the process of changing complex the process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble solid foods into simpler soluble

forms which can be absorbed by forms which can be absorbed by body cells.body cells.

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• Workbook 235 I onlyWorkbook 235 I only

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• Make a “foldable”Make a “foldable”

Label as follows….Label as follows….Digestion/FunctionDigestion/FunctionMouth/oral cavityMouth/oral cavityEsophagusEsophagusStomachStomachAccessory organsAccessory organsSmall intestineSmall intestineLarge intestineLarge intestineAnal CanalAnal Canal

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• List the Functions of the List the Functions of the Digestive SystemDigestive SystemIf you did not make a foldable on If you did not make a foldable on Friday, see me.Friday, see me.

Functions of the Digestive Functions of the Digestive SystemSystem

• Physical breakdown of Physical breakdown of foodfood

• Chemical digestion of Chemical digestion of food into the end food into the end products of fat, products of fat, carbohydrates and carbohydrates and protein.protein.

• Absorb nutrients into Absorb nutrients into blood capillaries of the blood capillaries of the small intestinessmall intestines

• Eliminate waste Eliminate waste products of digestionproducts of digestion

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• You need 4 pieces of paperYou need 4 pieces of paper• WAIT FOR INSTRUCTIONSWAIT FOR INSTRUCTIONS• Functions/FactsFunctions/Facts• Oral cavity/MouthOral cavity/Mouth• EsophagusEsophagus• StomachStomach• Accessory organsAccessory organs• Small IntestinesSmall Intestines• Large IntestinesLarge Intestines• Anal CanalAnal Canal

• ENZYMES – chemical ENZYMES – chemical substances that substances that promote chemical promote chemical reactions in living reactions in living things.things.

• ALIMENTARY CANAL – ALIMENTARY CANAL – digestive tract or digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract). A 30 ft. (GI Tract). A 30 ft. tube from mouth to tube from mouth to anus.anus.

Accessory organs of digestion:Accessory organs of digestion:

• TongueTongue

• TeethTeeth

• Salivary glandsSalivary glands

• PancreasPancreas

• LiverLiver

• Gall bladderGall bladder

ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS

                                    Muscular tube, Muscular tube, 10” long10” long

                                    Connects Connects pharynx and stomachpharynx and stomach

• 4 layers4 layersMucosa (innermost)-Mucosa (innermost)-enzymesenzymes

• Submucosa-Bld vessels Submucosa-Bld vessels and nerve endingsand nerve endings

• Circular muscleCircular muscle• Longitudinal muscleLongitudinal muscle

PERITONEUMPERITONEUM

• Lining of the Lining of the Digestive SystemDigestive System

• PERITONEUM – PERITONEUM – double-layered double-layered serous membrane serous membrane that lines the that lines the abdominal cavityabdominal cavity

Structure of Structure of Organs Organs of Digestionof Digestion

• MOUTH• Food enters digestive system

through mouth • Inside of mouth covered with

mucous membrane• Roof of mouth is HARD PALATE

(bone) and soft palate• UVULA – flap that hangs off soft

palate – prevents food from going up the nose when you swallow

•TONGUE

• Attached to floor of mouth• Helps in chewing and

swallowing• Made of skeletal muscle

attached to four bones• Taste buds on the surface• Secrete saliva• TEETH• GINGIVA – gums, support and

protect teeth• MASTICATION – chewing, teeth

help in mechanical digestion• DECIDUOUS teeth – baby teeth

(#20)• Adult mouth has 32 teeth

Three pairs of salivary glandsThree pairs of salivary glands

• PAROTID – largest salivary glands, they become inflamed PAROTID – largest salivary glands, they become inflamed during mumpsduring mumpsLocated anterior and inferior to your ears.Located anterior and inferior to your ears.

SUBMAXILLARY or Submandibular- found near the inner SUBMAXILLARY or Submandibular- found near the inner surface of your lower jaw.surface of your lower jaw.

SUBLINGUAL gland- under your tongue.SUBLINGUAL gland- under your tongue.

They produce saliva. Liquefies food. Easier to swallow. Is They produce saliva. Liquefies food. Easier to swallow. Is 99% water., and enzymes ptyalin to break down starch.99% water., and enzymes ptyalin to break down starch.

Saltine Cracker ExperimentSaltine Cracker Experiment

• 1) Hold a saltine cracker in your 1) Hold a saltine cracker in your mouth without chewing.mouth without chewing.

• 2) Describe the reaction that takes 2) Describe the reaction that takes place and explain why this happens.place and explain why this happens.

• 3) Name the enzyme responsible for 3) Name the enzyme responsible for carbohydrate breakdowncarbohydrate breakdown

• 4) Differentiate between chemical 4) Differentiate between chemical and mechanical digestion.and mechanical digestion.

• ESOPHAGUSESOPHAGUS• Muscular tube, 10” longMuscular tube, 10” long• Connects pharynx and stomachConnects pharynx and stomach•

STOMACHSTOMACH• Upper part of abdominal cavityUpper part of abdominal cavity• CARDIAC SPHINCTER – circular CARDIAC SPHINCTER – circular

layer of muscle, controls passage layer of muscle, controls passage of food into stomachof food into stomach

• PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food regulates the entrance of food into duodenuminto duodenum

• RUGAE – mucous coat lining of RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds when the stomach in folds when the stomach is emptystomach is empty

• Stomach has muscular coat that Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small and push food into the small intestineintestine

Digestive Digestive

• Label from your packet….Once Upon Label from your packet….Once Upon a Swallowa Swallow

• A-GA-G

Protruding stomachs & Protruding stomachs & malnutritionmalnutrition• The protruding stomachs typically The protruding stomachs typically

result from one of three factors. result from one of three factors. • The first is edema in the abdominal The first is edema in the abdominal

area [Moderator's note: edema area [Moderator's note: edema represents a "puffiness" due to represents a "puffiness" due to accumulation of fluid that has seeped accumulation of fluid that has seeped from the bloodstream into surrounding from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues]. This edema is a result of a tissues]. This edema is a result of a lack of proteins in the bloodstreamlack of proteins in the bloodstream. . The proteins in the bloodstream cause The proteins in the bloodstream cause water to remain in the bloodstream. As water to remain in the bloodstream. As the concentration of proteins in the the concentration of proteins in the bloodstream decreases, the water bloodstream decreases, the water moves out of the bloodstream and into moves out of the bloodstream and into the extracellular spaces. This causes the extracellular spaces. This causes edema. The edema is particularly edema. The edema is particularly evident in the abdomen--especially in evident in the abdomen--especially in children. children.

• The second cause of a protruding The second cause of a protruding stomach is an stomach is an enlarged enlarged liverliver which is a which is a result of inflammation as well as an result of inflammation as well as an accumulation of fat. Fat accumulates accumulation of fat. Fat accumulates in the liver because` there are not in the liver because` there are not enough proteins to allow it to be enough proteins to allow it to be transported in the bloodstream. transported in the bloodstream.

• The third cause of the protruding The third cause of the protruding stomach can be due to stomach can be due to parasitic parasitic infectionsinfections, which are very common in , which are very common in malnourished people and, of course, malnourished people and, of course, make their malnutrition worse. make their malnutrition worse.

Accessory Organs of Accessory Organs of DigestionDigestion

• PANCREAS PANCREAS

• LIVERLIVER

• GALL BLADDER GALL BLADDER

• Located behind Located behind stomachstomach

• Exocrine function – Exocrine function – secretes digestive secretes digestive enzymesenzymes

• Also has endocrine Also has endocrine functionfunction

• Largest organ in the bodyLargest organ in the body• Located below the Located below the

diaphragm, upper right diaphragm, upper right quadrantquadrant

• Connected to gallbladder Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ductsand small intestine by ducts

• Functions:Functions:• Produce and store glucose Produce and store glucose

in the form of GLYCOGENin the form of GLYCOGEN• Detoxify alcohol, drugs and Detoxify alcohol, drugs and

other harmful substancesother harmful substances• Manufacture blood proteinsManufacture blood proteins• Manufactures bileManufactures bile• Store Vitamins A, D and B Store Vitamins A, D and B

complexcomplex

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• Starting with the mouth and going Starting with the mouth and going thru the pancreas list the sequence thru the pancreas list the sequence of digestion and on fact about each of digestion and on fact about each organ.organ.

• Small green organ, inferior surface of the liverSmall green organ, inferior surface of the liver• Stores and concentrates bile until needed by the bodyStores and concentrates bile until needed by the body• When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladderWhen fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder• GallstonesGallstones• Can block CHOLELITHIASISCan block CHOLELITHIASIS• the bile duct causing pain and digestive disordersthe bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders

..

•                 Consists of three portions:Consists of three portions:

• 1.1. Duodenum - (about 12 inches Duodenum - (about 12 inches long) This is where the pancreas and liver long) This is where the pancreas and liver have ducts which empty into the small have ducts which empty into the small intestine. Most of the chemical digestion intestine. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in this first division. (This is a site of occurs in this first division. (This is a site of frequent ulceration - duodenal ulcer.)frequent ulceration - duodenal ulcer.)

• 2.2. Jejunum - ( about 8 feet in Jejunum - ( about 8 feet in length)length)

• 3.3. IleumIleum                 Food is now broken down into usable Food is now broken down into usable

substances which can be used by the substances which can be used by the tissues. tissues.

                These substances are absorbed by These substances are absorbed by

the villithe villi (millions line the walls of the small (millions line the walls of the small intestine.) intestine.)

                Nutrients are either sent to the blood or put Nutrients are either sent to the blood or put into storage. into storage.

•

• CHYME – semi-liquid CHYME – semi-liquid food food

• Approx 2” in diameterApprox 2” in diameter• Also called the colonAlso called the colon• CECUM – lower right CECUM – lower right

portion of large portion of large intestineintestine

• APPENDIX is finger-like APPENDIX is finger-like projection off cecumprojection off cecum

• RECTUM – last RECTUM – last portion of large portion of large intestineintestine

• ANUS – external ANUS – external openingopening

Bell: Bell:

• Complete the Once upon a Swallow Complete the Once upon a Swallow worksheet. worksheet.

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• Complete the Unscramble activity on Complete the Unscramble activity on your deskyour desk

• Label the Digestive System in your Label the Digestive System in your packet-12 structurespacket-12 structures

Digestion- The process of changing Digestion- The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed soluble forms which can be absorbed by the body cellsby the body cells

• BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – creating BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – creating from chewing and addition of saliva – from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagusit slides down esophagusPERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestinesstomach and intestines

• Bell…Bell…

• Workbook 233Workbook 233

• 1-41-4

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• Text 401, review questions 1-7Text 401, review questions 1-7

• 402, True False402, True False

DIGESTION: In the mouth…DIGESTION: In the mouth…

• saliva softens food saliva softens food to make it easier to to make it easier to swallowswallow

• PTYALIN in saliva PTYALIN in saliva converts starches converts starches into simple sugarinto simple sugar

• under nervous under nervous control – just control – just thinking of food can thinking of food can cause your mouth to cause your mouth to waterwater

IDENTIFYING TEETHIDENTIFYING TEETHIncisors-located in the front and center

-broad, sharp edge-used to cut food

Cuspids-also called canines, or eyeteeth-located at angles of lips

-used to tear food-longest teeth in the mouth

Bicuspids-also called premolars -located before molars, from

front to back -used to pulverize or grind food

Molars-teeth in the back of the mouth -largest and strongest teeth

-used to grind food

More choppers…..More choppers…..

• Primary/DeciduousPrimary/Deciduous -first set -first set of teethof teeth

• - “baby” teeth- “baby” teeth• -maintains correct -maintains correct • spacing for permanent spacing for permanent • teethteeth• MaxillaryMaxillary - located in the - located in the

sockets, or alveolisockets, or alveoli• or upper jaw boneor upper jaw bone• MandibularMandibular -located in the -located in the

alveoli of the alveoli of the • mandible, or lower jaw bonemandible, or lower jaw bone• Secondary/PermanentSecondary/Permanent - -

second set of teethsecond set of teeth• - there are 32- there are 32•

In the stomach…In the stomach…

• gastric (digestive) juices are releasedgastric (digestive) juices are released

• stomach walls churn and mix (This stomach walls churn and mix (This mixture is chime) mixture is chime)

• small amount of chyme enters small amount of chyme enters duodenum at a time - controlled by duodenum at a time - controlled by pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter

• takes 2-4 hours for stomach to emptytakes 2-4 hours for stomach to empty

In the small intestine…In the small intestine…

• where where digestion is completed and digestion is completed and absorption occursabsorption occurs

• addition of addition of enzymes from pancreas enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver/gallbladderand bile from liver/gallbladder

SMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE

• DUODENUM – first DUODENUM – first segment, curves around segment, curves around pancreas, 12” longpancreas, 12” long

• JEJUNUM – next section, 8 JEJUNUM – next section, 8 ft. longft. long

• ILEUM – final portion, 10-12 ILEUM – final portion, 10-12 feet longfeet long

• ABSORPTION – in small ABSORPTION – in small intestine, digested food intestine, digested food passes into bloodstream passes into bloodstream and on to body cells,… and on to body cells,… undigestible passes on to undigestible passes on to large intestinelarge intestine

In the large intestine…In the large intestine…• regulation of H2O balance by regulation of H2O balance by

absorbing large quantities back absorbing large quantities back into bloodstreaminto bloodstream

• bacterial action on undigested bacterial action on undigested food – decomposed products food – decomposed products excreted through colon – excreted through colon – bacteria form moderate bacteria form moderate amounts of B complex and amounts of B complex and Vitamin KVitamin K

• gas formation – 1-3 pints/day, gas formation – 1-3 pints/day, pass it through rectum pass it through rectum (FLATULENCE) 14 times a day, (FLATULENCE) 14 times a day, bacteria produce the gasbacteria produce the gas

• FECES – undigested semi-solid FECES – undigested semi-solid consisting of bacteria, waste consisting of bacteria, waste products, mucous and celluloseproducts, mucous and cellulose

• DEFECATION – when lg intestine DEFECATION – when lg intestine fills, defecation reflex triggered fills, defecation reflex triggered – colon and rectal muscles – colon and rectal muscles contract while internal sphincter contract while internal sphincter relaxes – external anal sphincter relaxes – external anal sphincter under conscious controlunder conscious control

•

assignmentassignment

• Workbook page 233 C and page 236 Workbook page 233 C and page 236 KK

• 237 O237 O

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• Get out Digestive disorder gridGet out Digestive disorder grid

– Fill in blanks from outline and textFill in blanks from outline and text

• HEARTBURNHEARTBURN• Acid refluxAcid reflux• Symp – burning sensationSymp – burning sensation• Rx – avoid chocolate and peppermint, Rx – avoid chocolate and peppermint,

coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products – stop smoking – take antacids – products – stop smoking – take antacids – don’t lay down 2-3 hours after eatingdon’t lay down 2-3 hours after eating

• GASTROENTERITISGASTROENTERITIS• Inflammation of mucous membrane lining Inflammation of mucous membrane lining

of stomach and intestineof stomach and intestine• Common cause = virusCommon cause = virus• Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for 24-36 Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for 24-36

hourshours• Complication = dehydrationComplication = dehydration• ULCERULCER• Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal

lining of the stomachlining of the stomach• Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal

ulcers in the duodenumulcers in the duodenum• Cause – Cause – H. pyloriH. pylori (bacteria) is primary (bacteria) is primary

causecause• Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette

smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugssmoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs

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• 3…List three most important ideas 3…List three most important ideas about Effects of aging on the about Effects of aging on the Digestive systemDigestive system

• 2) Write two questions generated by 2) Write two questions generated by this informationthis information

• 1) Record one Implication for a 1) Record one Implication for a health care provider health care provider

ULCERULCER

• Sore or lesion that forms in the Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomachmucosal lining of the stomach

• Gastric ulcers in the stomach and Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenumduodenal ulcers in the duodenum

• Cause – Cause – H. pyloriH. pylori (bacteria) is (bacteria) is primary causeprimary cause

• Lifestyle factors that contribute: Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugscertain drugs

• Symp – burning pain in abdomen, Symp – burning pain in abdomen, between meals and early between meals and early morning, may be relieved by morning, may be relieved by eating or taking antacideating or taking antacid

• Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteriabacteria

• Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that block release of histamineblock release of histamine

The surgical specimen of the distal stomach reveals a

perforated peptic ulcer.A: Rugal fold  B: Ulcer

• When appendix becomes inflamedWhen appendix becomes inflamed

• If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity can spread to peritoneal cavity

HEPATITISHEPATITIS

• HEPATITIS AHEPATITIS A • Infectious hepatitisInfectious hepatitis• Cause – virusCause – virus• Spread through contaminated food or H2OSpread through contaminated food or H2O• HEPATITIS B (Serum Hepatitis)HEPATITIS B (Serum Hepatitis)• Caused by virus found in bloodCaused by virus found in blood• Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with

contaminated needles (drug addicts)contaminated needles (drug addicts)• Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinatedHealth care workers at risk and should be vaccinated• Use standard precautions for preventionUse standard precautions for prevention• CIRRHOSISCIRRHOSIS• Chronic, progressive disease of liverChronic, progressive disease of liver• Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissueNormal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue• 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

CHOLECYSTITISCHOLECYSTITIS

• Inflammation of gallbladderInflammation of gallbladder• CHOLELITHIASISCHOLELITHIASIS• GallstonesGallstones• Pain can be between shoulder blades/backPain can be between shoulder blades/back• Can block the bile duct causing pain and digestive disordersCan block the bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders• Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed • Surgical removal of gallbladder = CHOLECYSTECTOMYSurgical removal of gallbladder = CHOLECYSTECTOMY•

Additional DisordersAdditional Disorders

• DIARRHEADIARRHEA• Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when

feces pass along colon too rapidlyfeces pass along colon too rapidly• Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic

substances or irritants in foodsubstances or irritants in food• CONSTIPATIONCONSTIPATION• When defecation delayed, feces become dry and When defecation delayed, feces become dry and

hardhard• Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables,

(roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tensionavoiding tension

• JAUNDICEJAUNDICE• Yellow color of the skinYellow color of the skin

• Workbook page 241 SWorkbook page 241 S

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• Using the N.C. Health Careers book Using the N.C. Health Careers book explore….explore….

• (choose one)(choose one)• Dental assistantDental assistant• Dental HygienistDental Hygienist• Dental LaboratoryDental Laboratory• TechnologistTechnologist• DentistDentist• (List at least one Professional association, (List at least one Professional association,

describe work, list salary, and academic describe work, list salary, and academic requirementsrequirements