the pacific's connectivity and its trade implications

8/11/2019 The Pacific's Connectivity and Its Trade Implications

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@DOE Rirgekb ^`phr ]hrehs

Tjh ^`meaems Mikkhmtevety `kd Ets

Tr`dh Efpcem`teiks

F`ttje`s Jhcoch

Ki. 455]hpthfohr ?>04

@se`k Dhvhcipfhkt O`kg Ekstetuth


2/26

Tjh Rirgekb ^`phr shrehs es ` mikteku`teik ia tjh airfhrcy k`fhd Desmusseik ^`phr shrehs7

tjh kufohrekb ia tjh p`phrs miktekuhd wetjiut ekthrrupteik ir mj`kbh. @DOEs wirgekbp`phrs rhachmt ekete`c edh`s ik ` tipem `kd `rh pisthd ikcekh air desmusseik. @DOE hkmiur`bhsrh`dhrs ti pist tjher miffhkts ik tjh fèk p`bh air h`mj wirgekb p`phr (bevhk ek tjhmet`teik ohciw). ]ifh wirgekb p`phrs f`y dhvhcip ekti itjhr airfs ia puocem`teik.

]ubbhsthd met`teik04. Tjh ^`meaems Mikkhmtevety `kd Ets Tr`dh Efpcem`teiks. @DOE Rirgekb ^`phr455. Tigyi< @se`k Dhvhcipfhkt O`kg Ekstetuth. @vècòch< jttp04/>5/>5/140>.p`meaem.mikkhmtevety.tr`dh.efpcem`teiks/

^ch`sh mikt`mt tjh ùtjir air ekairf`teik òiut tjes p`phr.

Hfèc< fjhcochN`doe.irb

F`ttje`s Jhcoch es ` rhsh`rmj ahcciw `t @DOE. Tjh ùtjir wiucd cegh ti tj`kg ^ùci Futum,@jf`d ^r`shtyi, `kd Uuge T`g`j`sje air tjher vhry v`cuòch rhsh`rmj `ssest`kmh. @sphme`c tj`kgs bihs ti G`yigi T`j`r` wji jhcphd mifpchth tjh acebjt mikkhmtevetyd`tò`shs. Qhry jhcpauc miffhkts j`vh ohhk rhmhevhd oy ]`risj Gj`k `kd Mjrestipjhr

Hdfikds (oitj @DO).

Tjh vehws hxprhsshd ek tjes p`phr `rh tjh vehws ia tjh ùtjir `kd di kit khmhss`recyrhachmt tjh vehws ir picemehs ia @DOE, @DO, ets Oi`rd ia Derhmtirs, ir tjh bivhrkfhktstjhy rhprhshkt. @DOE dihs kit bu`r`kthh tjh `mmur`my ia tjh d`t` ekmcudhd ek tjes p`phr`kd `mmhpts ki rhspikseoecety air `ky mikshquhkmhs ia tjher ush. Thrfekiciby ushd f`ykit khmhss`recy oh miksesthkt wetj @DO iaaeme`c thrfs.

Rirgekb p`phrs `rh suolhmt ti airf`c rhveseik `kd mirrhmteik ohairh tjhy `rh aek`cezhd`kd miksedhrhd puocesjhd.

@se`k Dhvhcipfhkt O`kg EkstetuthG`sufeb`shge Ouecdekb :A

=-?-8 G`sufeb`shge, Mjeyid`-guTigyi 0>>-1>>:, L`p`k

Thc< +:0-=-=85=-88>>A`x< +:0-=-=85=-8820X_C< www.`doe.irbH-fèc< ekaiN`doe.irb

?>04 @se`k Dhvhcipfhkt O`kg Ekstetuth


3/26

@DOE Rirgekb ^`phr 455 Jhcoch

@ostr`mt

^`meaem hmikifehs `rh mikarikthd wetj shvhr`c strumtur`c mikstrèkts tj`t cefet tjher hmikifembriwtj, fist efpirt`ktcy tjher sf`cc sezh `kd rhfithkhss arif f`lir wircd f`rghts. Ek tjesp`phr wh study tjh efpirt`kmh ia tr`kspirt mikkhmtevety air ^`meaem hmikifehs wjhkp`rtemep`tekb ek tjh wircd hmikify. Tjh p`phr aerst dhsmreohs tjh hvicuteik ia tr`dh aciws iatjh ^`meaem hmikifehs ivhr tjh c`st dhm`dh, ek thrfs ia oitj tr`dh ek biids `kd shrvemhs. Ettjhk ektridumhs twi khw d`t`shts. Ikh miktèks `cc sjeppekb mikkhmteiks wetjek tjh ^`meaem`kd wetj tjh rhst ia tjh wircd7 tjh shmikd `cc acebjt mikkhmteiks wetjek tjh ^`meaem `kd wetj tjhrhst ia tjh wircd. Mifoekekb oitj d`t`shts wetj tjh mirrhspikdekb tr`dh aciws `cciws us ti`sshss tjh efpirt`kmh ia mikkhmtevety air tjh ^`meaems tr`dh phrairf`kmh. Xsekb ` br`vetyfidhc `ppri`mj, wh aekd tj`t ` derhmt sjeppekb mikkhmteik firh tj`k diuochs tr`dh ek biids.]efec`rcy, miuktrehs wetj derhmt acebjt mikkhmteiks ti tjh shkdekb miuktry whcmifh twemh `sf`ky tiurests. Tjh arhquhkmy ia tr`kspirt mikkhmteiks es sefec`rcy efpirt`kt. Xsekb `kekstrufhkt`c v`reòchs `ppri`mj wh `rh òch ti mikaerf tjh rioustkhss ia iur rhsucts.

LHC Mc`sseaem`teik


4/26


Mikthkts

0. Ektridumteik ................................................................................................................ =

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Tjh ^`meaems Tr`dh ek Biids `kd ]hrvemhs................................................................ 4

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Tjh ^`meaems Tr`dh ek Biids ......................................................................... 4

?.?

Tiuresf ek tjh ^`meaem ..................................................................................... 8

=.

D`t` `kd Fhtjidiciby ............................................................................................... 2

=.0

D`t` ............................................................................................................... 2

=.? Kidhs De`br`fs .......................................................................................... 00=.=

Fhtjidiciby< Tjh Br`vety Hqu`teik ............................................................. 0=

4.

_hsh`rmj _hsucts .................................................................................................... 04

4.0 Br`vety Hstef`teik _hsucts air Biids Tr`dh ................................................ 044.?

Br`vety Hstef`teik _hsucts air Tiuresf Aciws .............................................. 01

4.= _ioustkhss Mjhmgs ..................................................................................... 02

8.

Desmusseik kd Mikmcuseik ...................................................................................... 05

8.0

Desmusseik ................................................................................................... 05

8.? Mikmcuseik ................................................................................................... ?>

_hahrhkmhs ......................................................................................................................... ??

@pphkdex ............................................................................................................................. ?4


5/26


0. EKT_IDXMTEIK

Tjh ^`meaem hmikifehs `rh a`mhd wetj ` kufohr ia strumtur`c mikstrèkts tj`t rhkdhrtjher p`rtemep`teik ek tjh wircd hmikify deaaemuct. Fist efpirt`ktcy, tjhy `rh a`mhd wetjshvhr`c bhibr`pjem`c des`dv`kt`bhs. Aerst, fist ia tjh miuktrehs `rh sf`cc ek thrfs iabhibr`pjem`c `rh` `kd sprh`d `mriss f`ky esc`kds. Ikh st`rg hx`fpch es Gereo`te,wjemj miukts == esc`kds tj`t sprh`d ivhr =.8 fecceik squ`rh gecifhthrs ia w`thr7 `k`rh` c`rbhr tj`k Ekde`. ]hmikd, shvhr`c ^`meaem hmikifehs `rh cim`thd a`r arif f`lirhmikifem mhkthrs. Air hx`fpch, tjh sjeppekb dest`kmh ohtwhhk Aele (]uv`) `kd tjh^hipchs _hpuocem ia Mjek` (^_M) (]j`kbjè) es :,5>2 gecifhthrs (gf) `kd t`ghs ik`vhr`bh 04 d`ys `kd 2 jiurs. Tjh sjeppekb dest`kmh ohtwhhk Aele (]uv`) `kd tjhXkethd ]t`ths (X]) (]`k Ar`kmesmi) es o`rhcy sjirthr `t 5,??8 gf `kd rhquerhs `cfisttjh s`fh sjeppekb tefh (04 d`ys `kd 05 jiurs).0Aek`ccy, f`ky ^`meaem hmikifehs `rhcim`thd ek ` zikh wetj ` jebj resg ia deaahrhkt k`tur`c des`sthrs, sumj `s mymcikhs,tsuk`fes, `kd h`rtjqu`ghs.

Tjh efpcem`teiks ia tjhsh strumtur`c mikstrèkts air tjh ekthbr`teik ia tjh ^`meaemhmikifehs ekti tjh bcio`c hmikify `rh fuctepch. Aerst `kd fist ioveius es tj`trhfithkhss hqu`cs jebj tr`kspirt`teiks mists. Tr`kspirt mists `rh jebj ek òsicuththrfs, out `csi ek thrfs ia dhc`ys. Oitj `rh miksedhròch des`dv`kt`bhs wjhkmifphtekb ek bcio`c f`rghts wjhrh priaet f`rbeks `rh ciw `kd a`st dhcevhry es mretem`c(h.b., Hv`ks `kd J`rreb`k W?>>8V). ? ]hmikd, rhfithkhss mifoekhd wetj ` sf`cchmikifem sezh tr`ksc`ths ekti ciwhr mikkhmtevety ek thrfs ia arhquhkmy `s whcc `s derhmtmikkhmteiks. Bevhk tjh miksedhròch hmikifehs ia sm`ch ek tjh tr`kspirt`teik shmtir,sf`cc hmikifehs `rh typem`ccy shrvhd chss arhquhktcy `kd arifahwhr dhstek`teiks (h.b.,Juffhcs `kd ]geo` W?>>4V, ir Rekthrs `kd F`rteks W?>>?V).=Tjes ciwhr mikkhmtevetyfh`ks jebjhr mists, kit ikcy air tjh sjeppekb ia pjysem`c biids, out `csi air tjh

dhcevhry ia shrvemhs `mriss oirdhrs. Aek`ccy, ohekb cim`thd ek `k `rh` ia jebj resg iak`tur`c des`sthrs, sjeppekb m`k ohmifh suolhmt ti miksedhròch v`re`kmh. @bèk, ek `wircd hmikify wjhrh lust-ek-tefh pridumteik es mretem`c, tjh ^`meaem hmikifehs `rha`mekb ` jh`vy ourdhk, wjemj es deaaemuct ti rhfivh.

Bevhk tjes deaaemuct tr`dekb hkverikfhkt, tjh iolhmtevh ia tjes p`phr es ti study tjhdhthrfek`kts ia tr`dh phrairf`kmh ek thrfs ia mikkhmtevety ia tjh ^`meaem hmikifehs.Tjh suolhmts ia tjes study `rh tjh 04 ^`meaem dhvhcipekb fhfohr miuktrehs (^`meaemDFMs) ia tjh @se`k Dhvhcipfhkt O`kg< tjh Miig Esc`kds, Aele, Gereo`te, tjh F`rsj`ccEsc`kds, tjh Ahdhr`thd ]t`ths ia Femrikhse`, Kùru, ^`cù, ^`pu` Khw Buekh`,]`fi`, ]icifik Esc`kds, Tefir-Chsth, Tikb`, Tuv`cu, `kd Q`ku`tu.

Ek ` aerst sthp, wh `k`cyzh jiw tr`dh ek biids `kd shrvemhs j`s dhvhciphd ek tjh ^`meaem

ivhr tjh p`st dhm`dh. Rh tjhrhairh aerst privedh `k ivhrvehw ia tjh tr`dh ek biids ia^`meaem DFMs arif ?>>> ti ?>0? `kd tjhk study tjh hvicuteik ia tiuresf ivhr tjh s`fhtefh phreidtjh fèk siurmh ia tr`dh ek shrvemhs air ^`meaem DFMs. Tjh p`phr tjhkektridumhs twi khw d`tò`shs. Tjh aerst d`tò`sh miktèks tjh sjeppekb mikkhmteiks`kd arhquhkmehs ohtwhhk ^`meaem DFMs `kd wetj itjhr miuktrehs ek tjh wircd. Tjhshmikd d`tò`sh ekmcudhs `cc acebjt mikkhmteiks `s whcc `s tjher arhquhkmehs ohtwhhk^`meaem DFMs `kd wetj `cc itjhr miuktrehs ek tjh wircd. Xsekb tjhsh twi d`tò`shs wh

0 Tjh twi sjeppekb dest`kmhs `kd tefhs whrh diwkci`dhd arif tjh ]h`_`ths whoseth, `vècòch `t8) aekd hvedhkmh air tjh efpirt`kmh ia dhcevhry tefhs air tjh pridumteik ia mcitjekb.=Xsekb X] tr`dh d`t`, Juffhcs `kd ]geo` (?>>4) sjiw tj`t ` 0>% ekmrh`sh ek pridumt whebjt/v`cuh rhsucts ek ` 4%1%

ekmrh`sh ek sjeppekb mists. Rekthrs `kd F`rteks (?>>4) aekd tj`t tjh tr`kspirt`teik mist oy sjep a`ccs oy >.=0% wjhktjh sjeppekb vicufh ekmrh`shs oy 0%.

=


6/26


`rh òch ti mifprhjhksevhcy dhsmreoh tjh mikkhmthdkhss ia ^`meaem DFMs airekthrk`teik`c tr`dh ek biids `kd shrvemhs.

Ek ` khxt sthp, tjh twi d`tò`shs `rh tjhk mifoekhd wetj tjh mirrhspikdekb d`t` airtr`dh ek biids `kd tiuresf aciws. Xsekb sefpch kidh de`br`fs, wh eccustr`th jiw tjh

mikkhmthdkhss ia ^`meaem DFMs miktr`sts wetj tjh hxmj`kbh ia biids `kd shrvemhs. Ekitjhr wirds, tr`dh ek biids `kd shrvemhs es t`gekb pc`mh ohtwhhk f`ky hmikifehs,wjhrh`s tjh mikkhmthdkhss es cefethd, f`gekb et khmhss`ry ti p`ss tjriubj tr`dekbjuos. Rh tjhk `ppcy ` br`vety fidhc ti hstef`th tjh efpirt`kmh ia derhmt mikkhmteiks`kd tjh arhquhkmy ia sjeppekb `kd acebjts air tr`dh. Rh aekd tj`t air tr`dh ek biids `kdshrvemhs ` derhmt mikkhmteik (hetjhr oy sjeppekb ir acebjt) efpcehs ` st`testem`ccysebkeaem`kt jebjhr tr`dh vicufh mifp`rhd ti miuktry pèrs wetj ki derhmt mikkhmteik.Tjh arhquhkmy ia sjeppekb ekmrh`shs tr`dh ek biids oy up ti =>>% `kd tjh ekaciw iatiurests es oiisthd oy ?>%. Ek irdhr ti miktric air hkdibhkhety, wh `ppcy `kekstrufhkt`c v`reòch `ppri`mj wjemj mikaerfs tjh rhsucts.

Tjh p`phr f`ghs tjh aicciwekb twi miktreouteiks ti tjh tr`dh cethr`turh. Air tjh aerst

tefh, wh mikstrumt ` d`tò`sh tj`t `pprixef`ths `cc pjysem`c tr`kspirt`teik cekgs ia `sphmeaem sht ia hmikifehs. Ek tjh hfperem`c tr`dh cethr`turh tjh fidh ia tr`kspirt`teik airtr`dh es iathk ebkirhd `s miuktrehs hxmj`kbh tjher biids `kd shrvemhs usekb v`reiusairfs ia tr`kspirt`teik. @s ` mikshquhkmh, et es `cfist efpisseoch ti auccy tr`mh tjhdeaahrhkt fidhs ia tr`kspirt`teik. Tjh `dv`kt`bh ia tjh ^`meaem hmikifehs es tj`tsjeppekb `kd acebjt mikkhmteiks mivhr `cc tr`dh ek biids `kd fist tr`dh ek shrvemhs.]hmikd, bevhk tjh dhtèchd d`t` ik pjysem`c mikkhmthdkhss, wh `rh òch ti mikstrumt `fh`surhfhkt ia haahmtevh dest`kmh. Ek tjh tr`dh cethr`turh, dest`kmh es miffikcy`pprixef`thd oy tjh bhibr`pjem`c dest`kmh ohtwhhk tjh m`pet`c metehs ia twi miuktrehsir ` whebjthd bhibr`pjem`c dest`kmh tj`t t`ghs ekti `mmiukt tjh hmikifem bhibr`pjy iamiuktrehs. Iur fh`surhfhkt es firh rhaekhd `s et t`ghs ekti `mmiukt tjh a`mt tj`t fistia tjh tr`kspirt`teik cekgs `rh ikcy tjriubj juos, wjemj tjus efpcehs jebjhr tr`dh mists

ek thrfs ia sjeppekb tefh `kd `mtu`c mists.Tjh p`phr es mikstrumthd `s aicciws. Rh aerst privedh ` sjirt dhsmrepteik ia tjhhvicuteik ia tr`dh ek biids `kd tiuresf shrvemhs air tjh ^`meaem DFMs arif ?>>> ti?>0?. Rh tjhk privedh `k ivhrvehw ia tjh twi khw d`t`shts ik sjeppekb `kd acebjtmikkhmtevety ushd ek tjes p`phr. Xsekb ` br`vety hqu`teik `ppri`mj, wh tjhk sjiw tjhefpirt`kmh ia mikkhmthdkhss air ^`meaem DFM tr`dh.

?. TJH ^@MEAEM] T_@DH EK BIID] @KD ]H_QEMH]

?.0 Tjh ^`meaems Tr`dh ek Biids

Tr`dh ek tjh ^`meaem j`s dhvhciphd ek ` vhry dyk`fem w`y sekmh ?>>>. Hxpirts `kdefpirts ia ^`meaem DFMs ekmrh`shd arif chss tj`k $8 oecceik ek ?>>> ti `riukd $=>oecceik ek ?>0? (shh Aeburh 0). Tr`dh vicufhs brhw p`rtemuc`rcy quemgcy arif ?>>4 ti?>>:, wjhrh`s tjh yh`rs ?>0> `kd ?>0? whrh f`rghd oy ki briwtj ir hvhk khb`tevhbriwtj. Et es ekthrhstekb ti ioshrvh tj`t tr`dh wetj @se` es `mmiuktekb air `k ekmrh`sekbsj`rh ia ^`meaem tr`dh. Et ekmrh`shd arif 4>.2% ek ?>>> ti 1=.?% ek ?>0?, wjhrh`str`dh wetj tjh rhst ia tjh wircd ahcc arif 8:.2% ti =1.1% ek tjh s`fh phreid.

Et j`s ti oh kithd tj`t ^`pu` Khw Buekh` (^KB) `kd Aele `mmiukt air firh tj`k :>% ia`cc tr`dh ia tjh 04 ^`meaem DFMs durekb tjh tefh phreid ia iur study. Tjes m`k oh fèkcyhxpcèkhd oy tjh a`mt tj`t tjhsh twi hmikifehs `rh tjh c`rbhst ia tjh ^`meaem DFMs. Ek?>0?, Aele j`d ` briss difhstem pridumt (BD^) ia $=,5>: fecceik `kd ^KB j`d ` BDîa $08,184 fecceik, mifp`rhd ti $8,84? fecceik ia `cc tjh itjhr ^`meaem DFMs mifoekhd.

4


7/26


@kitjhr efpirt`kt p`rtemuc`rety ia ^`meaem DFMs tr`dh es tjher phrsesthkt `kd ekmrh`sekbtr`dh dhaemet. Ek ?>>1, tjh tit`c tr`dh dhaemet ia `cc ^`meaem DFMs `fiukthd ti chss tj`k$? oecceik, out surbhd ti `riukd $08 oecceik ek ?>0?. Tjh dhaemet w`s fèkcy aek`kmhd oyrhfett`kmhs `kd iaaeme`c dhvhcipfhkt èd. @kitjhr pisetevh miktreouteik mifhs arif `tr`dh surpcus ek shrvemhs tr`dh `s wh wecc desmuss ek tjh aicciwekb shmteik.

Tr`dh ek biids ia tjh ^`meaem DFMs fèkcy miksests ia pref`ry miffidetehs. ^`meaemDFMs wetj remj aesjekb briukds typem`ccy hxpirt fèkcy aesj `kd aesj pridumts, wjech^`meaem DFMs wetj k`tur`c rhsiurmhs mikmhktr`th ik tjh hxpirts ia tjish rhsiurmhs.Tjh hxpirt ia f`kua`mturhd biids j`s dhmcekhd ivhr tjh p`st dhm`dh (@DO `kd @DOE,airtjmifekb). Ek tjh s`fh tefh phreid, @se` j`s hfhrbhd `s ikh ia tjh wircd mhkthrsair f`kua`mturekb. Ikh ia tjh ghy summhss a`mtirs w`s tj`t @se` w`s òch ti ouecd up irliek bcio`c `kd rhbeik`c v`cuh mjèks `kd pridumteik khtwirgs. @s ` mikshquhkmh,@se`s sj`rh ia bcio`c tr`dh ek p`rts `kd mifpikhkts ekmrh`shd arif ?:% ek 055> ti80% ek ?>0?.4F`ky a`mtirs jhcphd ti hstòcesj @se` `s A`mtiry @se` (O`cdwek ?>>:),`fikb tjhf ` rhdumteik ek tr`kspirt`teik mists `kd thmjkicibem`c pribrhss (IHMD?>0?). Ohekb pjysem`ccy rhfith `kd j`vekb ` sf`cc f`kua`mturekb o`sh `rh twi fèk

rh`siks wjy tjh ^`meaem DFMs aiukd et vhry deaaemuct ti liek rhbeik`c pridumteikkhtwirgs ir hvhk j`d ti sm`ch diwk f`kua`mturekb.

Aeburh 0< Tr`dh (Hxpirt `kd Efpirts) ia ^`meaem Dhvhcipekb Fhfohr Miuktrehs,?>>>?>0?

]iurmh< XKMIFT_@DH7 utjirs m`cmuc`teiks.

?.? Tiuresf ek tjh ^`meaem

Tiuresf mikstetuths tjh c`rbhst pirteik ia shrvemhs hxpirts air ^`meaem DFMs. Ek shvhr`chmikifehs, tiuresf hvhk bhkhr`ths tjh c`rbhst rhvhkuh ia `cc hxpirts. Air hx`fpch, ekAele tiuresf miktreouths ti 4>.8% ia `cc hxpirts, ek ]`fi` 10.0%, `kd ek Q`ku`tu 21.8%`mmirdekb ti Rircd Dhvhcipfhkt Ekdem`tirs.8Tiuresf es `csi ikh ia tjh fist prifesekb

4Mifpechd arif XK Miftr`dh d`tò`sh usekb fhtjidiciby arif @tjugir`c` (?>00).8

Diwkci`dhd arif tjh Rircd Dhvhcipfhkt Ekdem`tirs whoseth< jttp@ubust ?>04).

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?>>> ?>>0 ?>>? ?>>= ?>>4 ?>>8 ?>>1 ?>>2 ?>>: ?>>5 ?>0> ?>00 ?>0?

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@se` ^`meaem _hst ia Rircd

8
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briwtj shmtirs ek tjh ^`meaem rhbeik. Tjh kufohr ia tiurest `rrev`cs j`s firh tj`kdiuochd ek tjh p`st dhm`dh, arif `riukd 1>>,>>> ek ?>>? ti 0.= fecceik 0> yh`rs c`thr.@kd tjh pithkte`c air auturh briwtj ciigs suost`kte`c bevhk tj`t f`ky ^`meaem DFMs iaahrukspiechd k`turh `kd smhkem c`kdsm`phs.

Xkdhr tjh Bhkhr`c @brhhfhkt ia Tr`dh ek ]hrvemhs (B@T]) ia tjh Rircd Tr`dhIrb`kez`teik, tiuresf a`ccs ukdhr Fidh ? tr`dh ukdhr wjemj tjh mustifhr miksufhsshrvemhs òri`d. 1 @mmirdekb ti st`testems puocesjhd oy tjh Xkethd K`teiks RircdTiuresf Irb`kez`teik (XKRTI), tjhrh whrh òiut 0.8 fecceik tiurest `rrev`cs ek tjh^`meaem rhbeik ek ?>0=. ]efec`rcy ti tr`dh, tiuresf es mikmhktr`thd ek ` j`kdauc iamiuktrehs. @cfist j`ca ia `cc airhebk tiurests vesetekb tjh ^`meaem DFMs whrh whcmifhd oyAele ek ?>0?. Tjh khxt c`rbhst rhmhevekb miuktrehs whrh ^`pu` Khw Buekh` (0?%),]`fi` (0>%), tjh Miig Esc`kds (5%), `kd ^`cù (5%).

Tjh fèk siurmh hmikifehs ia tiurests whrh @ustr`ce` (44%), Khw \h`c`kd (??%), tjhXkethd ]t`ths (2%), L`p`k (4%), `kd Tèphe,Mjek` (=%). Dhspeth @se`s prixefety,@se`k tiurests pc`y ` fekir rich ek ^`meaem tiuresf (Aeburh ?), wetj tjher sj`rh deppekb

arif 08% ek ?>>> ti 04% ek ?>00. Kikhtjhchss, tjh kufohr ia tiurests arif tjh ^_Mj`s surbhd arif ?,84> ek ?>>> ti =8,4?1 ek ?>00.

Aeburh ?< Hvicuteik ia Ekthrk`teik`c Tiurest @rrev`cs ek ^`meaem DMFs, ?>>>?>00

]iurmh< XKRTI d`tò`sh ik kufohr ia ekoiukd tiurests.

F`ky ioshrvhrs hxphmt tj`t tjh kufohr ia tiurests arif @se` wecc aurtjhr resh ek tjh kh`rauturh (@DO `kd @DOE, airtjmifekb). Tjh fèk rh`sik es tj`t ek f`ky @se`k miuktrehs,

tjh feddch mc`ss j`s ohhk briwekb r`pedcy ivhr tjh p`st dhm`dh `mmifp`kehd oy `kekmrh`sekb dhf`kd air chesurh tr`vhc. Jhcoch `kd Futum (?>04) hstef`th tj`t shvhr`c@se`k miuktrehs `rh a`r ohciw pithkte`c `kd tjus febjt mikstetuth tjh f`lir siurmhs iatiurests ti tjh ^`meaem DFMs. Ek tjh kh`r auturh, @se` es hxphmthd ti ohmifh ` f`lirsiurmh ia tiurest `rrev`cs ek tjh ^`meaem.

Briwekb tiuresf ekaciws arif @se` m`k ohmifh `k efpirt`kt ippirtukety air ^`meaemDFMs ti bhkhr`th sustèkhd briwtj. Ek tjh p`st, f`ky ^`meaem DFMs j`vh strubbchd tibhkhr`th hmikifem briwtj, fèkcy duh ti fuctepch strumtur`c mikstrèkts, sumj `s tjherrhfithkhss `kd sf`cc hmikifem sezh. Tiuresf iaahrs tjh pisseoecety ti ivhrmifh sifh

1 Air sifh ^`meaem DFMs, si-m`cchd Fidh 4 shrvemhs tr`dh mikstetuths `kitjhr efpirt`kt siurmh ia shrvemhs hxpirts.

Xkdhr Fidh 4 tjh shrvemh privedhr thfpir`recy fivhs òri`d ti dhcevhr tjh shrvemh. Fidh 4 hxpirts `rh hsphme`ccyefpirt`kt air `meaem DFMs wetj brhhfhkts air sh`sik`c wirghrs, air hx`fpch wetj @ustr`ce`.

>

>.?

>.4

>.1

>.:

0

0.?

0.4

?>>> ?>>0 ?>>? ?>>= ?>>4 ?>>8 ?>>1 ?>>2 ?>>: ?>>5 ?>0> ?>00

Tiurest`rr

ev`cs(fecceiks)

@se` ^`meaem _hst ia Rircd

1


9/26


ia tjhsh mikstrèkts `kd tr`ksairf sifh mikstrèkts, sumj `s tjher rhfithkhss, ektipisetevh `sshts. F`ky ^`meaem DFMs j`vh tjus jebj jiphs ia `mjehvekb sustèkhdhmikifem briwtj oy t`ppekb ekti @se`s dyk`fem tiuresf shmtir.

Rh j`vh shhk òivh tj`t tr`dh ek biids `s whcc `s shrvemhs j`s ekmrh`shd ek ^`meaem

DFMs ivhr tjh p`st dhm`dh. Ek tjh aicciwekb shmteik wh wiucd cegh ti study tjh hxthktti wjemj pjysem`c mikkhmtevety ia ^`meaem DFMs dhthrfekhs tjher tr`dh phrairf`kmh. Rhektridumh tjh d`t` ushd air tjh hmikifhtrem fidhcekb `kd prhshkt tjh fhtjidiciby.

=. D@T@ @KD FHTJIDICIBU

=.0 D`t`

=.0.0 Tr`dh ek Biids D`t`

Tjh tr`dh ek biids d`t` mifhs arif tjh Xkethd K`teiks Miftr`dh d`tò`sh. ]ekmh wh

t`gh `s ` prixy air tr`dh ek shrvemhs tjh kufohr ia tiurest `rrev`cs `kd jhkmh shrvemhshxpirts, wh dhmedhd ti wirg wetj biids hxpirts. Air iur br`vety hqu`teik `ppri`mj(shh khxt shmteik), shvhr`c ia iur hxpc`k`tiry v`reòchs `rh ikcy `vècòch air tjh yh`rs?>0? `kd ?>0=. Rh j`vh tjhrhairh dhmedhd ti mrh`th tjh =-yh`r sefpch `vhr`bh iatr`dh sp`kkekb arif ?>00 ti ?>0=. T`gekb ` =-yh`r `vhr`bh j`s tjh `dv`kt`bh iachvhcekb iut mhrtèk ekarhquhkt tr`dh aciws. @s iur s`fpch miksests ia shvhr`c sf`cchmikifehs, sumj ekarhquhkt hvhkts `rh kit ukmiffik.

Aicciwekb miffik pr`mtemh, wh aerst diwkci`dhd `cc oec`thr`c tr`dh aciws ek thrfs iaefpirts arif ^`meaem DFMs air tjh phreid ?>00?>0=. Tjh rh`sik air usekb efpirtseksth`d ia hxpirts es tj`t efpirt aciws `rh typem`ccy rhmirdhd wetj brh`thr smrutekymifp`rhd ti hxpirts, ohmùsh efpirts `rh iathk suolhmt ti efpirt t`reaas ir itjhrfh`surhs `kd tjhrhairh st`testems ik efpirts `rh typem`ccy firh mifpchth mifp`rhd tihxpirts. Air tjh tefh phreid ?>00?>0=, efpirts arif `t ch`st ikh ia tjh 04 ^`meaemDFMs whrh rhpirthd oy 0:> hmikifehs (ekmcudekb tjh 04 ^`meaem DFMs). Tjhshefpirtekb hmikifehs j`vh rhpirthd ?,=>4 pisetevh tr`dh aciws (iut ia 2,81> pisseochioshrv`teiks).

Tjh tr`dh st`testems o`shd ik efpirts m`k oh mifpchfhkthd oy tr`dh st`testems o`shdik hxpirts. Air tjes fhtjid, si-m`cchd ferrir st`testems, tjh oec`thr`c aciws rhpirthd oytjh efpirthr `rh mifp`rhd wetj tjh tr`dh st`testems ia tjh hxpirtekb hmikify. Ek tjhiry,tjh v`cuh `kd vicufh ia tr`dh rhpirthd oy oitj tjh hxpirthr `kd efpirthr sjiucd ohedhktem`c. Jiwhvhr, et j`s ohhk ioshrvhd tj`t miksedhròch desmrhp`kmehs hxestohtwhhk tjh twi rhmirds. Tjh rh`siks `rh f`keaicd `kd kit yht auccy ukdhrstiid.Aurtjhrfirh, wh aekd m`shs ek wjemj ` oec`thr`c tr`dh aciw es rhmirdhd oy tjh hxpirthr,

out kit oy tjh efpirthr. Ferrir st`testems m`k tjhrhairh oh ` ushauc tiic ti mifpchfhkt`kd mifpchth tr`dh st`testems.

@ppcyekb tjh ferrir-st`testems `ppri`mj, wh j`vh diwkci`dhd `cc hxpirts oy tjh ^`meaemhmikifehs ti `cc hmikifehs ek tjh wircd. Tjhsh hmikifehs j`vh rhpirthd 220 hxpirtaciws ti tjh rhst ia tjh wircd ek tjh phreid ?>00?>0=.

Ek ` khxt sthp, wh mifoekhd tjh d`tò`sh ik tjh oec`thr`c efpirt aciws rhpirthd oy tjhrhst ia tjh wircd `kd tjh oec`thr`c hxpirt aciw rhpirthd oy ^`meaem DFMs `kd iotèkhd `tit`c kufohr ia =,>28 ioshrv`teiks (ivhr tjh = yh`rs). Iut ia tjhsh =,>28 ioshrv`teiks,?,8:= whrh ukequh ioshrv`teiks rhpirthd oy hetjhr efpirthrs ir hxpirthrs. 45? whrhioshrv`teiks air wjemj wh j`d `k hktry oy oitj tjh hxpirtekb ^`meaem DFMs `s whcc `stjh efpirtekb hmikifehs. Ek irdhr ti rhfivh tjhsh dupcem`ths, ` sefpch `vhr`bh ia tjhtwi hktrehs w`s m`cmuc`thd `kd tjhk ikcy ikh hktry ghpt. M`cmuc`tekb ` sefpch `vhr`bh

2


10/26


`cciwhd us ti `vied dhmedekb wjemj hktry (oy tjh efpirtekb ir hxpirtekb hmikify) esmirrhmt. @athr hcefek`tekb `cc aciws tj`t whkt ti m`thbirehs ia hmikifehs tj`t `rh hetjhriosichth ir mc`sseaehd `s uksphmeaehd, `kd àthr t`gekb tjh `vhr`bh ivhr = yh`rs, whhkdhd up wetj ` s`fpch ia 00?1 pisetevh ioshrv`teiks. Ek tjh br`vety hqu`teik ohciw,wh wecc f`gh `csi ush ia `cc zhri ioshrv`teiks ohtwhhk 04 ^`meaem DFMs tiw`rds tjh0:> hmikifehs (ekmcudekb ^`meaem DFMs), wjemj hqu`cs ti ` tit`c ia ?,8?> ioshrv`teiks.

=.0.? Iutoiukd Tiurest ]t`testems

Rircdwedh tiuresf aciws `rh micchmthd oy tjh Xkethd K`teiks Rircd TiuresfIrb`kez`teik (XKRTI). Hvhry yh`r, XKRTI puocesjhs tjh tit`c kufohr ia tiurest`rrev`cs air ivhr ?>> hmikifehs. Ek `ddeteik, XKRTI hstef`ths oec`thr`c tiurest aciws(iutoiukd) ik ` yh`rcy o`ses sekmh 0558. Tjes d`tò`sh es kit puocemcy `vècòch. Air `cc^`meaem DFMs, XKRTI j`s pridumhd hstef`ths air oitj tjh tit`c kufohr ia tiurest`rrev`cs `s whcc `s tjh iutoiukd tiurests. @s iur rhsh`rmj ekthrhst cehs ek tjh kufohr iaekoiukd tiurests, wh j`vh diwkci`dhd `cc hstef`ths ia hmikifehs tj`t j`vh rhpirthdiutoiukd tiurests wetj ` dhstek`teik ek tjh ^`meaem DFMs, ekmcudekb tjh ^`meaem DFMs.2

Air iur br`vety hqu`teik `ppri`mj (shh khxt shmteik), tjh acebjt mikkhmteik d`t` es ikcy`vècòch air 0 yh`r, k`fhcy ?>0?. Rh j`vh tjhrhairh dhmedhd ti mrh`th tjh =-yh`rsefpch `vhr`bh ia tiurest aciws air tjh tefh phreid ?>00?>0=. Tjh tiurest d`t` ushd airtjh br`vety `k`cyses miktèks tjh `vhr`bh tiurest aciws ivhr tjh = yh`rs arif 41hmikifehs ti tjh ^`meaem DFMs, wjemj hqu`cs 020 pisetevh tiurest aciws. Ekmcudekb zhriioshrv`teiks, wh miukt 148 ioshrv`teiks.:

=.0.= ]jeppekb Mikkhmtevety D`t`

@cc ^`meaem DFMs `rh esc`kd hmikifehs `kd sj`rh ki c`kd oirdhr wetj itjhr miuktrehs,hxmhpt air ^KB `kd Tefir-Chsth, wjemj j`vh ` c`kd oirdhr wetj Ekdikhse`. Tjh ikcytwi w`ys ti rh`mj fist ^`meaem DFMs `rh tjus hetjhr oy sjep ir oy èr. Air oitj fh`ksia tr`kspirt`teik wh j`vh trehd ti aekd dhtèchd d`t` tj`t dhsmreoh tjh mikkhmtevety ia tjh^`meaem DFMs.

Tjh aerst d`t`sht dhsmreohs tjh mikkhmtevety ia ^`meaem DFMs ek thrfs ia tjh f`retefhkhtwirg. Rh j`vh ushd ` d`tò`sh m`cchd ]h`-who. ]ekmh ?>>0, f`lir sjeps `kd pirtswircdwedh j`vh st`rthd ti ush tjh si-m`cchd ùtif`tem edhkteaem`teik systhf (@E])hquepfhkt. Tjh @E] hquepfhkt ùtif`tem`ccy rhpirts `rrev`c `kd dhp`rturh tefhs ti tjhpirt ùtjirety, fèkcy ek irdhr ti `vied micceseiks. Tid`y, `cc f`lir pirts (`riukd 00,>>>pirts `kd thrfek`cs) `kd oebbhr sjeps (òivh 0>> briss tikk`bh WBTV) j`vh @E]dhvemhs ekst`cchd. Tjh rhsuctekb `rrev`c `kd dhp`rturh rhmirds `rh micchmthd oy tjhCciyds _hbestry Aèrpc`y `kd f`dh `vècòch ikcekh ik tjh ]h`-who whoseth. 5Tjhd`tò`sh es bhkhr`thd oy @E] sebk`cs `kd mivhrs tjh v`st f`lirety ia tjh ekthrk`teik`c

tràaem ia sjeps. Tjh ekairf`teik ik tjh fivhfhkt ia tjh sjeps es rharhsjhd `kd upd`thdhvhry tjrhh fekuths.

Xsekb tjh ]h`-who d`tò`sh, wh aerst ciighd `t `cc mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk pirts ek tjh^`meaem DFMs `kd `csi tjh rhst ia tjh wircd ohtwhhk tjh phreid 0 L`ku`ry ?>0==0

2 Tjh tit`c kufohr ia tiurest `rrev`cs `kd tjh iutoiukd oec`thr`c tiurest aciws `rh pridumhd oy deaahrhkt hstef`teik

thmjkequhs kd di kit khmhss`recy suf up. Air firh ekairf`teik, pch`sh shh jttp


11/26


Dhmhfohr ?>0=. Rh whrh tjus òch ti hstòcesj ` f`trex mivhrekb `cc f`retefhmikkhmteiks ohtwhhk pirts ek tjh 04 ^`meaem DFMs `kd wetj =4 itjhr hmikifehs ek tjhwircd (shh Tòch 0). Ivhr`cc, wh miukthd 0,04: derhmt cekgs.

Tòch 0< Ivhrvehw ia F`retefh Khtwirg Mikkhmteiks ia ^`meaem Dhvhcipekb

Fhfohr Miuktrehs ek ?>0= (kufohr ia `mtevh mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk pirts ek irebek`kd dhstek`teik)

Irebek

^`meaem DFM Itjhr ^`meaem @se` _IR

Dhstek`teik ^`meaem DFM 051 (:?0) 0?1 (4?:) ?0> (4?:) 04> (?0)

Itjhr ^`meaem 0?1 (424)

@se` ?0> (4?1)

_IR 04> (48)

^`meaem DFM 6 `meaem dhvhcipekb fhfohr miuktry, _IR 6 rhst ia wircd.

Kith< Arhquhkmy ia viy`bhs es ek p`rhktjhshs.

]iurmh< ]h`-who, kd ùtjirs m`cmuc`teiks.

Ek `ddeteik ti tjh derhmt cekgs ohtwhhk hmikifehs, wh j`vh trehd ti iotèk `fh`surhfhkt ia arhquhkmy ia mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk pirts. _hmhkt cethr`turh sjiws tj`ttjh arhquhkmy ia sjeppekb mikkhmteiks rhvh`cs ekairf`teik òiut tjh arhebjt r`ths. Airtjh m`sh ia tjh M`reooh`k esc`kds jebjhr arhquhkmy fh`ks ciwhr arhebjt r`ths duh tiekmrh`shd mifphteteik (Recfsfhehr `kd Jiaaf`kk ?>00). Ek irdhr ti iotèk ` arhquhkmyhstef`th, wh j`vh diwkci`dhd tjh c`st 8> ioshrv`teiks ia h`mj sjep (`s ia 0 Lucy?>04) tj`t tr`vhcchd tjriubj ` pirt ek ` ^`meaem DFM ek ?>0=. Xsekb tjes ekairf`teik whwhrh òch ti pridumh `k hstef`th ia tjh arhquhkmy air h`mj cekg. Tjh tit`c kufohr iaviy`bhs w`s ?,14=. Et es pisseoch tj`t tjh tit`c kufohr air tjh arhquhkmy ia mikkhmteiks

air tjh yh`r ?>0= es jebjhr. Tjh rh`sik es tj`t tjh c`st 8> ioshrv`teiks tj`t `rhrhpirthd oy h`mj sjep di kit khmhss`recy mivhr tjh hkterh yh`r. Jiwhvhr, wh ohcehvhtj`t iur s`fpch es rhprhshkt`tevh ia tjh sjeppekb cekgs ivhr tjh aucc phreid.

Tjh ]h`-who whoseth `csi jicds ekairf`teik ik tjh typh ia sjep. Rh j`vh hxmcudhd `cctjish sjep typhs tj`t shhf ti oh ukrhc`thd ti ekthrk`teik`c tr`dh, sumj `s rhsh`rmjsjeps ir mòch c`yhr sjeps. Iur aek`c s`fpch jicds hebjt typhs ia sjeps< oucg m`rbi,mjhfem`c t`kghr, miktèkhr, aesjekb `kd tr`wchrs, bhkhr`c `kd rharebhr`thd m`rbi, iec `kdb`s t`kghr, pridumt t`kghr, `kd p`sshkbhr sjeps. Air `cc sjeps wh micchmthd tjh sjepk`fh, tjh briss whebjt, tjh pirt ia m`cc, tjh miuktry ia m`cc, tjh `rrev`c d`th, `kd tjhsècekb d`th. Ek `ddeteik, wh m`cmuc`thd tjh viy`bh tefh ek thrfs ia kufohr ia d`ysohtwhhk twi pirts ek twi deaahrhkt miuktrehs.0>Tjh dhsmreptevh st`testems `rh prhshkthd

ek Tòch ?.

0>Rh hxmcudhd cc fivhfhkts ia sjeps ohtwhhk pirts wetjek ikh hmikify.

5


12/26


Tòch ?< Dhsmreptevh ]t`testems ia ]jeppekb D`t`

Briss Rhebjt (tiks)

Ki. Typh ia ]jepKufohr ia

Ioshrv`teiks ^hrmhkt Fh`k ]td. Dhv. Fek F`x

0 Oucg 08: 1.0> 02,:=8.:> 02,222.58 ?,880.>> 0>1,=12.>>

? M`rbi 52> =2.42 1,4?4.8> 8,>2?.11 0,?00.>> ?8,4:=.>>

= Mjhfem`c 055 2.15 04,005.0: 01,81:.51 0,552.>> 8>,12?.>>

4 Miktèkhr 1:4 ?1.4? 0?,41>.85 1,>4=.24 8,?=4.>> =8,::2.>>

8 Aesjekb ?55 00.88 0,101.02 1>:.>0 =45.>> =,408.>>

1 Iec `kd b`s 2: =.>0 05,4=5.84 =1,:=5.18 =,4>5.>> 01?,:1=.>>

2 ^`sshkbhr 08= 8.50 1>,?58.>= ==,>=8.?8 ?=8.>> 5>,>5>.>>

: ^ridumt t`kghr 4: 0.:8 ?8,>>5.8: ?=,:25.10 0,8:4.>> 18,01?.>>

Tit`c ?,8:5 0>>.>>]iurmh< ]h`-who, kd ùtjirs m`cmuc`teiks.

=.0.4 Acebjt Mikkhmtevety D`t`

_hmhktcy, firh `kd firh d`tò`shs j`vh hfhrbhd ik ekthrk`teik`c acebjt mikkhmteiks.Hmikifem rhsh`rmj j`s kiw st`rthd ti ush tjhsh d`tò`shs, sumj `s @rves `kd]jhp`rd (?>00) ir Uecf`zgud`y `kd Uecf`zgud`y (?>04). Rh j`vh f`dh ushd ia tjharhhcy `vècòch d`tò`sh m`cchd Iphkacebjts, wjemj miktèks `cc acebjt riuths wircdwedh`s ia L`ku`ry ?>0? `s whcc `s tjh èrcekh mifp`kehs tj`t iphr`th ik tjh riuths. 00Ioveiuscy, ikh riuth m`k oh iphr`thd oy shvhr`c èrcekh mifp`kehs. Rh diwkci`dhd `ccriuths tj`t j`d ikh ia tjh ^`meaem DFMs `s tjh irebek ir dhstek`teik. Ivhr`cc, wh j`vh82 derhmt acebjt mikkhmteiks< ?? derhmt mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk ^`meaem DFMs `kd =8ohtwhhk ^`meaem DFMs `kd itjhr hmikifehs ek tjh wircd. Tjh bhibr`pjem`c sprh`d es`s aicciws< 05 derhmt mikkhmteiks ti itjhr hmikifehs ek tjh ^`meaem/Imh`ke`, 00 derhmtmikkhmteiks ti @se`, `kd 4 derhmt mikkhmteiks ti tjh X].

Ek miktr`st ti tjh sjeppekb d`t`, tjh riuths d`t` es syffhtrem ek tjh shksh tj`t acebjts`rh ohtwhhk twi piekts o`mg `kd airtj. Ek tjh m`sh ia sjeppekb, et es miffik ti ioshrvhtj`t ikh sjep tr`vhcs kit ikcy ohtwhhk twi pirts, out miktekuhs ets tr`vhc ti v`reius`ddeteik`c dhstek`teiks, ohairh rhturkekb o`mg ti tjh pirt ia irebek.

]hvhr`c ia tjh 82 derhmt riuths ti tjh ^`meaem DFMs whrh fèktèkhd oy firh tj`k ikhmifp`ky. Iphkacebjts cesthd 002 mikkhmteiks ti tjh ^`meaem DFMs `s rhpirthd oy tjhèrcekhs. ]hvhr`c ia tjh acebjts whrh, jiwhvhr, mi-sj`rhd. Ek irdhr ti iotèk `k hstef`thia tjh arhquhkmy ia tjh mikkhmteik, wh miukthd tjh kufohr ia acebjts oy `cc èrcekhs(hxmcudekb mi-sj`rhd acebjts) phr whhg air h`mj ia tjh derhmt riuths. Ekairf`teik ikarhquhkmy es kit `vècòch ik tjh Iphkacebjts whoseth, out w`s rhsh`rmjhd ik tjhmirrhspikdekb èrcekh whoseths. Rh aiukd tj`t ik tjh 82 mikkhmteiks ?54 acebjtsiphr`thd whhgcy.

00jttp
http://openflights.org/data.htmlhttp://openflights.org/data.htmlhttp://openflights.org/data.htmlhttp://openflights.org/data.html


13/26


=.0.8 @cc Itjhr Hmikify-sphmeaem `kd Oec`thr`c D`t`

Air iur br`vety fidhc `k`cyses ohciw, `ddeteik`c ekairf`teik es khhdhd ik hmikifehs`s whcc `s oec`thr`c rhc`teiksjeps (shh @pphkdex). Tjh mirrhspikdekb d`t` w`sdiwkci`dhd arif tjh whoseth ia tjh Mhktrh dHtudhs ^risphmtevhs ht dEkairf`teiks

Ekthrk`teik`chs (MHÊE), ` ch`dekb Arhkmj ekthrk`teik`c hmikifems rhsh`rmj ekstetuth.Tjh aicciwekb v`reòchs `rh ushd ek iur `k`cyses< aerst, bhibr`pjem`c dest`kmh ohtwhhktwi hmikifehs7 shmikd, tjh ush ia ` miffik iaaeme`c c`kbu`bh ir htjkem c`kbu`bhspighk ohtwhhk tr`dekb p`rtkhrs7 tjerd, wjhtjhr tr`dekb p`rtkhrs j`vh ohhk ek `micike`c rhc`teiksjep7 `kd aek`ccy, wjhtjhr tr`dekb p`rtkhrs sj`rh ` miffik micikezhr.Rh j`vh kit ekmcudhd itjhr duffy v`reòchs (sumj `s miktekbhkmy) `s air tjh ^`meaemDFMs et ikcy `ppcehs ti vhry ahw m`shs. @ dhtèchd dhsmrepteik ia tjh v`reòchs ushd m`koh aiukd ek tjh @pphkdex.

=.? Kidhs De`br`fs

=.?.0 ]jeppekb vhrsus Tr`dh AciwsIkh pisseoecety ti eccustr`th iur d`t`shts es oy usekb kidh de`br`fs. @ kidh de`br`fdhpemts `cc pisseoch mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk kidhs `s whcc `s tjh ekthksety ia tjhmikkhmteik. Aeburh = sjiws ik tjh chat tjh derhmt sjeppekb mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk ^`meaemDFM] `kd f`lir p`rtkhrs. Ek irdhr ti ekmrh`sh rh`dòecety wh j`vh ebkirhd tjh derhmtsjeppekb cekgs wetj wh`ghr ekthksetehs (chss tj`k ?> hktrehs ek iur s`fpch). Tjhtjemgkhss ia tjh cekhs eccustr`ths tjh ekthksety ia tjh sjeppekb mikkhmteik. Tjh ousehstmikkhmteiks wetjek tjh ^`meaem DFMs whrh ohtwhhk ^KB `kd ]icifik Esc`kds.Ohtwhhk ^`meaem DFMs `kd itjhr ^`meaem miuktrehs, tjh sjeppekb mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk^KB `kd @ustr`ce` `s whcc `s Aele `kd Khw \h`c`kd miukthd tjh fist tràaem. Iutsedhtjh ^`meaem/Imh`ke`, tjh riuth ohtwhhk tjh ^_M `kd ^KB `pph`rs ti oh oy a`r tjh

ousehst.Ik tjh rebjt-j`kd sedh ia Aeburh = wh j`vh dhpemthd tjh tr`dh mikkhmteiks `fikb^`meaem DFMs `s whcc `s ohtwhhk ^`meaem DFMs `kd tjh hmikifehs tj`t j`d f`lirderhmt sjeppekb cekgs (edhktem`c cest ia miuktrehs `s tjh chat-j`kd sedh). Rh ioshrvh tj`ttjh tr`dh who es vhry dhksh. Tjh ^`meaem DFMs hxpirt ti f`ky ia tjh hmikifehsekmcudhd ek tjh br`pj. Mifp`rhd ti tjh tr`dh br`pj, tjh chat sjeppekb br`pj `pph`rsvhry sp`rshcy pipuc`thd. Ek itjhr wirds, tjh tr`dh cekg`bhs `rh fumj firh arhquhkttj`k tjh sjeppekb mikkhmteiks. Tjes efpcehs tj`t ` suost`ktevh `fiukt ia tr`dh es kitderhmtcy sjepphd out riuthd tjriubj ikh ir firh hmikifehs. Et es whcc gkiwk tj`t wircdtr`dh es irb`kezhd ek ` juo `kd spigh systhf (air hx`fpch, shh Recfsfhehr `kdKitthoiif W?>>5V). Tjes `rmjethmturh j`s ohhk hstòcesjhd p`rtcy aicciwekb hmikifemr`teik`ch7 jiwhvhr, et iathk efpcehs suost`kte`ccy jebjhr tr`dh mists air spigh hmikifehs

mifp`rhd ti juo hmikifehs.

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Aeburh 4< Kidh De`br`fs ia Derhmt Acebjt Mikkhmteiks `kd Tiuresf Aciwsohtwhhk @se` `kd tjh ^`meaem `kd wetjek tjh ^`meaem

^`meaem DFM 6 `meaem dhvhcipekb fhfohr miuktry.

Kith< Ikcy hmikifehs wetj `t ch`st ikh acebjt mikkhmteik ti ikh ia tjh ^`meaem DFMs `rh ekmcudhd ek tjh de`br`f.

]iurmh< @utjir.

=.= Fhtjidiciby< Tjh Br`vety Hqu`teik

Ivhr 8> yh`rs `bi, tjh c`th Kiohc Cùrh`th L`k Tekohrbhk (051?) m`fh up wetj tjhedh` ti ush ` br`vety fidhc ti prhdemt oec`thr`c tr`dh aciws. Cegh tjh br`vet`teik`c airmhsek pjysems, Tekohrbhk stepuc`thd tj`t tjh vicufh ia tr`dh ohtwhhk twi miuktrehs wiucdoh ` aukmteik ia tjher dest`kmh `s whcc `s tjher f`sshs. Jh aiukd tj`t mifp`rhd ti itjhrtr`dh fidhcs, sumj `s _em`rdi ir JhmgsmjhrIjcek, tjh br`vety fidhc phrairfhd fumjohtthr ek prhdemtekb `mtu`c tr`dh aciws. Jiwhvhr, air f`ky yh`rs tjh br`vety fidhc w`sc`mgekb ` tjhirhtem`c o`mgekb arif hmikifem tjhiry.

Et w`s ikcy ek 0525 tj`t @kdhrsik privedhd ` aerst tjhirhtem`c ukdhrpekkekb (@kdhrsik0525). Ivhr tefh, firh `kd firh tr`dh fidhcs whrh dhvhciphd arif wjemj ` br`vetyhqu`teik miucd oh dhrevhd. Tjes cethr`turh w`s rhvevhd `t tjh ohbekkekb ia tjh ?>>>s oytjh shfek`c miktreouteiks ia H`tik `kd Girtuf (?>>?) `s whcc `s @kdhrsik `kd v`kRekmiip (?>>=). Tjh twi p`phrs sjiwhd tj`t khetjhr tjh `ssufpteik ia ekmrh`sekbrhturk kir efphrahmt mifphteteik w`s khhdhd ti airfuc`th ` femri-aiukdhd br`vetyhqu`teik. @athr tjh ektridumteik ia tjh si-m`cchd khw, khw tr`dh tjhiry wetjjhthribhkhius aerfs oy Fhcetz (?>>=), et tiig cettch tefh ti dhvhcip ` mirrhspikdekbbr`vety `ppri`mj, sumj `s Mj`khy (?>>:). Bevhk tjh summhss ia tjh br`vety fidhc ekprhdemtekb ekthrk`teik`c tr`dh aciws `kd ets strikb tjhirhtem`c o`mgekb, tjh br`vety fidhcj`s fèktèkhd ets jebj pipuc`rety `s ` wirgjirsh `fikb tr`dh hmikifests.

Tjh fidhcekb ia tjh br`vety hqu`teik ushd ek tjes p`phr aicciws mcishcy tjh prhshkt`teikia Jh`d `kd F`yhr (?>04). Tjh bhkhr`c br`vety fidhc m`k oh airfuc`thd `s aicciws.=2. Tjh mihaaemehkt fh`surekb tjh arhquhkmy a`ccs ti >.==. Tjh rh`sik air tjh sf`cchrmihaaemehkts febjt oh tj`t oitj mikkhmtevety v`reòchs `rh mirrhc`thd wetj dest`kmh,hsphme`ccy wjhk wh ekmcudh zhri tr`dh aciws. Aek`ccy, tjh îessik rhbrhsseik rhsuctssjiw tjh efpirt`kt rich ia micike`c cekgs.

Tòch =< Br`vety Hstef`teik _hsucts ia ^`meaem Dhvhcipekb Fhfohr MiuktryHxpirts (?>00?>0= `vhr`bh)

(0) (?) (=) (4) (8)

Q`reòchs Cib(Tr`dh) Cib (Tr`dh) Cib(Tr`dh) Tr`dh Tr`dh

Cib (Dest`kmh) -0.=1*** ->.:8** ->.=5 -0.54*** -0.41**

(>.=4=) (>.=8>) (>.==5) (>.101) (>.240)

Miffik iaaeme`c c`kbu`bh >.2=* >.28* >.10 ->.>: ->.>8

(>.4??) (>.4?1) (>.4?4) (0.?=4) (0.?24)

Miffik itjhr c`kbu`bh ->.2:** ->.:0** ->.15* ->.=8 ->.=5

(>.=88) (>.=1>) (>.=88) (0.>84) (0.>25)Hvhr ek micike`c rhc`teiksjep >.1: >.81 >.4= 0.82*** 0.44***

(>.8=8) (>.848) (>.8??) (>.=42) (>.=4>)

Miffik micikezhr >.81* >.4? >.=: >.0: >.>1

(>.=>?) (>.=>>) (>.?54) (>.428) (>.41:)

Derhmt sjeppekb mikkhmteik 0.8?*** >.=2

(>.=40) (>.=8=)

Cib (Arhquhkmy) 0.00*** >.==**

(>.0=2) (>.08=)

Ioshrv`teiks 0,0?1 0,0?1 0,0?1 ?,8?> ?,8?>

_-squ`rhd >.1> >.10 >.1? - -

Irebek `kd Dhstek`teik AH Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs

Hstef`teik Thmjkequh IC] IC] IC] îessik îessikKiths< _ioust st`kd`rd hrrirs `rh ek p`rhktjhshs7 *** p3>.>0, ** p3>.>8, * p3>.0.

]iurmh< @utjirs hstef`teik.

Ivhr`cc, wh aekd tj`t tr`dh mists pc`y ` ghy rich ek sj`pekb tjh tr`dh ia ^`meaemhmikifehs. Jiwhvhr, shvhr`c ^`meaem hmikifehs `rh vhry sf`cc, `kd hstòcesjekb khwsjeppekb cekgs ir ekmrh`sekb tjh arhquhkmy ia hxestekb mikkhmteiks febjt kit ohhmikifem`ccy ah`seoch ir dhseròch. Tjh ^`meaem hmikifehs chkd tjhfshcvhs ti ` juo`kd spigh `rr`kbhfhkt air sjeppekb, wjemj sjiucd oh miirdek`thd `t tjh rhbeik`c chvhc.

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4.? Br`vety Hstef`teik _hsucts air Tiuresf Aciws

Khxt, wh prhshkt tjh rhsucts ia tjh br`vety hqu`teik `ppri`mj air tiuresf aciws ti tjh^`meaem. Ik tjh chat j`kd sedh ia iur hqu`teik wh j`vh tjh `vhr`bh kufohr ia tiurest

`rrev`cs ti ikh ia tjh 04 ^`meaem DFMs air tjh yh`rs ?>0>, ?>00, `kd ?>0?. Tjh`vhr`bh kufohr ia tiurests es hxpcèkhd oy ` kufohr ia v`reòchs, ekmcudekb dest`kmh,acebjt mikkhmtevety, `kd tjh ikhs `csi ushd ek tjh br`vety hqu`teik air tr`dh aciws.

Tòch 4< Br`vety Hstef`teik _hsucts ia Tiuresf Aciws

(0) (?) (=) (4) (8)

Q`reòchs Cib(Tiurest) Cib(Tiurest) Cib(Tiurest) Tiurest Tiurest

Cib (Dest`kmh) -?.4:*** -0.::*** -0.24*** -?.:2*** -?.28***

(>.4:2) (>.881) (>.8:1) (>.852) (>.2?>)

Miffik iaaeme`c c`kbu`bh >.4> >.?1 >.?8 0.24** 0.2:**

(>.82?) (>.8:>) (>.828) (>.215) (>.288)

Miffik itjhr c`kbu`bh >.40 >.?1 >.?? ->.=5 ->.1:**(>.==>) (>.=?4) (>.=?8) (>.=40) (>.===)

Hvhr ek micike`c rhc`teiksjep >.55*** >.:1*** >.21** >.08 >.>5

(>.=80) (>.=?5) (>.=40) (>.=48) (>.=1=)

Miffik micikezhr >.10 >.?8 >.?8 >.42 >.45(>.811) (>.8:4) (>.811) (>.8=:) (>.8=?)

Derhmt acebjt mikkhmteik >.:?** 0.>:**

(>.=??) (>.41>)

Cib (Arhquhkmy) >.02*** >.02*

(>.>1=) (>.>5=)

Ioshrv`teiks 020 020 020 148 148

_-squ`rhd >.50 >.50 >.50 - -

Irebek `kd dhstek`teik AH Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs

Hstef`teik thmjkequh IC] IC] IC] îessik îessikKiths< _ioust st`kd`rd hrrirs `rh ek p`rhktjhshs7 *** p3>.>0, ** p3>.>8, * p3>.0.


Ek micufk (0) wh prhshkt tjh rhsucts ia tjh o`shcekh br`vety hqu`teik hstef`thd oy IC]`kd usekb irebek `kd dhstek`teik aexhd haahmts. Tjh aerst ioshrv`teik es tj`t tjh dest`kmhmihaaemehkt es ia jebjhr f`bketudh (-?.4:) mifp`rhd ti tjh br`vety hqu`teik rhsucts airtr`dh ek biids aciws (-0.=1) `kd m`pturhs tjh jebj mists ia rh`mjekb dhstek`teiks ek tjh^`meaem air tiurests. Air wircdwedh tiurest aciws, tjh dest`kmh mihaaemehkt es ia jebjhrf`bketudh (`riukd -0.4) mifp`rhd ti biids tr`dh.0?Tjh ^`meaem miuktrehs tjus `bèksuaahr arif ` suost`kte`c cim`teik`c des`dv`kt`bh wjhk `ttr`mtekb ekthrk`teik`c tiurests.

]efec`r ti biids tr`dh, sj`rekb ` micike`c p`st es stecc `k efpirt`kt dhthrfek`kt ia tiurest`rrev`cs ek tjh ^`meaem. Ekthrhstekbcy, sph`gekb ` miffik c`kbu`bh dihs kit pc`y ` richair ^`meaem tiurest aciws ek tjh sefpch IC] sphmeaem`teik. Ivhr`cc, iur o`shcekh br`vetyrhbrhsseiks shhf ti fidhc tjh tiurest aciws ti tjh ^`meaem vhry whcc wetj `k _-squ`rhdia ivhr 5>%.

Ek micufk (?) wh `dd tjh duffy v`reòch tj`t miktrics air tjh hxesthkmh ia ` derhmtacebjt mikkhmteik. Tjh mihaaemehkt es jebjcy st`testem`ccy sebkeaem`kt `kd j`s ` f`bketudhia >.:?. Et es tjus `bèk sf`cchr tj`k tjh h`rcehr rhsucts air biids tr`dh. @bèk, et m`k ohekthrprhthd `s aicciws< ^`meaem miuktrehs tj`t j`vh ` derhmt acebjt mikkhmteik ti ikh ia tjh

0?

Air itjhr shrvemhs tr`dh, tjh dest`kmh mihaaemehkt es suost`kte`ccy ciwhr, riukd >.2 (shh Gefur` W?>>1V).

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siurmh miuktrehs ia tiurests rhmhevh ik `vhr`bh òiut ?.?2 (hxpW>.:?V) tefhs `s f`kytiurests `s ^`meaem miuktrehs wetjiut ` derhmt acebjt mikkhmteik. Rjhk ekmcudekb tjhduffy air ` derhmt acebjt mikkhmteik, tjh dest`kmh mihaaemehkt drips ti 0.::. ]efec`r titjh biids tr`dh, tjh mikkhmtevety hxpcèks ` sebkeaem`kt pripirteik ia tjh mists rhc`thd tidest`kmh.

Tjh mihaaemehkt air tjh arhquhkmy ia acebjt mikkhmteiks es ekmcudhd ek tjh rhbrhsseikrhsucts cesthd ek micufk (=). Tjh rhsuct efpcehs tj`t ekmrh`sekb tjh arhquhkmy oy 0% weccekmrh`sh (ik `vhr`bh wetj hvhrytjekb jhcd hqu`c) tiurests oy òiut >.?%. Tjh dest`kmhmihaaemehkt es `bèk suost`kte`ccy ciwhr ek tjes rhbrhsseik mifp`rhd ti hqu`teik (0),ekdem`tekb tj`t dest`kmh p`rte`ccy m`pturhs tjh mists rhc`thd ti tjh arhquhkmy ia acebjts.

Ek micufk (4) `kd (8) wh j`vh rh-ruk tjh hqu`teik `ppcyekb ` îessik FC hstef`tir.Tjh îessik FC hstef`tir dihs kit mikvhrbh wjhk `cc miuktrehs ek tjh wircd `rhekmcudhd `s pisseoch siurmh miuktrehs air tiurests ek tjh ^`meaem. Rh j`vh tjhrhairhekmcudhd `s pisseoch siurmh miuktrehs ikcy tjish miuktrehs arif wjemj `t ch`st ikhvesetir `rrevhd ek tjh yh`rs ?>0>?>0?. Ivhr`cc, wh miukthd 41 miuktrehs.

Tjh rhbrhsseik rhsucts ek micufk (4) sjiw tj`t dest`kmh kiw ohmifhs `k hvhk oebbhrefphdefhkt air tiuresf. Tjes rhsuct es ektuetevh `s kiw zhri tiuresf aciws `rh ekmcudhd`s dhphkdhkt v`reòchs `kd hxpcèkhd oy dest`kmh. Tjh duffy v`reòch m`pturekb `derhmt acebjt mikkhmteik es `bèk jebjcy st`testem`ccy sebkeaem`kt `kd mcish ti ikh. Tjhmihaaemehkt fh`surekb tjh arhquhkmy ia tjh mikkhmteik j`s ` vhry sefec`r f`bketudhmifp`rhd ti tjh rhbrhsseik cesthd ek micufk (=).

Ek iur br`vety hqu`teik, wh j`vh miktricchd air irebek `kd dhstek`teik mj`r`mthrestems oyektridumekb tjh mirrhspikdekb aexhd haahmts (kit rhpirthd). Tjh sebk `kd f`bketudh iatjh miuktry aexhd haahmts subbhst tj`t tjh oebbhst pithkte`c air khw tiurests ti tjh ^`meaemcehs ek tjh ^_M `kd Ekdikhse`. Bevhk tjher bhibr`pjem`c prixefety, pipuc`teiks, `kdhmikifem sezh, tjh fidhc efpcehs tj`t tiurest `rrev`cs ek tjh ^`meaem arif tjhsh twi

miuktrehs `rh a`r ohciw pithkte`c.Ek suff`ry, iur rhsucts ekdem`th tj`t oitj derhmt acebjt mikkhmteiks `kd tjh arhquhkmy iaacebjts `rh efpirt`kt dhthrfek`kts ia tiurest aciws ti tjh ^`meaem. Ek tjh aicciwekb shmteikwh privedh shvhr`c rioustkhss mjhmgs ohairh desmussekb tjh efpcem`teiks ia iur rhsucts.

4.= _ioustkhss Mjhmgs

Tjh hxesthkmh ia sjeppekb cekgs `kd acebjt mikkhmteiks m`kkit `cw`ys oh `ssufhd ti ohauccy hxibhkiuscy dhthrfekhd, out r`tjhr tjh ippiseth. Tjh mikkhmtevety ia `k hmikifyes ek fist m`shs ` aukmteik ia tjh dhf`kd air tjh tr`kspirt`teik ia biids `kd shrvemhs.Ek irdhr ti miktric air hkdibhkhety wh `ppcy `k ekstrufhkt`c v`reòch (EQ) `ppri`mj.

Tjh EQ fhtjid es o`shd ik tjh edh` ia j`vekb `k `ddeteik`c v`reòch tj`t es ukmirrhc`thdti tjh hrrir thrf ek hqu`teik (?), out es p`rte`ccy mirrhc`thd wetj tjh v`reòch tj`t suaahrsarif hkdibhkhety. Ek iur m`sh, tjh mikkhmtevety v`reòchs (derhmt mikkhmteik `s whcc `sarhquhkmy) `rh tjh ikhs tj`t suaahr arif hkdibhkhety. Ek irdhr ti miktric air tjh c`tthr,wh pripish tjh aicciwekb ekstrufhkts.?8 -?.51*** -0.=4* ->.::

(>.=:?) (>.4:2) (>.452) (>.145) (>.251) (>.:1=)Miffik iaaeme`cc`kbu`bh ?.>1** ?.?:** ?.01** 0.=2 >.81 >.41

(>.:14) (>.::0) (>.:2:) (0.>=?) (>.58:) (>.::1)Miffik itjhrc`kbu`bh -0.21*** -0.:1*** -0.20*** >.51 >.:1 >.2=

(>.882) (>.812) (>.8=8) (>.224) (>.2?2) (>.2?:)

Hvhr ek micike`crhc`teiksjep 0.=?* 0.?=* >.52* 0.=1 0.>2 >.1>

(>.1:>) (>.1:1) (>.8:?) (>.511) (>.5?:) (0.>=>)

Miffik micikezhr >.21* >.1= >.80 >.:? >.?? >.?=

(>.4=?) (>.4?0) (>.=55) (>.245) (>.2>8) (>.1?2)

Derhmt mikkhmteik >.5?** 0.20**

(>.4?4) (>.184)

Cib (Arhquhkmy) >.52*** >.=5**

(>.0:?) (>.04:)

Ioshrv`teiks ==: ==: ==: :0 :0 :0

_-squ`rhd >.1: >.15 >.20 >.:8 >.:2 >.:2Irebek `kd

dhstek`teik AH Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs Uhs UhsHstef`teikthmjkequh IC] IC] IC] IC] IC] IC]

Kiths< _ioust st`kd`rd hrrirs `rh ek p`rhktjhshs7 *** p3>.>0, ** p3>.>8, * p3>.0.


Tjh s`fpch sezh air biids tr`dh `kd tiuresf aciws es kiw sf`cchr, `s wh ikcy ekmcudhdtjish miuktrehs tj`t j`vh hetjhr ` sjeppekb ir acebjt mikkhmteik ti tjh ^`meaem. Jiwhvhr,tjh rhsucts aiukd h`rcehr `rh vhry stòch. @s hxphmthd, tjh dest`kmh mihaaemehkt ekmrh`shssebkeaem`ktcy air oitj tr`dh ek biids `kd tiuresf (micufks W0V `kd W4V). Ek tjh itjhrmicufks `cc mikkhmtevety v`reòchs `rh jebjcy st`testem`ccy sebkeaem`kt `kd ia sefec`rf`bketudh mifp`rhd ti tjh prhveius rhsucts. Ek suff`ry, usekb ` deaahrhkt dest`kmhfh`surh mikaerfs tjh rhsucts aiukd h`rcehr.

8. DE]MX]]EIK @KD MIKMCX]EIK

8.0 Desmusseik

Tjes p`phr jebjcebjts tjh pithkte`c ia ekmrh`shd mikkhmtevety ia tjh ^`meaem DFMs.Jiwhvhr, shvhr`c wirds ia mùteik `rh ek irdhr.

Aerst, wh `rh a`mhd wetj mhrtèk d`t` cefet`teiks ia iur dhphkdhkt v`reòchs. Air biidshxpirts, et wiucd oh edh`c ti j`vh `k hstef`th ia tjh tit`c vicufh ia tr`dh (ek tiks)eksth`d ia tjh v`cuh (ek murrhkt X] dicc`rs) `s iur fèk rhsh`rmj ekthrhst es `sshssekb

tjh haahmt ia pjysem`c sjeppekb mikkhmtevety. Jiwhvhr, ek ekthrk`teik`c tr`dh st`testems,

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`p`rt arif tjh biids v`cuh, pridumts j`vh deaahrhkt ukets (whebjt ek gecibr`fs, cethrs,htm.), wjemj f`ghs et vhry deaaemuct ti hstef`th tjh tit`c vicufh ia oec`thr`c tr`dh aciws.Tjh v`cuh ia ` oec`thr`c tr`dh aciw es iathk ` biid prixy ia tjh vicufh. Jiwhvhr, eksifh m`shs et febjt ivhrhstef`th ir ukdhrhstef`th tjh tr`dh vicufh. Air hx`fpch,mhrtèk ^`meaem DFMs hxpirt c`rbh `fiukts ia prhmeius r`w f`thre`cs, sumj `s bicd,wjemj j`vh rhc`tevhcy ciw whebjt mifp`rhd ti tjher v`cuh ek tjh tr`dh st`testems. @kitjhrd`t` mikmhrk es tj`t air tiuresf aciws, wh j`vh `khmdit`c hvedhkmh tj`t tjh kufohr iatiurests febjt ek sifh m`shs oh ivhrst`thd. Air hx`fpch, ek tjh m`sh ia ^KB, tiurests`rh kit rhquerhd ti rhquhst ` ves` preir ti tr`vhcekb ti tjh miuktry. @s ` mikshquhkmh,^KB vesetirs wetj ` deaahrhkt purpish rhbuc`rcy mcèf ti oh tiurests. Jiwhvhr, tjes oe`sfebjt oh cefethd `s sifh tr`vhchrs tj`t veset ` miuktry air `kitjhr rh`sik tj`k tiuresffebjt hxthkd tjher st`y `kd miksufh tiuresf shrvemhs.

]hmikd, mhrtèk m`vh`ts khhd ti oh fhkteikhd òiut iur hmikifhtrem hstef`teiks. Rhj`vh f`dh `k `tthfpt ti miktric air tjh priochf ia hkdibhkhety. Jiwhvhr, tjhekstrufhkts ushd si a`r febjt kit oh phrahmt. Auturh rhsh`rmj febjt w`kt ti try tiohtthr miktric hkdibhkhety. Et `csi j`s ti oh kithd tj`t iur hmikifhtrem fidhc

hstef`ths `vhr`bh f`rbek`c haahmts. Kit hvhry khw mikkhmteik ir ekmrh`sh ek tjharhquhkmy ia mikkhmteiks wecc j`vh tjh s`fh haahmt.

Aek`ccy, ek iur hstef`ths wh j`vh kit t`ghk hxpcemetcy ekti `mmiukt tjh suppcy mikstrèktsia ^`meaem DFMs ek whcmifekb firh tiurests. _h`cezekb tjh prifesekb hmikifemippirtuketehs tj`t mifh wetj firh tiurests wecc mhrtèkcy dhphkd kit ikcy ik ohtthrmikkhmtevety, out ik mrh`tekb hmikifem mikdeteiks tj`t a`mecet`th firh tiuresf. Fistefpirt`ktcy, et es tjh m`p`mety ia ^`meaem DFMs ti `mmiffid`th tjh ekmrh`shd dhf`kdair jithcs, `fhketehs, `kd itjhr a`mecetehs tj`t mifh wetj `ddeteik`c tiurests tj`t weccdhthrfekh jiw fumj tjhy wiucd ohkhaet arif tjh prhshkmh ia firh vesetirs arif khwacebjts ti `kd wetjek tjh rhbeik. Rjech ekmrh`sekb acebjts ti tjh ^`meaem DFMs wiucd`ttr`mt firh tiurests, suost`kte`c ekvhstfhkts ek ekar`strumturh wiucd oh khhdhd ti

hksurh tj`t `ky briwtj ek tiuresf`kd tjh hmikifem ohkhaets `ssime`thd wetj etwiucd oh sustèkhd.

8.? Mikmcuseik

Ek tjes p`phr wh j`vh aiukd strikb hvedhkmh tj`t mikkhmtevety ia tjh ^`meaem es `kefpirt`kt dhthrfek`kt ia tjher ekthbr`teik ekti tjh wircd hmikify. @ppcyekb ` br`vetyfidhc ti aciws ia biids `kd shrvemhs (tiuresf) yehcds shvhr`c khw sebjts. Aerst, tjhrhfithkhss ia ^`meaem DFMs fh`surhd oy tjher bhibr`pjem`c dest`kmh arif tjhertr`dekb p`rtkhrs `mts `s f`lir o`rrehr ti tr`dh. Ik `vhr`bh, ^`meaem DFMs a`mhsuost`kte`ccy jebjhr tr`dh mists mifp`rhd ti wircd `vhr`bh air biids tr`dh. Ek m`sh iatiuresf, ^`meaem miuktrehs `csi a`mh ` cim`teik`c des`dv`kt`bh wjhk `ttr`mtekbekthrk`teik`c tiurests. ]hmikd, tjh br`vety hqu`teik sjiws tj`t ` derhmt tr`kspirt`teikcekg wetj tr`dekb p`rtkhrs firh tj`k diuochs tr`dh aciws. Tjes rhsuct `ppcehs `cfisthqu`ccy ti tjh aciws ia biids `kd tiuresf. Aek`ccy, ` jebjhr arhquhkmy ek tr`kspirt`teikes `kitjhr efpirt`kt dhthrfek`kt ia tr`dh phrairf`kmh, hsphme`ccy air biids tr`dh.

Tjh miktreouteiks ia tjes p`phr `rh twiaicd. Aerst, wh hxpciet air tjh aerst tefh ` d`tò`shik sjeppekb mikkhmteiks `kd mifoekh et wetj ekthrk`teik`c tr`dh aciws. Tjh aerst rhsuctsia tjes hxhrmesh `rh jebjcy prifesekb. Rh j`vh kiw ` ohtthr ukdhrst`kdekb ia jiw tjhsjeppekb khtwirg ek tjh ^`meaem mifp`rhs ti tjh tr`dh khtwirg. Ek tjh auturh, et wiucd ohefpirt`kt ti j`vh `mmhss ti mifprhjhksevh jestirem`c sjeppekb d`t`. @mmhss ti tjesd`t` wiucd `cciw `sshssfhkt ia v`reius picemy ekthrvhkteiks. Air hx`fpch, shvhr`c^`meaem hmikifehs `rh murrhktcy upbr`dekb tjh pjysem`c ekar`strumturh ia pirts.

Hxpcietekb tjh d`tò`sh miucd `cciw ti fh`surh tjh efp`mt ia tjhsh f`lir pirt

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23/26


ekar`strumturh ekvhstfhkts. Aurtjhrfirh, et wiucd oh jebjcy ekthrhstekb ti study wjemjpirt ekar`strumturh wiucd oh hmikifem`ccy iptef`c air tjh rhbeik. Bevhk tjh sf`cc sezh iaf`ky ^`meaem hmikifehs kit hvhry pirt m`k haaemehktcy iphr`th `s ` juo. Mifoekekbtr`dh `kd sjeppekb d`t` ikh miucd m`cmuc`th tjh juo-`kd-spigh `rr`kbhfhkt tj`t esiptef`c air tjh rhbeik. @kitjhr `ppcem`teik wiucd oh ti fh`surh ek rh`c tefh tjhhmikifem ekthbr`teik wetjek `kd ohtwhhk rhbeiks. Aek`ccy, mifp`rhd ti ekthrk`teik`ctr`dh d`t`, tjh sjeppekb d`t` es rhmirdhd ek rh`c tefh `kd miucd tjhrhairh `csi oh ushd`s ` prixy air swekbs ek ekthrk`teik`c tr`dh.

]hmikd, tjes p`phr mikstetuths tjh aerst `tthfpt ti mifoekh oec`thr`c tiuresf d`t` wetjekthrk`teik`c acebjt mikkhmtevety d`t`. Iur rhsucts sjiw tj`t ohtthr acebjt mikkhmtevety m`koiist tiurest `rrev`cs. ]efec`r ti tjh sjeppekb d`tò`sh, hxthkdekb tjh `k`cyses oyekmcudekb jestirem`c acebjt `kd tiuresf d`t` miucd sicedeay tjh hmikifhtrem hstef`ths `kdprivedh khw eksebjts.

Aek`ccy, et j`s ti oh rhm`cchd tj`t ek irdhr ti ekmrh`sh tjh mikkhmtevety ia tjh ^`meaem firhm`k ti oh dikh tj`k upbr`dekb ia tjh pjysem`c ekar`strumturh. Air hx`fpch, ektridumekb

`kd hksurekb mifphteteik ek tjh tr`kspirt`teik shmtir es ikh ipteik. @kitjhr ipteik es ticiwhr ourhùmr`tem ir itjhr ourdhks rhc`thd ti mikkhmtevety. Air hx`fpch, @se`kDhvhcipfhkt O`kg rhsh`rmj (@ret` ht `c., airtjmifekb) sjiws tj`t sefpceaehd ves`primhdurhs m`k oiist tjh ekaciw ia tiurests. @kitjhr pisseoch sthp ti efprivh acebjtmikkhmtevety miucd oh ti ciwhr tjh c`kdekb ahhs ia èrpirts. @s ` c`st tjiubjt, wjhtjhrefprivhd mikkhmtevety wecc jhcp stefuc`th hmikifem briwtj ek tjh fhdeuf ti cikb rukwecc mrume`ccy dhphkd ik tjh m`p`mety ia ^`meaem DFMs ti rhspikd ti tjh briwekbdhf`kd. Ek tjh ohst m`sh, oitj briwekb mikkhmtevety wecc bi j`kd ek j`kd wetj `kekmrh`sh ek suppcy `kd dhf`kd.

?0


24/26


_HAH_HKMH]

@DO `kd @DOE. Airtjmifekb. ^`meaem Hmikifehs< Chvhr`bekb tjh Ohkhaets ia @se`sBriwtj `kd Ekthbr`teik. _hpirt.

@kdhrsik, L. 0525. @ Tjhirhtem`c Aiukd`teik air tjh Br`vety Hqu`teik. Tjh @fhrem`kHmikifem _hvehw15(0)< 0>1001.

@kdhrsik, L. H., `kd H. v`k Rekmiip. ?>>=. Br`vety wetj Br`vet`s< @ ]icuteik ti tjhOirdhr ûzzch. Tjh@fhrem`k Hmikifem _hvehw5=(0)< 02>05?.

@ret`, ]., ]. c` Mriex, `kd M. Hdfikds. Airtjmifekb. Tjh Haahmt ia @pprivhdDhstek`teik ]t`tus ik Fèkc`kd Mjekhsh Tr`vhc @ori`d.@se`k HmikifemLiurk`c.

@rves, L. A., `kd O. ]jhpjhrd. ?>00. Tjh @er Mikkhmtevety Ekdhx. Fh`surekb Ekthbr`teikek tjh Bcio`c @er Tr`kspirt Khtwirg. Rircd O`kg îcemy _hsh`rmj Rirgekb^`phr 82??. R`sjekbtik, DM< Rircd O`kg.

@tjugir`c`, ^. ?>00. ^ridumteik Khtwirgs `kd Tr`dh ^`tthrks ek H`st @se`(0)< 1858.

O`cdwek, _. ?>>:. F`k`bekb tjh Kiidch Oiwc< Tjh Ar`becety ia H`st @se`k _hbeik`cesf.]ekb`pirh Hmikifem _hvehw8=(=)< 44542:.

Mj`khy, T. ?>>:. Destirthd Br`vety< Tjh Ekthksevh `kd Hxthksevh F`rbeks iaEkthrk`teik`c Tr`dh. Tjh @fhrem`k Hmikifem _hvehw5:(4)< 02>202?0.

H`tik, L., `kd ]. Girtuf. ?>>?. Thmjkiciby, Bhibr`pjy, `kd Tr`dh. Hmikifhtrem`2>(8)< 02400225.

Hv`ks, M. C., `kd L. J`rreb`k. ?>>8. Dest`kmh, Tefh, `kd ]phme`cez`teik< Ch`k _htècekb

ek Bhkhr`c Hqueceoreuf.@fhrem`k Hmikifem _hvehw58(0)< ?5?=0=.Aedrfum, L. ?>>5. Br`vety Fidhcs ek Ekthbr`thd ^`khcs. Hfperem`c Hmikifems=2(?)04. Br`vety Hqu`teiks< Rirgjirsh, Tiicget `kd Miigoiig. EkJ`kdoiig ia Ekthrk`teik`c Hmikifems, Qicufh 4, hdethd oy H. Jhcpf`k, G._ibiaa, `kd B. Bipek`tj. Kirtj Jicc`kd.

Jh`d, G., `kd T. F`yhr. ?>>>. Kik-Huriph< Tjh F`bketudh `kd Mùshs ia F`rghtAr`bfhkt`teik ek tjh HX. _hvehw ia Rircd Hmikifems0=1(?)< ?:4=04.

Jh`d, G., T. F`yhr, `kd L. _ehs. ?>0>. Tjh Hriseik ia Micike`c Tr`dh Cekg`bhs àthrEkdhphkdhkmh. Liurk`c ia Ekthrk`teik`c Hmikifems:0(0)< 004.

Jhcoch, F., `kd ^. Futum. ?>04. Tjh Efpirt`kmh ia Acebjt Mikkhmtevety air Tiuresf ektjh ^`meaem. @se` ^`tjw`ys Ocib. ]hpthfohr.

Jhcpf`k, H., F. Fhcetz, `kd U. _uoeksthek. ?>>:. Tr`dekb ^`rtkhrs `kd Tr`dh Qicufhs.Pu`rthrcy Liurk`c ia Hmikifems0?=(?)< 4404:2.

Juffhcs, D. ?>>2. Tr`kspirt`teik Mists `kd Ekthrk`teik`c Tr`dh ek tjh ]hmikd Hr` iaBcio`cez`teik. Liurk`c ia Hmikifem hrsphmtevhs?0(=)< 0=0084.

Juffhcs, D., `kd @. ]geo`. ?>>4. ]jeppekb tjh Biid @ppchs Iut< @k Hfperem`cMikaerf`teik ia tjh @cmje`k-@cchk Miklhmturh. Liurk`c ia icetem`c Hmikify00??.

Gefur`, A., `kd J.-J. Chh. ?>>1. Tjh Br`vety Hqu`teik ek Ekthrk`teik`c Tr`dh ek]hrvemhs. _hvehw ia Rircd Hmikifems04?(0)< 5?0?0.

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F`rquhz-_`fis, C., E. F`rtekhz-\`rzisi, H. ^hrhz-B`rme`, `kd B. Recfsfhehr. ?>00.F`retefh Khtwirgs, ]hrvemhs ]trumturh `kd F`retefh Tr`dh. Khtwirg ]p`te`cHmikifems00< 888821.

FmM`ccuf, L. 0558. K`teik`c Oirdhrs F`tthr< M`k`d`X] _hbeik`c Tr`dh ^`tthrks.

Tjh @fhrem`k Hmikifem _hvehw:8(=)< 1081?=.FmM`kk, ^. ?>>8. Tr`kspirt Mists `kd Khw Hmikifem Bhibr`pjy. Liurk`c ia

Hmikifem Bhibr`pjy8(=)< =>8=0:.

Fhcetz, F. ?>>=. Tjh Efp`mt ia Tr`dh ik Ektr`-ekdustry _h`ccim`teiks `kd @bbrhb`thEkdustry ^ridumtevety. Hmikifhtrem`20(1)< 015802?8.

Irb`kes`teik air Hmikifem Mi-iphr`teik `kd Dhvhcipfhkt (IHMD). ?>0?. F`ppekbBcio`c Q`cuh Mjèks. Rirgekb ^`rty ia tjh Tr`dh Miffetthh.

_ùmj, L. H. 0555. Khtwirgs vhrsus F`rghts ek Ekthrk`teik`c Tr`dh. Liurk`c iaEkthrk`teik`c Hmikifems.4:(0)< 2=8.

]`ktis ]ecv`, L. `kd ]. Thkrhyri. ?>>1. Tr`dekb ^`rtkhrs `kd Tr`dekb Qicufhs>5. Dhthrfek`kts ia Cekhr ]jeppekb KhtwirgMikaebur`teik< @ Twi _hbeik Mifp`resik. ^rimhhdekbs ia tjh ?>>5Ekthrk`teik`c @ssime`teik ia F`retefh Hmikifests (E@FH) Mikahrhkmh, Lukh,Miphkj`bhk, Dhkf`rg.

Recfsfhehr, B., `kd L. Jiaaf`kk. ?>>:. Cekhr ]jeppekb Mikkhmtevety `kd Ekar`strumturh`s Dhthrfek`kts ia Arhebjt _`ths ek tjh M`reooh`k. F`retefh Hmikifems &

Cibestems0>< 0=>080.

Rekthrs, C. @., `kd ^. F`rteks. ?>>4. Rjhk Mifp`r`tevh @dv`kt`bh es Kit Hkiubj>?. Hmikifhtrem @k`cyses ia Mriss ]hmteik `kd ^`khc D`t`.M`foredbh, F@< FET ^rhss.

Uecf`zgud`y, D., `kd J. Uecf`zgud`y. ?>04. Tjh _ich ia Derhmt Acebjts ek Tr`dh Mists.Ahdhr`c _hshrvh O`kg ia D`cc`s. Rirgekb ^`phr Ki. 025.

jttp04/>025.

\wekghcs, _. M. L., `kd ]. Ohubhcsdelg. ?>0>. Br`vety Hqu`teiks< Rirgjiush ir Tril`kJirsh ek Hxpcèkekb Tr`dh `kd ADE ^`tthrks `mriss Tefh `kd ]p`mh9Ekthrk`teik`c Ousekhss _hvehw05(0)< 0>?008.

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26/26


@^^HKDEZ

]uff`ry ia Q`reòchs

Q`reòch Xket Dhsmrepteik

Efpirts Murrhkt X]dicc`rs

Efpirts ia hmikify e ti hmikify l ek yh`r t

Hxpirts Murrhkt X]dicc`rs

Hxpirts ia hmikify e ti hmikify l ek yh`r t

Dest`kmh Gecifhthrs Bhibr`pjem`c dest`kmh ohtwhhk tjh twihmikifehs fist pipuc`thd metehs

Miktekbhkmy >70 Xkety ea twi hmikifehs sj`rh ` c`kd oirdhr,zhri itjhrwesh.

Miffik iaaeme`c c`kbu`bh >70 Xkety ea twi hmikifehs sj`rh `k iaaeme`c irpref`ry c`kbu`bh, zhri itjhrwesh.

Miffik htjkem c`kbu`bh >70 Xkety ea ` miffik c`kbu`bh es spighk oy `tch`st 5% ia tjh pipuc`teik ek oitj hmikifehs,zhri itjhrwesh.

Miciky >70 Xkety ea tjh hmikify pèr j`s hvhr ohhk ek `micike`c rhc`teiksjep, zhri itjhrwesh.

Miffik micikezhr >70 Xkety ea tjh twi hmikifehs sj`rh ` miffikmicikezhr, zhri itjhrwesh.

Acebjt mikkhmteik >70 Xkety ea ` acebjt riuth hxests ohtwhhk twihmikifehs, zhri itjhrwesh.

Acebjt arhquhkmy >2 Kufohr ia acebjt mikkhmteiks ohtwhhk twi

hmikifehs phr whhg.

]jeppekb mikkhmteik >70 Xkety ea `t ch`st ikh sjep tr`vhcchd arif tjhhmikify ia irebek ti tjh hmikify iadhstek`teik ek ?>0=, zhri itjhrwesh.

]jeppekb arhquhkmy Kufohr iasjeps

Tit`c kufohr ia sjeps tj`t tr`vhcchd arifirebek ti dhstek`teik ek ?>0=.

]iurmh< @utjir.

the pacific's connectivity and its trade implications

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