The MicroscopeJunior Science

Lesson Objectives

• identify, and understand the functions of the main parts of a light microscope and use it to examine an animal cell and a plant cell.

• prepare a slide from plant tissue and sketch the cells under magnification.

The Egyptians were the first to use clear crystals to magnify

small objects

The first eye spectacles were invented during the 13th century and the term lens was introduced names after lentils because of their shape.

Van Leeuwenhoek perfected the structure of lenses and is excepted as the inventor of the

microscope

In his experiments he described Bacteria, yeast and blood cells.

1665 Robert Hooke coins the term ‘cell’ in his work macrophagia. The cells in cork oak tissue reminded

him of a monks cell.

Lab Microscope

Investigation

All living things are made up of units called CELLS.Cells are made up of three main parts

Cytoplasm is a jelly like substance.

Cell Membrane is a thin skin surrounding the cytoplasm.

Nucleus controls the activities of the cell and determines how and when the cell divides.

In this investigation we will stain and examine onion tissue and observe under a microscope

Preparing a specimen of onion cells to view under a light microscope

Preparing Slides

In preparing a wet mount, it is important to notes the following points:

• Place a drop of water on the slide first.

• Choose the thinnest possible piece of tissue.

• Take care when adding the cover slide; lower gently using a support.

• Circular cover slides are safer than square ones.

Preparing Tissue for viewing under the microscope

Cell Stains

• There are a number of different stains which can be used when observing cells, these include

• IodineA stains for plant cells making cell wall and nucleus more visible.

• Methylene BlueA stain for animal cells and makes the nucleus more visible.

• Leishmann’s StainA stain for blood cells .

Drawing Cells

Best results will be achieved if you:

• Use a pencil – mistakes can be erased, and the pencil can be used for shading the drawing.

• Draw objects inside a circular outline – this replicates the field of view.

• Labels should be outside the circle.

• Labels should include specimen name, magnification, stain if used, and major features.

Specimen clearly drawn in pencil

Cell WallONION CELL

Example

Stained with Iodine

Magnification x 100

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Onion Cells

onion epidermis cells ×100unstained

onion epidermis cells ×100stained with iodine

Onion Cell

onion epidermis cell ×400stained with methylene blue

Cool Cell Images……

Amoeba

A single celled organism, which lives at the bottom of a pond. It moves along by changing shape and eats is prey by

wrapping itself around it.

Human Cheek Cells

Human epidermis (cheek) cell ×400

stained with Methylene Blue

Blood Cells

Human Blood Cells ×400

stained with Leischmann’s stain

White Blood Cell

Red Blood Cells

Xylem Tissue x 400

Xylem vessels in a plant stem which carry water through a plant. In older plants it helps keep the plant upright.

The cells have strong walls. They have no cytoplasm or nucleus

Summary

• The light microscope is used to observe cells.

- Eye piece – used to view the slide

- Objective lens – used to magnify the cell

- Stage and clips – holds the slide in place

- Focus knobs – bring the cell into clear view.

• Onion cells are prepared using a wet mount.

• Iodine is used to stain and see the cell wall and nucleus of the onion cell.