The problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy

Department of Philosophy and PsychologyLecturer: PhD, docentElena Shevchenko

For all specialities

Lection’s planThe problem of being in the early ancient Philosophy

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From Thales to Socrates Philosophy of Anaksimen and Anaximander Philosophical schools of Antiquity The Pythagorean school and the value of the ancient

philosophy of nature Dialectical doctrine of Heraclitus Atomic theory of Democritus Parmenides's doctrine of being The value of the early period of Ancient Philosophy.

Requirements for knowledge and skills

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Knowledge The Antique Philosophy of natural philosophy period Tendencies in the development of early philosophical

schools of Antiquity Authors and Terminology philosophy of early AntiquitySkills Be able to identify the similarities and differences of

philosophical concepts of early Antiquity. Be able to orient in a variety of opinions, beliefs and values

that are the basis of an earlier Ancient Philosophy .

Material for knowledge recovery

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To prepare for the theme of “The problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy” is necessary to repeat the basic issues of the ontology on the fallowing topics:

■ Philosophical knowledge and its role in society■ Ancient Oriental Philosophy

ContentsThe problem of being in the Early Antique Philosophy

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1. Main concepts2. Academic material3. Questions for self-examination4. Recommended books

Main conceptsThe problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy

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Atom Apeiron Dialectics Cosmology Monism Philosophy of nature Ontology First principle Pythagorean Union Cognition Number

Academic materialFrom Thales to Socrates

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Ancient Greek Philosophy occurred in 6 century BC and Ancient Greek Philosophy occurred in 6 century BC and preferably its content has become materialistic.preferably its content has become materialistic.

• The desire to know the structure of the world was the The desire to know the structure of the world was the distinguishing feature of the Ionian school of Philosophy in distinguishing feature of the Ionian school of Philosophy in the early period of its existencethe early period of its existence..

• Thales first began to research in this field. He taught that Thales first began to research in this field. He taught that “water was the beginning of everything”.“water was the beginning of everything”.

• MonismMonism – – is a way of exploring the diverse phenomena of is a way of exploring the diverse phenomena of the world, coming from the same startthe world, coming from the same start

Anaximander:His calculation of the quantities His calculation of the quantities

of the heavenly bodies and of the heavenly bodies and distances between them are distances between them are set out in writing in the form of set out in writing in the form of small essay which is small essay which is considered the oldest considered the oldest philosophical work.philosophical work.

He decided that start for all, or He decided that start for all, or first principle is not water, but first principle is not water, but unlimited “All” unlimited “All” ((unlimited unlimited (boundless) start(boundless) start).).

Анаксимен:

Anaksimen felt within himself Anaksimen felt within himself the presence of something the presence of something that moved him.that moved him. He did not He did not know how and why something know how and why something higher than himself, invisible higher than himself, invisible constantly made itself felt.constantly made itself felt. He He called it his lifecalled it his life. . His life, he His life, he believed, was the air.believed, was the air.

Academic materialFrom Thales to SocratesAnaksimen

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The Pythagorean school • The method and the tendency of the Pythagorean school is a deductive method.The method and the tendency of the Pythagorean school is a deductive method.

This tendency is reflected in the recognition of abstractions only legal content of This tendency is reflected in the recognition of abstractions only legal content of science. science. That is why it is often called the mathematical school.That is why it is often called the mathematical school.

• ««The numbers are cause of all material existence (of all thingsThe numbers are cause of all material existence (of all things)". )".

Academic materialFrom Thales to Socrates

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The value of the ancient philosophy of nature11 For the first time the question was posed: “What is world?” For the first time the question was posed: “What is world?”2. 2. This question was decided, based on the observation of natureThis question was decided, based on the observation of nature. . This is a This is a scientific approach.scientific approach.3. 3. Natural materialists have come to the conclusion that the world is united and Natural materialists have come to the conclusion that the world is united and constantconstant..

Academic materialAtomic theory of Democritus

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Democritus believed that the universal principle of the world are atoms

Atomic characteristics: ImpenetrabilityIndivisibleAre able to moveAtoms have an internal source of motion: the gravity and repulsion

Рисунок

Being - is in the present existenceis in the present existence. . To exist To exist

means to be.means to be. This is the only This is the only reality.reality.

The characteristics of being–

It is one and indivisibleIt is one and indivisible..It is static (constant)It is static (constant)..It is present everywhereIt is present everywhere..It is eternalIt is eternal..

Academic materialParmenides's doctrine of being

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Рисунок

In ancient philosophy In ancient philosophy outlined the main issues of outlined the main issues of the future of European the future of European philosophy.philosophy. It is the It is the materialistic and idealistic materialistic and idealistic approach to the solution of approach to the solution of philosophical problems of philosophical problems of the world and human the world and human existence.existence.

Academic materialConclusion

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Acquired Knowledge

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Main philosophical schools and concepts in early antiquity The theory about first principle of the world The Pythagorean theory about number The Democritus' theory about atoms The Parmenides ontology Dialectical doctrine of Heraclitus

Questions for self-examination

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• What problems have been researched in philosophy of early antiquity?

• What are the features of the Philosophy of early antiquity?• What question was central in the theories of the pre-Socratic

period?• What are the features of the atoms according to the

Democritus theory?• What are the features of being according to the Parmenides

theory?• Which of the ancient said: “In the same river can not enter

twice, the newly incoming flow is new waters?”• Uncover the essence of the theory of Pythagoras number.

Recommended literature

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1.Philisophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by V.N. Lavrinenko. – М., 2001

2.Anthology of philosophical thought. – М., 1993.3.Asmus V.F. Antique Philosophy. – М., 1976.4.Ilyin V. The history of philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St.

Petersburg, 2003.5.Karatiny R. Introduction to Philosophy. – М., 2003.6.Kirilenko G.G., Shevtsov E.V., Short philosophical dictionary. – М., 2003.7.Losev A.F. The history of ancient philosophy in a summary (brief)

presentation. – М., 1998.8.The fragments of the early Greek philosophers. – М., 1969. – Part 1.

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