2.1 dna replication transcription hnrna splicing translation cell nucleus cell cytoplasm mrna...

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2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

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Page 1: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.1

DNAReplication

Transcription

hnRNA

Splicing

Translation

Cell nucleus

Cell cytoplasmmRNA

Protein

Page 2: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.2

Average Minimal Mutation Distance

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

CandidaSaccharomyces

NeurosporaMoth

Screw worm

TunaSnakeTurtle

PenguinChicken

DuckPigeon

Kangaroo

RabbitPig

DonkeyHorse

Dog

MonkeyMan

Page 3: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.3

I

II

III

Fish Salamander Tortoise Chick Hog Calf Rabbit Human

Page 4: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.4

Human Lizard Cat Whale Bat Frog Bird

Humerus

Ulna

RadiusCarpal

1

2345

2345 2

345

23

4

5

2

34

5

2345 2

31

1

1 11 1

Page 5: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.5

Glyptodont (fossil)

Armadillo(living)

Page 6: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.6

Page 7: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.7

Page 8: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.8

Generation 1,infants

Generation 1,reproductive age

Generation 2,infants

Spread of successful variants through inheritance

Differential death before reproduction

Variability in developmental

programs

Page 9: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.9

t1

t2

Biased sample

Geographical barrier

Page 10: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.10

Transcription

3’

5’

Stop codon

Transcription starts here

TATA box

GC box

CAAT box

GC box

Controls the start point of the transcription

Controls the binding of RNA polymerase

Promoter region:Controls the timing and

tempo of transcription

Exon 2

Exon 1

Intron 1

Page 11: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.11

mammalsbirds

reptiles

frogs and toadssalamanders

apodalung fishbony fish

sharks

lampreyscephalochordates

urochordatesarthropods

mollusks

annelidsequinoderms

angiospermsgymnosperms

ferns

club mossesmosses

nematodes

cnidarianssponges

algae

protozoafungi

bacteria

Haploid Genome Size (nucleotide pairs)

Ap

pro

xim

ate

Nu

mb

er o

f C

ell

Typ

es

Ap

pro

xim

ate

Nu

mb

er o

f D

escr

ipti

ve

Mo

rph

olo

gic

al T

erm

s p

er G

rou

p

1000

300-500300

200

180

> 100

55

40

20

14-2011

1-5

1-2

107 108 109 1010 1011 1012106

Page 12: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.12

Crossing over of homologous chromosomes

Paired chromosomes

Inversion Deletion Insertion

Page 13: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

Males

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Coallition Size

Rep

rodu

ctiv

e S

ucce

ss

Females

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0 5 10 15

Pride Size

Mon

thly

Rep

rodu

ctiv

e R

ate

2.13

Page 14: 2.1 DNA Replication Transcription hnRNA Splicing Translation Cell nucleus Cell cytoplasm mRNA Protein

2.14

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8

0

5

10

15

20

25

-1 1 3 5 7 9

0

5

10

15

20

25

-1 1 3 5 7 9

(a) Stabilizing (b) Directional (c) Disruptive

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f P

he

no

typ

es