the model of regional interdependence · 2018. 4. 3. · pathway for referral from the thoracic...

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1 The Model of Regional Interdependence Jennifer Shamus, MSPT, DPT, PhD, COMT Regional Interdependence Dysfunction and impairments in distant regions, both extremity and spine may precipitate or perpetuate the patient’s primary complaint Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658660.

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Page 1: The Model of Regional Interdependence · 2018. 4. 3. · pathway for referral from the thoracic spine to the head ... – Trochanteric bursitis Maigne, R. Low back pain of thoracolumbar

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The Model of Regional Interdependence

Jennifer Shamus, MSPT, DPT, PhD, COMT

Regional Interdependence

Dysfunction and impairments in distant regions, both extremity and spine may precipitate or perpetuate the patient’s primary complaint

• Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports PhysTher. 2007;37(11):658‐660.

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• Need to examine all joints proximal and distal to the region of the reported pain and dysfunction

• It is important to remember, regional interdependence is different than referred pain. 

• The regional interdependence model focuses on how joints interact with each other neurologically and biomechanically

• Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658‐60.

Regional Interdependence

• “With respect to musculoskeletal problems, regional interdependence (RI) refers to the concept that seemingly unrelated impairments in a remote anatomical region may contribute to, or be associated with, the patient’s primary complaint.” 

• Important during history taking and objective exam

• Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658‐60.

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• There are numerous examples in the literature of the concept of regional interdependence being a viable option for PT examination and intervention planning.

• Start with the upper quarter

• Tyler Shultz

• http://www.physio‐pedia.com/Regional_Interdependence#cite_note‐Reg‐1

Interventions aimed at the elbow have been used to treat:

• Shoulder

– Mobilization with movement applied to the elbow affects shoulder range of motion in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia

– Abbott 

– Manual Therapy

– Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2001, Pages 170–177

– Related to decreased shoulder ROM

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Elbow MWM affects Shoulder ROM

– 23 subjects– Significant differences in pre‐intervention ER/IR ROM were found between unaffected and affected shoulders of subjects with lateral epicondylalgia

– No significant difference remained post‐intervention

– Intervention addressed a facilitated level of shoulder rotator muscle tone

– These ROM increases are also apparent on the ‘unaffected’ limb. These findings suggest that the MWM causes a neurophysiologically mediated decrease in resting muscle tone.

Interventions aimed at the cervical Spine have been used to treat:

• Elbow

– Prevalence of pain and dysfunction in the cervical and thoracic spine in persons with and without lateral elbow pain

– Bergland, Persson & Denision

– Manual Therapy

– Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2008, 295–9

– Cervical and thoracic pain accompany lateral elbow pain

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Pain in the C/S and T/S: Elbow Pain (C2‐T7)

• 31 subjectw with lateral elbow pain and 31 without lateral elbow pain

• The assessment comprised a pain drawing, provocation tests of the cervical and thoracic spine, a neurodynamic test of the radial nerve, and active cervical range of motion

• 70% of the subjects with lateral elbow pain indicated pain in the cervical or thoracic spine, as compared to 16% in the control group (p<0.001). 

• The frequency of pain responses to the provocation tests of the cervical and thoracic spine was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the lateral elbow pain (LEP) group, 

Pain in the C/S and T/S: Elbow Pain (C2‐T7)

• Frequency of pain responses to the neurodynamic test of the radial nerve were higher (p<0.001). 

• Cervical flexion and extension ROM was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the LEP group. 

• A relationship between lateral elbow pain and pain in the vertebral spine (C2–T7). The cervical and thoracic spine should be included in the assessment of patients with lateral elbow pain.

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Interventions aimed at the Cervical Spine have been used to treat:

• Lateral Elbow Pain

– Screening for Head, Neck, and Shoulder Pathology in Patients with Upper Extremity Signs and Symptoms

– Lateral elbow pain referred from cervical spine

– Yung, Asavasopon & Godges

– Journal of Hand Therapy

– Volume 23, Issue 2, April–June 2010, 173–86

Additional Research to Support the Model

• Lateral Epicondylitis– Fernández‐Carnero J, Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas C, Cleland JA. Immediate hypoalgesic and motor effects after a single cervical spine manipulation in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(9):675‐81.

– Herd CR, Meserve BB. A systematic review of the effectiveness of manipulative therapy in treating lateral epicondylalgia. J Man Manip Ther. 2008;16(4):225‐37.

– Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Fritz JM. Effectiveness of manual physical therapy to the cervical spine in the management of lateral epicondylalgia: a retrospective analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(11):713‐22; discussion 722‐4.

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Interventions aimed at the thoracic spine and ribs have been used to treat:

• Neck pain

• Cleland JA, Childs JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Man Ther. 2005;10:127‐35.

• Strunce JB, Walker MJ, Boyles RE, Young BA. The immediate effects of thoracic spine and rib manipulation on subjects with primary complaints of shoulder pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(4):230‐6.

Interventions aimed at the thoracic spine and ribs have been used to treat:

• Shoulder Impingement Syndrome• Bang MD, Deyle GD. Comparison of supervised exercise with and without manual physical therapy for patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:126‐37.

• Bergman GJ, Winters JC, Groenier KH, et al. Manipulative therapy in addition to usual medical care for patients with shoulder dysfunction and pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:432‐9.

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Interventions aimed at the thoracic spine to treat the UE

• T4 syndrome:

• Mobilization of T4 region eliminates hand paresthesias and pain

T4 Syndrome• A clinical pattern that involves upper extremity paresthesias and pain with or w/o symptoms into the head or neck (Maitland, 1986)

• Mobilization of an upper thoracic vertebrae (T4) reproduces or eliminates these symptoms (Grieve, 1988) 

• The sympathetic nervous system may provide a pathway for referral from the thoracic spine to the head and arms,but the link between the sympathetic and the somatic nervous system is not clearly understood (Evans,1997 ).

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Interventions aimed at the thoracic spine have been used to treat:

• Shoulder

• The short‐term effects of thoracic spine thrust manipulation on patients with shoulder impingement syndrome

• Robert E. Boylesa, Bradley M. Ritlandb, Brian M. Miracleb, Daniel M. Barclayb, et al. 

• Manual Therapy. August 2009; 14(4): 375–80

Thoracic Spine:Shoulder Impingement

• 56 patients (40 males, 16 females; mean age 31.2 ± 8.9) with SIS underwent a standardized shoulder examination, immediately followed by TSTM techniques. Outcomes measured were the Numeric Pain and Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), all collected at baseline and at a 48‐h follow‐up period. Additionally, the Global Rating of Change Scale (GRCS) was collected at 48‐h follow‐up to measure patient perceived change.

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Thoracic Spine:Shoulder Impingement

• At 48‐h follow‐up, the NPRS change scores for Neer impingement sign, Hawkins impingement sign, resisted empty can, resisted external rotation, resisted internal rotation, and active abduction were all statistically significant (p < 0.01). 

• The reduction in the SPADI score was also statistically significant (p < 0.001) and the mean GRCS score = 1.4 ± 2.5.

Cervical /Thoracic Spine: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• Cervical and thoracic mobes alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome

• Manual Therapy Vol. 10(4)292‐296, 2005 

• Conroy & Schneiders 

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Thoracic Spine: Adhesive Capsulitis

• Adding thoracic spine mobilizations to the treatment program increased active shoulder flexion ROM by 25 degrees in a patient with Adhesive capsulitis

• McCormack, Joshua R

• J of Manual and Manipulative Therapy Vol 20(1)28‐35, 2012

Lower Quarter

• “When the foot hits the ground everything changes”

• Biomechanically, the calcaneus everts …..

• Barton et al. Sports Med. 2010

• McPoil et al. JAPMA. 2011

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Interventions aimed at the knee have been used to treat:

• Ankle

• The initial effects of knee joint mobilization on osteoarthritic hyperalgesia

• Knee mobilizations decreased pressure pain threshold in other sites (i.e. ankle)

• Rat study with capcaisin

• CRPS

• Moss P, Sluka K, Wright A.

• Manual Therapy. 2007;12(2):109–18

Knee Mobilization:Pain:Ankle

• 38 subjectsThirty‐eight subjects with mild to moderate knee pain participated. 

• 9‐min, non‐noxious, AP mobilization of the tibio‐femoral joint were compared with manual contact and no‐contact interventions. 

• Pressure pain threshold (PPT) and 3‐m ‘up and go’ time were measured immediately before and after each intervention.

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Knee Mobilization:Pain:Ankle

• Results demonstrated a significantly greater mean (95% CI) percentage increase in PPT following knee joint mobilization >than after manual contact or no‐contact

• Knee joint mobilization also increased PPT at a distal, non‐painful site and reduced ‘up and go’ time significantly more than manual contact or no‐contact control

• Accessory mobilization of an osteoarthritic knee joint immediately produces both local and widespread hypoalgesic effects

Interventions aimed at the SI have been used to treat:

• Weight distribution

• Immediate and lasting improvements in weight distribution seen in baropodometry following a high‐velocity, low‐amplitude thrust manipulation of the sacroiliac joint

• Daniel de Oliveira Grassia, 

• Marcial Zanelli de Souzaa, 

• Silvia Belissa Ferraretoa, 

• Maria Imaculada de Lima Montebeloa, 

• Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirrob, 

• Manual Therapy. 2011;16:495‐500

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SIJ Mobilization:Weight distribution

• 20 asymptomatic subjects were submitted to computerized baropodometric analysis before, after, and seven days following sacroiliac manipulation.

• Data revealed significant reduction in peak pressure immediately after manipulation and at follow‐up when compared to pre‐manipulative values (p < 0.05). Strong correlation was found between the dominant foot and the foot with greater contact area (r = 0.978), as well as between the side of joint restriction and the foot with greater contact area (r = 0.884).

• The results suggest that sacroiliac joint manipulation can influence peak pressure distribution between feet.

Interventions aimed at the SI have been used to treat:

• Knee

• Isolated Knee Pain: A Case Report Highlighting Regional Interdependence

• Daniel W. VaughnJournal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2008;38(10):616‐23 

• doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.2759

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SIJ:Knee Pain

• Isolated Knee Pain: A Case Report Highlighting Regional Interdependence

• Background A number of pain referral patterns for sacroiliac dysfunction have been reported in the literature. However, very little has been written about pain localized to the knee joint for cases involving sacroiliac dysfunction. 

• Case DescriptionA 25‐year‐old female runner was self‐referred to physical therapy for medial knee pain of 4% weeks’ duration without a significant onset event. The pain completely curtailed her training for the Boston Marathon. Examination of the patient's knee and hip did not reveal any abnormal findings and there was no reproduction of pain with any test procedures except for medial knee joint tenderness to palpation. Additional, more proximal examination suggested significant asymmetry of sacral bony landmarks of the pelvic girdle without significant findings on the provocation tests of the sacroiliac joint. A single session of manual therapy procedures directed to the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joint ipsilateral to the side of knee pain was provided. 

• OutcomesThe patient was able to return to running without further incident of knee pain after a single therapy session. 

• DiscussionThis case suggests the importance of regional interdependence in the examination of patients with an apparently common clinical problem. Furthermore, the case describes a previously unreported presentation of local knee pain possibly attributable to sacroiliac joint dysfunction. 

Regional Interdependence

• Maigne’s syndrome

• Thoracolumbar junction syndrome

• Presentation:

– Low back pain – lumbar and SIJ

– Groin/pubic symphysis

– Lower abdominal pain

– Trochanteric bursitisMaigne, R. Low back pain of thoracolumbar origin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980, 61, 389‐395.

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Interventions aimed at the Hip have been used to treat:

• Knee pain• Cliborne AV, Wainner RS, Rhon DI, et al. Clinical hip tests and a functional squat 

test in patients with knee osteoarthritis: reliability, prevalence of positive test findings, and short‐term response to hip mobilization. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:676‐85.

• Deyle GD, Allison SC, Matekel RL, et al. Physical therapy treatment effectiveness for osteoarthri‐ tis of the knee: a randomized comparison of supervised clinical exercise and manual therapy procedures versus a home exercise program. Phys Ther. 2005;85:1301‐17.

• Deyle GD, Henderson NE, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Garber MB, Allison SC. Effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:173‐81.

Interventions aimed at the Hip have been used to treat:

• Low back pain• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinicalfckLRprediction rule to identify 

patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:920‐8.

• Cibulka MT, Sinacore DR, Cromer GS, Delitto A. Unilateral hip rotation range of motion asymmetry in patients with sacroiliac joint regional pain. Spine. 1998;23:1009‐15.

• Porter JL, Wilkinson A. Lumbar‐hip flexion motion. A comparative study between asymptomatic and chronic low back pain in 18‐ to 36‐year‐old men. Spine. 1997;22:1508‐13; discussion 1513‐4.

• Reiman MP, Weisbach PC, Glynn PE. The hips influence on low back pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24‐32.

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Regional Interdependence

• 70 y.o. with complaints of 7/10 knee pain for 3 months

• History of 1/10 lumbar pain for 10 years

• Treatment to knee and lumbar spine x 12 visits

• 0/10 pain and follow‐up at 1 year no return of symptoms

• Goncalves da Ropch RC, Nee R, Hall T, Chopard R. Treatment of persistent knee pain associated with lumbar dysfunction: a case report. NZ J Physio 34(1):30‐34

Manual Therapy

• Manipulation and mobilization

– Not the only possible interventions

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Muscle Energy

• Golgi tendon organ activation results in direct inhibition of agonist muscles

• A reflexive reciprocal inhibition occurs at the antagonistic muscles

• As the patient relaxes, agonist and antagonist muscles remain inhibited allowing the joint to be moved further into the restricted range of motion.

Muscle Energy

• Applications:

– To lengthen a shortened muscle

– To mobilize an articulation with restricted mobility

• Release an entrapped meniscoid

– To strengthen a physiologically weakened muscle

– To reduce localized edema and passive congestion

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Muscle Energy

• Subjects with non‐specific low back pain

• Immediate decrease in pain level

• But when used without other interventions, it is a transient effect

• Selkow NM, et al. Short term effect of muscle energy technique on pain in individuls with non‐specific lumbopelvic pain: a pilot study.

• J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(1):E14‐8.

Muscle Energy

• MET

• Neuro re‐ed

• Resistance training

• = decreased pain and increased function

• Wilson E, Payton O, Donegan‐Shoaf L, Dec K. JOSPT

• 2003;33:502–12

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Muscle Energy

– Increased cervical ROM (7 visits)

– Increased lumbar ROM (8 visits)

• Shenk

• J of Manipulative Therapy

• 1994 (2) and 1997 (5)

Muscle Energy

• J of Osteopathic Medicine

• 2003 (6) Lenehan

– Increased thoracic mobility

• 2004 (7) Freyer

– Increased OA mobility

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Joint Mobilization/Manual therapy

Therapeutic touch was first documented in Western medicine by Hippocrates (c. 400 B.C.)

• About 500 yrs. Earlier in Eastern medicine

An Introduction to Manual Therapy• In Europe and North America, the practice of ‘bone‐setters’ or lay people skilled in manual therapy evolved in to 3 dominant schools of thought:

• Osteopathy (1872)• Chiropractic• Manual Physical Therapy (1950’s)

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Joint Restrictions/Interdependence

• Joints should have a normal end feel and position

• Joint mobilization:

• Passive movements of a joint performed to have a mechanical  AND neurological effect. 

• These techniques can be performed as a sustained stretch or with an oscillatory movement

• Afferent input = impact TONE and DYSFUNCTION

So how does it work?

• MT is believed to have impact on at least 3 levels:

• Biomechanical 

• Neurophysiological 

• Psychophysiological

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Biomechanical Considerations

• What about the Concave – Convex Rule?

• “…the physiotherapist should not mobilize a pathological joint according to a rule, but treat clinical findings, which are in correlation with the patient’s complaints.” 

• Schomacher 2009

Neurophysiological

• MT has a profound but transient impact upon neurophysiology.  This can be divided in to 3  components: 

• Peripheral

• Spinal

• Supraspinal 

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Peripheral Neurophysiological Effects

• MT stimulates cutaneous and articular mechanoreceptors which can modulate muscle tone and pain.

• MT has been shown to impact the local tissue environment via it’s impact upon nociceptor function.

Spinal Neurophysiological Processes

• MT is associated with decreased Dorsal Horn sensitization = 

• Alteration in muscle tone

• Alteration in motor neuron pool activity

• Alteration in afferent discharge

• Alteration in fluid dynamics

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Neurophysiological

• The presence or absence of positional faults has yet to be determined by the literature

• Perhaps there is not a lasting change in bone position

• However, we are providing input into the CNS

• Non‐opiod pain control “Hypoalgesia”

• Mediated by the Endogenous Descending Pain Inhibitory System (DPIS)

Supraspinal Mechanisms

• MT has been shown to impact supraspinal descending pain inhibition

• JOSPT May 2013

• Reduced activation and 

• Cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex after

• Thoracic manipulation

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Psychophysiological Effects

• Expectation of outcome impacts effectiveness of MT.

• Articular MT has also been shown to positively impact psychological outcomes.

• Placebo Effect

In conclusion…

• Manual Therapy appears to work at various levels rather than just mechanically.

• Evidence is steadily accumulating to support it’s utilization in a variety of disorders. 

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More References

• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, Robinson ME, George SZ. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A comprehensive model. Manual Therapy 14:531–538, 2008.

• ***Chaitow L. Muscle Energy Techniques. Churchill Livingstone, 3rd ed London 2007.

References

• ****DiGiovanna EL, Schiowiz S, Dowling DJ. An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third edition, 2004. 

• Maitland GD. Peripheral Manipulation 5th ed. 1986

• Vicenzino B. Lateral epicondylalgia: A musculoskeletal physiotheray perspective. Manual therapy 8: 66‐79, 2003.

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Applying the same concepts

• To lengthen muscles?

Static Stretching

• Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2004 (Power, K)

• Passive stretch

– decreases strength, 

– vertical jump height and 

– explosiveness

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Static Stretching

• J of Strength and Conditioning Research 19(3)

• Aug. 2005

• Static stretch of 30 sec or no stretching

– No change in leg extension performance

• Dynamic stretch

– Leg extension power was greater (.001)

Static Stretching?

• J of Strength and Conditioning Research 17(3)– Aug. 2003

– Used EMG and mechanomyography

• Static stretch of 30 sec. (3 positions)– Decreased torque production in the bicep brachii

• Greater production of torque w/o stretching– Due to musculotendinous stiffness

– Not number of motor units activated

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Static Stretching

• Canadian J of Applied Physiology 26(3), 2001

• Static stretching

– Quadriceps showed decreased force production

– 12% decrease in max voluntary contraction

– Muscle inactivation increased by 20% (iEMG)

– Twitch force decreased by 11.7%

– They don’t think it is an elasticity issue, though

Static Stretching??

• J of Strength and Conditioning Research 18(2)

– 2004

• 3 static stretches on only 1 limb

– Leg extensor strength decreased on both sides

• Perhaps the response is mediated by the central nervous system

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Stretching

• Dynamic stretching is beneficial before running or an athletic event

• J Strength and Conditioning, April 2006 

• Roundtable discussion on flexibility training **Incorporate dynamic training for neuro re‐education 

• Lab: Dynamic stretches

• Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning NSCA best reference

Stretching

• IF THE PATIENT LOVES TO STRETCH

• See if you can change them to contract/relax

• Check their form

• Hold time – decrease to 15 sec or less 

• Use them after running! 

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Hypertonicity

– Our best influence on muscle length is by addressing TONE

– Is the muscle in a relaxed state when it should be?

Detonification

• When combined with a program of joint mobilization and strengthening, there can be lasting effects in muscle length

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Does order matter?

• Joint mobilization

– Can detonify a muscle

• Follwed by detonification techniqes

– Takes less time to accomplish your goal

Lab: Detonification• Lateral bending

– Displace muscle laterally to fullest extent over 7 sec

• Passive pump

– Apply pressure while lengthening the muscle

– Ease pressure as the muscle lengthens

• Active pump

– Apply pressure while asking the patient to gently contract the muscle

– Ease pressure as the muscle shortens

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Lumbar Spine

• Sidelying Rotations

• Lateral bending

• Passive pump

• Active pump

– Erector spinae

– Quadratus lumborum

• Prone rotations

• Lateral bending

• Passive pump

• Active pump

– Hamstrings

Lumbar Spine

• Neuro re‐ed

– Sidelying upper trunk and lower trunk rotation

– Kneeling upper trunk rotation

– Prone ham curl (Light switch)

• Strength

– Multifidi and oblique exercises

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Lumbar spine **

• Psoas and Iliacus

• Strain Counterstrain

– Prone opposite arm and leg raise

• SIJ Dysfunction

– Isometric hip adduction/abduction

Hip

• SI and IS mobilizations

• Lateral bending

• Passive pump

• Active pump

– Piriformis

• Seated or supine

– Quadriceps

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Hip

• Neuro re‐ed

– Prone hip IR/ER

• Strength

– Clam shells

– Theraband

– Sidelying hip abduction

Knee

• Superior tib/fib joint

• Lateral bending

• Passive pump

• Active pump

– Gastrocs

– Peroneals

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Knee

• Neuro re‐ed

– Quad sets

– Progress to biomechanics of squatting, step downs, etc.

Ankle• Subtalar joint mobes

• Talocrural joint mobes

• Midfoot/Navicular or cuboid mobes

• Distal Tib/Fib mobes

• Intermetatarsal mobes/ MPJ mobes

• Detonify

– Peroneals

– Anterior tibialis

– Quadratus plantae

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Ankle

• Neuro re‐ed

– Sidelying ankle inversion or eversion

– Arch raises

– FHL MPJ flexion without IP flexion

• Strength

– Theraband

• (Proprioception)

Structure

• Biomechanical evaluation

• Rule of 3:  3x the forces, 3x faster, structural faults are 3x as significant

• Check leg length

• Check for tibial varum, rearfoot varum and forefoot varum = pronation

• Watch the runner in action

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Shoewear

• Interaction of Arch Type and Footwear on Running Mechanics

• Butler R, Davis IS, Hamill J (Am J Sports Med, 2006)

• Motion control shoes control rearfoot motion better than  cushion trainer shoes.

• Cushion trainer shoes attenuate shock better than motion control shoes do.

• The instantaneous loading rate was improved when a low‐arched runner used a motion control shoe and when a high‐arched runner used a cushion trainer shoe

Cushion Stability Motion Control

Spectrum

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- Part of shoe between upper and outersole- Glued to shoe- Most important part of running shoe

- Composed of different density materials: EVApolyurethanemulti / dual density

- Each material has specific purpose

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Dual Density - has two layers: one for stability, one for cushioning

- Some extend to medial rearfoot, some to midfoot, some to metatarsals

*Darker color provides more stability*Easy for patients to see/shop for

- CONSTRUCTION- Component of shoe that is glued and / or stitched to

inside of shoe on top of midsoleBOARDCALIFORNIACOMBINATIONSLIP

- Different materials used depending on degree of stability / cushioning desired

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Board - Fiberboard that runs the length of the shoe- Adds stability and firmness but lacks

flexibility- Glued to midsole

California - Upper stitched to midsole around outer edge without fiberboard

- Used for cushioning and flexibility

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Combination - Fiberboard used in rearfoot and slip lastingused in forefoot

- Stability in the rearfoot and cushioning in the forefoot

*Also seeing fiberboard in the back and California in the front

Slip - Slip lasting that has good flexibility- Seam is centered in midsole

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- SHAPE

- Shape from around which shoe is built

- Designed around a three-dimensional model

-Should be matched to the person’s foot shape

* Look at shape of sole of shoe

Determines which last fits: “Take the “wet foot” Test

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Straight - Shape of foot that has little curve between rearfoot and forefoot

- Provides stability and controls pronation

Semi-Curved - In between straight and curved- Allows some pronation and provides

some cushioning- Usually found in a stability shoe

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Curved - Curved inward from heel to toe- Provides cushioning- Good for a supinator with a high arch- Usually found in a cushion shoe

1. Motion Control

- Board lasting- Or California last- Very dense midsole (dual density)- Shape of last is straight- Can have rear and forefoot postings - Used for pronators, heavy runners

Review

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2. Stability

- Combination lasting- Dense midsole- Shape of last is semi-curved- Can have forefoot cushioning- Rearfoot posting only- Used for mild pronators, lighter runners

3. Cushion

- Slip lasting- Soft midsole- Shape of last is curved- Cushioning in rear and forefoot- No posting- Used for supinators

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Break