scientific method and measurement notes key: write down red words in your notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Scientific Method and Measurement Notes
Key: Write down RED words in your notes.
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Bell Ringer: Name 2 disciplines (ex: Biology) in
science and what their focus is
Explain in your own words what Science is.
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What is science? The search for truth. Discovering how the world works.
An attempt to understand the world we live in.
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Scientific Method In order to get accurate results, a
reliable process must be used.
A way to solve problems
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Basic Steps:1. Define the problem/ ask questions2. Hypothesis3. Experiment4. Observe and gather data5. Analyze data6. Conclusion7. Peer review
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Observations You must observe things to create
questions about them.
Observation vs. Assumption– Observation = what you see– Assumption = a judgment or opinion
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Hypothesis A hypothesis is an educated prediction
of what you think will happen in the experiment.
A hypothesis must be falsifiable. If it can not potentially be proven false, then there is nothing to test.
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Example…
Why is the following example not falsifiable, therefore not testable??
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Example…
``the moon is populated by little green men who can read our minds and will hide whenever anyone on Earth looks for them, and will flee into deep space whenever a spacecraft comes near''
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Practice “Scott and Ian, identical twins, are sleepy
every day in their 1:00 history class: they often doze and want to know why, so they can prevent the drowsiness and improve their history grades.”
Make a list of possible hypotheses about why they are sleepy.
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Reasons why the twins are sleepy:
1. They do not like history Class 2. They think the teacher is boring 3. They are in food comas after lunch
and are sleepy as a result 4. They do not get enough sleep at
night.
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Experiment All experiments have two main groups:
– The Test Group– And the Control Group
– These two groups are exactly the same except for the one thing you are testing.
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Test Group Contains the variable you are testing
– Example: Plant WITH fertilizer– Example: Patient WITH medication
– **Make sure you are only testing ONE thing at a time.
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Control Group This group serves as a comparison
to the test group. This group has “normal” conditions.
– Example: Plant is given no fertilizer– Example: Patient is given a placebo/fake
medication.
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Controls and Variables The test group should have only ONE
variable (what you are testing).
All other variables between your groups must be the same.
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Independent Variable The variable you are testing.
– The amount of light a plant gets– How much exercise a rat gets– The class that the twins are sleepy in
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Dependent Variable What you are measuring
– The results of the independent variable
– How much carbon dioxide is excreted– The height of a plant– The weight of a rat– The sleepiness of the twins
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Practice For each hypothesis you made for the
“sleepy twins”, write down the independent variable. (what you are testing)
1. They do not like history Class ID = Class 2. They think the teacher is boring ID= ________ 3. They are in food comas after lunch and are sleepy as
a result ID = _________ 4. They do not get enough sleep at night. ID = ________
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Find the mistake
Draw this picture in your notes
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Find the mistake
Too many Variables
-Size of cup
-Temperature of water
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Find the problems
Draw this picture in your notes
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Find the problems
Variables- Types of Soil
- Amount of light
-Type of Plant
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Correct Set up
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Avoiding errors and bias 1. Use large groups
2. Repeat the experiment
3. Take careful measurements
4. Don’t let personal opinions interfere.
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Placebos A placebo is “fake medicine”, usually
a sugar pill given to the control group.
The patient thinks they are getting real medicine but are only getting a sugar pill.
The “effects” of the placebo can be compared with the effects of the real medicine.
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Data Collection and presentation
In order for your experiment to remain reliable, your data must be reliable.
Make accurate measurements.
Don’t ignore data you don’t like or agree with.
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Organize data into tables and graphs
A graph can make pages of data make more sense.
Overall patterns can be seen better with a graph.
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Conclusion This is where you ask…. Did my data
support my hypothesis?
If your data supports your hypothesis, you are on your way to a theory.
If your data does not support your hypothesis, you try a different experiment.
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Conclusion must be based on data.
Limitations of an experiment:
*You must be careful not to draw conclusions that are not supported by your data. In an experiment on rats, for example, conclusions cannot be
automatically applied to other animals.
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Peer Review Why peer review?
– People make mistakes– People lie
Experiment results are published and other scientists check their work for mistakes and can repeat the experiment to see if it really works.
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Hypothesis: educated guess
Theory: Hypothesis tested true many times.
Law: Still testing true and can lead to accurate predictions.
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All scientific explanations are subject to change or improve!
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Elements of good science Hypothesis must be testable Experiment must have a control group Only test one thing at a time. All variables must be the same
between the two groups. Large groups reduce errors. Repeat the experiment.
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Primary Sources: (more accurate) Research reports, eye-witness
Secondary Sources: Text books, newspaper
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Small groups If you test the effects of a medication
on two people instead of 100 people, why is that a problem?
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MeasurementsMeasurement Metric
Unit
English
Unit
Tools
Length Meter Feet Ruler
Mass Gram Pound Scale
Volume Liter Gallon Graduated cylinder, beaker
Temperature Celsius Fahrenheit Thermometer
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SI units scaleKilo- 1000
Deka- 10
(Base) 0
Deci- .1
Centi- .01
Milli- .001
Micro- .0000001
Nano- .000000001
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Others Mega- Giga- Tera-
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Unit Conversion
K H D B D C M
24 meters = _______ cm
997 mm = ______ km
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Lab Equipment