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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
BTEC SPORT – Unit 1 Section A : Assignment 1 Resource
The SKELETAL SYSTEM
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY THE BODY SYSTEMS?
• the necessity to be physically fit to perform at a competitive level
and
• the need to promote healthy lifestyles
it is important that performers and coaches are able to:
1) design appropriate training programmes,
2) develop correct technique,
3) minimise the risk of injury,
4) optimise performance.
The knowledge of the structure and function of
the Body Systems is vital to this end.
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
For BTEC Unit 1 we will study how:
The skeletal and muscular systems work
together to allow movement for physical
activity. Assignments 1 & 2
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems
work together to supply oxygen/ energy for
muscle contraction. Assignments 3, 4 & 5
A
B
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
P1
What is the SKELETON made of ?
BONES206 Made of Calcium
JOINTS“Whenever Bone meets Bone”
Ball & Socket, Hinge, etc…..
CARTILAGECoating of all Bones, “Shock Absorber”
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• There are 206 bones in a human skeleton
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
metatarsals
femur
phalanges
metacarpals
carpals
pelvis
vertebra
rib
scapula
cranium
mandible
sacrum
clavicle
sternum
humerus
radius
ulna
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
cocyx
Show / hide bone names
Show / hide arrows
P1
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B GCSE Physical Education
UNIT 1 - Information
The FUNCTIONS of the SKELETON
1) Producing RED BLOOD CELLS which help carry O2 (Oxygen) for exercise.
2) Providing points for MUSCULAR ATTACHMENT – ORIGIN/ INSERTION.
3) PROTECTING vital organs against impact and injury.
4) Providing SUPPORT for the movement taking place.
Blood Attachment Protection Support
P1
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UNIT 1 - Information
BONES
LONG
(Provides effective
levers for
movement)
e.g. femur
IRREGULAR
(Provides support
and protection)
e.g. vertebrae
SHORT
(Well adapted to
resist compression
forces and help in
performing fine
movements)
e.g. carpals
FLAT
(Protective function)
e.g. sternum
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONES (SHAPE)
P1
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
SKELETON
APPENDICULAR
Skull, spine, sternum, ribs
Arms, shoulders, hips, legs
AXIAL
P1
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY and BONES
• Physical activity stimulates the production of bone tissue to
compensate for the stresses of training.
• If the intensity is too high, damage and injury of the bone can
occur e.g. shin splints.
• Reduced stress results in bone weight and strength reduction –
ATROPHY – usually after a lay-off due to injury. It is important
to return to full training slowly, to allow the bones to adapt.
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P2 Part of the SKELETON: JOINTS
“Joints are the place where 2 bones meet.”
“When Bone meets another Bone”
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UNIT 1 - Information
• Joints can be classified according to
the amount of movement they allow:
1) IMMOVABLE / FIBROUS/FIXED JOINTS
These joints are fixed and no movement is possible. Examples are found
in the skull and pelvic girdle – areas of the body where great strength is
required.
P2
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P2
2) SLIGHTLY MOVABLE / CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
There are small gaps between the bones at these joints, filled with
CARTILAGE to prevent grinding and enable slight movement.
Examples are found between the vertebrae and between the ribs
and sternum.
P2
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3 **Freely Movable/Synovial Joints**
These are the most common – and most use
for Sport as they allow movement
P2
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
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UNIT 1 - Information
The majority of joints in the body are synovial – they allow the
greatest range of movement.
The bones are linked by LIGAMENTS – They join Bone to Bone.
There are 6 types of synovial joint, and each type has its own
characteristic range and type of movement.
They are designed to stop and prevent friction between the moving
bones.
Examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints.
These joints are important for physical activity – they are often put
under a great deal of stress (e.g. the knee), but are so designed to
be robust and withstand pressure.
P2
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UNIT 1 - Information
SECTION B
TYPE OF JOINT BODY LOCATION TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Ball and socket Hip, shoulder
Flexion/ extension,
rotation, abduction,
adduction
Hinge Knee, elbow Flexion/ extension
Pivot Neck Rotation
Condyloid Wrist, ankleFlexion/ extension,
abduction, adduction
Saddle Base of thumbsFlexion/ extension,
abduction, adduction
GlidingCarpals (hands),
tarsals (feet)
Gliding movements – where 2
bones with flat surfaces slide on
each other – forward and back
with slight sideways movement
P2
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UNIT 1 – Information
*** Ball and Socket ***
HIP Joint
Allows movement in 3 planes – Very Mobile Joint e.g. Hip /Shoulder
P2
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** Hinge **
Hinge
ELBOW Joint
Allows movement in only 1 plane of motion e.g. Elbow/Knee
P2
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Pivot
Atlas
Vertebrae
Axis
NECK Joint
P2
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SECTION B GCSE Physical Education
UNIT 1 - Information
Condyloid
Condyloid
joint
Movement
WRIST Joint
P2
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Saddle
Saddle joint
Thumb Joint
P2
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Gliding
Gliding occurs
between the
small bones
Joints of the HAND
P2
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• TASK: Recognising Joints at Work
Look at the Picture – What joints are
working?
What is each joint doing?
P2
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WHAT JOINTS are WORKING?
• Picture A Cricket Bowl
……………………………………………………..
..........................................................................
• Picture B Triple Jump
…………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………….
• Picture C Header
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
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WHAT JOINTS are WORKING?
• Picture A Cricket BowlShoulder – rotates Elbow – bends/straightens
Knee – bends/straightens Wrist – bends Hip? Ankle?
• Picture B Triple JumpKnee? Ankle? Hip? Vertebrae? Shoulder?
Elbow?
• Picture C HeaderNeck? Spine? Shoulder? Ankle? Knee?
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UNIT 1 - Information
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
FLEXION – Reducing the angle at a joint
(bending).
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TYPE OF MOVEMENT
EXTENSION – Increasing the angle at a joint
(straightening).
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TYPE OF MOVEMENT
CIRCUMDUCTION – A circular movement, which combines flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction so that the
movement of the body-part describes a cone shape.
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TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ROTATION – Is a circular movement
made by a joint.
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TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ABDUCTION – Is the sideways movement at
the hip and shoulder joints
away from the body.
Take Away from the Centre of the Body
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TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ADDUCTION – Is movement at the hip and
shoulder joints towards the
body.
To Bring back to the centre of the body
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UNIT 1 - Information
Strong joints are essential for:
• Coping with stress of physical activity.
• Contributing to a healthy, active lifestyle.
• Making skilled movements.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS, TENDONS AND CARTILAGE
Ligaments, tendons and cartilage provide the strength, mobility and
protection needed to help the joints, increase the flexibility and
provide a greater range of movement.
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SECTION B GCSE Physical Education
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• Ligaments are strong, fibrous, non-elastic bands of tissue which
attach bone to bone across a joint.
• They control the movement and the stability of the joint.
• They hold a joint in place.
• They prevent unwanted movements at a joint.
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Glossary
LIGAMENTS
• Cartilage protects bone.
• It is a tough, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones and acts as a
shock absorber.
• It reduces friction between the bones.
• Cartilage damage may occur over a period of time because of the
constant stress/ impact and twisting/ turning of physical activity.
CARTILAGE
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• Tendons attach MUSCLE to BONE.
• They are strong but flexible.
• When muscles contract (shorten), they exert a pull on that tendon
which acts across the joint to make a joint move.
TENDONS
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The structure of a knee joint showing the bones, ligaments,
tendons, muscle and cartilage involved
Ball-shaped end to long
bone of leg or femur
(rounded ends to bones
ensure easy movement with
little friction)
Muscle
Synovial fluid (oils or
lubricates the joint helping
it to move more easily)
Ligament
(tough strip of
tissue joining
bone to bone)
Tendon (this
joins muscle to
bone)
Cartilage (smooth,
slippery, reduces
friction, helps to
reduce shock)
Patella
(kneecap)
Tibia
Show Bone
Show Muscle
Show Tendons
Show Ligament
Show Cartilage
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
1. Match the scientific name for the bones on the left of the table with the common names by dragging them to the table. You can also drag the numbers to the diagram of the skeleton.
Real Name Common Name
pelvis
femur
cranium
mandible
phalanges
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
THIGH BONE
SKULL
FINGERS/TOES
JAW BONE
HIP
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
2. Class activity:
e.g. Set shot – Basketball (Teach and class practice)
a) Attempt to break the skill down into ‘PHASES’.
b) Construct a table, and for each phase:
(i) identify the moving joint;
(ii) name the type of movement;
(iii) identify the muscles that are at work.
(For (iii), remind groups that muscles can only PULL. Also, a muscle
must span a joint if it is to move it – ORIGINS/ INSERTIONS).
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
3. Class activity:
e.g. Hockey – group to identify the function of the following structures in a warm-up:
Synovial fluid;
Ligaments;
Articular cartilage.
4. Class to identify which muscles are agonists/ antagonists for the following joint actions during the ‘PUSH’ in hockey:
Extending the knee.
Flexing the elbow.
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
5. In a game of hockey e.g. identify when a player would use:
a) mainly FAST TWITCH fibres;
b) mainly SLOW TWITCH fibres.
Do different positions in a game of hockey place different
demands on muscle fibre demand, and if so, why?
Ball Games: Joint Movement6. Work with a partner and identify basic body movements, joints and analysis of
specific movements from chosen activities.
7. Consider the factors affecting performance and participation e.g. age and range of movement around a joint.
8. Identify the joints involved in, for example, throwing a ball (netball).
9. Identify the joints involved in, for example, kicking a ball (football).
10. Discuss the different types of movement around a joint.
11. Develop by pupils choosing their own activity and identifying movements at joints.
12. The above links with ‘specific’ training sessions and ‘specific’ training methods for sporting activity.
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
Analysis of Movement:
13. In pairs, discuss basic movements and actions of joints.
14. Activity and sport specific discussion regarding movement, muscles and joint actions.
15. Record movements and use for analysis/ discussion.
16. Consider the link between desired movement patterns, skill and sport specific fitness training.
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UNIT 1 - Links
• Muscular system
• Respiratory system
• Cardiovascular system
• Aerobic/ Anaerobic systems
• Energy continuum
• Training zones
• Intensity/ duration of exercise
• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body
• Long-term benefits of exercise on the systems of the body
• Body types
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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
1.
“Muscles and joints work together to produce and control movement”.
(i) In the diagram below, which muscle contracts to cause the bending of the knee? Is it:
a) the quadriceps or
b) the hamstring?
(ii) What type of synovial joint is the knee joint and what type of movement does it allow?
(iii) What attaches bone to a bone to ensure stability of the joint?
A
B
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2. The diagram below shows the action of the upper arm muscle involved in
lifting a weight.
Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.
(i) In diagram 1, what is the movement upwards called?
(ii) Which muscle is shortening (contracting) to cause this upward movement, is
it A or B?
(iii) If the contracting muscle is the agonistic or prime mover, what is the relaxing
(flexing) muscle called?
(iv) In diagram 2, what is the downward movement called?
(v) What attaches the muscle to a bone to help in movement?
Triceps
B
Biceps A
Triceps
B
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Biceps A
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3. “Good joint mobility is essential for efficient performance in most
sporting activities.”
Complete the following table:
(iii) Describe an example of a movement in sport which involves (a) flexion/
extension and (b) adduction/ abduction.
Description of synovial
joint
Type of synovial joint Name of synovial joint
(i) allows the widest range
of movement
(ii) permits movement in
only one plane
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4. The diagram below shows the leg of a football player preparing to kick a
ball.
(i) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)
in order to LIFT the lower leg in readiness to kick the ball?
(ii) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)
in order to KICK the ball?
(iii) Identify the type of joint at the KNEE (A).
(iv) Which joint, A or B allows most movement?
A
B
Quadriceps groupHamstring group
Gastrocnemius
Ball
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(v) What is the term used for muscles which RELAX to allow movement to take
place?
(vi) What attaches muscle to bone in order for movement at the joint to take
place?
(vii) What attaches bone to bone to give joints stability?
(viii) The movement in the diagram is an example of which type of muscular
contraction?
A
B
Quadriceps groupHamstring group
Gastrocnemius
Ball
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5. The diagrams below shows the action of the leg muscle and joints
involved in a STANDING LONG JUMP. Study the diagrams and then
answer the questions below by completing the second column in the
table.
Show action
Diagram 1
Bend
Diagram 2
Jump
A
B
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Muscles act in pairs, some contract while others extend.
(i) In diagram 1 the knee is bending ready
for take-off. Which muscle is contracting
to cause the bending? Is it A or B?
(ii) In diagram 2 the leg has straightened.
Which muscle is contracting to cause
this? Is it A or B?
(iii) If the contracting muscle is the
agonist or prime mover, what is the
relaxing muscle called?
(iv) What type of muscular contraction
occurs in both diagrams in order to
cause the movement?
(v) What type of joint is the knee joint?
(vi) What type of movement does the
knee joint allow?
(vii) What attaches a muscle to a bone to
enable movement to take place?
(viii) What attaches a bone to another
bone in order to ensure stability of
movement?
Revisit diagram
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6. Describe the movement at each joint
Positions
during a
forward roll
Knee Hip Shoulder Elbow
Flexed Flexed
Using a grid like the one above, describe the type of movement at each position while:
● Running
● Diving – racing – front crawl
● Push pass (hockey)
● Any other activity of your choice
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7. Label the diagram of a typical joint shown below by dragging the labels to their appropriate places
BONE
BONE
Articular cartilage – protects ends
of bones by acting as a shock
absorber and reducing friction.
Synovial membrane – secretes
synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid – lubricates the
joint, helping the bones move
more easily.
Joint capsule – contains and
protects the joint structures.
Ligaments – strong strap-like
structures which prevent too
much sideways movement.
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8. Explain, using examples from sport, what the different categories of
joints are and why we need them.
9. Complete the following table about the main categories of joints.
Category of joint Extent of movement Example of such a joint
Immovable
Vertebrae
Greater degree of
movement
10. What factors affect the amount of movement possible at a joint?
Very little movement Slightly moveable
Synovial (freely movable)
Hip, shoulder, knee, elbow
Some movement Sutures of skull
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11. The diagram below shows the action of the upper muscle involved in
lifting a weight.
Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.
(i) Which muscle is involved in bending the
arm?
(ii) Which muscle is involved in straightening
the arm?
(iii) Which type of movement is taking place at
the elbow joint?
(iv) This movement is an example of a third
order lever in action. Identify the pivot/
fulcrum and load/ resistance by dragging the
labels to the appropriate points.
Biceps A
Triceps
B
Pivot Load
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12.
(i) Explain why synovial joints are so important for the sportsperson.
(ii) Explain why it is important to train all the muscles acting on a joint.
(iii) “Different synovial joints allow certain types of movement”.
Complete the table for both extension/ flexion and rotation.
Type of movementName of
synovial jointLocation of joint Sporting action
Flexion/ Extension
(increasing/decreasing the
angle between two bones)
Rotation
(A circular movement – part
of the body turns, while the
rest remains still. A turning
movement)