The Origins of Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet: Predicting School Achievement Alfred Binet Indentifying French school children in need of assistance Mental ageMental age Chronological age The Origins of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ Stanford-Binet TestStanford-Binet Lewis Terman Intelligence quotient (IQ)Intelligence quotient (IQ) IQ = (mental age/chronological age) X 100 IQ of 100 is considered average World War I testing Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Achievement tests Aptitude tests Twin and Adoption Studies Identical twin studies Polygenetic Adoptive children studies Heritability Environmental Influences Early environmental influences Tutored human enrichment Targeted training Schooling and intelligence Project Head Start Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007 Heritability and Group Differences Heritability Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences Heritability says nothing about between-group differences Principles of Test Construction Fill In the Chart Below! Standardization Normal curve (bell curve)Normal curve Normal Curve Extremes of Intelligence The Low Extreme Intellectual disability Mental retardation Down syndromeDown syndrome 21 st chromosome Mainstreamed Extremes of Intelligence Classifications of Intellectual Disability LevelApproximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self- supporting social and vocational skills Moderate35-50 May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training ProfoundBelow 25 Require constant aid and supervision Extremes of Intelligence The High Extreme Termans study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy Appropriate developmental placement Tracking students Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Are the Components of Intelligence? Savant syndrome Found in individuals who have a remarkable talent even though they are mentally slow in other domains Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Size and Complexity Brain size studies Brain complexity studies Neural plasticity Gray matter versus white matter Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Function Perceptual speed Neurological speed Are you smart enough to be in the army? Take the test to find out! Samples of a Typical IQ Test How is this similar to/different from the military intelligence test? Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cultural Definitions of Intelligence Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that intelligence has different meanings in different cultures The Question of Bias Test-takers expectations Stereotype threat Uses & abuses of testing Eugenics Education & other opportunities Principles of Test Construction Standardization Flynn effect Principles of Test Construction Validity Validity Content validityContent validity Criterion Predictive validityPredictive validity Principles of Test Construction Reliability Reliability Scores correlate Test-retest reliability Split-half reliability Shoe-Size Intelligence Test IQ = Shoe Size x 10 More reliable than any other IQ test! T-Test Write as many Ts as you can in 15 seconds Is this test a good measure of intelligence? Try Again! Is this test valid? Reliable? The military IQ test was: a.Valid but not reliable b.Reliable but not valid c.Neither valid nor reliable d.Both reliable and valid Teacher Information Types of Files This presentation has been saved as a basic Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this Teacher Information section. 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These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only copying down what is on the screen and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using theaddress on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation. Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about what might come next in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx xxx Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished Definition Slide = add definition here Definition Slides Intelligence Test = a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. Intelligence = mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. General Intelligence (g) = a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. Factor Analysis = a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify difference dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score. Savant Syndrome = a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. Emotional Intelligence = the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Mental Age = a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. Stanford-Binet = the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binets original intelligence test. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca X 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. Achievement Tests = tests designed to assess what a person has learned. Aptitude Tests = tests designed to predict a persons future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) = the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. Standardization = defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Normal Curve = a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Reliability = the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. Validity = the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. Content Validity = the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. Predictive Validity = the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity). Intellectual Disability = (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. Down Syndrome = a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Stereotype Threat = a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.