The Opening of The Opening of AmericaAmerica

Experience HistoryExperience History

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Expansion and MigrationExpansion and Migration

American perspective shifts from Europe American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815 to West after 1815

Land perceived as rich, unsettledLand perceived as rich, unsettled Continent held in part by the English, Continent held in part by the English,

Spanish, and IndiansSpanish, and Indians

Extending the BoundariesExtending the Boundaries

John Quincy Adams--expansionist John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824secretary of state from 1816 to 1824

Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to PacificU.S. boundary to Pacific

Settled "West" still mostly east of Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi RiverMississippi River

North America, 1819North America, 1819

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian RemovalIndian Removal

Indian Removal policy begins after 1815Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Some Indians retain tribal homelandsSome Indians retain tribal homelands Some Southern states claim jurisdiction Some Southern states claim jurisdiction

over the Indians in their bordersover the Indians in their borders Former Indian land sold to speculatorsFormer Indian land sold to speculators

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move InSettlers Move In

By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians west of the Appalachians

Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on creditcredit

Settlers immediately enter commercial Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debtfarming to pay off debt

Access to markets gained by network of Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centersmarket towns, regional centers

The People and Culture of the The People and Culture of the FrontierFrontier

West settled to escape overpopulation, West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil rising land prices, worn-out soil

Settlers bring culture with themSettlers bring culture with them Cooperation, strong community necessary Cooperation, strong community necessary

for survivalfor survival Land values rise rapidly in a few yearsLand values rise rapidly in a few years Price rise encourages rootlessness as Price rise encourages rootlessness as

many sell out and move onmany sell out and move on

The Market RevolutionThe Market Revolution

The New NationalismThe New Nationalism New generation of political leadersNew generation of political leaders Era of Good FeelingEra of Good Feeling Support for national internal Support for national internal

improvementsimprovements The Cotton TradeThe Cotton Trade

Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney dramatically altered southern agriculturedramatically altered southern agriculture

Emergence of a Market EconomyEmergence of a Market Economy

Canals cut shipping expenses for western Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturersfarmers and eastern manufacturers

Steamboats on the rivers also reduced Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial shipping costs and stimulated commercial agricultureagriculture

Roads and SteamboatsRoads and Steamboats

National Road from Cumberland, National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, VirginiaMaryland to Wheeling, Virginia

Private turnpikes built by entrepreneursPrivate turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Roads useful but unprofitableRoads useful but unprofitable

Roads and Steamboats (2)Roads and Steamboats (2)

Network of rivers encourage economic Network of rivers encourage economic developmentdevelopment

Flatboats transport down river earlyFlatboats transport down river early Steamboats transport upriver after 1811Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduce costsUpriver capabilities reduce costs Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to

establish safety regulationsestablish safety regulations

The Canal BoomThe Canal Boom

Erie Canal first transportation link between Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825East and West, 1825

Canal cuts East-West transportation costs Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramaticallydramatically

Canal stimulates commercial growth of Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York CityNew York City

A Revolution in A Revolution in TransportationTransportation

Primitive land transportation in the East Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal was offset by shipping via the coastal waterwayswaterways

After the War of 1812 political leaders After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation networkthe country’s transportation network

The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial AgricultureAgriculture

Lower transportation costs mean greater Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmerincome for the farmer

Sale to distant markets involves farmers in Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credita complex system of credit

Market stimulates specialization Market stimulates specialization Ohio Valley produces wheatOhio Valley produces wheat Lower South produces cottonLower South produces cotton

Commerce and BankingCommerce and Banking

Commercial farming stimulates new Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing system of marketing

Farmers borrow on future crops Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812State banks increase after 1812 1816--Second Bank of the United States 1816--Second Bank of the United States

created to check state bankscreated to check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

Early IndustrialismEarly Industrialism

Rise in manufacturing after 1812Rise in manufacturing after 1812 Traditional methods but innovative Traditional methods but innovative

financing through “putting out” systemfinancing through “putting out” system ““putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials

for farm families, artisans to processfor farm families, artisans to process Textile industry leads development of Textile industry leads development of

factory systemfactory system

The Rise of FactoriesThe Rise of Factories

Technological AdvancesTechnological Advances Small-scale manufacturing through factories Small-scale manufacturing through factories

and cheap transportationand cheap transportation Acceptance of technology-from 1790-1860 Acceptance of technology-from 1790-1860

the US Patent Office granted more patents the US Patent Office granted more patents than England and France combinedthan England and France combined

Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts Communication-Morse invents the telegraphCommunication-Morse invents the telegraph

The Postal SystemThe Postal System Remote areas connected to the rest of Remote areas connected to the rest of

the country through the postal systemthe country through the postal system US had an extensive postal systemUS had an extensive postal system

Textile FactoriesTextile Factories Lowell: the first fully integrated textile Lowell: the first fully integrated textile

factory factory Hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with Hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with

30 minutes for noon meal30 minutes for noon meal Transformation of Lowell from native-born Transformation of Lowell from native-born

workers to Irish immigrants causing workers to Irish immigrants causing declining wagesdeclining wages

The Politics of Nation The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812Building After the War of 1812 Politics a one-party system after 1812Politics a one-party system after 1812 Interest groups no longer take differences Interest groups no longer take differences

into the political arenainto the political arena Federal executive, legislature largely Federal executive, legislature largely

irrelevant to domestic economyirrelevant to domestic economy Supreme Court exerts influence on Supreme Court exerts influence on

economy by deciding crucial cases economy by deciding crucial cases

The Shoe IndustryThe Shoe Industry Lynn as the center of shoemaking: Lynn as the center of shoemaking:

Massachusetts town’s population doubled Massachusetts town’s population doubled every 20 yearsevery 20 years

Wages reduced because of number of Wages reduced because of number of employees neededemployees needed

In a little more than a generation In a little more than a generation shoemaking ceased to be a craftshoemaking ceased to be a craft

The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement 1834: National Trades’ Union formed1834: National Trades’ Union formed Strength of labor unions collapsed with Strength of labor unions collapsed with

the depression following the Panic of the depression following the Panic of 18371837

The Republicans in PowerThe Republicans in Power

Republicans begin adopting Federalist Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812measures after War of 1812 1815: establish high tariffs1815: establish high tariffs 1816: charter a national bank1816: charter a national bank federal aid for internal improvementsfederal aid for internal improvements

Federal efforts to stimulate economy falterFederal efforts to stimulate economy falter Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflictsMadison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts Efforts provoke sectional conflictEfforts provoke sectional conflict

Monroe as PresidentMonroe as President

James Monroe elected President in 1816, James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820reelected in 1820

Monroe seeks national harmony Monroe seeks national harmony Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes

president above such matterspresident above such matters Provides no leadership controversy over Provides no leadership controversy over

MissouriMissouri

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The IssuesThe Issues

1817--Missouri applies for statehood as 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave stateslave state

Northerners believe South over-Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives represented in House of Representatives

House rejects unless slavery abolishedHouse rejects unless slavery abolished South wishes to preserve balance between South wishes to preserve balance between

slave states and free states slave states and free states

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The SolutionThe Solution

Missouri admitted as slave stateMissouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free stateMaine admitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana

Purchase above the latitude of 36Purchase above the latitude of 3630'30' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift Missouri controversy exposed deep rift

between North and Southbetween North and South

The Missouri Compromise, The Missouri Compromise, 1820-18211820-1821

Postwar Nationalism and the Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 Marshall uses position to encourage Marshall uses position to encourage

national growthnational growth Believes Constitution exists to protect the Believes Constitution exists to protect the

industriousindustrious Protects individual property rights against Protects individual property rights against

government interferencegovernment interference Marshall uses court decisions to limit Marshall uses court decisions to limit

powers of the states powers of the states

Marshall’s MotivesMarshall’s Motives

Promote Nationalism Promote Nationalism in spite of Election of in spite of Election of 1800 and the rise of 1800 and the rise of Jefferson.Jefferson.

Strengthen the Strengthen the federal government at federal government at expense of the states.expense of the states.

Strengthen the court Strengthen the court at the expense of at the expense of President.President.

Advance the interests Advance the interests of the commerce of the commerce class.class.

Protect free enterprise Protect free enterprise from state control.from state control.

Protect the sanctity of Protect the sanctity of contracts.contracts.

Promote economic Promote economic growth and growth and industrialization.industrialization.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

ISSUE: The Georgia ISSUE: The Georgia Leg. gave large Leg. gave large amount of land to amount of land to Yazoo Company Yazoo Company (bribes) A year later, (bribes) A year later, after election, wanted after election, wanted land back.land back.

Land grant contracts Land grant contracts can not be repealed, can not be repealed, SC.SC.

PRECEDENT: Made PRECEDENT: Made Contracts “sacred”.Contracts “sacred”.

Power of the Court to Power of the Court to overrule decisions overrule decisions made by the states.made by the states.

Judicial Review of Judicial Review of State Laws – State Laws – “NATIONAL “NATIONAL SUPREMACY SUPREMACY CLAUSE” CLAUSE”

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

ISSUE: Southern ISSUE: Southern States seek to limit the States seek to limit the power of the National power of the National Bank. Bank.

Maryland placed a high Maryland placed a high tax on the Bank.tax on the Bank.

SC: Bank is SC: Bank is Constitutional, Constitutional, necessary and proper necessary and proper clause.clause.

PRECEDENT: Loose PRECEDENT: Loose interpretation of the interpretation of the Constitution, esp. Constitution, esp. necessary and proper necessary and proper clause.clause.

States can not tax States can not tax federal institution.federal institution.

Supremacy Clause.Supremacy Clause.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

ISSUE: NY gave ISSUE: NY gave Ogden monopoly over Ogden monopoly over Hudson River Ferry Hudson River Ferry Service.Service.

US gave Gibbons US gave Gibbons control of the same control of the same river.river.

State monopolies are State monopolies are worthless.worthless.

PRECEDENT: State PRECEDENT: State power to grant power to grant monopolies is limited.monopolies is limited.

Federal supremacy Federal supremacy over-interstate over-interstate commerce.commerce.

Loose interpretation of Loose interpretation of the Constitution, federal the Constitution, federal government regulates government regulates inter-state commerce. inter-state commerce.

Nationalism in Foreign Policy:Nationalism in Foreign Policy:The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republicssupports new republics

European ruling classes fear rebellion European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagiousmight prove contagious

France was encouraged to squelch France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious coloniesSpain's rebellious colonies

Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin Americaagainst French in Latin America

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2)Monroe Doctrine (2)

Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independenceprotect Latin American independence

1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European 1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemispherenations out of the Western Hemisphere

Doctrine also promises U.S. will not Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairsinterfere in European affairs

Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national developmentagainst tyranny to national development

Prosperity and AnxietyProsperity and Anxiety

The Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819 National depressionNational depression Debts became hard to pay for both city Debts became hard to pay for both city

dwellers and rural Americansdwellers and rural Americans The Missouri CrisisThe Missouri Crisis

Missouri Compromise shows sectional discordMissouri Compromise shows sectional discord Americans looked to take more direct control Americans looked to take more direct control

of the governmentof the government