu-
tion in their own thinking. In shorter meetings, people often do not get
beyond their initial positions.
The continuing nature of the Executive Session is crucial to its success.
In early meetings, the members get to know one another, get issues
on the table, and generally establish the context of the discussion. As
the Executive Session progresses, the members work together to move
beyond the conventional wisdom about an issue and the standard prog-
nostications about what needs to be done. If this is to take place, it is
important that the members have grown to trust one another.
Although Harvard convenes the Executive Session, ultimately the mem-
bers must take responsibility for the work of the Session. The members
are the experts. The convening organization basically serves as staff to
the Session members, preparing background documents, summarizing
the discussions, and preparing products for the members to review.
It also serves as synthesizer and challenger of the conversation.
As each Executive Session moves toward some degree of resolution, the
members decide how the group can best influence public policy. For exam-
ple, those addressing police issues in the late 1980s chose to organize a
large meeting to which many of their colleagues were invited, to arrange
for publication of their point of view in various journals (The Atlantic, Police
Chief, Public Management), and to sponsor an ongoing series of papers.
This series, jointly published by Harvard and the National Institute of
Justice, is called Perspectives on Policing, and was sent to a mailing list of
about 30,000.
Executive Sessions CurrentExecutiveSessions
ExecutiveSessiononPolicingandPublicSafety
2008–
ExecutiveSessiononHumanRightsCommissionsand
CriminalJustice
2006–2008
PastExecutiveSessions
ExecutiveSessiononPublicDefense
1999–2001
ExecutiveSessiononMedicalErrorandPatientSafety
1998–2000
ExecutiveSessiononNewParadigmsforChildProtectiveServices
1993–1997
ExecutiveSessionforStateDrugControlExecutives
1991–1993
ExecutiveSessionforStateandLocalProsecutors
1986–1990
ExecutiveSessiononDrugsandCommunityPolicing
1990–1993
ExecutiveSessiononPolicing
1985–1991
ExecutiveSessionontheJuvenileJusticeSystem
1983–1987
FutureExecutiveSessions
ExecutiveSessionforStateCourtLeadersinthe2�stCentury
The Program in Criminal Justice is grateful to the following
supporters for their financial assistance over the past year:
BostonFoundation
Funding for an assessment of the Boston Safe Homes Initiative,
a Boston Police Department project to recover illegal guns
BostonPoliceDepartment
Funding for the analysis and evaluation of serious violent crime
in Boston
CharlesE.Shannon,Jr.CommunitySafetyInitiativeGrant
(CommonwealthofMassachusettsExecutiveOfficeof
PublicSafety,LocalActionResearchPartnership)
Funding to support regional and multi-disciplinary approaches
to combat gang violence through coordinated programs for
prevention and intervention
EvelynandWalterHaas,Jr.Fund
Funding to develop, implement, and evaluate violence prevention
strategies in San Francisco and Oakland
DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,UK(DFID)
Funding to develop and implement a set of indicators for sector-
wide measurement and management of safety, security, and
justice, coordinated among several development institutions and
national governments in at least three developing countries
USDepartmentofJustice–NationalInstituteofJustice
Funding for the three year meeting series of the Executive Session
on Policing and Public Safety
FordFoundation
Funding for work to support criminal justice reform in China
HarvardUniversityAsiaCenter
Funding to support the convening of a Seminar for Senior Scholars
in China on the emerging field of empirical research on criminal
justice policy reform
JEHTFoundation
Funding for the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions
and Criminal Justice
JoanShorensteinCenterforPress,Politics,andPublicPolicy
Funding to examine the evolution of media representations of
justice innovations in China
TaubmanCenterforStateandLocalGovernment
Funding to examine the relationship between arrests and racial
and geographic disparities in prison populations, as well as fund-
ing to support ongoing research on Boston Police Department
crime prevention strategies
(Opposite) Participants in the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety
�
Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety members include:
Long Beach (CA) Police Chief Anthony Batts and journalist Adrian Nicole LeBlanc at the second meeting of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety
ChiefAnthonyBattsLong Beach Police Department
ProfessorDavidBayleyDistinguished Professor, School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany
Dr.AnthonyBragaSenior Research Associate, Lecturer in Public Policy, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
ChiefWilliamJ.BrattonLos Angeles Police Department
ChiefEllaBully-CummingsDetroit Police Department
Ms.ChristineCole(Facilitator)Executive Director, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
CommissionerEdwardDavisBoston Police Department
ChiefRonaldDavisEast Palo Alto Police Department
ChiefEdwardFlynnMilwaukee Police Department
ColonelRickFuentesSuperintendent, New Jersey State Police
ChiefGeorgeGascónMesa Police Department
Dr.DavidHagyActing Principal Deputy Director, National Institute of Justice
CommissionerRaymondKellyNew York Police Department
ChiefGilKerlikowskeSeattle Police Department
ChiefCathyLanierWashington D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
Ms.AdrianNicoleLeBlancCullman Center for Scholars and Writers, New York Public Library
ProfessorTraceyMearesProfessor of Law, Yale Law School
ChiefConstablePeterNeyroudChief Executive, National Policing Improvement Agency (UK)
Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive of the National Policing Improvement Agency (UK), at the first meeting of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety
ChiefCommissionerChristineNixonVictoria Police (Australia)
ChiefRichardPenningtonAtlanta Police Department
MayorJerrySandersCity of San Diego
ProfessorDavidSklanskyJohn H. Watson, Jr. Visiting Professor of Law, Harvard Law School
ProfessorMalcolmSparrowProfessor of Practice of Public Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
ChiefDarrelStephensCharlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department
ProfessorChristopherStoneGuggenheim Professor of the Practice of Criminal Justice, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Mr.JeremyTravisPresident, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
ProfessorDavidWeisburdWalter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice, Director, Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University and Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Maryland
Dr.ChuckWexlerExecutive Director, Police Executive Research Forum
ExecutiveSessioninPolicingandPublicSafety:WorksinProgress
As a result of conversation and discussion at the Executive Session
meetings, topics surface that warrant deeper analysis and research
and merit distribution to a wider audience. Natural partnerships
emerge between practitioners and scholars based on shared inter-
ests and passion for a particular subject. Exchanges at the ongoing
Executive Session, even at this early stage, have prompted outside
research and deeper exploration of topics ranging from federal
consent decrees, the rising costs of policing, the changing role
of detectives, as well as a review of the changing police environment
in the last several decades. These and additional papers will be
published jointly by the National Institute of Justice and Harvard
Kennedy School over the course of the three year Session. At the
2008 Annual Conference of the National Institute of Justice, three
members of the Session served on a panel entitled Consent Decrees:
The Good, the Bad and the Future.
Police agencies across the United States face a frightening array of new
challenges, yet those agencies are equipped with organizational and
strategic frameworks from an earlier era. What’s more, they face these
challenges at a time of high expectations established over a decade or
more of declines in crime, and tight budgets at every level of government.
The challenges themselves are many: some flow from the aftermath of
September 2001, others involve new forms of crime made possible by
the internet and other technologies, and still others are as intangible yet
galvanizing as rising fear of crime and feelings of insecurity.
A generation ago, policing faced a similar set of challenges. Some answers
in that era were found through the Executive Session on Policing, jointly
sponsored by the National Institute of Justice and the John F. Kennedy
School of Government starting in 1983. The participants in that Executive
Session became the police leaders of choice for the next two decades.
Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety
(Above) Professor David Bayley, Mesa (AZ) Police Chief George Gascón, and Detroit Police Chief Ella Bully-Cummings at the second meeting of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety
The papers published during the course of the last Executive Session
became essential reading in thousands of departments and executive
offices across the country. The overarching strategy crystallized in
that Executive Session-community policing-has become the dominant
paradigm for policing across the nation and around the world.
Working again with NIJ, we have launched a similar Executive Session
with equally high ambitions. The new Executive Session on Policing
and Public Safety brings together today’s established police executives
with those rising to take their place. Joining these leaders in policing are
local, state, and federal officials concerned with public safety as well as
prominent academics. Using web-based tools unavailable to the earlier
Executive Session on Policing, the members of the current Session are
collaborating with partners around the world to elaborate the strategies
and frameworks needed for policing in this new century.
(Below left) At a break between meetings, Victoria (Australia) Police Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon and Professor David Bayley pose for a photo. (Below right) New Jersey State Police Superintendent Rick Fuentes, pictured with officers of the Boston Police Department
�0
Guest Speakers
Human Rights and Criminal Justice: A US Perspective
September 16, 2007
The fifth meeting of the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions
and Criminal Justice was held in Atlanta during the joint meeting of the
International Association of Official Human Rights Agencies (IAOHRA)
and the National Association of Human Rights Workers (NAHRW).
Congressman James E. Clyburn (D-SC), Majority Whip for the 110th
Congress and former South Carolina Human Affairs Commissioner, was
a special guest of the Session and was the keynote speaker on Sunday.The Harvard Kennedy School’s Executive Session on Human Rights
Commissions and Criminal Justice convenes human rights, civil rights
and police leaders from across the United States in a series of discus-
sions about how to expand the role of human rights commissions in
addressing issues of discrimination in US criminal justice systems.
In addition, the project aims to strengthen the ways that state and local
governments respond to violations of the rights of people involved with
the criminal justice system by documenting innovative work of individual
commissions and conducting research on emerging practices.
The Executive Session began in January 2006 and ran until August 2008,
with the following invited participants:
Ms.AngelaArboledaDirector of the Civil Rights and Criminal Justice Project at the National Council of La Raza (NCLR)
Mr.LarryBagnerisExecutive Director of the City of New Orleans Human Relations Commission and Liaison to the New Orleans City Council from the Office of the Mayor
ChiefAnthonyBattsLong Beach, CA Police Department
Ms.PatriciaL.GatlingChair/Commissioner of the New York City Commission on Human Rights
ReverendDoctorMarkelHutchinsManaging Principal and CEO of MRH, LLC
Ms.YvonneJ.JohnsonMayor of Greensboro, North Carolina
Mr.NormanG.OrodenkerChair of the Governor’s Commission on Prejudice and Bias in Rhode Island, a member of the United States Civil Rights Advisory Commission for Rhode Island
ChiefRichardJ.PenningtonAtlanta, GA Police Department
Mr.KennethSaundersLegal Counsel/EEO and Diversity Officer for Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL)
Mr.JamesL.StoweExecutive Director of the City of Columbus Community Relations Commission
Mr.RobinS.TomaExecutive Director of the Los Angeles County Human Relations Commission
Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal Justice
InternationalAssociationofOfficialHuman
RightsAgenciesInternationalAward
September 2007
During the joint conference of the International Association
of Official Human Rights Agencies (IAOHRA) and the National
Association of Human Rights Workers (NAHRW) in Atlanta, GA,
the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal
Justice was awarded the IAOHRA International Award. The award
recognizes outstanding research and development in civil and
human rights in the United States as well as internationally.
Human Rights and Criminal
Justice: A South African
Perspective
March 15, 2007
The Executive Session on Human
Rights Commissions and Criminal
Justice welcomed Mr. Jody
Kollapen, Chairperson of the South
African Human Rights Commission
(SAHRC), a constitutional body
set up by Chapter Nine of South
Africa’s Constitution to protect and
promote human rights. The SAHRC
is one of a number of independent, national institutions created to trans-
form the country from its unjust past and to deliver the fundamental rights
enshrined in the Constitution to all in South Africa.
Jody Kollapen, Human Rights Commissioner for South Africa
(Below) Members of the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal Justice pictured with several special guests at their final meeting in April 2008
Forpublicationsandtranscripts,visitwww.hrccj.org.
James Stowe, Markel Hutchins, and Leonard Matarese at the final meeting of the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal Justice
�2 ��
Workshops
Benchmarking Safety and Justice
The fragmentation of the safety and justice sector is commonplace,
with police, prosecution, punishment, legal aid, and victim assistance
managed in most countries by separate institutions. This fragmenta-
tion frequently leads institutional managers to measure their perfor-
mance against that of their counterparts in other countries, but this can
sometimes be a mistake because justice systems themselves differ so
markedly. For example, the levels of arrest for minor offenses that seem
to reduce serious crime in New York may be ineffective and even coun-
terproductive in Moscow, Tokyo, or Sao Paulo. To avoid this mistake,
the Justice Systems Workshop first measures how closely the activities
of each institution are aligned with others in the same system. It is then
possible to compare the degree of alignment among countries, rather
than the performance of any single function.
To carry out the analysis in each participating country, the Program
employs a doctoral student or post-doctoral fellow fluent in the national
language and familiar with the justice system. In addition, the Program
staff (led by Professor Christopher Stone and Senior Research Fellow
Todd Foglesong) identify scholars across the University with expertise
on related issues in each participating country, creating a Harvard refer-
ence group for each. The Workshop uses this capacity to collect and
analyze data from participating countries, producing confidential briefing
memos for national officials as well as working papers published on the
Workshop’s web site. By analyzing common issues across participating
countries and by developing common performance indicators for use in
many countries, the Workshop can focus the talents of multiple research-
ers and the insights of scholars and practitioners on a single problem.
Jason Wilks, Senior Policy Analyst, Social Policy Planning and Research Division, Planning Institute of Jamaica, at the "Indicators of Safety and Justice: Their Design, Implementation, and Use in Developing Countries" workshop
Justice Systems Workshop: Measuring the Performance
of Criminal Justice Systems
People and governments around the world are asking more of criminal
justice systems today than ever before. Officials expect modern techniques
of policing, prosecution, and rehabilitation to reduce crime and the fear of
crime. Advances in technologies of surveillance, less-lethal weaponry, and
forensic science are raising public expectations of accuracy and profes-
sionalism. Yet crime must be reduced, human rights respected, and
technical capacity raised all within budgets that are as tight as ever.
Officials in charge of the safety and justice sector need reliable
measurement tools if they are to meet this complex set of demands.
Unfortunately, even the most inspired and capable leaders soon discover
that the measurement tools they require do not yet exist. The Justice
Systems Workshop aims to meet that need, creating performance
measures and sustainable systems of indicators for national and state
justice systems that are simple, affordable, and reliable.
Justice and Development Across Legal Traditions
The Justice Systems Workshop is building measurement tools that take
account of levels of trust, data reliability, and resources available for
statistical analysis. The Workshop strives to ensure that its indicators
respect the distinct legal traditions and political contexts, the particular
blend of formal and informal justice institutions at work, and the particu-
lar threats to public safety in each project location. At the same time, the
Workshop will help participating governments align their systems with
international human rights norms and meet professional standards in
law enforcement and adjudication.
To bridge that gap between local conditions and global standards, the
Workshop organizes its empirical analyses around functions rather than
institutions. For example, the Workshop assembles management infor-
mation tools to guide the use of arrest powers without regard to whether
arrests are made by one police agency, multiple agencies at different
levels of government, or a blend of state, private, and customary “police.”
By focusing initially on functions, the Workshop will facilitate the sharing
of experience and the development of comparable performance indica-
tors across legal traditions. Then, by mapping these functions onto
particular institutions within individual countries, the Workshop will
develop measurement tools that are practically useful to participating
government officials.
PoliceViolenceandMeasurementToolsWorkshop
November 2007
A three-day workshop funded by the MacArthur Foundation and cospon-
sored by the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. Workshop participants
aimed to develop indicators to measure police violence in four major
world cities: Los Angeles (USA), Mexico City (Mexico), Phnom Penh
(Cambodia) and Lagos (Nigeria).
IndicatorsofSafetyandJustice:TheirDesign,Implementation,
andUseinDevelopingCountries
March 13–15, 2008
A three-day workshop funded by the Department for International
Development. Participants were researchers, practitioners, governmental
and nonprofit organization leaders, and members of the World Bank,
International Criminal Court, and United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights. Represented countries included
Yemen, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Jamaica, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, and
the United States.
ChinaJusticeNewsUpdates
Twice each month, the Justice Systems Workshop produces an
update on news and developments in Chinese justice. The Update
covers Chinese language press reports on justice institutions such
as the police, prosecution, courts, and prisons, important social
issues such as juvenile offending and migration, and controversial
legal topics such as plea bargaining and the death penalty. Each
update focuses in depth on one issue, and provides synopses of
major articles on other topics.
Christopher Stone and Todd Foglesong meeting with the staff of the Institute of Procuratorial Theory in China, August 10, 2007
Luiz Eduardo Bento de Mello Soares, Visiting Scholar from Brazil, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
AnnualSeminaratHarvardforChineseScholarson
EmpiricalResearchandJusticePolicyReform
With support from the Ford Foundation, the Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management will inaugurate an annual seminar on empirical
research and criminal justice policy reform for senior legal scholars in
China. The first seminar will be held at Harvard on October 6–8, 2008,
and bring together ten senior scholars from different cities in China with
projects on topics such as restorative justice, bail reform, prosecutorial
discretion, juvenile offending, police interrogation, and justice on appeal.
The papers from the Seminar will be published in an edited volume in
English and Chinese and form part of the curriculum for a week-long
annual workshop on the craft of empirical research in criminal justice
reform with junior scholars and mid-career government researchers.
Both events will strengthen the role of empiricism in Chinese criminal
justice policy development.
NewResearchPartnershipwiththeInstituteforProcuratorialTheory
The Institute of Procuratorial Theory, a subdivision of the Supreme
People’s Procuratorate of China, is partnering with the Program in
Criminal Justice Policy and Management in a study of the evolution of
plea bargaining in China and other countries around the world. The
practice of negotiated sentences, conditional non-prosecution, restor-
ative agreements, victim compensation, and rewards for cooperation
have become more widespread in recent years as the Chinese govern-
ment diversifies the kinds of dispositions possible in criminal justice and
encourages “combining leniency with harshness” in the administration
of criminal law. The partnership will explore the structures for rewarding
and monitoring these dispositions in China, and compare these out-
comes and regulatory systems to their analogues in other countries in
Europe, Asia, North and Latin America.
publications 2007–2008
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
P ublications are always an important component of the work of a research center.
The Program in Criminal Justice has produced a large number of working papers
(i.e., not formally published), especially in support of its Executive Sessions. In
addition, researchers have published books and articles as products of their projects.
Books and Articles
Pennington, Richard, and Christopher Stone. “Human Rights Commission Needed.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 13, 2007.
Braga, Anthony A., and Jeffrey L. Brown. “Negotiating Gang Peace.” Boston Globe, March 31, 2007.
Foglesong, Todd, and Christopher Stone. “Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic.” Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP07–019, April, 2007.
Cook, Philip J., Jens Ludwig, Sudhir Venkatesh, and Anthony A. Braga. “Underground Gun Markets.” The Economic Journal 117 (November, 2007): F1–F29.
Braga, Anthony A., and Jeffrey L. Brown. “Curbing Gun Violence Requires Trust.” Boston Globe, November 25, 2007.
Tom R. Tyler, Anthony A. Braga, Jeffrey Fagan, Tracey Meares, Robert Sampson, and Christopher Winship, eds. Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: A Comparative Perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2007.
McDevitt, Jack, Anthony A. Braga, and Shea Cronin. Project Safe Neighborhoods Strategic Interventions: Lowell, District of Massachusetts. Case Study 6. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 2007.
Stone, Christopher. “Tracing Police Accountability in Theory and Practice.” Theoretical Criminology 11(2), 2007.
Braga, Anthony. Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention, 2nd Ed. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 2008.
Ridgeway, Greg, Glenn L. Pierce, Anthony A. Braga, George Tita, Garen Wintemute, and Wendell Roberts. Strategies for Disrupting Illegal Gun Markets: A Case Study of Los Angeles. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008.
Sparrow, Malcolm K. The Character of Harms: Operational Challenges in Control. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Braga, Anthony A., Glenn L. Pierce, Jack McDevitt, Brenda J. Bond, and Shea Cronin. “The Strategic Prevention of Gun Violence Among Gang-Involved Offenders.” Justice Quarterly 25(1), 2008.
Foglesong, Todd. “Grand Ambitions, Modest Scale: An Empirical Turn in the Reform of Pretrial Detention” in Justice Initiatives: Pretrial Detention, Open Society Justice Initiative, April 2008.
Braga, Anthony A. “Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies and the Prevention of Gun Homicide.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36 no. 4 (August 2008).
Braga, Anthony A. “Gun Enforcement and Ballistic Imaging Technology in Boston.” Ballistic Imaging. Committee to Assess the Feasibility, Accuracy and Technical Capability of a National Ballistics Database. Daniel L. Cork, John E. Rolph, Eugene S. Meieran and Carol V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. 271–290.
Braga, Anthony A. Police Enforcement Strategies to Prevent Crime in Hot Spot Areas. Crime Prevention Research Reviews, No. 2. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2008.
Foglesong, Todd. “Supervisión legislativa y judicial en un sistema de responsabilización policial: Debilidades estructurales y nuevas opor-tunidades (Legislative and Judicial Oversight in a System of Police Accountability: Structural Weaknesses and New Opportunities)” in Responsabilidad policial en democracia. Una propuesta para América Latina. Ernesto López Portillo Vargas and Hugo Frühling E., editors. Instituto para la Seguridad y la Democracia, 2008.
Braga, Anthony A., and Brenda J. Bond. “Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Criminology, 46(3), 2008.
ExecutiveSessiononHumanRightsCommissionsand
CriminalJusticeWorkingPapers
A Historical Perspective on US Human Rights Commissions (June 2007)
Performance Measures for Human Rights Commissions (August 2007)
Lessons from National Human Rights Institutions Around the World for State and Local Human Rights Commissions in the United States (August 2007)
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teaching
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
Harvard University Courses
SocialFoundationsofJusticeSpring 2008Christopher Winship
IntimacyandViolenceFall 2007Karen Pomeroy Flood
RaceinAmericaFall 2007Roland Fryer
PublicSafetyandCriminalJusticeinGlobalContextSpring 2008Christopher Stone
Crime,Justice,andtheAmericanLegalSystemFall 2007Anthony Braga
Crime,Community,andPublicPolicyFall 2007Anthony Braga
StrategicManagementofRegula-toryandEnforcementAgenciesSpring 2008Malcolm Sparrow
Community-BasedStrategiestoSupportChildren&StrengthenFamiliesFall 2007Julie Wilson
HumanRightsandUSForeignPolicyFall 2007Samantha Power
PublicChristianity:Poverty,AIDS,andCriminalJustice:SeminarFall 2007Matthew Myer Boulton
LegalandEthicalIssuesinChildAdvocacySpring 2008Jennifer Ann Murphy
AmericanViolence:TheIntersec-tionBetweenHomeandStreetSpring 2008Deborah Prothrow-Stith
S easoned criminal justice professionals from across sectors and countries are drawn to the
mid-career master in public administration program. Typically younger students are attracted
to degree programs for a two-year master in public administration or public policy, which
offers a concentration in Criminal Justice Policy and Management (CCJ), a designated Policy
Area of Concentration (PAC). Other learning experiences can be found within Executive
Education, which attracts professionals from across criminal justice fields seeking a short-
term intensive skill building session. Active executives participate in one to three week
courses on topics ranging from measuring performance, security and terrorism, to leadership
in government, with Harvard faculty as instructors.
Criminal Justice courses and faculty whose research intersects with the Program in Criminal
Justice can be found within Harvard. Through the Harvard Interfaculty Partnership on Crime
and Justice, we have identified faculty across the University whose research intersects with
that of the Program. Students are similarly encouraged to explore the many social policy
courses at the Harvard Kennedy School that examine relationships with crime and justice.
Courses taught by Program in Criminal Justice faculty, faculty affiliates, and members of the
HIP on Crime and Justice during the 2007–2008 academic year are listed below.
ThePracticeofPreventingIntimatePartnerViolenceFall 2007Jay Silverman
CapitalPunishmentinAmericaSpring 2008Carol Steiker
FederalCriminalLawFall 2007William Stuntz
PolicingandtheCriminalProcess:SeminarSpring 2008David Sklansky
InternationalCriminalJustice:WarCrimesTribunalsSpring 2008Gary J. Bass
PrisonLawandPolicyFall 2007Sharon Dolovich
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events
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
T he Program in Criminal Justice has sponsored a wide range of events over the past two years
in addition to its Executive Sessions, including panel discussions, film screenings, presenta-
tions, bus tours of Boston, and brown bag research lunches. Along with our longstanding
partner, the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, the Program in Criminal Justice invites
practitioner presenters and faculty commentators to form a panel for our public seminar
series each semester. Audiences include students, professors, and staff from the Kennedy
School and other parts of Harvard, practitioners in related fields, and members of the
community. Faculty and staff have also been invited to present at venues all over the world –
from local and domestic symposia to conferences in South America, Australia, Norway,
and Belgium. Our events promote discussion and awareness of pertinent topics in the
field of criminal justice policy and management and spur relevant research.
(Below) John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum Event – The Wire: A Compelling Portrayal of an American City, moderated by Professor William Julius Wilson
CrimeandPunishment:TheFutureofIncarcerationin
MassachusettsandtheNation
February 26, 2007
A presentation by Kathleen M. Dennehy, Commissioner, Massachusetts
Department of Correction, and Christopher Stone, Daniel and Florence
Guggenheim Professor of the Practice of Criminal Justice.
WhoBearstheBurdenofCrime?DistributionofCriminal
VictimizationAcrossRichandPoor
March 12, 2007
A presentation by Rafael Di Tella, Joseph C. Wilson Professor of Business
Administration, Harvard Business School, and Christopher Stone, Daniel
and Florence Guggenheim Professor of the Practice of Criminal Justice.
HarvardInterfacultyPartnershiponCrimeandJustice
September 2007
Dinner discussion and planning.
UsingPerformanceStattoFightCrimeinNewYorkandLosAngeles
February 11, 2008
A presentation by Michael Farrell, Deputy Commissioner for Strategic
Initiatives, New York City Police Department and Detective Jeffrey
Godown, Commanding Officer, CompStat Unit, Los Angeles Police
Department. The New York City Police Department’s CompStat program
has spawned a new “PerformanceStat” approach for improving perfor-
mance and producing results in a wide variety of jurisdictions and
agencies in the US.
The New York City Police Department’s CompStat program, which began
in 1994, not only has been adopted by dozens of other police depart-
ments, including the Los Angeles Police Department, it also has spawned
a new “PerformanceStat” approach for improving performance and pro-
ducing results in a wide variety of jurisdictions and agencies in the US.
FacultyBriefingonBoston
September 22, 2007
The Program in Criminal Justice orchestrated a half-day bus tour
of Boston for new faculty including lunch with Mayor Thomas
Menino and his senior staff. The tour was designed to illustrate
the history of Boston redevelopment as well as the richness of
Boston’s neighborhoods as places to visit and conduct research.
Twenty-two Harvard faculty from across the University including
the Kennedy School, the Law School, the School of Public Health
and the College Faculty of Arts and Sciences attended.
IntroducingDoctoralStudentstoBoston
April 5, 2008
The Program in Criminal Justice organized and contributed to
narration on a day-long tour of Boston with the Department of
Sociology and the Harvard Kennedy School Multidisciplinary
Program in Inequality and Social Policy for prospective Ph.D.
students. The goal of the tour was to showcase Boston-Cambridge
as a liveable area with a rich arts and culture scene. We also
visited several Boston neighborhoods, met with one of Boston’s
most talented Streetworkers and dined at Merengue, a delicious
Dominican restaurant in Roxbury.Professor Christopher Stone, Chief Justice Robert J. Mulligan and Professor Bruce Western at the "Incarceration and Inequality: The Effects of ‘Cracking Down’ on Crime" presentation
Sponsored Events
IncarcerationandInequality:TheEffectsof“CrackingDown”onCrime
October 17, 2007
A presentation by Bruce Western, Professor of Sociology, and author,
Punishment and Inequality in America (Russell Sage Foundation, 2006)
and Robert J. Mulligan, Chief Justice for Administration and Management,
Administrative Office of the Trial Court, Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
and Chair, Massachusetts Sentencing Commission. Cosponsored by
the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston and Suffolk University Law
School’s Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service.
InstituteofPoliticsForumEvent:Law,OrderandCommunity
intheNewIreland
March 19, 2008
A presentation by Brian Lenihan, Minister of Justice, Equality and
Law Reform, Republic of Ireland.
The Wire:ACompellingPortrayalofanAmericanCity
April 4, 2008
A panel discussion with David Simon, Creator and Executive Producer
of HBO’s The Wire; Nora Baston, Deputy Superintendent, Boston Police
Department; Geoffrey Canada, President & CEO, Harlem Children’s Zone
and author, Fist Stick Knife Gun: A Personal History of Violence in America;
and Sudhir A. Venkatesh, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University
and author, Gang Leader for a Day. Moderated by William Julius Wilson,
Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor, Harvard University and
author, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor.
UsingPerformanceStattoImprovePublicSafetyatthe
DepartmentofHomelandSecurityandNewYorkCity’s
DepartmentsofCorrectionandProbation
April 14, 2008
A presentation by Michael Fisher, Chief Patrol Agent, San Diego Sector,
US Department of Homeland Security, and Martin Horn, Commissioner,
New York City Department of Correction and New York City Department
of Probation.
HarvardInterfacultyPartnershipinCrimeandJustice
April 22, 2008
Dinner discussion and presentation.
DomesticTraffickingintheUnitedStates:
NarrativesofProstitutedTeens
April 23, 2008
A brown bag lunch discussion with Dr. Linda Williams, Professor of
Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Massachusetts Lowell on
domestic trafficking in the United States. Part of the Women and Public
Policy Program’s (WAPPP) university-wide student group focused on the
trafficking of women and girls.
Brian Lenihan, Minister of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Republic of Ireland
(Below) Panelists at the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum Event, The Wire: A Compelling Portrayal of an American City (L-R): William Julius Wilson, David Simon, Nora Baston, Geoffrey Canada, and Sudhir Venkatesh
Film Screenings
Bus 174(Ônibus 174)
March 3, 2008
Bus 174, one of the New York Times’ ten best films of 2003, recounts
the events, causes and effects of a nationally televised hijacking that
was one of the most notorious crimes in modern Brazilian history. After
the screening, Luiz Eduardo Soares, a Visiting Scholar at the Program
in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, provided commentary and
answered questions about the film and about the Brazilian criminal
justice system.
BostonintheMovies:Mystic River
April 11, 2007
A 2003 movie depicting the lives of three Boston men who are linked
to the murder of the daughter of an ex-con. Post-film commentary by
Anthony Braga, Senior Research Associate and Lecturer in Public Policy.
Elite Squad(Tropa de Elite)
May 5, 2008
A semi-fictional account of the BOPE
(Batalhão de Operações Policiais
Especiais), the Special Police
Operations Battalion of the Rio de
Janeiro Military Police. The film shows
police brutality and corruption, as
well as the violence of drug traffick-
ers, through the eyes and the voice of
a policeman involved in a world where the war on crime itself becomes
criminal. Post-film commentary and discussion led by Director José
Padilha and scholars José Gatti and James Cavallaro.
(Above) “He is crazy. He is going to kill me.” A female hostage writes with lipstick on the window of Bus 174 hijacked by a robbery suspect in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Monday, June 12, 2000. (AP Photo/Douglas Engle)
2�
22
IndicatorsofSafety,Security,andAccesstoJustice
January 2007
Christopher Stone presented to the UK Department for International
Development, London, England.
NationalGovernorsAssociationCriminalJusticePolicy
AdvisorsInstitute
March 8–9, 2007
Christopher Stone gave a presentation in Seattle, WA entitled “Trends
for Crime Policy in 2007” at the annual institute of the National Governors
Association Center for Best Practices. The audience included top crimi-
nal justice policy advisors from approximately thirty Governor's offices,
who were invited to discuss current criminal justice policy priorities and
emerging state issues and learn about current research.
CommunitySolutions:CreatingRegionalandNeighborhood
Anti-GangInitiatives
May 2007
Anthony Braga spoke about Boston’s experiences in dealing with
gang violence problems at the City of San Diego Summit on Preventing
Gang Violence.
ProsecutorialDiscretion:AComparativeandEmpiricalPerspective
May 10, 2007
Todd Foglesong presented the results of new empirical research on
conditional non-prosecution in Russia, Chile, and the United Kingdom
at a seminar on prosecutorial discretion in Beijing. Convened by the
Danish Institute of Human Rights, the seminar brought together lawyers,
academic researchers, and government officials studying changes in
the practices of prosecutors in China as a result of new government
regulations on “leniency” in sentencing and prosecution.
MeasuringSuccessinPolicingAroundtheGlobe
June 2007
Christopher Stone presented at the Pearls in Policing conference,
organized by the Dutch Government, The Hague, Netherlands,
on varieties of police accountability mechanisms worldwide.
EvaluationoftheMilwaukeeHomicideReviewCommission
July 23, 2007
At the annual United States Department of Justice conference on Criminal
Justice Research and Evaluation, Anthony Braga presented findings from
a study funded by the National Institute of Justice to evaluate the effects
of the Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission on homicide and serious
violence in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Speeches and Presentations CommunityPolicinginContext
September 2007
Christopher Stone presented to the Irish Institute at Boston College,
Massachusetts, on the evolution of community policing around the world.
OntheRoadtoCivilRights:ARevivalofHeart,MindandSoul
September 16–21, 2007
Marea Beeman spoke about how to expand the role of human rights
commissions in addressing issues of discrimination in US criminal
justice systems during a joint conference of the National Association
of Human Rights Workers and the International Association of Official
Human Rights Agencies, Inc. Attendees at the conference included
directors and staffs of state, county, and municipal government civil
and human rights agencies.
InternationalLawandtheConstitution:TermsofEngagement
October 4, 2007
Marea Beeman discussed the contemporary relevance of international
human rights for constitutional law and social justice as part of a panel
discussion at a Fordham Law School symposium. In particular, she
reflected on her experience with national, state, and local human rights
commissions. Co-sponsors of the conference were the American Civil
Liberties Union, American Constitution Society, Association of the Bar of
the City of New York, Center for American Progress, Fordham Law Review,
and Leitner Center on International Law and Justice.
QuietStorm:DynamicsofRecentGangViolenceinBoston
October 18, 2007
David Hureau presented to a packed house at the Harvard School of
Public Health on his recent research into Boston gangs. The talk was
sponsored by the Harvard Injury Control Research Center.
GoverningthePoliceoftheFuture
November 2007
Christopher Stone presented on the governance and accountability
of police, drawing examples from multiple countries, at the Instituto
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
EmpiricalResearchandJusticePolicyInnovationinChina
August 10, 2007
Christopher Stone and Todd Foglesong participated in the review of new
research findings on bail, plea bargaining, and the role of criminal justice
lawyers in a series of meetings with government and non-governmental
organizations in China. Together with the Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences, the Haidian People’s Procuratorate, the Guangzhou University
Center for Human Rights, and the Beijing Kingdom Law Foundation,
Stone and Foglesong discussed ways in which surveys can complement
and strengthen administrative data as a way to understand the impact of
new criminal justice policies. With the Institute for Procuratorial Theory,
the policy research arm of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, they
discussed the challenges of introducing and regulating plea bargaining
in China as well as countries in Europe, Africa, and Latin America.
(Below) Graffiti in west Belfast, Northern Ireland (AP Photo)
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management participates in programs in the United States, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, China, Australia, United Kingdom, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands.
24
FundingJusticeReformandtheRuleofLaw
April 28–29, 2008
Todd Foglesong participated in a discussion of donor strategies for the
advancement of justice reform in developing countries, and presented
the results of Harvard’s workshop on designing indicators for the justice
sector at a meeting in Brussels. The meeting was designed to encour-
age greater cooperation across donor organizations, including multilat-
eral institutions such as the World Bank and United Nations as well as
national aid agencies in Europe and North America.
CommunityPerceptionsofPoliceCrime
May 12, 2008
Anthony Braga was invited to the Norwegian Police University College
to participate in an international conference on evaluating problem-
oriented policing and situational crime prevention interventions.
Anthony’s work on the use of interviews in small areas to evaluate
problem-oriented policing interventions from his randomized controlled
experiment in Lowell, MA was presented and will appear in an upcoming
edited volume.
PoliciestoControlIllegalFirearmsTraffickingandIllegal
AccesstoFirearms
November 2007
The Migration Policy Institute convened a two-day seminar that brought
together law enforcement agencies, academics, and policy analysts from
the United States and Mexico to discuss the problem of transnational
gun trafficking. Anthony Braga presented on the nature of illegal gun
trafficking in the United States and effective responses to gun violence
problems in US cities.
PolicingandPoliceAccountability
November 2007
Christopher Stone presented on community policing and police account-
ability at a national conference on the governance of the police in Chile,
coinciding with the announcement that the police will be moved from the
Ministry of Defense to the Ministry of the Interior.
ComprehensiveAccountabilityandtheFutureofPolicing
November 19–21, 2007
Christopher Stone presented at the Australian Federal Police (AFP)
International Policing: Toward 2020 conference, organized by the
Australian Federal Police, Canberra, Australia.
�8WithaBullet
November 30, 2007
David Hureau led a discussion at the Harvard Graduate School of
Education following a screening of the film “18 With a Bullet,” which
depicts the impact of Los Angeles gang culture on gang violence in
El Salvador and the expansion of MS-13.
BallisticsSymposium
December 4, 2007
Anthony Braga organized and led a one-day statewide Ballistics
Symposium with the US Attorney’s Office Project Safe Neighborhoods,
the MA Executive Office of Public Safety, the Boston Police Department,
and the Massachusetts State Police. The goal of the symposium was to
discuss with law enforcement agencies and prosecutors best practices
and current processes of securing evidence from the firearms and ballis-
tics units in gun cases.
ReducingStreetViolenceinSanFrancisco:APartnership-Based
ViolencePreventionStrategy
December 12, 2007
Anthony Braga presented a paper entitled “Reducing Street Violence
in San Francisco: A Partnership-Based Violence Prevention Strategy” at
the Community Policing in Three Dimensions Conference in Australia,
sponsored by the Australian National University. The paper documented
the nature of homicides in San Francisco and the violence prevention
program developed based on the insights. Preliminary findings suggest
the program was associated with significant decreases in violence in
San Francisco’s Western Addition neighborhood.
NationalInstituteofJusticeForensicPolicySummit
December 17–18, 2007
Christine Cole served as moderator and facilitator of this two-day summit
designed to share perspectives and experiences within the field of
forensic sciences. This summit was attended by representatives of many
professional organizations that touch on forensic sciences including
medical examiners and coroners, all levels of government technicians
and researchers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, victims and victim
advocacy organizations, and specialists in DNA, prints, and tool marks.
BallisticsSymposium
February 1, 2008
Anthony Braga led a discussion on developing a protocol for Massachu-
setts police departments investigating violent gun crime scenes for
ballistics evidence collection and submission, the enhancement of ballis-
tics evidence collection practices to increase solvability and improve the
conviction rate, and the linking of ballistics to guns and guns to crimes
through the improved use of existing technology and resources.
TheFutureofInternationalCriminalJustice
March 2008
Christopher Stone chaired a discussion at Wilton Park, England, concern-
ing the lessons of international criminal justice to be drawn from the
special tribunals on the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as from
the International Criminal Court. The discussion was part of a larger
meeting on the future of the ICC and international justice.
JuvenileDelinquency–Sociology�45
March 31, 2008
David Hureau delivered a guest lecture at Professor Andrew Papachristos’
University of Massachusetts Amherst sociology class. David provided
an overview of the history of gangs in Boston and discussed the role of
gangs in the increase in gun violence in the city since 1999.
Big50LeadershipSeminar
April 11, 2008
Christine Cole presented and engaged with participants on the Executive
Session on Policing and Public Safety to an audience of police union
leaders from the United States and Canada as part of a weeklong Harvard
forum on labor and worklife. (Below) Police Union Leadership Seminar, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard Law School
Guns seized by police (AP Photo/Peter Jordan)
26 2�
ChristopherStone
Christopher Stone is Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Professor of the
Practice of Criminal Justice. His current research focuses on compara-
tive approaches to police accountability and the internal alignment of
national criminal justice systems. From 1994 to 2004, he served as direc-
tor of the Vera Institute of Justice, where his own work focused on institu-
tional reform of police, prosecution, and public defense services both in
the United States and internationally. Stone also serves as chair of Altus,
who we are
The Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
Back row (L-R): Jesse Heatley, Christine Cole, Todd Foglesong, David Hureau, Anthony Braga, Brian Welch; Front row (L-R): Marea Beeman, Guy Keeley, Christopher Stone, Baillie Aaron, Luiz Eduardo Soares; Not pictured: Frank Hartmann, Woojin Jung, Mark Moore, Malcolm Sparrow, Jing Zhang
an alliance of nongovernmental organizations and academic centers in
Russia, India, Nigeria, Chile, Brazil, and the United States that are jointly
pursuing justice sector reform. Stone received his AB from Harvard, an
MPhil. in criminology from the University of Cambridge, and his JD from
the Yale Law School. In 2006, he was awarded an honorary OBE for
his contributions to criminal justice reform in the United Kingdom. He
became faculty director of the university-wide Hauser Center for Nonprofit
Organizations in January 2008.
Faculty and Staff
ChristineCole
Christine Cole is the Executive Director of the Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management. She joined the Program in April 2007. Across 20
years she has accumulated professional experiences in policing, insti-
tutional and community-based corrections, victim advocacy, community
organizing and working as part of a prosecution team. She has mid-level
and executive level management and supervision experience and worked
as a change agent across sectors. She has extensive experience as a
collaborator and facilitator with practitioners, community members and
academicians.
Christine most recently worked at the Springfield (MA) Police Department
as the Director of Business and Technology. In that capacity she insti-
tuted technological and business solutions department wide.
Christine served as the Chief of Staff at the Executive Office of Public
Safety, which serves as the policy shop for law enforcement, corrections
and homeland security in Massachusetts. It has policy, budget and man-
agerial oversight of 17 state agencies and 24 boards and commissions.
She was the Director of Planning and Development at the Crime and
Justice Institute, a 125 year old nonprofit agency in Boston that special-
izes in advancing criminal justice policy. At CJI she developed programs,
policies, performance measures and guiding principles for community-
based corrections programs.
Christine was a chief architect of the community policing strategy and
implementation in the Lowell (MA) Police Department. She worked there
as policy advisor and community liaison. Prior to that she worked for the
Middlesex District Attorney in Massachusetts as a victim witness advo-
cate, providing crisis intervention services and supportive counseling for
victims of crime.
Christine has a Master in Public Administration from Harvard’s John
F. Kennedy School of Government, a Master in Community and Social
Psychology from the University of Massachusetts, and a Bachelor of Arts
from Boston College in Special Education and Human Development.
BaillieAaron
Baillie Aaron is a Research Assistant for the Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management. Baillie joined the Program in 2007 after graduat-
ing magna cum laude from Harvard College with a B.A. in Psychology and
Economics. Her senior thesis investigated the effect of race-crime typi-
cality on judicial sentencing decisions, expectations of recidivism, and
attributions of guilt. Outside of work, Baillie serves on the editorial board
of the New School Psychology Bulletin and teaches a class on entrepre-
neurship at the Suffolk County House of Correction.
MareaBeeman
Marea Beeman is a Senior Research Associate and Project Coordinator
for the Executive Session on Human Rights Commissions and Criminal
Justice, which runs through summer 2008. She will serve as Project
Coordinator for the Executive Session for State Court Leaders in the 21st
Century, which begins in 2008. Before joining the Kennedy School in
November 2005, she was Vice President of The Spangenberg Group, a
research and consulting firm specializing in improving indigent defense
programs in the United States and abroad. Following studies overseen
and reports written by Beeman, major legislative and programmatic
reforms to indigent defense systems were made in jurisdictions including
Colorado, Georgia, North Dakota, Texas and Virginia.
She received her B.A. in English from Colorado College and her J.D. from
New England School of Law.
AnthonyA.Braga
Anthony A. Braga is Senior Research Associate and Lecturer in Public
Policy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His
research focuses on working with criminal justice agencies to develop
crime prevention strategies to deal with urban problems such as fire-
arms violence, street-level drug markets, and violent crime hot spots.
He has served as a consultant on these issues to the Rand Corporation;
National Academy of Sciences; US Department of Justice; US Department
of the Treasury; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; Boston Police
Department; New York Police Department; and other state and local law
enforcement agencies.
Dr. Braga was a key member of the Boston Gun Project / Operation
Ceasefire working group that was responsible for reducing youth homi-
cide in Boston by almost two-thirds during the late 1990s. The Operation
Ceasefire program has received numerous prestigious awards including
28 2�
the International Association of Chiefs of Police Webber-Seavey Award for
quality in law enforcement, the Police Executive Research Forum Herman
Goldstein Award recognizing excellence in problem-oriented policing,
and the Ford Foundation Innovations in American Government Award.
Dr. Braga has also been involved in a number of other strategic crime
prevention programs such as the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative and the US Department
of Justice-sponsored Strategic Alternatives to Community Safety Initiative
and Project Safe Neighborhoods. He is also an affiliated faculty member
of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center at the Harvard School of
Public Health and was a Visiting Fellow at the National Institute of Justice
of the US Department of Justice. He received his M.P.A. from Harvard
University and his Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from Rutgers University.
ToddFoglesong
Todd Foglesong is a Senior Research Fellow at the John F. Kennedy School
of Government and Coordinator of the Justice Systems Workshop at the
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management. Todd’s research
focuses on the use of arrest and pretrial detention around the world and
the alignment of government efforts to administer criminal justice.
Prior to joining the program, Todd worked at the Vera Institute of Justice.
Todd joined Vera in May 2000 to establish and direct the Center for
Justice Assistance in Moscow, Russia, a joint venture of Vera and the
Russian INDEM Fund that works with government and non-governmental
agencies to improve the system of justice. He helped design and imple-
ment the Nizhegorod Project on Justice Assistance, a demonstration
managed by the Center that reduced the length of time people were held
in jail before trial. Todd also supervised Vera’s work with the prosecution
service in Chile to evaluate the effectiveness of its new system of justice.
Before joining Vera, Todd was an assistant professor of political science
at the University of Kansas and University of Utah. With Peter Solomon,
he wrote Courts and Transition in Russia: The Challenge of Judicial Reform
(Westview, 2000) and Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Post-
Soviet Ukraine (National Institute of Justice, 2001). Todd received a B.A. in
Russian and Economics from Bowdoin College and an M.A. and Ph.D. from
the University of Toronto. He is a member of the board of RiskMonitor, a
non-governmental research center in Sofia, Bulgaria, that supports better
public policies on organized crime and institutional corruption.
FrancisX.Hartmann
Frank Hartmann, Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy, is Senior Research
Fellow of the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management. His
criminal justice research focuses on how criminal justice agencies and
communities work together to produce safety. His most recent publi-
cation on this topic is “Safety First: Partnership, the Powerful Neutral
Convener, and Problem-Solving,” which appears in Securing Our
Children’s Future (Brookings, 2003). His current teaching, in the manage-
ment curriculum, is on effective implementation. He has chaired most of
the Kennedy School’s Executive Sessions, including those on Policing,
Patient Safety and Errors in Medicine, and Preparedness for Terrorism. He
has chaired many of the major working meetings of the US Department
of Justice for the past ten years. Hartmann was a Senior Advisor to the
Police Commissioner of New York in the mid-1990s. He was Director of
the Hartford Institute of Criminal and Social Justice, Director of Research
and Evaluation for New York City’s Addiction Services Agency, and a
Program Officer at the Ford Foundation. Among other places, he and his
wife live in Buonconvento, Italy.
JesseHeatley
Jesse Heatley is a Research Assistant at the Program in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management and a first-year Master’s in Public Policy student
at the Harvard Kennedy School. He is interested in international human
rights, criminal justice and social entrepreneurship. Over the past two
years, he has studied China and Taiwan’s legal reforms in Harvard’s
Regional Studies East Asia graduate program. Before coming to Harvard,
Jesse worked as an environmental organizer for a Long Island nonprofit,
studied law at National Taiwan University’s School of Law, taught in a
rural Korean high school and researched Chinese child labor migration in
Nanjing and Beijing, China. Outside of academic and advocacy interests,
he is interested in parenting (his son Jude is four) and local history.
DavidHureau
David Hureau is a Research Associate with the Program in Criminal
Justice Policy and Management. His research focuses on gangs and gang
violence, police-community relations, neighborhoods, social networks
and youth culture. David has been centrally involved in numerous vio-
lence prevention projects in the City of Boston working with a diverse
array of partners including law enforcement agencies, faith-based
groups, and community-based nonprofits. David received his B.A. in
History and African American Studies from Wesleyan University in 2001
and received his Master in Public Policy with a concentration in Criminal
Justice Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School in 2006. Prior to joining
the Program in Criminal Justice, David served as the Program Director for
the New Outlook Teen Center in Exeter, NH from 2001–2004.
WoojinJung
Woojin Jung joined the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Manage-
ment as a Research Fellow in June 2007 after finishing a Master of Public
Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Her work focuses on analyzing
criminal justice data and interpreting and reporting results to researchers,
practitioners and policymakers. She also built the Program’s extensive
contacts database as a part of its outreach effort. Concurrently, she is a
consultant for the Division of Policy and Practice at UNICEF New York.
Before joining the Program, she assisted international organizations in
Korea, Nigeria and India in the areas of community development, evalu-
ation of development assistance, and cash transfer programs for low
income families. She received her B.A. at Ewha Women’s University in
Seoul and a Master of Social Work degree at Washington University in
St. Louis. Her research interest is the impact of the justice system on the
economic advancement of developing countries.
GuyKeeley
Guy Keeley is the Financial and Administrative Officer for the Hauser
Center. Guy hails from Liverpool, England and moved to the USA in 1989.
He joined the John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1997 and joined
the Hauser Center in 1998. His interests include soccer, motorcycle
speedway, photography and messing about with computers.
LuizEduardoBentodeMelloSoares
Luiz Eduardo Bento de Mello Soares was a Visiting Scholar at the
Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management from December
2007 to March 2008. He holds a master’s degree in social anthropology,
a Ph.D. in political science, and has done post-doctoral work in politi-
cal philosophy. He is a professor in the Department of Social Sciences
of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), and at the School of
Marketing and Administration, in the Department of International
Relations, and has been Professor at IUPERJ (Graduate Institute for the
Social Research of Rio de Janeiro) and UNICAMP. He has been a Visiting
Scholar at Columbia University, the University of Virginia, the University
of Pittsburgh, and the Vera Institute of Justice in New York. He has written
thirteen books and co-authored another thirty. His most recent books
are Cabeça de Porco, written with M.V. Bill and Celso Athayde (Objetiva:
2005); Elite da Tropa, written with A. Batista and R. Pimentel (Objetiva,
2006); Legalidade Libertária (Lumen-Juris, 2006); and Segurança Tem
Saída (Sextante, 2006). Professor Soares has been Undersecretary of
Public Security of the State of Rio de Janeiro (1999–2000); Coordinator
of Public Security, Justice, and Citizenship of the State of Rio de Janeiro
(1999–2000); and National Secretary of Public Security (2003). He is
currently municipal secretary of Crime Prevention at Nova Iguaçu, State
of Rio de Janeiro.
BrianWelch
Brian Welch is the Program Administrator of the Program in Criminal
Justice Policy and Management. He has been with the Program since
2000. Before coming to Harvard, Brian was working on a Ph.D. in
Theology at the University of Chicago Divinity School. Brian has a Master
of Arts in Divinity degree from the University of Chicago and a Bachelor of
Arts in Religious Studies from the University of Virginia.
JingZhang
Jing Zhang joined the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management
as Research Assistant in September 2007. She conducts research for the
Justice System Workshop and helps to produce weekly news updates
on China’s criminal justice reform for the Program. She is also a second
year graduate in the Master of Public Administration in International
Development program at the Harvard Kennedy School (2006–2008).
Born and raised in Beijing, Jing holds a B.L. in International Politics and
a B.A. in Economics from Peking University and an M.A. in journalism
from Tsinghua University. Before coming to Harvard, Jing worked as a
researcher for the Washington Post Beijing office for four years. She has
crisscrossed China, conducting interviews and research in Chinese
culture, politics and economy. Jing spends her free time practicing
Chinese brush painting, and writing feature stories for several Chinese
news magazines.
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