The Postwar World & The Postwar World & Origins of the Cold Origins of the Cold

War War

Mr. ErmerMr. Ermer

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

Miami Beach Senior HighMiami Beach Senior High

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War► U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar world U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar world

should lookshould look The Atlantic Charter (1941)The Atlantic Charter (1941) Nations should solve problems Nations should solve problems

through diplomacy—through an international organization—and through diplomacy—through an international organization—and nations of the world should be free w/ nations of the world should be free w/ self determinationself determination►Signed by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)Signed by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)►Soviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after warSoviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after war►British nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empireBritish nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empire

Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control different “spheres of influence” different “spheres of influence”

► Casablanca ConfCasablanca Conf: Agree for total surrender of Axis: Agree for total surrender of Axis► Teheran ConfTeheran Conf: Soviets agree to help with Japan after : Soviets agree to help with Japan after

European war ends, disagreement over Poland’s futureEuropean war ends, disagreement over Poland’s future

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference► The Big Three meet in February 1945The Big Three meet in February 1945► Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with JapanRoosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan

Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchangePromises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange► Creation of a new United NationsCreation of a new United Nations

Security Council: US, UK, France, USSR, ChinaSecurity Council: US, UK, France, USSR, China First meeting set for April 1945 in San FranciscoFirst meeting set for April 1945 in San Francisco

► After war Germany to be split into four sectors After war Germany to be split into four sectors controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on troop placement at the end of the wartroop placement at the end of the war Berlin too would be divided into four sectorsBerlin too would be divided into four sectors

► Future of Poland left uncertainFuture of Poland left uncertain Soviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’tSoviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’t

Potsdam and New StrugglesPotsdam and New Struggles► Truman, now president, not as familiar with international Truman, now president, not as familiar with international

politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy”politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy” FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did

not trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalinnot trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalin

► July 1945: Potsdam Conference, GermanyJuly 1945: Potsdam Conference, Germany Truman demands elections for all of Europe, failsTruman demands elections for all of Europe, fails Stalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territoryStalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territory Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied

controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay splitsplit

Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946)Germany(1945-1946)

► Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” splitting Europe east/westsplitting Europe east/west

Two Super PowersTwo Super Powers► After WWII, USA and Soviet Union emerge as After WWII, USA and Soviet Union emerge as

superpowerssuperpowers unrivaled military, political, & economic powerunrivaled military, political, & economic power

► Disagreements over how to rebuild post-war Europe Disagreements over how to rebuild post-war Europe breeds mistrustbreeds mistrust

► 1947:1947:Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine The United States will The United States will helphelp any country fight any country fight

CommunismCommunism► Supported by the writings of diplomat George KennanSupported by the writings of diplomat George Kennan

Born from a fear of Soviet influence in the developing Born from a fear of Soviet influence in the developing worldworld

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan► Motivations for helping Europe after the war:Motivations for helping Europe after the war:

Humanitarian concern for Europeans affected by warHumanitarian concern for Europeans affected by war Concern that Europe would be a drain on the U.S. economyConcern that Europe would be a drain on the U.S. economy A recovered Europe would provide a market for American A recovered Europe would provide a market for American

productsproducts Strengthen pro-American, anti-Communist governments in Strengthen pro-American, anti-Communist governments in

EuropeEurope► 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia galvanizes American public support1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia galvanizes American public support

► U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall offers plan:U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall offers plan: Offered to all European nations, including RussiaOffered to all European nations, including Russia Congress creates Economic Cooperation AdministrationCongress creates Economic Cooperation Administration

► $12 Billion in U.S. aid to European countries that accept Marshall Plan $12 Billion in U.S. aid to European countries that accept Marshall Plan

U.S. companies help finance and rebuild European countriesU.S. companies help finance and rebuild European countries► European industrial production increases by 64% by end of 1950European industrial production increases by 64% by end of 1950

Keeps populations happy, Communism remains unpopularKeeps populations happy, Communism remains unpopular

► Soviet Soviet satellite statessatellite states refuse American help refuse American help Soviet plans to help failed, not enough money availableSoviet plans to help failed, not enough money available

Division of GermanyDivision of Germany

► According to Yalta & Potsdam agreements Germany According to Yalta & Potsdam agreements Germany divideddivided United States, Soviet Union, U.K. & France split control over zonesUnited States, Soviet Union, U.K. & France split control over zones

► Berlin, German capital, also split in fourBerlin, German capital, also split in four Berlin was located deep in Soviet East GermanyBerlin was located deep in Soviet East Germany

► West Germany united, Soviets blockade West BerlinWest Germany united, Soviets blockade West Berlin Soviets block supplies from reaching W. BerlinSoviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin Soviets hope to take control of entire city of BerlinSoviets hope to take control of entire city of Berlin

► Berlin Air Lift:Berlin Air Lift: supplies are flown into West Berlin supplies are flown into West Berlin by U.S. Air Forceby U.S. Air Force

Division of Germany

Containment & the Bi-Polar Containment & the Bi-Polar WorldWorld

► Policy of Containment: Policy of Containment: United States vow to United States vow to keep Communism from spreading past its current keep Communism from spreading past its current boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression.boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression. Communist government comes to power in YugoslaviaCommunist government comes to power in Yugoslavia U.S. helps Greece fight against Communist revolutionU.S. helps Greece fight against Communist revolution U.S. helps Turkey defeat Communist rebelsU.S. helps Turkey defeat Communist rebels

► The world splits into Communist and Anti-The world splits into Communist and Anti-Communist alliances:Communist alliances: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): U.S., U.K., U.S., U.K.,

Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, GreecePortugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, Greece

Warsaw Pact:Warsaw Pact: U.S.S.R. & Eastern European “Communist U.S.S.R. & Eastern European “Communist Block”Block”

► By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations against By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations against CommunismCommunism

Containment in AsiaContainment in Asia► Rebuilding Japan seen as way of hedging American Rebuilding Japan seen as way of hedging American

influence against Communist advances in Chinainfluence against Communist advances in China► Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist government is friendly to Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist government is friendly to

U.S. interests, but corrupt, incompetent, and unpopular in U.S. interests, but corrupt, incompetent, and unpopular in ChinaChina Mao Zedong’s Communist forces gaining strength & popularityMao Zedong’s Communist forces gaining strength & popularity United States seeks a “third force” to supportUnited States seeks a “third force” to support

► Civil War erupts in China, Truman supports ChiangCivil War erupts in China, Truman supports Chiang Marshall maintains full out U.S. war in China only way Chiang can Marshall maintains full out U.S. war in China only way Chiang can

win, does not recommend fighting in China—Mao ultimately winswin, does not recommend fighting in China—Mao ultimately wins► 1949: Communist government established in China1949: Communist government established in China

Chiang and his allies flee to island of Formosa (Taiwan), U.S. Chiang and his allies flee to island of Formosa (Taiwan), U.S. supportsupport

United States does not recognize Mao’s Communist ChinaUnited States does not recognize Mao’s Communist China► Japan and Taiwan stand in American sphere of influenceJapan and Taiwan stand in American sphere of influence

Hope for open, prosperous, democratic China fadesHope for open, prosperous, democratic China fades

Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up► 1948: Truman revives Selective Service System, draft1948: Truman revives Selective Service System, draft► 1949: Soviets detonate an atomic bomb1949: Soviets detonate an atomic bomb► Arms Race:Arms Race: Soviets and Americans build up militaries and Soviets and Americans build up militaries and

weapons, improve bombsweapons, improve bombs 1946: Atomic Energy Commission created1946: Atomic Energy Commission created 1947: Congress passes the National Security Act1947: Congress passes the National Security Act

►Created Department of Defense to handle all military activitiesCreated Department of Defense to handle all military activities►Created National Security Council (NSC) to oversee policy from Created National Security Council (NSC) to oversee policy from

White HouseWhite House►Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as spy organizationCreated Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as spy organization

1950: Truman approves creation of the Hydrogen Bomb1950: Truman approves creation of the Hydrogen Bomb 1950: National Security Council issues a report (NSC-68) 1950: National Security Council issues a report (NSC-68)

toughening containment policy, the U.S. could no longer toughening containment policy, the U.S. could no longer depend on other countries to help in containment, be the depend on other countries to help in containment, be the aggressor aggressor

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

► Arms race builds steam with hydrogen bomb, Arms race builds steam with hydrogen bomb, ICBMs and stronger nukesICBMs and stronger nukes

► 1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space USA believes it’s losing space race/arms raceUSA believes it’s losing space race/arms race 1958: NASA created to compete with Soviet space 1958: NASA created to compete with Soviet space

programprogram

►Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, new Soviet leader, sees , new Soviet leader, sees problem with East Germans escaping to the much problem with East Germans escaping to the much richer, freer West Berlinricher, freer West Berlin Soviets build a wall around West Berlin to prevent Soviets build a wall around West Berlin to prevent

escapeescape

►On page 329, write and On page 329, write and answer questions 1-4answer questions 1-4