NSW Excellence in Surveying & Spatial Industries Awards

AzimuthThe NSW Surveyors Monthly Magazine

www.surveyors.org.au NO. 55 ISSUE 3 | APRIL 2016PRINT POST APPROVED: PP255003/06031

EISSI Awards 2015 - An Investigation into Adverse PossessionDonation of Total Station to Athletics ACTSurveying on the Blue Mountains Road - A Historical PerspectiveCadastral Systems from Around the World - United Kingdom

Platinum Sponsor

CONTENTS

QUOTE CORNER

“Nobody’s a natural. You work hard to get good and then work to get better. It’s hard to stay on top.”– Paul Coffey

All material, opinions and reports published in this magazine are for the interest of members. No endorsement by the Institution of Surveyors, New South Wales, Incorporated, is given or implied by their publication.

12

8

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Regular Features 4 President’s Report

6 Executive Officer’s Report

7 Honorary Secretary’s Report for ISNSW Board

Meeting 5th February 2016

28 Membership Connect

29 NSW Surveying Taskforce – Job Seekers April

29 Classifieds

29 Conferences & Seminars

30 Calendar of Events

EISSI Awards 2015 8 Investigation into Adverse Possession and

Status of Road

The Profession 12 Athletics ACT

13 Some things change, some stay the same

16 Perseverance Pays

17 A Great Reunion – Past President’s Luncheon

24 Cadastral Systems from around the World –

United Kingdom

Letter to the Editor 15 Response to Paul Covell’s letter February 2016

University News 18 News from UNSW

20 News from University of Newcastle

Group News 21 Parliamentary Luncheon for the Seniors Group

of Surveyors

Book Review 23 The First Fleet by Rob Mundle

REGISTERED SURVEYORSalary Package•$150Kto$170Kincluding:

BaseSalary•Superannuation•Car•Computer•Membershipfees

andupkeepofCPDPoints

Geosurv Pty Ltd is a Land and Construction Surveying firm with offices in Sydney, Canberra, Adelaide, Newcastle and Wollongong. We provide a wide range of services to a variety of industries including Residential, Development, Construction, Commercial and Industrial Property, and our clients vary from individuals who are purchasing or renovating a home to large development companies.

We are currently looking for an experienced Registered Surveyor to join our team on a full time basis in Sydney. We are looking for experience in Strata and Stratum Surveys as well other areas of Registered Work.

Our team is friendly and supportive and our management are strong believers in a healthy work life balance. We undertake a wide variety of projects and offer an ever changing and varied workload.

An excellent remuneration package will be available and will reflect the successful candidate’s experience, knowledge and what they can bring to the firm. An opportunity for future partnership is also available to the right person, should that be their career goal.

If you are looking for a career change that will see you in a firm that strives for excellence and encourages challenge, then please send your resume to:

Michael CroftGeosurv Pty LtdPO Box R1670ROYAL EXCHANGE NSW 1225Email: michael@geosurv.com.au Fax: 1300 859 564

All applications will be treated with the utmost confidentiality.

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You do not realise how often Australians use acronyms until you receive a text from a friend who you always assumed was literate. Sunday morning’s ABC TV program the Offsiders, which to many is as spiritual as sport can be, reinforces this new speak by frequently referring to the ACB, AFL, ARU, ARL, BMX, CA and the list goes on. Ah well, LOL.

The Seniors Group Parliamentary lunch was held on 16 February where we heard an entertaining presentation by Patrick Dodd on Governor Macquarie. This was a most enjoyable function. Our host was the Honourable Scott Farlow MLC who probably envied the ease with which Macquarie was able to achieve his objectives compared to operating within today’s parliaments.

Following on from a luncheon meeting and subsequent correspondence with the NSW Treasurer, Gladys Berejiklian, a meeting was organised with Treasury officials, a staff member of JP Morgan and our Surveyor-General to discuss the future of LPI. It appears that the current services of the LPI will be separated into 5 different areas;

1. Valuer-General2. Valuation Services3. Spatial Services including the Surveyor-

General, BOSSI & Cadastral Integrity Unit4. The Regulator including the Registrar

General5. Title & Registration Services (T & R S)

Operations.It is proposed that this breakup will happen

regardless of whether or not T & R S Operations is conceded to the private sector. It is likely

that the final decision will have been made by the time this Azimuth gets to print.

The Associations Forum attended the March meeting of the Board for over 2 hours to not only outline the duties and responsibilities of directors of the Institution but to also compare our Board’s structure to similar bodies. Compared to our Board of about 20 people, the average elsewhere is about 8 and it was also commented that the ISNSW Board meets more frequently than other similar boards. The points raised by the Associations Forum will be discussed at an upcoming Board meeting.

An Industry Advisory Committee meeting was held at UNSW on 1 March. There has been an upturn in the enrolments with a noticeable number enrolling in the new double degree combining Surveying and Civil Engineering. Marketing through the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering will continue with an anticipation that some of the 400 that have enrolled in Civil Engineering may transfer to Surveying.

The Institution purchased a number of Solar Scopes to be distributed to schools around the State to assist with the observation of the Transit of Venus in June 2012. Two of the Solar Scopes remained in the office until recently when they were given to an Astronomer from Sydney Observatory. With my approval, the Solar Scopes were donated to schools in the Indonesian North Maluku province, formerly known as the Spice Islands, to assist in the safe observation of the March solar eclipse. The donation by ISNSW was acknowledged both in a Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences blog and also on the website for Astronomers without Borders. I hope that you agree that this is a small but nice outcome.

Until next month.

Michael Green BSurv MEngSc DipEd MIS

Meritorious Surveyor

President ISNSW

Position Vacant

Azimuth EditorThe ISNSW Azimuth Magazine is currently without

an official Editor. The magazine is being edited by an acting editor for the time being until we find a suitable replacement.

Below is a list of the responsibilities required for this position. There is an annual remuneration of $5,000.00 + GST.

If you consider this as something that would suit you please contact Terina Sawyer on behalf of the Azimuth Committee on (02) 9264 2076 or email: manager@surveyors.org.au

The following list gives a general indication of the editor’s duties:

• AttendmonthlyteleconferenceswiththeAzimuthCommittee (about 1 hour)

• Contributeideasforfuturearticles

• Determinefuturedirectionofmagazineinconjunction with Committee (eg electronic Azimuth)

• Sourcematerialfromindustryexpertsandoutsidesources

• Receivearticlesandphotosbyemaileachmonth

• Readarticlesandeditasnecessary

• WritemonthlyEditor’sComments

• Acquireorchoosephotoformagazinecover

• Arrangearticlesinordertoappearinmagazine

• Sendarticlestoartdirector

• Liaisewithartdirectoronmagazinepresentation

• Proofreadandfinalcheckingbeforeprinting

The following are not part of the Editor’s duties:

• Usingpublishingsoftwaretoputthemagazinetogether (this is done by the art director)

• Don’tneedtohaveanyknowledgeorexpertiseinpublishing or software

• Don’tneedtobeinvolvedwiththeadvertisinginAzimuth (ISNSW office does this)

• Don’thavetowritearticles(butyouarefreetoifsoinclined)

The position of Editor of the Azimuth magazine for the Institution of Surveyors NSW is held in high regard by the profession. We hope you will give this serious consideration and look forward to your response.

On behalf of the:

AZIMUTH COMMITTEEPortuguese astronomer nuno carvalho teaching the indonesian students about sunspots using the solar scopes (donated by isnsW) to project the image of the sun. Photographed with permission, copyright toner stevenson ©, all rights reserved.

Azimuth • April 2016 • 5 4 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

President’s rePort

This month highlights the EISSI Awards 2016 and you will find a Call for Entry brochure within this magazine.

Members please note the 9 Industry Categories for 2016. • Environment and Sustainability• People and Community• Innovation and Commercialisation• Spatial Enablement• Technical Excellence• Export• Project Management• Rural Cadastral Surveying & Land Titling• Urban Cadastral Surveying & Land Titling

Register your Interest today!!

An Expressions of Interest form can be found on Page 7 of the Information Kit.To download a copy of the Information Kit go to: http://www.surveyors.org.au/files/Information_Kit_2016.pdfClosing Date for your Expression of Interest is Friday 27 May. Final Entries must be delivered to ISNSW by Monday 4 July.The EISSI Awards Evening is being held at the Four Points by Sheraton, Darling Harbour on Saturday 17 September 2016.

To book accommodation for this event please visit the following link:https://www.starwoodmeeting.com/events/start.action?id=1512302300&key=760DF85

The ISNSW 125th Anniversary Dinner:Saturday 4 June 2016 at the Sheraton on the Park, Elizabeth Street, Sydney. Come and help us celebrate this very important anniversary for the Institution. The

Dinner Speaker will be Peter FitzSimons. Flyer and registration form can be found in this Azimuth.

Peter FitzSimons is a well respected columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald and Sun-Herald, television presenter on Fox Sports, speaks four languages, has played rugby for Australia, co-hosted radio shows with Mike Carlton and Doug Mulray, interviewed famous people around the globe from George Bush to Diego Maradona and written eighteen best-selling books. He is the biographer not only of World Cup winning Wallaby captains, Nick Farr-Jones and John Eales, but also former Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, boxer Les Darcy, aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith and war heroine Nancy Wake. He is Australia’s best selling non-fiction author over the last ten years, with his book on Kokoda having sold over 270,000 copies; Tobruk

more than 150,000 copies, and Nancy Wake 200,000 copies. A humorous, knowledgeable and entertaining presentation is always assured when engaging Peter FitzSimons.

Discounted accommodation is available at the Sheraton on the Park with a 10% discount extended to the ‘Best Available Rate’ being offered at the time of booking (for the best available rates early reservations are recommended).

Visit the Special Offers page via www.sheratonsydney.com

To place an advertisement in the Azimuth contact Terina Sawyer for a Media Kit on (02) 9264 2076 or

email: manager@surveyors.org.au

Terina Sawyer, Executive Officer,

Institution of Surveyors NSW Inc.

President Michael Green commenced the meeting at 10:00am.

Apologies Received: Mathew Hynes (Honorary Treasurer), Tom McDonald (Young

Surveyors), Bob Van der Zypen (Southern Group), Paul Swan (TAFE), Prof. Chris Rizos (UNSW), Chris Moy (AIMS)

No Conflicts of Interest were declared.The President reported on the meeting with

assistant to Minister Dominic Kelly, Mark Speakman MP together with members from the Friends of the Lands Department Committee about the sale of the Land Dept Building, which he reported as being very positive.

The President reported on numerous sad passings that had occurred within the Dec/Jan period; Grant Stuart Kilpatrick, Cumberland Group, Brian Robert Kennedy; St George Sutherland Group and Brian McLoughlin from Position Partners. A minutes silence was held in their memory.

Treasurer’s Report – Bob Harrison (Acting Treasurer) – The Acting Treasurer read to his tabled financial report.

Membership Report – Vicki Tester (Honorary Secretary)

Welcome to the following new members:• Georgina Karats Eisenmenger – Student

Membership• Mohamad Al-Naboulsi – Student Membership• Kim Lousie Jolley - Student Membership• Peter Phillip Fox - Student Membership• Christopher James Green - Graduate

Membership• Lachlan Leonard Hillard Young - Corporate

Membership• Benjamin William Gray – Corporate

Membership• Aaron Fleury - Corporate Membership

There were also numerous membership advancements, reinstatements & status applications approved.

Executive Officer’s Report - Terina Sawyer Numerous matters discussed including:

• ADS 2016 - A very successful Australia Day Seminar was undertaken with 337

people booked in for the Thursday and 319 booked in for the Friday and The Young Surveyors Breakfast being booked out. Many compliments have been received from the delegates and the program has been well received in the feedback forms received from delegates at the event.

Policy and Governance MattersVarious Matters under consideration

including:• ISNSW Board holding a Meeting with a

Regional Group in 2016 - It was agreed that we tentatively hold the July Board meeting with a Regional Group, which could either be the Murray or the North Coast Group.The meeting was adjourned at 12.10pm

to allow for the Fellow Presentation to Des Mooney and for lunch. The meeting reconvened at 1pm.

The President welcomed the members of the cooperating associations, Paul Mather; ACS NSW & CSA NSW, Adrian White; SSSI NSW John Brock, FIG IIHSM & Narelle Underwood; SMIC & MRSA.

Throughout the rest of the afternoon session of the Board Meeting the various reports of the Committees, Regional and Special Interests Groups and Cooperating Associations were presented.• FIG Working Week in Christchurch Young

Surveyors Scholarships – Narelle Underwood reported on the selection process for the FIG scholarships. The scholarships on offer are: » ISNSW - 3 x $2000 scholarships » ISNSW Southern Group - 1 x $2000

Scholarship » ACS NSW - 1 x $2000 Scholarship

• Azimuth - Lengthy discussion ensured on how to find an Editor as the situation has now become critical.There being no further business the meeting

concluded at 3:10pm.For a more extensive review of the above

ISNSW Board Meeting, copies of the ratified minutes are available through the ISNSW Office.

secretary’s rePort

Summary of the Minutes of the ISNSW Board Meeting – 5 February 2016

Vicki Tester,

Honorary Secretary ISNSW

Azimuth • April 2016 • 7 6 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

eXecUtiVe oFFicer’s rePort

As can be seen in Figure 1, Lot 1’s occupations do not reflect the deed boundaries. It not only appears to be occupying a Crown Reserve Road, but it seemingly has constructed their main dwelling completely outside their deed boundaries.

Lot 41 has similar issues to those of Lot 1 except instead of occupying a Crown Road Reserve it appears to have lost approximately 5 acres of land to Lot 1 as the occupations sit today.

Regardless of where the occupations of each property are situated, this does not answer the questions as to why the current road formation is located so far

from the Crown Road Reserve as shown in Figure 1.

As can be seen in Figure 1, the current position of the road reserve has deviated quite substantially from the physical location of the road formation.

An historical search into the reasons behind this omission has shown that Crown Road 2590.1603 was notified via a Government Gazette in 1884. It was then Confirmed via another Government Gazettal in 1884 and then opened as a William IV road in 1885.

In 1889, a further Preliminary Notification was Gazetted to deviate Brush Creek Road from its original

EISSI Awards 2015A finalist for the 2015 EISSI Awards in the category of Cadastral Surveying and Land Titling

INVESTIGATION INTO ADVERSE POSSESSION AND STATUS OF ROAD

Brush Creek Road, Yarramalong

ADW Johnson Surveyors had recently become aware of a particularly interesting potential adverse possession claim involving two neighbouring properties situated on Brush Creek Road in the locality of Yarramalong on the New South Wales Central Coast.

Our awareness of this situation came through our engagement by a utility service owner to complete a survey in this area. Whilst the boundary issues outlined herein did not directly impact on our client, the situation raised concerns with several of our Registered Land Surveyors as to the integrity of the cadastre in this region. We resolved to identify and document this issue for the benefit of the community and other professional surveyors.

The resultant investigation involves the status of a Crown Road along with the current physical location of the road formation itself combined with the occupation of adjoining land.

Referring to Figure 1, the blue line (southern thick line) represents the position of the deed boundary of lot 41 in DP 1003436 and the red line (northern thick line) represents the position of the deed boundary of Lot 1 in DP 744640. The original (and existing) Road Reservation is shown in pink, whilst the actual road formation is further south generally between the two dwellings.

The proprietors of Lot 1 in D.P. 744640 are currently occupying not only the Crown Road Reserve, but also a large portion of Lot 41 in D.P. 1003436 with the main dwelling of Lot 1 actually being situated on the southern side of the reserve road boundary within Lot 41.

The proprietors of lot 41 are occupying to the fence line on the southern side of the Road Formation, shown by thin black lines.

As the proprietors of both properties

have occupied each property for generations, this issue has never been raised as the current owners as well as Council have avoided resolving the issue due to the time and costs involved to rectify.

On the surface, two questions must be asked:

1. How can this happen?;2. Where to from here?

Both properties are limited in title and have qualifications placed upon them which in the end may prove to be beneficial to the owner of Lot 1 should they wish to pursue the matter as will be discussed throughout this paper.

Figure 1- Current deed boundaries and road formation position

Figure 2 - Crown Plan 2590A.1603 showing the proposed deviation to Brush Creek Road.

Figure 3 - Current occupations along the Brush Creek Road formation.

Azimuth • April 2016 • 9 8 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

eissi AwARds 2015

This being said, should a successful adverse possession claim be sought, the road reserve shown as 2590.1603 would still remain Crown Land as it is not permitted to claim adverse possession against the Crown road reserve. The owner can however formally acquire the road reserve with an offer to purchase to enable the proprietor to then consolidate all of the land in which they occupy into one united Torrens Title lot, subject to cooperation of The Crown.

In order to investigate and document the status of the cadastre in this area, ADW Johnson Surveyors resolved to undertake a survey in our own time and at no cost so that a plan of survey information can be lodged on public record.

ADW Johnson Surveyors have given up their own time on weekends and public holidays in order to complete the site survey and investigation, undertake calculations and prepare and lodge a plan of survey information.

The resultant plan as shown in figure 5 has now been lodged with LPI for registration and will form the basis for the resolution of a significant anomaly in the state cadastre. This will immediately benefit the adjoining land owners together with Wyong Shire Council.

It will also assist in ensuring access is legally resolved for land owners further along these roads. In so doing, Council and the Crown are also likely to save significant survey costs in finally resolving legal access and tenure.

Chris Mallyon

ADW Johnson

position to align it with the position of the current formation. This position can be seen in plan 2590A.1603 as shown in Figure 2. However, this process was never finalised and it didn’t progress any further than the preliminary notification. Therefore, the initial position of Brush Creek Road as shown in plan 2590.1603 (figure 4) still stands to this day.

Although there is a precedence of the creation of public roads under common law as opposed to the legislation, for this to be achieved two conditions must be fulfilled;1. An intention of a competent owner

to dedicate the way as a public road, and

2. An acceptance of, by or on behalf of the public of the dedication.

One could draw a conclusion from this that in fact the public road has been created in the position of the current road formation with reference to:• Acceptance and use by the public of

the road in its current position;• Fencing by adjoining owners to

delineate private property vs. public road;

• Expenditure by a public authority (Council) to maintain the road.Now, whether or not an examination

of the legislation and legal precedence could lead to the conclusion of a public highway existing in the location of the current formation at common law could only be settled in a court of law.

Should the proprietors of either of the two properties require a Delimitation survey be prepared to remove the limitations from title, the question remains as to where the boundaries should be situated. As can be seen in the photo Figure 3, the occupations along the southern (left) side of the existing Brush Creek Road formation could suggest that the land the current owner of Lot 41 is occupying terminates at the fence abutting the road formation.

Should the owner of Lot 1 wish to proceed with an adverse possession claim against Lot 41, there is little doubt that the length of time they’ve occupied the land on the northern side of the Brush Creek Road formation within the deed boundaries of Lot 41 being a period

longer than 12 years due to the fact that the main dwelling for Lot 1 is actually situated within the deed boundaries of Lot 41. One reason behind this could be that when the property was described in the deed, it states that it is bound by the north-eastern side of road 2590.1603. While this description is correct, the formation currently sits in the position as shown in 2590A.1603 (figure 2). One can only speculate that it was assumed the formation was constructed in the position of original plan prior to the proposed deviation where it was actually constructed. As such, this could be the reason the dwelling has been constructed on the northern side of the current road formation.

As Lot 41 has failed to assert their title beyond the current occupation of the southern side of the current formation of Brush Creek Road they have effectively lost connection to the land on the northern side of the Brush Creek Road formation. This would more than likely result in a successful adverse possession claim should the proprietors of Lot 1 pursue the matter.

Figure 4 - Crown Plan 2590.1603 showing Brush Creek Road as it was originally intended.

Figure 5 – extract from the Plan of survey information prepared by Adw Johnson

Azimuth • April 2016 • 11 10 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

eissi AwARds 2015

Some things change, some stay the same

William R. Govett was employed as a surveyor by Sir Thomas Mitchell from 1827 to 1833 and assisted with

the map of the 19 counties, in particular the area west of Sydney to the Blue Mountains. As part of that

work Govett was witness to an incident, which he subsequently painted, at Mitchells Causeway, Victoria

Pass. The incident is best described by the surveyor directly from his notes:

Athletics ACT – right angle, right approachResponding to a request by

Athletics ACT to acquire a

new total station, the ACT

Surveyor-General, Jeff Brown,

and Greg Ledwidge from Lets

Locate, kindly donated a surplus

total station and other equipment

at a presentation at the Australian

Institute of Sport (AIS) track and

field venue in Canberra.

The total station is used to accurately measure distances in events such as Discus, Hammer throw, Javelin, Long Jump and heights in the High Jump and Pole Vault. These new tools and the expertise of the Office of the Surveyor-General & Land Information (OSGLI) will assist Athletics ACT to comply with National measurement standards in the future. This is essential to ensure the highest possible standards are maintained, given qualification for international events and records are at stake.

Athletics ACT and the SSSI regional education program ‘Lets Locate’ have partnered to provide modern measurement capabilities to school athletics, while providing a real world application to school mathematical studies in the field of surveying.Greg Ledwidge

ACT Surveyor-General Jeff Brown and Athletics ACT representative Neil Boden at the presentation.

A mass of rocks and earth which had

fallen in from the side which had been

newly cut, nearly blocked up the road,

and the bullocks as soon as they had

turned the corner took fright at some

Black fellows who were loitering by, and

off they went, with all the clumsy speed &

strength, until their further progress was

put an end to by the said blockade of rocks

& earth. This tremendous violence wh.

which they came in contact with it fairly

hoisted the dray in the air, and over it

went, accompanied with the shaft bullock

[indecipherable], thundering & cracking

down a precipice at least 800 feet, where

may be seen to this day the skeleton

of poor old Redman (the name of the

Bullock) and the shattered fragments of a

surveyors equipment – I was a spectator

and beheld with some amazement the loss

of Government property and of my own

a little – as soon as the shock from the

crashing and tumbling of the Dray had

ceased and a horrid stillness ensued from

which I concluded the animal was dead

I reflected awhile and thought to myself

– What! – why that it was a good excuse

to go to Sydney, so mounted my horse

ordered the men to remain at Emu Plains

until further orders, and galloped off as

much pleased as annoyed at the accident.

(Govett 1830)

(http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/_transcript/2012/D14753/a5504.htm)

the profession the profession

Azimuth • April 2016 • 13 12 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

Letter to the Editor

In response to a letter by Paul Covell in Azimuth Feb 2016 – RM GI Pipes

I hadn’t given it much thought until I read the letter by Paul Covell (Feb and March 2016 Azimuth), but he is quite right. Why are we not using solid iron bars rather than pipes? They may be a little harder to get in when working in hard ground, but they do last much longer. Part of the issue with any galvanised pipes is the fact that you generally crack or break off the galvanising from the top few centimetres when you hit it with the sledge hammer.

I was working in Daysdale (about an hours drive north west of Albury) last month, and did not expect to find the two RMs I was looking for. They were both placed on 8 July 1893! To my surprise I found them both – and they were in reasonable condition. That makes them 122 years old. They were simply depicted on the crown plans (6-2236 & 7-2236) with a note at the bottom left corner saying “Iron pin, below surface at E/F”. One was a railway spike, and the other was a simple iron rod. This area is one of the drier regions in NSW, and they both had some rust, but will still last for some time.

On the same day, I also travelled to Alma Park (about an hour north of Albury) for a rural job. Do not discount the existence of very old reference trees! This photo is of a reference tree found near the intersection of 4 portions. It is reference tree “b” on crown plan 3530-1668, dated 17 November 1908! I found 3 out of 4 other reference trees, but they were just stumps with no marks remaining. Once again, it is a very dry area and average tree growth would be slow, but I didn’t expect to find a 107 year-old reference tree in such good condition. Also noteworthy is the fact that it is a Murray Pine. Apparently termites don’t eat Murray Pine.

Whilst the use of reference trees may no longer be applicable, I certainly agree with Paul that solid iron bars are far more durable than galvanised iron pipes.

Charles Fransen

Registered Surveyor

Esler & Associates, Albury

The work that Govett was doing in the Blue Mountains was to map out ridges and creeks in the area as part of Mitchell’s topographic map of the 19 counties. From my reading about him, he appear to be a bit of a “work hard, play hard” kind of man, and quite often got himself in trouble in the not-so-sociable area of Sydney at the time.

In July 2013, some 185 years later, surveyors were once again employed taking measurements at Victoria Pass, placing high accuracy monitoring and permanent survey marks on the pass and approaches. It is remarkable that quite unknowingly a photo was taken, perhaps within metres of where Govett stood to draw his sketch. While we didn’t have quite as an eventful time as Govett in the area, it is interesting to note that while some things change, others remain stay the same.

Survey EquipmentGovett was equipped with a

Circumferentor and Gunter’s chain, the circumferentor being a large compass with sighting vanes at either end used for reading horizontal angles. The Gunter’s chain is commonly known throughout the survey industry, having 100 metal links, which were carried by the “chainman”, a slang term for a survey assistant. The accuracy of this instrument was in the order of minutes of arc. Govett was one of the few surveyors employed at the time who carried a theodolite, which he owned, but preferred to use the government supplied equipment. One of the advantages of the Circumferentor is that it doesn’t suffer from propagation of error, and all bearings are read to a magnetic meridian.

We were equipped with a Leica TS30 0.5” total station, which measures both angles and distances using the one machine using photo sensors, wave measuring technology, laser pointing devices, and on board recording of information.

While technology has changed, and accuracies of equipment might have improved significantly since Govett’s days, the principles are the same, by combining an angle and a distance, objects are able to be plotted on a map.

VehiclesGovett was carrying his equipment

in a wagon pulled by a bullock team, one of which found an untimely end on

Victoria pass. The wagon would have been carrying camping gear, food, survey equipment and all manner of other necessities required by a surveyor and his team in the harsh Australian bush.

Our equipment was being carried in a dual cab ute and was reduced only to what we needed on the day. One unusual piece of equipment for this project was a petrol power post driver, modified for driving in stainless steels rods.

While the types of vehicles might have changed, surveyors still need to carry considerable loads of equipment to and from their work place, and in terms of the survey equipment, I would imagine that perhaps Govett may have had the lighter load.

Survey marksGovett was employed to survey massive

amounts of country at a time when the Blue Mountains were sparsely populated, and would have most likely used pegs crafted from the surrounding bush, and blazed trees as reference markers.

These days trees are becoming a protected species, and the times when a surveyor could cut a blaze into a tree at his discretion are coming to an end. We now have an abundance of type of marks available to us of varying durability, and with the local hardware store always a short distance away stocks can be resupplied quite quickly.

In the case of our work on Mitchells Pass, to provide good quality stable marks, it was required that stainless steel rods be driven into the ground until they hit bedrock, then cut, capped, cemented and boxed to provide a mark that could be found and used into the future. In the past this was done using a special “dolly” and sledge hammer, but the afore-mentioned post driver made light work driving the steel rods into the ground at depths of up to 10 metres.

From blazes to stainless steel rod, the types of marks might have changed, but the reason for placing them still remains the same; to allow some other surveyor to come back and re-establish or check a position in the future.

From equipment, to vehicles, to marks, we have changed much since the 1830’s, but have we really changed all that much? The work of a surveyor is still to take measurements, whether it is the collection of information or the projection of information.By Phillip Nixon

Phillip Nixon is an engineering surveyor with Jacobs SKM, and discovered the existence of this painting while reading “Mitchells Map” by Alan E. J. Andrews.

Thanks to the Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW for permission to publish the image and extract.

A video of the post driver in action can be found at http://youtu.be/QSiuvojKcVc

References:Govett, WR, “William Govett notes

and sketches taken during a surveying Expedition in N. South Wales and Blue Mountains Road by William Govett on staff of Major Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales, 1830-1835” A330, Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW.

the petrol powered post driver in action

the profession

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Letters

A Great ReunionISNSW Past President’s Luncheon 2015

Thirteen past presidents of ISNSW with their partners were joined

by (then) President Phil Hayward, and (then) President Elect Michael

Green, for a wonderful lunch at the Ultimo College Apprentice

Restaurant on 8th October 2015.

It was a relaxed afternoon, catching up with friends over good food and wine. Barry and Helen McLeod have not been able to attend a reunion for some time, so it was wonderful they could make it this year. John Blake was the “oldest” President in attendance (1971-1972) and Phil Hayward the “youngest” (2013-2015) but not in age – (sorry Phil!).

Thank you to Grahame and Vicki Wallis who came down from their new home in Queensland, Graeme and Margaret Stewart who were away in London, and flew in early morning on the day and others who came from near and far.

Thank you Michael Green for making the time to join us.

Unfortunately lunch was restricted to two hours, not nearly long enough to catch up with everyone. Next year (if I am asked to organise this wonderful reunion) I will endeavour to find a suitable venue where we can stay for many more hours. Like the other guests, I need more time to chat!

‘Till next time

Mary Harrison

Perseverance Pays

This photo was sent in by Eric Smith, of Doherty Smith & Associates in Dubbo.

He was looking for a PM, which was located directly adjacent to the land he was surveying. He used his GPS to locate the approximate position where the mark was expected to be, which turned out to be on top of a levee that the Council had constructed.

As a conscientious surveyor, Eric started digging. First he dug up the witches hat, which gave him confidence that the PM would be there, but how deep? Next he excavated the guide post. After an hour’s digging in 40 degree heat, and without an assistant to lend a hand, he finally reached the PM box at 1.2 metres depth.

Unfortunately, the lid of the PM box was corroded shut, so Eric had to attack it with a claw hammer, pinch bar and cold chisel, before the lid finally yielded, to reveal the prized survey mark inside!

The Association is entirely dependent upon voluntary financial contributions to cover the cost of operating. These contributions have to date come primarily from the Institution, together with several small grants, donations and legacies from members and the estates of members. Any donation would be gratefully received.The objects of the Association include:• To counsel, help and advise any member of the

Institution of Surveyors New South Wales Inc. in need or distress to overcome health and/or professional problems.

• To offer advice, guidance and, in circumstancesconsidered by the Directors to be special, financial assistance by way of grants, loans or payments:

(i) to the family, surviving spouse and/or dependants of any member of the Institution of Surveyors, New South Wales who dies;

(ii) to the family, spouse and/or dependants of any member of the Institution of Surveyors, New South Wales, who is incapacitated and who, as a result, is incapable in the opinion of the Directors, or managing the affairs and welfare of himself or herself or his or her family, surviving spouse or dependants.

InorderfortheBenevolentAssociationtohelpmembersin need of assistance, the Benevolent Associationwould ask members to provide information on anymemberwhohaspassed,issickorinneedofhelp.Please contact the ISNSW Benevolent Association Secretary on (02) 9264 2076 or isnsw@surveyors.org.au.

The Institution of Surveyors NSW Benevolent Association Ltd

(A Company Limited by Guarantee Formed for Charitable Purposes)

Left to Right – John McNaughton, Graeme stewart, Phil Hayward, Jack Keen, Barry McLeod, Kevin Blume, John Blake, Alan Cavanagh, Bob Harrison, ian Marshall, Grahame wallis, david Lorschy, richard Lovegrove.

the profession the profession

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UNSWReport from the Surveying and Geospatial Engineering group of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales

Increased First year numbers at UNSW

The new 5 year dual-award (BE(Civil)/ B Surv) program and streamlining of the existing BE(Surveying) program has seen a large increase in numbers of first year students at UNSW. At the time of writing we have 18 students enrolled in the new dual-award program, 14 in BE(Surveying), 4 in BE(Geospatial Engineering) and 1 combined degree, for a total of 37 first year students. We haven’t seen numbers like that since last century. We can also report that students in second year and higher are transferring into our programs at a pleasing rate. The total number of students in our programs has grown from 61 in 2015 to 92 in 2016. The School would like to acknowledge the efforts of the NSW Taskforce and the wider profession for their ongoing support and promotion of our programs.

IGS2016 Workshop, 8-12 February 2016

Almost 200 delegates (two-thirds international participants) attended the recent International GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Service (IGS) Workshop hosted by UNSW. If you have ever used a CORS network for precise GNSS positioning, then you will have benefitted from the products computed by the IGS. The IGS is like the “United Nations of GNSS”, whereby almost 500 global CORS hosted by more than 60 countries provide the data for the computation of high precision products such as GNSS satellite orbit, clock and atmospheric parameters to support cm-level accuracy positioning applications. For the first time ever, the IGS Workshop was hosted in the southern hemisphere, in Australia, which coincides with Gary Johnston from Geoscience Australia

becoming the first Australian chair of the IGS Governing Board. This Workshop attracts the world’s top researchers who discuss methodologies to improve the IGS products, and to introduce new ones. This is timely with the recent release of the ITRF2014 global datum (http://itrf.ign.fr/ITRF_solutions/2014/ ) that will contribute to Australia’s next generation datum, to be implemented on 1 January 2017. Data from the IGS network also underpins scientific research provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and a highlight of the workshop was John Church’s keynote talk “Measuring Sea Level Change”. Details of the IGS Workshop 2016 can be found at http://igsworkshop2016.org/ and presentations will be available shortly at the IGS website http://www.igs.org.

Australia Day SeminarsThe School would like to thank ISNSW

and the organisers of the Australia Day Seminars for inviting three of our thesis students from last year to present at the Friday morning session entitled “Our future – Young Surveyors and Technology”, chaired by Dr Craig Roberts. The students presented professionally and received numerous questions. The presentations were:

• A Modern Multi-function Map for Cataract Park by Tim House,

• Computer Vision-Based Traffic Flow Analysis by Tim Kerr, and

• BeiDou Performance Within a Multi-GNSS CORSnet-NSW by Jerom Vanderstappen

Later in the program Head of the Surveying and Geospatial Engineering group at the School, Professor Chris Rizos, presented his views on “Trends in Geodesy and Possible Impacts on Surveying”.

Dr Craig Roberts, UNSW

iGs workshop participants at UNsw

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Uni neWs

Luncheon for the Seniors Group of SurveyorsIt was with great pleasure that I accepted an

invitation from Bob Hanna, Treasurer, Seniors Group

of Surveyors to attend the Seniors Luncheon at

Parliament House on 16th February 2016. Although I

am not yet a senior, I thoroughly enjoy this function,

catching up with many whom I now call friends, and

meeting new ones. Hon. Mr Scott Farlow MLC, was our host and the guest

speaker was Mr Patrick Dodd, Founder and President of the Macquarie Society in Australia. He is also a Volunteer guide and Public Speaker at the State Library of NSW on History and Heritage tours.

I chatted to many, who tell me lots of news about their holidays, grandchildren and ailments. The biggest story this year was that John Fryer is still playing cricket in the over 70’s team (oops was I supposed to mention the age group John?). He has been selected to go on a one month tour of England with the team. He tells me he is an “all rounder”. I do not know much about cricket but it sounded impressive! It would be remiss of me not to mention Alan Pearson whom I believe was the oldest retired surveyor in attendance.

Apologies were received from David and Carolyn Lorschy, Neil and Pam Bennett, Colin Fuller and Brian McCloskey.

I was seated with Sandy and Jenny Davidson who came all the way from Goulburn, Ann and Graham Cosier, John and Laurette Eggleston, Maureen and Michael Rutlidge and John Tierney. The Parliamentary restaurant looks out over the Domain displaying wonderful lush green grass, crowds of lunch time workers and an inviting view in the glistening sunshine. However whilst many were out there exercising during their lunch break, we were tucking into a magnificent lunch of smoked salmon crepe, baby Barra fillets or Scotch fillet with a tomato hollandaise. Dessert was to die for; pavlova meringue with berries or lemon meringue tart. Exercising did not enter into the equation!

Mr Patrick Dodd gave us a wonderful and most interesting talk titled “The Governor’s Travels – Touring the Colony with Lachlan and Elizabeth Macquarie”. We were all enthralled with his presentation.

News from The University of NewcastleStudent Enrolment Update

The enrolments for 2015 can now be finally reported, the figures include mid-year admissions. There were a total of 38 commencing students (including 6 mid-year admissions) for the B. Engineering (Honours) (Surveying) degree and 15 commencing students (including 2 mid-year admissions) for the surveying/civil engineering combined degree. A total of 53 commencing students, the highest since1995, when there was 68. There were a total of 154 students enrolled in the surveying degrees (which includes the old B.Surveying degree) and it associated combined degrees. In 2014, there were a total of 40 commencing students, with a total enrolment of 131. This was an increase of 23 (or 18%) students in overall enrolments.

There were a total of 16 graduates who completed their studies at the end of second semester 2015. This refers to the number of graduations at graduation ceremonies during year, not when the students officially graduated (which in these cases may be December 2015). It is expected that there will be more as a result of finishing their studies after first semester. Last year there were a total of 22 graduates.

As reported earlier, preliminary figures for 2016 show that there were 44 acceptances for the B. Engineering (Honours) (Surveying) degree, and 19 for the surveying/civil engineering combined degree, giving a total of 63. The ATAR cut off for the B. Engineering (Honours) (Surveying) degree in the main round of offers was set at 81.25. It should be stressed that these are acceptances only, and do compare favourably with the enrolments in 2015. It is expected that some of these acceptances will not transfer to actual enrolments.

ResearchThe University of Newcastle surveying

group was selected, by the United States government space agency, NASA, to participate in GRACE and GRACE Follow-On satellite missions after international competition. GRACE stands for Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment, and has been mapping the global gravity

fields from space since 2002. NASA and the German aerospace agency (DLR) approved a new joint mission, the GRACE Follow-On to be launched in 2017 to continue the satellite gravity mapping. The principal (chief) investigator will be Professor Shin-Chan Han from the University of Newcastle and co-investigators include scientists from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, US Geological Survey, and Delft University of Technology. The team has been selected as members of the NASA GRACE and GRACE FO Science Team during 2016-2019 to lead an investigation into solid Earth deformation caused by earthquake cycles. In an official statement from US NASA headquarters, they acknowledge the contributions by stating: “... NASA regards your proposed project as an important contribution to the GRACE mission and looks forward to the participation of your team in GRACE research that benefits all Nations...” A new PhD student, Fukai Peng started his PhD study in October 2015. Fukai focuses on satellite coastal altimetry research into re-tracking altimeter data from both conventional and SAR altimetry missions, and sea-level variability due to climate change in coastal zones under the supervision of Dr Xiaoli Deng. The number of PhD students is currently seven in the surveying group at the University of Newcastle

A PhD student, Sahan Dandeniya presented his research on GPS-based approach of monitoring sea level change near the Port of Newcastle, at the IGS workshop (UNSW, Sydney) in February 2016. He developed new inversion technique to analyze GPS ‘multipath’ signals reflected from the sea surface. This research used the standard data recorded by one of the GNSS CORS network near the Port (NEWE).

International VisitorsThe University of Newcastle surveying

group recently had two visitors from the University of Maryland (USA) and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to continue to discuss development of next generation gravity sensors for the Earth and Mars and on-going viscoelastic deformation after earthquakes.

Local Surveyor’s VisitAt the beginning of the semester, the

second year Survey Computing class (which had 50 students enrolled this year) was visited by Hunter Manning Group Registered Surveyors, Tony Proust and Ryan Alexander. They gave presentations on subdivision plans and surveying practice issues. Tony described a subdivision case study of a site in Cooks Hill in Newcastle. Newcastle City Council wanted to subdivide the site by strata subdivision but Tony and his team were able to convince Council that a Torrens title subdivision was more beneficial for the client and the future owners. Ryan presented a wide range of surveying topics, including different surveying jobs and an introduction to processing of land title plans, including Eplan.

In addition to these topics, they gave students great information about what the process is and what is required to become registered surveyors. The feedback from students is very positive. Student Samuel North said that “They showed some really good examples of just how different each surveying job can be, and the level of detail required from the surveyor. As a student, it was really good to hear about our profession out of the horses mouth, and to get a real grasp of the scope that the role of a Surveyor can encompass”.

The surveying staff which to thank both Tony and Ryan for giving up their time to come and have a chat with our students.

K. Bretreger

Discipline of Civil, Surveying and Environmental

Engineering

School of Engineering

University of Newcastle

Phone: (02) 49216051

Email: Karl.Bretreger@newcastle.edu.au

TOP: Richard Lovegrove and Bob Hanna

ABOVe: Patrick dodd, Gillian dodd, John Brock

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GROUP NewsUni neWs

Book reviewThe First Fleet by Rob MundlePublished by ABC books – 2014

Like most Australians, I knew the basics of this story, but the details had eluded me, in particular Arthur Phillip and his role. Set against the geopolitical background of the period, this book is the best I have read on the subject.

As Mundle writes, this story is one of the greatest undertakings of the modern world and it was as much the story of professional sailors in their day-to-day workings on individual ships, sailing beyond the known world of the time, battling all that nature could hurl at them – from disease to possible shipwreck – as it was about grand plans and strategic visions by politicians and authorities on the other side of the world.

Many of the source documents are right here in Sydney as Mundle acknowledges the critical role the State Library of NSW and its magnificent First Fleet collection was to his story. As I have found when reading such history previously, I am amazed at the extraordinary resource of Google Earth, with its satellite images, which allow the reader to easily confirm and view destinations and points of interest along the way while enjoying the narrative.

As a surveyor would appreciate, the feat of successfully navigating and shepherding a fleet of ships from one side of the world to the other is extraordinary. Clearly not every ship had a chronometer, but certainly the flagship, HMS Sirius, did. On a number of occasions enroute, Phillip ensured that all ships navigators coordinated their longitude with the leading ship to ensure that, in the event of separation, each ship could get to Botany Bay independently. As it turns out each ship arrived safely and within a few days of each other – an unprecedented outcome.

The politics behind the story are revealing especially those advanced in London as the proposed settlement was being discussed. There were a number of reasons outlined in favour of the proposal, some, in the light of subsequent history, almost prescient, others controversial if not faintly ridiculous:

A settlement at Botany Bay would be

well positioned for easy communication between the Spanish settlements in South America and China and the Cape of Good Hope and could serve as a naval station when required

The new country is likely to become a source of immense mineral wealth

Could become a useful source of agricultural products

Future settlers could come from China and the Pacific Islands

American colonists still loyal to England might emigrate to the new settlement

As we know, the American War of Independence, which deprived England of their original preferred dumping ground for convicts, spurred interest in Botany Bay. The story of Arthur Phillip, the man, is just as fascinating and how he was tied up in the politics of the era. He was a commander, brilliant logistics manager, sailor, humanitarian and even, it seems, a spy. He was later promoted to Admiral and spent the rest of his life in relative obscurity in Bath. But even in his twilight years he had an influence on the future of the colony. It turns out that Frances Greenway, our first Government Architect, who was transported for forgery, and responsible for some of our earliest , much treasured, colonial buildings, had a letter of introduction from Phillip. I had no idea that such things were possible at that time, under such circumstances. Clearly Phillip was a man of great vision able to see beyond Greenway’s (temporary) lapse into crime. Phillip’s legacy lives on in many ways.

Mundle suggests that Phillip was one of the world’s greatest men of the era, being in the same league as naval hero Lord Nelson and founding father of the United States of America, George Washington, which is quite a claim and one of which we can all be proud.

The drama of the story is sometimes extraordinary. Could Phillip have predicted (he was a spy after all) that their arch rival, the French, would turn up in Botany Bay just a day after the fleet arrived – and that the French expedition would be received so cordially – and then to sail away, never to be seen again.

There are so many aspects of the

story I didn’t know till I read this book. For example there is debate as to where Phillip first landed in Botany Bay and where the flag was first raised in Sydney Cove. We place much importance on such detail but obviously at the time and given the circumstances, it is of little surprise that Phillip had more important things on his mind than to carefully record the exact location of these events for posterity.

I thought I knew the story of HMS Sirius which was absolutely critical to the early success of the colony yet was wrecked at Norfolk Island. I did not know that the ship very nearly came to grief on its emergency relief mission off the coast of, then, Van Diemen’s Land in May 1789. If the Sirius had not survived this near calamity our history may have been very different indeed.

Last year I was visiting Bath, in the UK, where Phillip ended his days, and was surprised to find a plaque to him in the Bath Cathedral and later, by chance, a further monument to him, as well.

I am sure that we Australians grossly under-estimate the debt we all owe Phillip who led the fleet from one side of the world to the other and successfully established our first European settlement. In a time when we regularly read and hear about the likely first settlement on the Moon or Mars we must not overlook the equivalent adventure of the period , into the unknown, 230 years ago.

It was such a great story, as soon as I finished the book, I read it again.

Tony Proust

John Read told us of many functions the Seniors enjoy. He mentioned that this year there are quite a few events arranged:

UP COMING EVENTS

• Newcastle Social Lunch 2 March;

• Social Lunch at Newport Arms 10 May;

• Evans pillar to be unveiled at Bathurst and the proposed “Bathurst Surveyors History Heritage Trail” together with a proposed Surveyors Trip Away in Sept. / Oct. visiting heritage Lands Offices;

• a Project inspection probably in August;

• “Westies” Social Lunch 11 October;

• The “Friends of the Lands Department” and a Prospectus on the tables proposing a Lands history theme in the Luxury Hotel proposal for the former Lands Building.

It appears the Seniors Group would be a great group to belong to.

There was time at the end of lunch for mingling before Hon. Scott Farlow took us on a tour of Parliament House.

All in all it was a great day, well organised and well attended. The lunch is open to everyone and I certainly recommend going along next year. Thank

you for the invitation Bob, I am hoping to be invited to other functions.

Just as a side note, Patrick told us he came to Australia as a “Ten Pound Pom”, landed at Woolloomooloo and his father started work the next day. My parents, brother and myself came to Australia from Malta for Ten Pounds assisted passage by the Australian Government after the war, landed in Woolloomooloo and my dad started work the very next day at General Motors Holden. Quite a coincidence!

Till next time,

Mary Harrison

toP LeFt: sandy davidson, anne cosier, Grahame Cosier, Mike Rutlidge,

Maureen Rutlidge, Claire dunstan

TOP RiGHT: Alan Pearson

MiddLe: President Michael Green, Lynda Green, Bob Linke, George Baitch

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BOOK ReViewGROUP News

heir to the throne the Prince of Wales. In 1707 the Act of Union between England and Scotland created a single national parliament, although the crowns had been united since 1603. In 2014 a referendum was held in Scotland to determine whether it should become an independent country with the majority voting in favour of the continuation of the union. The Act of Union did not create a unified legal system and Scottish law differs in some respects from that in England and Wales. Land registration in Scotland is carried out by a different body than in England and Wales and there are some differences in land law between them. In a referendum in 2014, the people of Scotland rejected the opportunity to regain independence from the United Kingdom.

The Act of Union of 1800 united Great Britain and Ireland to form the United Kingdom, although Britain had controlled Ireland for several centuries previously. However the majority Catholic population of Ireland opposed British rule, the rest of the UK being predominantly Protestant. A long series of uprisings eventually resulted in the island of Ireland being partitioned in 1921 and the independent Irish Free State (Eire) being created in 1922. Ulster (Northern Ireland), with its Protestant majority, remained part of the UK. It had its own devolved parliament until 1973. During the 1960s civil rights protests against discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland gave way to an armed insurgency campaign by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The British government viewed the devolved parliament as one of the means by which the majority was able to discriminate against the minority. The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 brought the insurgency to an end with the restoration of devolved government in Northern Ireland. This is on a power-sharing basis rather than through majority rule to ensure that the minority Catholic population are represented in the government. As part of the peace process the Irish Constitution was amended to remove Ireland’s claim to sovereignty over Northern Ireland. A number of cross-border institutions were created as part of the peace process. The organisation of land registration in Northern Ireland is different from that of the rest of the UK, being undertaken by a body that brings together mapping, land registration and property taxation.

Historical Outline of Cadastral System

The UK does not have a cadastre but does have a system of compulsory land registration. There is no central record of the precise location of boundaries. Instead a general boundaries rule exists. The government does not guarantee private boundaries.

The official mapping agency in the UK is the Ordnance Survey. As the name suggests, its origin was military. The 1745 Scottish Rebellion brought home to the government the need for detailed maps identifying which roads and bridges were capable of taking artillery and this resulted in the mapping of the Scotland Highlands by William Roy. Roy’s proposals to extend mapping to the whole of the country were not acted upon. However, threat of invasion by France after 1791 led to large scale mapping of the southern England coastal counties using a new Ramsden theodolite. Large scale civilian mapping began in 1841 when the Ordnance Survey was granted the right to enter land (statutory trespass) and to map boundary features. It has no legal power to fix private boundaries, though it is required to determine the official boundaries of public bodies. Before 1841 many private maps had been produced but the spur to public mapping was the realisation that urbanisation and the new transport and other networks that resulted required accurate large scale maps. By 1895 Ordnance Survey had completed the mapping of the country at a scale of 25 inches to one mile (1:2500). Military involvement in the Ordnance Survey ceased in 1983. Since 1990 it has been an executive agency of government. It functions as a largely self-funding body. This means that it is expected to finance most of its activities from fee income paid by users rather than government grant. Digitisation was completed by 1995. Since 2001 the Ordnance Survey has maintained a Master Map geo-spatial database to which layers of information can be added, including ones by outside users, such as local authorities and police forces.

Compulsory land registration has existed in England only since 1926, though voluntary land registration started in 1862 and London has had compulsory registration since 1899. Compulsory registration came about following major

legal reforms in 1925. Until 1925 many owners of real estate possessed a tenure called copyhold rather than freehold. Under legislation passed in 1925, copyholds were converted into freeholds and this necessitated the creation of a national register of ownership. Copyhold is the tenure derived from villeinage (serfdom). The copyholder proved title through a copy of the deed of entry recorded in the manorial register by the lord of the manor. Its abolition meant that copyholders needed an alternative means of proving title since manorial registers were no longer kept. In Scotland a register called the Register of Sasines dates back to 1617. Legislation in 2000 abolished the remaining rights to collect feudal dues in Scotland and a plan-based land registry system run by Registers of Scotland since 1979 is in the process of replacing the Sasine Register on a sporadic basis. In 2007 the Land and Property Services (LPS) was created in Northern Ireland from the merger of the Rate Collection Agency and the Valuation & Lands Agency. In 2008 Land Registers of Northern Ireland and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland also merged with LPS to create the only integrated land registration, mapping and tax collection body in the UK.

From time to time proposals were made to create a general cadastre. For example, in 1836 R. K. Dawson, a Royal Engineer officer on secondment to the Tithe Commission, put forward a well-argued case for a cadastre and how it might be accomplished. Tithes were a tax on the produce of real estate used to support the Church of England on a parish by parish basis. Under the Tithe Commutation Act 1836 tithes in kind were replaced by a fluctuating money payment. This required the determination of the boundaries for each parish or district for which tithes were payable and the tithe payment to be apportioned between landed estates according the value of the produce they produced. This meant that most parishes in England and Wales had to be mapped to a large scale so that legal boundaries were recorded, areas measured and the land valued. Dawson used civilian surveyors for this task, and produced detailed instructions for them and quality checks on their work. He argued that this work could become the basis for a cadastre and that Britain should follow continental practice in this

Cadastral Systems fromaround the WorldUnited Kingdom

Geographical ContextThe UK is an archipelago off the north-

west coast of Europe on the edge of the North Atlantic continental shelf. Most of the population lives on the largest island, Great Britain, which includes England, Scotland and Wales. Northern Ireland also forms part of the UK. There are a number of smaller islands lying off the two main islands, many of which are uninhabited or sparsely populated, but there are also substantial island communities, including significant towns with important local administrative and commercial functions.

The UK is an island state with just one land border of 360 kilometres with the Republic of Ireland. It has a huge length of coastline that is difficult to measure definitively because of all the little inlets and bays. The Ordnance Survey gives a figure of 17,820 kilometres excluding Northern Ireland. The precise figure does depend upon how one chooses to measure the distances between each little indentation. The Ordnance Survey takes the mean high water line and extends into estuaries as far as the normal tidal limit. To put the length of the coastline into perspective, the north-south distance of Great Britain is approximately 970 kilometres and the east-west distance is approximately 380 kilometres. The furthest one can be from the sea is approximately 100 kilometres.

The UK claims a 12 mile (19.3 km) territorial area and a 200 mile (322 km) economic zone on the UK Continental Shelf. These areas are substantial since they are measured from the furthest islands. For example, Rockall lies 483 kilometres from the Scottish coast. The climate is temperate and relatively warm in winter for its latitude as a result of the influence of the sea and the Gulf Stream.

The land area of the UK is 241,930 square kilometres excluding inland water. About 1% of the surface area is made

up of inland fresh water. Most of the UK is low lying hills, the highest point (Ben Nevis) being 1,343 metres above sea level. The UK is an old settled country, the landscape of which has been profoundly altered by millennia of human settlement and agriculture. As a result, there are few genuine wilderness areas, with 7% of the land being non-farm grass, mountain, moors and heath. However, even parts of this are managed land with the ecology being manipulated for shooting or the preservation of habitats. Changing methodologies have meant revisions to past statistics on land use. Using the methods developed for an experimental system of environmental economic accounting, agriculture accounts for 69% of the land area with 20% of the land being used for arable crops and the remainder for grassland. Agriculture is intensive and highly productive. Urban areas make up 12% and forests 12% of the land area.

The population of the UK is 64 million, of whom 84% of the population live in England, 8% in Scotland, 5% in Wales, and 3% in Northern Ireland. The UK has a population density of 2.6 persons per hectare but this conceals significant variations within the country. The population density of England is 4.1 persons per hectare, Scotland 0.7, Wales 1.5, and Northern Ireland 1.3. The density for London is 52 persons per hectare. Over 80% of the population live in urban or peri-urban areas.

Historical ContextThe United Kingdom is the product of

unions between three kingdoms and a principality. England became a unified country in the tenth century but from the eighth century the Saxon kingdoms were dominated by the southern kingdom of Wessex. In 1282 the English King Edward I conquered Wales and in 1301 made the

the profession the profession

Azimuth • April 2016 • 25 24 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

adverse possession, by which a period of peaceful enjoyment (normally 12 years) secured title. Prior to compulsory registration, the owner under common law could be regarded merely as the person who currently held the best claim to the land and who, therefore, could be evicted if a better claimant emerged. Registration gives something closer to absolute ownership since ownership is now proved through entry in the register.

There are two fiscal cadastres, for residential and non-residential properties. These are maintained by the Valuation Office Agency, an agency of HM Revenue and Customs. They are used for raising revenue through the council tax (on residential properties) and national non-domestic rates (non-residential properties other than agricultural). These taxes are levied annually on the basis of the market value of the property in its current use – capital value for residential properties and rental value for non-residential. It is not necessary for these cadastres to have exact boundaries as the taxes are levied on the market value of the properties and not their land area.

As there is no cadastre in the UK, there is extensive use of point-based systems in a variety of public services and by private companies. In other words activities are referenced by geo-coordinates of their location rather than of the boundaries of the parcels they occupy. These include the reference points for 440 million man-made and natural landscape features maintained by Ordnance Survey and addresses, place and street names, and land and property ownership details.

Content of Cadastral SystemThe land register comprises:The property register, which

identifies the location of the property, its extent, and any rights that benefit the land, and is supported by a title plan, which shows the approximate location and boundaries. These boundaries cannot be relied upon in law since the Ordnance Survey has no right to determine private boundaries.

The proprietorship register, which specifies the quality of the title, the names and addresses of the legal owners, and any restrictions on their power to sell, mortgage or deal with the land. It also records the sum of money reported to have been paid by the current proprietor.

The charges register, which

includes details of mortgages and financial burdens, but not the amount involved. It also identifies other rights and interests to which the property is subject, such as leases, rights of way and covenants.

The register is fully computerised.

MappingOrdnance Survey maps are widely used

in land information systems. It is normal practice for local authorities to layer these maps with a variety of other types of information, in particular that used in spatial planning, for example which buildings are listed (ie have protected status for historical, cultural or aesthetic reasons) and which trees are subject to tree preservation orders. Other public bodies, such as police authorities, also do this eg plotting of crime incidents. Ordnance Survey has contracts with a number of utilities to maintain the databases of their facilities.

Cadastral Issues1. The British approach to mapping

and land registration has been based upon a cost recovery model, in which users meet the cost of the service. The government exerted pressure to ensure that prices have fallen over time and specifications increased. This model is dependent upon a buoyant property market to fund the fixed costs of land registration. The recession which hit the property market from 2007 resulted in a significant reduction in transactions and mortgages in both the residential and commercial property sectors, which in turn resulted in financial problems for the land registration services.

2. The cost recovery model in mapping is under threat from the EU policy of making public information available to the public, including commercial companies. National mapping has been substantially underwritten by the commercial services offered by Ordnance Survey, which are based upon its monopoly of mapping data and the ability to charge license fees for its use. This is a different model used by many cadastre bodies elsewhere in the EU, which are funded by government grant and implicitly funded by private

landowners paying for cadastral surveys whenever they undertake an activity that changes the base map. This is a different type of cost recovery model from that used in the UK since it implies that those who cause changes in the base map should pay for these rather than those who use the base maps.

3. The use of on-line services through the internet means that fewer local offices are required for land registration.

Current InitiativesLand registration has undergone a

major change in the delivery of services with offices being closed and services being moved on-line. The Land Registry now has just 13 offices in addition to its headquarters. In 2014 56% of applications affecting a registered title were made electronically.

The government has had to explore ways of separating the public information aspect of Ordnance Survey’s work from the commercial elements in which value is added to the basic geo-reference data. There has been a debate as to what level of data analysis represents the public information, with Ordnance Survey arguing that it is the raw reference data and commercial interests, who would like to make greater use of its data to produce products for sale, that it should be map data. There has been an increase in the availability of free Ordnance Survey data for use by the public and in education.

Land Registry has campaigned to get absentee owners to keep their details up to date so it can check suspicious transactions and reduce the potential for fraud. The Land Registry typically pays out £11 million a year in compensation, mainly for fraud. In October 2008 the National Fraud Strategic Authority was created and this has targeted mortgage fraud.

This is an edited version of the full document, which was last modified in November 2014.

For the full article on The United Kingdom’s cadastral system, and other participating countries, go to:

http://www.cadastraltemplate.org/countries.php

respect. In particular he argued that this would lead to a reduction in boundary disputes and make for easier transfer of real estate. However, there was strong political opposition to the proposal to such an extent that the legislation was amended to prevent the tithe surveys from being used in this way. Dawson lost the power to determine the scale of the plans produced and to control the level of accuracy.

The only genuine cadastre is the Rural Lands Register which was created in order to implement the changes in the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy between 2003 and 2005. This changed the system of agricultural support from one based upon guaranteed prices to farmers to one based upon the area of agricultural land occupied. The Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) has to ensure that correct payments are made to farmers and that there is traceability of payments. In order to make the payments, Member States had to create and maintain a database of agricultural land parcels with their sizes and geo-references, which is linked to records of farmers and their aid applications. Each parcel in the Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) has to be correctly identified and measured and records kept of the persons who are permitted to make claims. Checks on claims are needed to ensure that the land is part of the UAA and that multiple claims are not made for any parcel. As land can be transferred between farmers, removed from agricultural production, or parcels can be joined together or divided, the register has to be capable of being updated. The EU has set tolerances for the accuracy of measurement of 5% or 1.5 metres to the perimeter, with a maximum tolerance of for each parcel of one hectare. This meant that the UK had for the first time to create a form of cadastre. The story of how this cadastre was created was one of chaos with serious delays in making payments to farmers and the threat of legal action against the UK by the EU. Part of the problem was inaccuracies in the older analogue maps. The cost of realising the register was £16.1 million compared with an estimate of £6.8 million, mainly as a result of the mapping costs in obtaining accurate information about parcel areas.

The UK is unusual in that it has a very active and efficient property market but

no cadastre. Any government considering introducing one would have to carefully balance the cost against what are likely to be very limited benefits. There is likely to be strong resistance to the costs of creating and maintaining a cadastre being passed on to the population. By contrast, compulsory land registration has proved to be efficient, much cheaper than the deeds system it replaced, and a more reliable guarantor of property rights. Public opposition to the government maintaining records of the private ownership of property has therefore been minimal. There is a long history of resistance by the public to giving the government information about property and suspicions about the government’s motives in wanting this information. As an old settled country, the UK is extensively monumented and has been for at least a millennium and a half. In the year 1066 England was successfully invaded by William Duke of Normandy. It may be no accident that one of the acts for which William the Conqueror is best remembered is the Domesday Book of 1086, a cadastre which lists landholdings and who had previously held them, and became the basis for the recognition of property rights by the crown.

Government OrganisationsAs there is no cadastre, there are

no agencies responsible for cadastral surveying. The official mapping agency is the Ordnance Survey. Since 1999 it has been an executive agency with trading fund status, responsible to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.

Land registration is the responsibility of three regional bodies. For England and Wales, the body is the Land Registry. In Northern Ireland land registration is the responsibility of Land & Property Services. In Scotland land registration is the responsibility of Registers of Scotland, which maintains 14 registers, including the Register of Sasines and the Land Register, as a trading fund on behalf of the Scottish Government.

Land registration documents show boundary features but the term boundary has no special meaning in law. A boundary is a line of infinitely minimal width. It could only be mapped if the law gave it a substantive width. Under the general boundaries system the title plan shows the boundary of the property in

relation to given physical features on the ground identified on an Ordnance Survey map. Land Registry is unable to tell where a boundary lies though normally it will fall somewhere along the physical boundary features.

Private Sector InvolvementThere is no private sector involvement

in land registration, though there was a plan to privatise the Land Registry, which has been dropped. There is no cadastre and, therefore, no cadastral surveying. There is partnering with the private sector as supplier of and to maintain servers for Land Registry. The current policy is to encourage organisations, including private bodies, to make available their location-based data as layers on Ordnance Survey digital maps and to develop innovative uses of data and services that add value to mapping data.

Professional Organization or Association

There are no cadastral surveyors, but the Ordnance Survey employs approximately 300 surveyors who have generally taken a first degree in a surveying discipline from a university and then after a period of supervised practice, taken the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors’ Assessment of Professional Competence.

The Cadastral SystemThe original function of compulsory

land registration was to provide a means of proving title to land once the remains of the feudal system and feudal transfers had been ended by legislation. Its main function now is to support the efficient operation of the land market by facilitating low cost and reliable transfers of land. The existence of a central land register has reduced the costs of carrying out due diligence when buying a property and for banks planning to lend on mortgages or other asset-backed loans. It has also improved the reliability of transfers and, therefore, the security of property rights. The register is backed by a government guarantee of its accuracy and a compensation fund. Under the previous deeds system, title was proved by a succession of transfers back to the original grant. In principle, any defect in transfer in the past could invalidate title. However this was modified by the law of

the profession the profession

Azimuth • April 2016 • 27 26 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

NSWSurveying Taskforce

Job SEEkErS April 2016

SToyAn STAykov, SydnEy, nSWHolds a Masters Degree in Mine Surveying and Geodesy. Looking to gain Australian Experience. Comes from a family of Surveyors.0413 246 883staykov.stoyan@gmail.com

rEubEn bryAnT, byron bAy, nSWThird Year Surveying Student looking for a PT or casual position as a Surveying Assistant.0402 270 324neilst6@hotmail.com

SrdJAn pETrovic, Surveyor with 5 years of experience in Serbia. Holds a BSc in Geodesy and Geomatics. Looking for a full time position as a Surveyor.0423 326 334s_mingma@hotmail.com

nicolAS brEEn, kAnAhookA, nSWCurrently studying Diploma of Surveying. Familiar with AutoCad, CivilCad, Magnet, 12D v10 and Trimble Total Stations.0477 792 330nbreen36@gmail.com

ClassifiedsrEGiSTErEd SurvEyor WAnTEd

Watson Buchan Pty Ltd seek a Registered Surveyor to join our team.We are a vibrant organization with a diverse client base.Our practice is located in Miranda and services the Sydney metropolitan area and close regional areas.The position we have for a Registered Surveyor offers the right candidate great potential to actively participate in the future direction of the business.The applicant needs to be enthusiastic, have good communication skills and enjoy the stimulation of resolving the cadastral framework.Salary package to be commensurate with experience and qualifications.

Please contact John Watson at surveyor@watsonbuchan.com.au for more information or to submit a resume.

Conferences & Seminars

ApAS2016

ASSociATion oF public AuThoriTy

SurvEyorS conFErEncE

4-6 April 2016

Leura NSW

Registrations now open!

Check the APAS website for the conference program

and registration form.

http://www.apas.org.au/

FiG WorkinG WEEk

Recovery from Disaster

2 – 6 May 2016

Christchurch NZ

www.fig.net/fig2016/registration.htm

ThE ASSociATion oF SurvEyorS oF pApuA nEW

GuinEA (ASpnG)

50th Commemorative Congress

27 - 29 July 2016

Gateway Hotel, Port Moresby

Special member rate of PGK850 (approx. AUD420) is being

offered to members of ISNSW for registration which includes

cocktail party, congress dinner and farewell BBQ.

http://www.aspng.org/events.htm

STudEnT MEMbErShip

Welcome and Congratulations Jerom Vanderstappen, Xun Gong, William Quihampton,

Taha Masri, Callum Leahy, Luke Neander

Luke Wright Age: 27 Career: Working for PHL Surveyors in Griffith NSW since late 2005 as a draft person and currently studying surveying. Interests: Strong interest in music being a drummer and also an interest in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.

Future: Hoping to become a Registered Surveyor.

Ben Hohnke Age: 25Career: I am a trade qualified Metal Fabricator with some machining qualifications as well.I got tired of the hours, and repetitive work I was doing running CNC machinery so decided on a career change at the

start of 2015. I have been a Surveyors Assistant/ Draftsman for Brown & Krippner since then (and loving it) and I am also currently studying externally through the University of Southern Queensland.Interests: Fly Fishing, Camping, Hiking, Bowhunting, Maps and my family.Future: Goal is to finish off my studies and become a Registered Surveyor.

ASSociATE MEMbErShip

David Webb

corporATE MEMbErShip

Aaron Gray

FArEWEll

We farewell with best wishes John Worldon - We hope you have enjoyed your time

as a Member of ISNSW Inc.

Membership Connect

the institution of surveyors nsW is pleased to welcome and congratulate the following

members admitted on 4th March 2016

For further information please contactGraham Hunt

Phone (02) 9524 4679 grahamgh@ozemail.com.au

www.surveyors.org.au/Groups/Seniors

Azimuth • April 2016 • 29 28 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

THE INSTITUTION OFSURVEYORS NSW INC

Head OfficeLevel 4, 162 Goulburn street, surry Hills, Nsw 2000PO Box 104, darlinghurst Nsw 1300Phone: (02) 9264 2076Fax: (02) 9261 8102isnsw@surveyors.org.au www.surveyors.org.au

presidentMichael GreenPhone: (02) 9264 2076president@surveyors.org.au

president Electtony ProustPhone: (02) 4940 4200 tony.proust@rpsgroup.com.au

past presidentPhil HaywardPhone: 0418 416 285pah@fastastrata.com.au

honorary SecretaryVictoria testerPhone: (02) 9264 2076secretary@surveyors.org.au

honorary TreasurerMatt HynesPhone: 0408 084 147mhynes1972@bigpond.com

Executive officerterina sawyer(02) 9264 2076manager@surveyors.org.au

Elected iSnSW directorsdr. Bill Kearsley Phone: (02) 9385 5252 w.kearsley@unsw.edu.au

Jonathan KeenPhone (02) 9544 0948jackeen@bigpond.net.au

Group rEprESEnTATivEScumberlandRod JamisonPhone: 0414 652 189rj@backhouse.com.au Southernrobert Van der Zypen(02) 4296 7055bobvz@landteam.com.au

north coastNeil KennedyPhone: (02) 6687 4700office@kennedysurveying.com.au

Sydney northVittorio sussannaPhone: 0402 169 444 vsussanna@gmail.com

Murraycharles FransenPhone: (02) 6021 1322 cf@eslers.com.au

hunter ManningJohn MinehanPhone: (02) 4948 8963 jrmin@iinet.net.au

central Westernandrew UsherPhone: 02 6361 1422usher@usherandcompany.com.au

St George Sutherlandrob cornishPhone: (02) 9335 9700rc@jbwsurveyors.com.au

Senior SurveyorsMichael RutlidgePhone: 0410 770 259mrutlidge@optusnet.com.au

young SurveyorsTom McdonaldPhone: 0435 711 479tom.mcdonald@rygate.com.au

co-opErATinG ASSociATionS rEprESEnTATivESassociation of Public authority surveyors and staff surveyors association – Vittorio sussannaassociation of consulting surveyors – Paul MatherMain Roads surveyors Association – Narelle Underwoodcountry surveyors association – Paul MatherProfessional surveyors occupational association – Phil Haywardsurveying and spatial sciences institute – Gaby van wyk

FiG international institution for the history of Surveying and Measurement John BrockPhone: 0414 910 898brocksurveys@bigpond.com

university representativeProf chris rizosPhone: (02) 9385 4205c.rizos@unsw.edu.au

TAFE representative Paul swan Phone: (02) 9217 5161 Paul.swan3@det.nsw.edu.au

nominees to the board ofSurveying & Spatial informationMark Gordonchris abbottBob Harrison

AziMuTh MAGAzinE

Editorazimuth@surveyors.org.au

Advertisingterina sawyer(02) 9264 2076manager@surveyors.org.au

Azimuth committeePaul davis-RaissMichael Lamonttony Proustterina sawyeradrian White

Art directoreli Kitcheneclair MarketingPhone: 0419 489 612ek@eclair.com.au

printerJon GallimoreBee PrintmailPhone: (02) 9437 6917beeprint@printd.com.au

CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2016DATE EVENT

CODE ORGANISATION ACTIVITY/FUNCTION/MEETING LOCATIONCPD POINTS

MINING CAD SUR Total

April 2016 1 The Institution of Surveyors NSW Board Meeting L4, 162 Goulburn St Surry Hills

5 IS15.19A APAS APAS2016 - 21st Annual Conference - Day 1

Fairmont Resort Leura NSW 0 2 6 8

6 IS15.19B APAS APAS2016 - 21st Annual Conference - Day 2

Fairmont Resort Leura NSW 0 1 6 7

12 IS15.25 Hunter Manning Group Cadastral Seminar 2016 Institution of Engineers Parry St Newcastle 0 3.5 0 3.5

May 2016 6 The Institution of Surveyors NSW Board Meeting L4, 162 Goulburn St Surry Hills

June 2016 3 The Institution of Surveyors NSW Board Meeting L4, 162 Goulburn St Surry Hills

17 TBA Southern Group Seminar Coolangatta Estate NSW TBA TBA TBA TBA

July 2016 1 The Institution of Surveyors NSW Board Meeting L4, 162 Goulburn St Surry Hills

August 2016 5 The Institution of Surveyors NSW Board Meeting L4, 162 Goulburn St Surry Hills

Azimuth • April 2016 • 31 30 • www.surveyors.org.au PROUD SPONSOR OF THE SIR THOMAS MITCHELL AWARD 2016

http://survey.crkennedy.com.au/