The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

YOU WILL WRITE WHAT IS RED YOU WILL WRITE WHAT IS RED INTO YOUR NOTES INTO YOUR NOTES

Why is the Periodic Table important?Why is the Periodic Table important?

• The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist.

• It allows predictions about how a substance or element will react.

• It organizes a lot of useful information about all the known elements.

Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …

• …was a mess!!!• No organization of

elements.• Imagine going to a grocery

store with no organization!!• Difficult to find information.• Chemistry didn’t make

sense.

Dmitri Mendeleev:Dmitri Mendeleev:Father of the Table Father of the Table Mendeleev videovideo

HOW HIS WORKED…• Put elements in rows

by increasing atomic weight.

• Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.

SOME PROBLEMS…• He left blank spaces for

what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)

• He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.

The Current Periodic TableThe Current Periodic Table

• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.• Now the elements are put in rows by increasing Now the elements are put in rows by increasing

ATOMIC NUMBER!!ATOMIC NUMBER!!• The horizontal rows are called periods and are The horizontal rows are called periods and are

labeled from 1 to 7.labeled from 1 to 7.• The vertical columns are called groups are The vertical columns are called groups are

labeled from 1 to 18.labeled from 1 to 18.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Groups…Here’s Where the Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!Periodic Table Gets Useful!!

• Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!

• (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

Why??• They have the same

number of valence valence electrons; electrons; the electrons located on the outer orbital.

Valance ElectronsValance Electrons

• Looking at your Periodic Table’s columns, what element is this?

Families on the Periodic TableFamilies on the Periodic Table• Columns are grouped into

families; Valence ElectronsValence Electrons• Families have names rather

than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.)

Families

Knowledge Keeps you AliveKnowledge Keeps you Alive

• By understanding where the elements By understanding where the elements are located in the periodic table, you can are located in the periodic table, you can make very experienced predictions as to make very experienced predictions as to how they will act with other element or how they will act with other element or compounds.compounds.

Professor Hunter

Hydrogen

• Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.

• Hydrogen is a explosive, reactive gas.

• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.

• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

Hindenburg Video

Colour Hydrogen Brown on your P.T.Colour Hydrogen Brown on your P.T.

Alkali Metals Alkali Metals (1 Valance e(1 Valance e--)) • 1st column on the periodic

table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.

• Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt)

• Ex. NaCl or KCl• Soft enough to cut with a butter

knife

Brainiacs Brainiacs Alkali Metals Video

Colour the Alkali Family BlueColour the Alkali Family Blue

VideoVideo

Alkaline Earth Metals Alkaline Earth Metals (2 Valance e(2 Valance e--))

• Second column on the Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)periodic table. (Group 2)

• Reactive metals that are Reactive metals that are always combined with always combined with nonmetals in nature.nonmetals in nature.

• Several of these elements Several of these elements are important mineral are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)Ca)Colour the Alkaline Earth Family GreyColour the Alkaline Earth Family Grey

Video Start at 35sVideo Start at 35s

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

• Elements in groups 3-12.Elements in groups 3-12.• We don’t need to know We don’t need to know

them at this time…them at this time…

Boron Family (B) Boron Family (B) (3 Valance e(3 Valance e--))

• Elements below Boron.Elements below Boron.• Aluminum metal was once rare and Aluminum metal was once rare and

expensive, not a “disposable metal.”expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

VideoVideo

Colour the Boron Family PurpleColour the Boron Family Purple

Carbon Family (C) Carbon Family (C) (4 Valance e(4 Valance e--)) • Elements below CARBON. Elements below CARBON. • Contains elements important Contains elements important

to life and computers.to life and computers.• Carbon is the basis for an Carbon is the basis for an

entire branch of chemistry.entire branch of chemistry.• Silicon and Germanium are Silicon and Germanium are

important semiconductors.important semiconductors.

Colour the Carbon Family RedColour the Carbon Family Red

Nitrogen Family Nitrogen Family (5 Valance e(5 Valance e--)) • Elements below Nitrogen.Elements below Nitrogen.• Nitrogen makes up 78 % Nitrogen makes up 78 %

of the atmosphere.of the atmosphere.• Nitrogen and phosphorus Nitrogen and phosphorus

are both important in are both important in living things.living things.

Colour the Nitrogen Family OrangeColour the Nitrogen Family Orange

Oxygen Family Oxygen Family (6 Valance e(6 Valance e--))

• Elements below Oxygen.Elements below Oxygen.• Oxygen is necessary for Oxygen is necessary for

respiration (energy)respiration (energy)• Many things that stink, Many things that stink,

contain sulfur (rotten contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, etc.) eggs, garlic, skunks, etc.)

Leave the Oxygen Family WhiteLeave the Oxygen Family White

VideoVideo

Halogens Group Halogens Group (7 Valance e(7 Valance e--))

• Elements below Fluorine.Elements below Fluorine.• Very reactive, volatile Very reactive, volatile

nonmetals.nonmetals.• Always Always found combined found combined

with other element in with other element in nature .nature .Video Video

Colour the Noble Family YellowColour the Noble Family Yellow

• Elements below Helium.Elements below Helium.• VERY unreactive, VERY unreactive,

monatomic gasesmonatomic gases• Used in lighted “neon” signs.• Used in blimps to fix the

Hindenberg problem.• Have a full valence shell.Have a full valence shell.

The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases (8 Valance e(8 Valance e--, except He with 2 valence e, except He with 2 valence e--))

VideoVideo

Colour the Noble Gas Family GreenColour the Noble Gas Family GreenTable SongTable Song

Making MoleculesMaking Molecules

Molecules are MULTI-ATOM particles.Molecules are MULTI-ATOM particles.• They are the smallest particle of a substance They are the smallest particle of a substance

that still keeps the characteristic properties that still keeps the characteristic properties of that substance.of that substance.

• It is composed of 2 or more It is composed of 2 or more atomsatoms..

• A compound forms when two or more A compound forms when two or more elementselements are bonded. are bonded.

How do they stay together?How do they stay together?

• Because atoms are made of electrical Because atoms are made of electrical charges (positives and negatives); they are charges (positives and negatives); they are either attracted to each other, or repelled either attracted to each other, or repelled from one another – like magnets.from one another – like magnets.

• The atom’s valance electrons dictate which The atom’s valance electrons dictate which element it will be attracted to. element it will be attracted to.

Simple Bonding video 15 secSimple Bonding video 15 sec

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas• The elements found in chemical formulas easily The elements found in chemical formulas easily

show which elements are present and how many.show which elements are present and how many.• By either knowing an elements symbol, or having By either knowing an elements symbol, or having

a periodic table around you can make excellent a periodic table around you can make excellent choices as to what is found in each molecule or choices as to what is found in each molecule or compound.compound.

WaterWaterMoleculeMolecule

2 Hydrogen Atoms 2 Hydrogen Atoms

1 Oxygen Atoms 1 Oxygen Atoms

= H= H22OO

Name the Elements in the MoleculeName the Elements in the Molecule• Name the following compounds:• 1) NaBr ______________• 2) CaO ______________• 3) Li2S _______________

• 4) MgBr2 _____________

• 5) NO2 ______________

• 6) SO3 _______________

• 7) N2S _______________

• 8) PH3 _______________

• 9) BF3 _______________

• 10) P2Br4 _____________

• 11) CO ___________• 12) SiO2 __________

• 13) SF6 ___________

• 14) NH3 ___________

• 15) C6H12O6 ___________

• 16) Be(OH)2 ___________

Drawing Molecules: Valence ElectronsDrawing Molecules: Valence Electrons

• NaCl

• CaO

Your turn:

NaBrCaS Li2SMgBr2

Family RelationshipsFamily Relationships1a) What are the 7 Alkali Metals that will easily bond with 1a) What are the 7 Alkali Metals that will easily bond with

Fluorine?Fluorine? Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

b) What other elements in the Halogen Family with bond with b) What other elements in the Halogen Family with bond with any of the Alkali Metals?any of the Alkali Metals?

Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine

c) Will any of the Elements in the Alkaline Earth Metals bond c) Will any of the Elements in the Alkaline Earth Metals bond with any of the Halogens? Explain.with any of the Halogens? Explain.

Sure. Because all of the A.E.M.s have 2 valence electrons,

any two of the halogens would bond with any of them.

How about Carbon?How about Carbon?

• From what you understand, how many atoms From what you understand, how many atoms could bond with Carbon? Explaincould bond with Carbon? Explain Carbon Video

Separation of Mixtures PowerPoint