the new frontier and the great society john kennedy- lyndon johnson social programs of the 1960s
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The New Frontier and The Great Society
John Kennedy- Lyndon Johnson Social Programs of the 1960s
Kennedy’s “New Frontier” Sophisticated sense of economics Emphasis on social welfare programs Directions in CW politics and develop Space Program
Increased aid for education Medical care for elderly Increase in minimum wage Urban reforms Civil rights reforms End to poverty Major tax cuts
Background to Great Society New Deal-like policies aimed at ending poverty & transforming
American way of life Influenced by The Other America (Harrington)
20% of America lives in poverty, 40% for African-Americans Civil Rights Act--1964
Law barred discrimination in public accommodations It authorized the Justice Dept. to prosecute discrimination
against women and minorities Guaranteed equal opportunities in the workplace
More Great Society Background
Voting Rights Act (1965) Conditions in Selma, AL
15000 eligible voters; only 335 allowed to register Provisions
Eliminated barriers to registration: Poll Taxes Literacy Tests
“Black Power” Black separatists gained voice
Criticized: Non-violent techniques Goal of integration
Malcolm X Blacks should solve problems without whites
Stokely Carmichael (SNCC) Called for expulsion of whites from black civil
rights organizations
The Black Power Movement:
Blacks should do things for themselves rather than rely on the charity of White politicians.
Blacks should defend themselves and fight back if necessary.
Blacks should develop and emphasize pride in their own culture.
Called for: Black Political Parties Black-owned businesses Black cooperatives Black schools for black children
LBJ and the “Long, Hot Summers”
Mid-1960s: non-violent protests gone? 1964: Riots in Harlem and NYC 1965: Riots in Watts (LA); Malcolm X killed 1967: Dozens of riots, also Newark and Detroit 1968: MLK, Jr.assassinated; race riots nationwide
“Kerner Commission”
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders Formed after race riots beginning in 1965 Report issued March 1, 1968
Country divided into two societies 40% of non-whites lived below poverty line Black males twice as likely to be unemployed than whites Black makes three times as likely to be in low-shill jobs
Poverty cause of crime and civil unrest “chronic poverty is the breeder of chronic chaos”
“War on Poverty”- LBJ Expanded on JFK proposals Economic Opportunity Act (1964)
Head Start- for children of low income families- health, nutrition, and education
Job Corps College work-study VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) Neighborhood Youth Corps Adult job training CAPS (Community Action Programs)
The Great Society
During campaign of 1964 LBJ vs. Goldwater, LBJ wins ‘Daisy Girl’ ad turning point in T.V’s influence on
politics Central Themes
Abundance and liberty for all End to poverty End to racial injustice
Programs enacted by the 89th Congress
Great Society Programs
Introduced Medicare (elderly)/ Medicaid (poor) programs
Passed Elementary and Secondary Education Act What did this do?
Formed Housing and Urban Development What is the responsibility of HUD?
Clean air and water regulations National Endowment for Arts and Humanities
VISTA Volunteers in Service to America
A full time volunteer program Committed to increasing the capability of low-income
people to improve the conditions of their lives Caption:
“Wanted: Lawyers for the Poor” Quotation:
“The poor man is cut off from this society and from the protection of its laws. We make him a functional outlaw.”
Those with law degrees could join to bring legal aid to the poor
“Ask not what your country can do for you…”
“If you’re not a part of the solution, you’re part of the problem” Volunteers assigned to local sponsors
Local public agencies Private nonprofit organizations In all 50 states, Puerto Rico, DC, or Virgin Islands
Fields: Education Runaway youth Low-income senior citizens Economic development
The Peace Corps The Program:
Provides opportunities for skilled Americans to serve in developing nations
Tours last approximately two years Most volunteers work in educational and
community development programs The Purpose:
To give help where needed To promote a better understanding of the U.S.
abroad To sharpen America’s image of other people
Office of Economic Opportunity
Created by LBJ (1964) Part of the “War on Poverty”
Included ten separate programs: Job Corps, VISTA, work training programs, work-
study programs, and small business incentives Native American Programs
Youth Development Program
Funded by Economic Opportunity Act (1964) Program Specifics:
Work with peers to learn construction skills Goal: make youth more employable
Head Start Wants You!
Child development program—preschool children of low socioeconomic communities: Comprehensive educational and social services Emphasizes parent involvement Provides health services
The Job Corps Helped young people ages 16—21 secure a better job Help disadvantaged young people prepare for jobs and
responsible citizenship Enrollees received:
Room and board Clothing for work, books, supplies Cash allowance Two years of training Job placement assistance
Target demographic: Unemployed youth who are out of school Those from slum areas or impoverished rural areas Those who needed change in environment to develop talents
Immigration Reform
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Ended quota system of the 1920’s Doubled amount of immigrants per year Effect- more Asian and Latino immigrants
Summary:
What were the basic aims of the Kennedy-Johnson social programs? Defend underprivileged Extend civil rights opportunities Provide vocational training
Were the programs successful?