the place of culture a city centre · the thesis explores the possibility for a place of culture: a...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE PLACE OF CULTURE IN A CITY CENTRE
by Emmanuel Gaopotlake
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (First Professional)
at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia
O Copyright by Emmanuel Gaopotlake, 2001
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Dedication
This work is dedicated to my three younger brothers. Some day they will read this
and learn that this is what kept me from seeing them take their first steps or mumble
their first words.
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Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
2.0 The Village Mode1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Dwelling 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Ward / Kgot la 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Community 6
3.0 The City . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1Background. 8 3.2 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3Growth. 12 3.4 The Main Mal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.5 The Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.lStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Development 20
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References 40
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Abstract
The thesis explores the possibility for a place of culture: a place to reflect,
celebrate and contemplate the cultural values of the people of Botswana, in the
centre of the city of Gaborone. The present city plan was drafted with very little, if
any, consideration of the culture of the people of Botswana. How does one
appropriate such a plan to reflect the identity and aspirations of the people of
Botswana? There is a line of argument that says that the traditional building
technology of Botswana at the time the city was planned would not have, or did
not give, any indication of building the nation's capital, perhaps justifying the
transplant of that plan. While this thesis acknowledges the differences between the
city and the village, it is in no way an attempt to recreate village forms; it should
still be possible to fearn and to distill the principles of habitation at the village level
and use them to inform both the urban scheme and the building program. The city
is currently regarded as a place of work and not a place to cal1 home. There is a
generation now of those who have been born and raised in the city. The challenge
now is to make the city feel like home to them.
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List of Abbreviations
CGA: Central Gaborone Area
CBD: Central Business District
DTRP: Department of Town and Regional Planning
MLGLH: Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing
TUNS: Technical University of Nova Scotia, now Dalhousie University
vii
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Acknowledgements
My study at this university was made enjoyable by the many hiendships that 1
made here in Halifax. The work on this project benefited from the input of friends
and enthusiastic professors. 1 would like to thank a special Mend Marisa Huque,
for always being critical of the work and Arnold Nasha, Mpho Tau, Clausen
Morapedi, Sakgomo Maruping and Ben Mhaladi for giving a helping hand. My
special thanks to Stranger Monareng and Ephraim Moikabinyane for sharing a
common critical view. Le ka rnoso!!!
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Thesis Topic
The Place of Culture in a City
Centre - How can the cul ture of a society help shape the centre of its city
a n d inform i ts a rchi tec ture? This
thesis is one of manv a t t e m p t s to J L
replan and redevelop the centre of
Gaborone City. The oppor tuni ty to
crea t such a place, o n e t h a t wi l l
encourage a n d fac i l i ta te social
gatherings, exists in t h e design of
Gaborone City Hall.
I t might seem almost paradoxical to deal with cultural problems when al1 of humanity is involved in a struggle of s u c h gigant ic proportions a s mankind never before has experienced ... It must be borne in mind that whatever is considered to be best for man, from the point of view of inner
growth , be Fig.I:Modrlo/thrciryofGaborone.The es tabl i shed a s t h e g o v e r n i n g damandttrrrivcrfornrunaturalbouadory principle jn the s h a p i n g o f a onrheeasr.T/,rmil!i~~randtheotlrrrriver
characteristically divide tltr c i y imo four. healthy urban environment.'
Although Gaborone thrives on
the commercial success of its centre,
wh ich nonethe less c o u l d s t i l l be
in tens i f ied g iven i t s c u r r e n t l o w
building density, both commercial and
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residential, it still has to work to be
successful a t community-oriented
ac t iv i t ies for c i ty dwel lers ,
particularly those who now want to
cal1 it
centre
be, to
home. The main mali a t the
of the city is now the place to
shop or just "hang around,"
because there a r e few o t h e r such
places in the city. If the principles of
habitation in the village cannot inform
the urban design of the city, can they,
at the very least, inform a building
program? This thesis proposes that
they can, resulting in a section of the
city that will serve as an example for
future developments.
1.2 Area of Study
The work is an urban design
proposa1 that looks to take an under-
utilised part of the city and redesign
i t in a way that is sensit ive to the
cultural values of Botswana and the
modern demands of its capital. With
the city rapidly growing, the centre
becomes an even more impor tan t
piece of the whole and a lot of thought
must go into its design and redesign.
Fig. 2: The village of Serowe. The buildings are lirtle abjects scatrtired on the ground and the space in between theni noriceably immense. Source: Sandy Grarit, Serowe - rraditioriul housing, Postcard, Ri$ No. 86.
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1.3 History
The area of focus is the centre
of Gaborone City, especial ly in
relation to the proposed develop-
ments and redevelopments around it.
Gaborone City, the capi ta l of
Botswana, was founded in 1963. It is
essentially a colonial capital city
building, with roots that stretch as far
back a s L'Enfant's p lan for
Washington DC in 1791.' Botswana,
like many countries around the world,
inherited a colonial plan for its capital
city that disregarded the cul tural
distinctiveness of the country. The
coun t ry had been a British
Protectorate prior to independence in
Fig. 3: The site, comprisirtg rite rrtuseurn, ilte ciry hall artd rltr library, irt i k cortfc~xl of dtr ciiy ceritre. The schernr looks to treat arid rrdetalop
In the case of Botswana, as wi t h tltis ~v/ to/e area as one major piece. Source: MLCL H, Departrnrnt of Surrqs and Mappirtg,
other countries, the design of a new Gaborofle. capital city was necessitated by the
fact that "after independence, the
cities from which they had previously
been administered ceased to be within
their boundaries." Independence
requires that the colonial assumptions
be reconsidered and that a new mode1
for civic buildings be investigated.
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2.0 The Village Model
"Residents of this city (except
for expatriates and tourists) only find
themselves as having corne to the big
city temporarily to gather enough for
the irnprovement of their 'homesf in
the village^."^ There are some serious
concerns about the qual i ty of life
Quality of life is not restricted to are the compourids which beur the characterisrically srnalier buildirrgs. Source: E.
quantitative measUres such as better Moikubirtyarie, "Cultural Rrftobiliratior~."
health care, cleaner water and proper
s an i t a ry provisions. Qua l i t a t ive
characteristics such as community, a
sense of dwelling and, perhaps most
importantly, a sense of belonging are
important as well. These are clearly
lacking in Gaborone. Many people feel
alienated by the forms and structure
of the capital city.
One way to address this issue is
to look at where people would rather
be if they are not "working" in the city.
People like to go "home" to the village
at every chance they get. This would
sugges t that , in t u r n i n g to the
t radi t ional village for lessons in
dwelling, community and belonging, Fis. 5: Grourrd cowr, Adapted fiom E.
the architect the ~ o i ~ ~ ~ ~ t y a ~ t e , " ~ l t u r a ~ ~ e ~ a b i ~ i ~ a ~ i o n . " building forms or details but rather
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the way people inhabit and use the
spaces of these villages (Fig. 2 & 7).
In his master's thesis at this
institution, Ephraim Moikabinyane
extensively studied the village forms
of Botswana. His objective was to find
a "design that will activate cultural
rehabil i tat ionW5 in t h e vi l lage of
Rarnotswa. With r ega rds to the
planning of such villages, he stated,
"Social relat ionships r a the r than
geometr ic o rde r a r e t h e major
de te rminan t in the p lacement of
bu i ld ings and w a r d s i n Tswnna6
groups. Each society has worked out
a solution that is appropriate to and
in harmony with its own particular
circumstances, and in so doing each
has achieved something worthy of
recognition."
2.1 Dwelling
The dwelling, in Botswana, is
an extended family household. This
household is comprised of a number
of smal l bui ldings, u sua l ly for
sleeping and storage. The rest of the
family activities a r e o rgan ised
between and around these units. "The
idea of community at dwelling level
Fig. 6: The typical vilhge wardlùgot la. Source: E. Moikabiriyane, "Culiural Rrhabilitatio~i."
Fig. 7: Buildirtg forrns and svucrural derail ut village level.
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i s explici t ly expressed by the
sameness in the general appearance of
houses in the town; differences
occured only in the layout of the
d ~ e l l i n g s . " ~ The laying ou t of the
homes offers oppor t~n i t i e s for play,
gathering and ritual ceremony. Such
r i tua l s inc lude feasts, weddings,
bu r i a l s and d a n c e / s inging
celebrations.
A group of such dwellings,
usually of families that a re related in
one way or another, forms the ward
o r k g o t l a S 9 In the m i d d l e of t h i s
arrangement there is an outdoor space
(Fig. 6). In some parts of the country,
this outdoor space serves as a shared
kraal for livestock, while in other
places i t cons t i tu tes a common
outdoor space for al1 to share and will
most commonly be populated by men
from the different families discussing
family and village issues (Fig. 9). In
other parts the space serves as both.
2.3 Community
The concept of community is
spatially expressed a t different levels
Fig. 8: The wardr (the sirared spaces) and rlreir corrrrtrctiorrs. Adapted from E. Moikubirryarre, " Culturul Rehubilirariorr. "
Fig. 9: Cotift-rrual ~ c r e of the wardBcgotla, typically occupied by men discussirrg farnily arid village issues.
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in a traditional Tswana sett lement:
dwelling and ward. The wards are
general ly arranged wi th t he main
kgotla in the middle or at the highest
point on the land. The process of
village planning and building actually
starts at the top, that is, at the main
kgotla, a n d then e v e r y t h i n g e l se
follows.
The impor t an t u n d e r l y i n g
p r inc ip le is t ha t ac t iv i t i e s a r e
organised not inside the buildings, but
rather outside, in the outdoor space.
And so i t is the space between the
houses and compounds that matters
the most to the people of Botswana.
That spirit st i l ls l ives today.
People are used to sharing communal
space fo r commun i ty o r i e n t e d
activities and such places are lacking.
Weddings and social gatherings are
still preferably performed (in part) in
community halls. The ritual of dance,
still very much a part of the culture,
is now performed where such large
gatherings take place. The idea is that
i f such spaces could be inserted into
the city's centre, they will go a long
way towards adding a missing quality
to this area.
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3.0 The City j.
3.1 Background '.\.& JI ; ) ' Ki\ , . I 1 ! \ , ~ t \ i It1&. 1;- I i
The city of Gaborone started .. - 1 ' -1- .' J h l with the plan of Central Gaborone : . .,5A.1~t~~1 ds '
:*.Tf \-
Area, which comprised the ' -&:LIIW~.~V P.,~~ Governrnent Enclave, the Main Mal1 Fig. IO: The original 1963 plan, sandWiched and the City Hall linearly arranged lwrweeri die IWO rivers artd the rail lirw
along an east/ west axis at the core, /' su r rounded by res iden tial
neighbourhoods. North of this axis,
which runs through the mal1 (Fig . 13),
lies a lower density residential living
area and south of the axis is a higher
density neighbourhood. The densities K&ili.
f'
here only refer to plot sizes. In terms "1" +' .(:' -/!
of building typologies they are both !J ' y 2 ?
dominated by the one story detached / house. Fig. 1 1: 1979 plari, growrlr ro the riordi; the
"across rlte rirvr." &
, \ t rp t r t
3.2 Constraints
/ ,/---"
The original plan of Gaborone l
was bounded by Notwane River to the \,,, east, Segoditshane River to the north
and the railway line to the west (Fig.
10). Over t ime the Notwane River
became a natural boundary of the city
o n the east , beyond which l ay
Tlokweng village.
Fig. 12: 1989 - growrh brwr . across rile rail liric
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Fig. 13: Tile presenr
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Fig. 13: Central Gaborone Area street layout. Source: Uttited Consultirig Pfy , Gaborone City Dcvclopment Plan.
Fig. 15: Broadlturst / and 11 - ittitial grorcvlt. Source: United Consultirig Pty, Gatmronc City Dcvclopmcnt Plan.
Fig. 16: Old Naledi, the squafttir camp to the south. Thrre are parallels betwem rhis plan and that of the village. Source: Urtitrd Corrsultircg Pty, Gaboronc City Dcvclopmcnt Plan.
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Fig. 1 7: The Gover~rment Enclave, the Main Ma11 and the City Hall in 1978. Vrry /ittle has citangrd in and arourid the civic celiire (to the ri&) as drpicted in the 1998 photo below. Source: MLGLH. Department of Sur~wys and Mapping, Gaùororir.
Fig. 18: 1998 photo ohart ofthe ciry centre. Source: MLGLH, Department of Survrys and Mapping, Gaborotre.
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3.3 Growth -a
The cityfs growth was initially
to the north, such that Segoditshane
river r an th rough i t (Fig. 11). The
railway line then was perceived a s a
barrier to the growth of the city. Over
developed and serviced for residential
use (Fig. 12). Interestingly, because
everybody could not be provided with
decent accommodat ion, a squa t t e r
camp, Old Naledi, developed in the
southern part, close to the main dam
(Fig. 16).
The interest ing point t o note
a b o u t th i s g r o w t h i s t h e c l e a r
departure from the original plan of
concent r ic cu l -de - sac r o a d s a n d
pathways, al1 pointing to the centre
(Fig. 14). This plan polarised the city . . 1 -,-..A
population into "haves" and "have- --._
nots." The a f f luen t s tayed i n t h e
bigger plots to the north of the Main 1
Mal1 and the rest of the city dwellers
to the sou th* The subsequent gro wth Fig. 20: Elrme)rts of CGA. The sire for of the city took the form of phased Moriartlrtg S thesis is murkd C. The sire for this
thesis iricludes the area rnarked A. Source: S. self-contained super-neighbourhoods Monarrrig, "An Alternative Drsigtl in Gaboro~re
City Centre."
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,, + - '. '. . . _I J . . d ' " :-.. Higher Density S.' 7: i. : ! :
Lower Density Rcsidcnti al
Fig. 21: Ceritrai Cubororre Area - cornmerciai arrd imriru~iortal buiidirigs wirii major conrrecrirrg urreries. The thesis site is i~i~ltlightrd - it irrcludes the site markcd 3.
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tha t a r e joined t o t h e cent re by
primary roads. These neighbourhoods
integrated al1 income groups. The
other point wor th observing is the
difference b e t w e e n t h e p lanned
growth areas and the unplanned Old
Naledi (Figs. 14, 15, and 16).
3.4 The Main Mall
Fig. 22: The cicy hall from the rnall. This is a very k q opproacli to rtze site for che rrew civic cerrtre.
The most exc i t ing place in
Gaborone is the Main Mall, which is a
strictly pedestrian precinct. This is
because, in addi t ion to commercial
activity at ground level, it also offers
opportunities for informal markets in
the three squares. These act as thresh-
old points and they also serve as exits
to or entrances from the two roads that
flank the mall: Botswana Road and
Queens Road. In this mall, activities
are distinctly lively: small groups of
young men discuss weekend events;
without exception, soccer and politics
are always the hot topics. Merchants
promote their craft to keen onlookers,
others pause under the trees or on
stoops to enjoy the i r food, and of Fig 23: The Main Mall frotn the ciry hall.
course there are those just "hanging
out" because the mall provides for
that.
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The building heights in the mall
range from two to seven storeys - a very moderate building density. The
mal1 links the government enclave and
the city hall, except at the end bearing
the city hall, there is very little cause
- visual o r o the rwise - for one to continue to explore and experience
this section of the city.
3.5 The Site
This site, where the present city
hall is si tuated, ha s a very strong
potential for becoming a cul tural
centre for the city. The area would
benefit by designing "each block as a
complex with a specific land use ... to demons t ra te t ha t s o m e of the
buildings that the consultants (in the
proposed new CBD) wish to relocate,
like the Civic Centre and National
Library, could actually be located in
the present city center."1° This site is
at the heart of major pedestrian routes.
It is surrounded by h ighly active
nodes in the city: the mall to the west,
the main p r imary hosp i t a l a n d
university to the east, and schools to
the north and south (Fig. 9). The thesis
contends that, although the original
plan does provide for that, it lacks the
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edges and t h e unity to assert itself
strongly. The architecture that was
built on these sites lacks the flexibility
to accommodate the cu r r en t and
future needs of the city as it continues
to grow. The thesis looks to explore
this untapped potential in the form of
a much needed cul tura l centre to
complement and add ont0 the thriving
commercial activities in the mall.
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4.0 The Design
The site for the architectural
intervention bears the present city
hall, soon to be relocated under the
proposed redevelopment plan of the
city. Adjacent to t h i s s i t e is the
national museum to the north, also to
be relocated. The reasoning behind
these relocations is that the sizes of the
lots are not sufficient. Al1 of this is
planned with a large open lot on the
other side of the civic centre, ont0
which is proposed a parkade, and
playing fields adjacent to it (see Fig.
17 & 18).
1
r
Fig. 24: Sire desigr~/irtferveritiorl - coricep f sketch.
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The design proposes that this
area be thought of and designed as
one comprehensive piece. The
secondary school next to the museurn
will be comprornised considerably to
accommodate the extension of Queens
Road, largely in the redesign of the
teachers' housing. The proposition
calls for medium density walk-up flats
to replace the detached one-storey
houses as teachersf housing. The
schoolfs sports grounds also have to
be reoriented and this will create an
opportunity to extend Botswana Road
from Independence Avenue to North/
South Ring Road (Fig. 26). The area
between the two r o a d s wi l l b e
developed for community oriented
facilities: a civic centre, a performing
arts centre and a park in between the
two.
4.2 Preliminaries
The architectural intervention
cornes in the form of a civic centre on
the city hall site. Programmatically,
this project calls for an unusually large
cornplex, especially with the large
office space needed for t h e ci ty
council ' s depa r tmen ta l officers,
current ly housed in mobile office
Fig. 25: Conceptual design approach frorri tlze rnall fo the civic centre. The cltcsigrr begiru witli the desig11 of the ocrtdoor spacr.
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Fig. 26: Schrrriatic site design: the m i s as the organiser. The main admir~istratiori building sits orr this mis facirrg rile mail.
Fig 27: Exploririg the 110rt-axial approach Study of the e&s of the cornmorl spacr(s) of compI(-r corrrpotr enrs.
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spaces . The d e s i g n g r o u p s the
complex p r o g r a m i n t o a main
administration building, community
o r i en ted f ac i l i t i e s a n d the
depar tmenta l office block. Al1 are
arranged with the idea that they will
create a n d sha re a publ ic outdoor
space tha t offers o p p o r t u n i t y for
gatherings.
4.3 Development
Because this design sits at the
end of a very s t rong axis through the
mall, the massing of the design and
t h e approach from t h e mal l a r e
inevi tably ve ry i m p o r t a n t issues.
Axial approach wi th small common
spaces pulling off the axis of the main
m a s s w a s c o n s i d e r e d (Fig. 26).
A l though ve ry t e m p t i n g a n d
r ight fu l ly so, g i v e n t h e mall is
essentially the front, this approach
s o m e h o w lacks t h e q u a l i t i e s of
sociability. Ins tead of t rea t ing the
buildings monumentally, t he other
approach was to actually s tar t with
the design of this public space and
treat the buildings as edges that define
this space (Fig. 28).
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Fig. 29. Devrlopirig the non-axial scherne.
Fig. 30. The rwbati p/anni~rg scheme, sliowirig ihe coriterr of tfte arciiiteciurol iritrrve~itioti.
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Fig. 43: Cornputer rer~kred image - vkw of rlie desigri mass from the mall. The cotnrnuriity hall is tu the right and if1 rire backgroumi is the deparrmerrtaf ofice block
Fig. 44: Cornputer rendered image - view of rhe side of the commmity hall /rom the front steps of the admir~is~ratioti buikiitig.
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Fig. 45: Computer rertdered image - the administrariori buildir~g - showirtg the cou~icil chamber supportrd on columris, fiom the front of the commurzity hall.
Fig. 46: Computer rendered image - view of the court and cotnrnurzity facitities on iiae background, from the adminisrraiion stoop.
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Fig. 47: Corriputer rerrdered image - view of rhe paviliorr wirh rhe ofice block irz the background.
Fig. 48: Cornputer reridered irtiage - virw of the interior of (lie conrrnuriity hall.
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The tendency to design new
institutions on any unoccupied lot in the
city of Gaborone should not be left
unquestioned. Were there alternatives?
What are the advantages of moving to
another site? New civic developments in
the centre of this city can be creatively
organised in and around existing sites.
Given the strategic location of the site
and the activities that surround it, it is
conceivable that this site might indeed
become a place for culture if the buildings
are designed with a sensitivity to the
spaces they create behveen and around
them. The centrality of this area, its
proximity to the mall, schools and the
university means the place is more likely
to be the meeting place.
The design that organises the
buildings around shared open spaces
creates opportunities for the people to
apppropriate these spaces. By including
the community services in the design, the
place is more likely to be used seven days
a week, even during holiday penods.
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Notes
1. E. Saarinen, The City: Its growth, i f s decily, its future (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1965), vii.
2. L. J. Vale, Architecture, Power, and Natioml Identity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). On page 57, the author writes, "Planned in the aftermath of the attainrnent of U.S. independence and the ratification of a federal constitution, Washington is the first postcolonial designed capital."
3. Ibid, 133.
4. S. Monareng, "An Alternative Design Proposa1 in Gaborone City Centre," (Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997), 12.
5. E. Moikabinyane, "Cultural Rehabilitation," (Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997), 1.
6. Tswam refers to the people of Botswana. It is the short form of Batswana - the plural of Motswana - a citizen of Botswana.
7. Moikabinyane, "Cultural Rehabilitation," 14.
8. Ibid, 8.
9. Kgotla is a word with multiple meanings. In this context it refers to a large exterior open space marked by hedges or stout poles and almost circular in shape. It is shared by households that surround it in a village setting. It is also the seat of tribal administration; it holds gatherings, ceremonies and receives visitors. It is also a place of ritual significance.
10. Monareng, "An Alternative Design Proposa1 in Gaborone City Centre," 18.
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References
Books and Articles
Evans, H. (ed). New Tozuns: The British Experience. London: Charles Knight & Co. Ltd, 1972.
Grant, S. Serave - traditional housirtg. Postcard, Botswana, Ref. No. 86.
Lynch, K. The Image of the City. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1966.
Moikabinyane, E. "Cultural Rehabilita tion." Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997.
Monareng, S. "An Alternative Design in Gaborone City Centre." Master of Architecture thesis, TUNS, Halifax, 1997.
Saarinen, E. The City: 1ts growth, its decay, itsfiïtrrre. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1965.
Safdie, M. 7'he Harvard Jertisalern Stztdio. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1986.
United Consulting (Pty) LTD and ENESCO (Pty) LTD. Gaborone City Development Platz (1997-2021). Department of Town and Regional Manning. Gaborone, 1998.
Vale, J. L. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
Buildings
Kuwabara, Payne, McKenna, Blumberg. Kitchener City Hall, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada (1989).
Revell, Viljo, with John B. Parkin Associates. Toronto City Hall, Toronto, Canada (1965).
Organisations
MLGLH. Department of Surveys and Mapping. Gaborone, Botswana.