The Onset of WarHistory 104 / March 25, 2013

France: the Dreyfus affair

1894: Captain Alfred Dreyfus convicted of espionage by military tribunal

1898: evidence of Dreyfus’s innocence discovered

1898: France divided into two camps

Theodor Herzl(1860-1904)

The Jewish State: Attemptat a modern solutionto the Jewish Question (1896)

Germany: the phenomenal growth of the SPD

Attention! Voters, observe!What is Social Democracy fighting for?- freedom of the press- cheap meat, cheap bread- eliminating indirect taxes- eliminating exploitation and class

domination

What are its opponents for?- expensive bread and meat- new naval and colonial burdens- maintaining exploitation

(1912 election poster)

Nicholas IITsar of Russia, 1894-1917

Russia’s near-revolution in 1905: “bloody Sunday”

Austria-Hungary:

inter-ethnic strife

As the Ottoman Empire fades…Austria & Russia compete for influence

among the successor states

The Balkans in 1878 The Balkans in 1913

Wilhelm IIEmperor (Kaiser) of Germany,

1888-1918

HMS Dreadnought (completed 1906)

The “Triple Entente”

France and Russia draw closer together

Britain makes it a triple entente, 1907

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

Archduke Franz Ferdinand(1863-1914)

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(1863-1914)Heir to the Austro-Hungarian

Empire

Franz Ferdinand’s fateful visit to Sarajevo,

June 28, 1914