the planes of the body anterior posterior midline midclavicular line midaxillary
TRANSCRIPT
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The Planes of the Body
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midline
• Midclavicular line
• Midaxillary
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Directional Terms
• Right and left• Superior and inferior• Lateral and medial• Proximal and distal• Superficial and deep• Ventral and dorsal • Palmer and planter• Apices and bilateral
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Movement Terms
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Anatomic Positions (1 of 2)
• Prone
• Supine
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Anatomic Positions (2 of 2)
• Shock position
• Trendelenburg’s position
• Fowler’s position
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The Skeletal System
• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body
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The Skull
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The Neck
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The Spinal Column
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The Thorax
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The Abdomen (1 of 2)
• The abdomen is the second major body cavity.
• It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.
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The Abdomen (2 of 2)
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The Pelvis
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The Lower Extremity
• Hip
• Thigh
• Knee
• Leg
• Ankle
• Foot
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The Upper Extremity
• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand
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Joints
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Functions of theMusculoskeletal System
• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles
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Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
– Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
– Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body
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Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
• Cardiac muscle– Involuntary muscle– Has own blood supply and electrical system– Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for
only very short periods
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The Respiratory System
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Diaphragm
• Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation
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Breathing Process: Inhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
• Pressure in the lungs decreases.
• Air travels to the lungs.
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Breathing Process: Exhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.
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Exchange of Oxygen andCarbon Dioxide
• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.
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Control of Breathing
• Brain stem controls breathing.– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide
level in blood becomes too high
• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing
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Normal Breathing Characteristics
• Normal rate and depth• Regular rhythm• Good breath sounds in both lungs• Regular rise and fall movements in the
chest• Easy, not labored
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Normal Breathing Rates
Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min
Children 15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min
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Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
• Irregular rhythm
• Labored breathing
• Muscle retractions
• Pale or blue skin
• Cool, clammy skin
• Faster respiratory rate
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Infant and Child Anatomy
• Structures less rigid• Airway smaller• Tongue proportionally
larger• Dependent on diaphragm
for breathing
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The Circulatory System
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The Heart
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Electrical Conduction System
• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje fibers
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Normal Heart Rates
Adults 60 to 100 beats/min
Children 70 to 150 beats/min
Infants 100 to 160 beats/min
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Major Arteries and Veins
• Aorta
• Pulmonary
• Carotid
• Femoral
• Brachial
• Radial
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
• Pulmonary
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Components of Blood
• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
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Physiology of theCirculatory System (1 of 2)
• Pulse
– The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone
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Physiology of theCirculatory System (2 of 2)
• Blood pressure– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries– Systole: Left ventricle contracts– Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.
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The Nervous System
• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
– Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
– Controls involuntary body functions
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Central Nervous System (1 of 2)
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Central Nervous System (2 of 2)
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Peripheral Nervous System
• Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.
• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
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The Skin (1 of 2)
• Protects the body from the environment
• Regulates body temperature
• Transmits information from environment to the brain
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The Skin (2 of 2)
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Endocrine System
• Complex message and control system
• Made up of seven glands
• Glands produce and release hormones.
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Endocrine Glands
• Adrenal
• Ovary
• Pancreas
• Parathyroid
• Pituitary
• Testes
• Thyroid
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Digestive System
• Mouth
• Salivary glands
• Oropharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Bile ducts
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Appendix
• Rectum
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Urinary System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System