The morphology and kinematics of planetary nebulae:

a tribute to Hugo Schwarz

Romano L.M. Corradi

Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes

My story with Hugo, and our story with PNe, started on 1991 at ESO Chile…

1. Catalogue of CCD narrowband images of PNe and morphological classification

2. Studies of the kinematic properties of bipolar PNe

3. Search and study of nebulae around symbiotic stars

1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe…

The first extensive CCD surveys had appeared:Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, 727 44 PNe (“haloes”)Chu et al. 1987 ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells)Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671 51 PNe and a morphological sequence (round elliptical butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory

Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23 255 PNe

Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23 255 PNe

1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe…

The first extensive CCD morphological studies had appeared:Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, 727 44 PNe (haloes)Chu et al. 1987 ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells)Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671 51 PNe and a morphological sequence (round elliptical butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory

1) … its morphological classification…

Schwarz, Corradi & Stanghellini 1992 IAU Symp. 155, p. 214

1) .. and the study of the statistical properties of the morphological classes of PNe

Stanghellini, Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 276, 463

Schwarz & Corradi 1995 APN1

Corradi & Schwarz 1995 A&A 293, 871

Bipolar PNe belong to a younger Galactic stellar population than elliptical and round PNe, i.e. have more massive progenitors:

• smaller scale height on the Galactic plane;

• more ordered Galactic kinematics;

• hotter central stars;

• He and N overabundances;

• …

Corradi APN2 discusses why the characteristic above is not necessarily a decisive constraint for the physical mechanisms shaping collimated PNe

NGC 6537

2) Studies of the kinematics of bipolar PNeSchwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37

Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; …278, 247

Aspin et al. 1993 A&A 278, 255

Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267

Streamlines are radial and gas is expanding in a ballistic way: self-similar expansion

in a Hubble-like flow (V ∝ r). Shaping occurs in the early evolution, and an

asymptotic shape (self-similar regime) is quickly reached

Corradi APN3

Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37

Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; …278, 247

Aspin et al. 1993 A&A 278, 255

Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267

2) Point-symmetry Precession?

Schwarz 1993, in 2nd ESO/CTIO Workshop on “Mass loss on the AGB and beyond”, La Serena, Chile, 21-24 Jan 1992. Edited by H.E. Schwarz, ESO 1993

2) A special case and a beauty: M 2-9

Today’s Astronomy

Picture of the Day!

Nature and expansion parallax of its dusty outermost knots

VN = Vexp+ Vexp sin i

VS = Vexp- Vexp sin i

2) … the dusty dentist’s mirrors of M 2-9…Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267

2) … and its “light house”Monitoring since the end of the 80’s, mainly at ESO first and then at the Nordic Optical Telescope when Hugo moved to La Palma on 1995

2) … and its “light house”

N1

N2

S2

S1

For the same longitude, the “illuminating” beam excites N2 and S2 about 2 yr later than N1 and S1, which corresponds to a travelling speed of ~5000 km/s particle beam=jet?

Doyle et al. 2000 AJ 119, 339

Corradi et al. in preparationProt=90-130 yr

3) Symbiotic stars can do itR Aqr nebula known since 1921 (Lampland 1923 PAAS 4, 319), but the concept that a large fraction of symbiotic Miras have (collimated) nebulae very similar to PNe, which illustrate the potential importance of binary interactions for the shaping of PNe, started growing from the moment that Hugo discovered the Southern Crab and other symbiotic nebulae.

Corradi et al. 2001 ApJ 553 221

Schwarz Aspin & Lutz 1989 ApJ 344 L29

Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 715, 725

BI Cru

V417 Cen

van Winckel et al. 1994 A&A 285, 241

HM Sge

Corradi et al. 1999 A&A 348, 978

AS 201

Schwarz 1991 A&A 243, 469

V1016 Cyg CH Cyg