the london plan 2011

TH E L ONDON PL ANSPATiAL DEvELOPmENT STrATEgy fOr grEATEr LONDON JuLy 2011

TH E LONDON PL ANSpatial Development Strategy for greater lonDon July 2011

The lo nd on p l a n 2 011

COPYRIGHTGreater London Authority July 2011 Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queens Walk London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4100 minicom 020 7983 4458 ISBN 978 1 84781 451 7 Cover photo Eleanor Ward/GLA Contributors credits Simon Milton 1961-2011 London Plan Team Alex Green, Andrew Barry-Purssell, Catherine Knivett/Gemma Kendall/Meredith Sedgwick Celeste Giusti/David Taylor-Valiant/Josephine Gay, Gerard Burgess, Hermine Sanson/Samantha Coates Jane Carlsen, John Burges, John Lett, Jonathan Brooker, Jrn Peters/Kevin Reid, Julie Fleck, Mike Newitt, Neil Goldberg/Chris Poulton, Paul Bowdage, Peter Heath/John ONeil, Rachael Rooney/ Martin Reason, Richard Linton, Tony Cumberbirch/Hannah Phillips/Stuart Meek, Zhuoya Ling GLA Group Alan Benson, Alex Nickson, Alexandra Reitman, Andrew Hiley, Andrew Jones, Andy Richmond Baljit Bains, Bridget Rosewell, Catherine Jones, Charles Buckingham, Colin Lovell, Colin Wilson Chris Hyde, Dan Hawthorne, Doug Simpson, Elaine Seagriff, Eliot Traherne, Giles Dolphin, Grant Pettit, James Gleeson, Jamie Dean, Javiera Maturana, Jeremy Skinner, John Hollis, Jonathon Hoffman, Julia Bray, Julian Ware, Katherine McManus, Lucy Davies, Madina Fassassi, Mark Ainsbury, Mark Brearley, Mark Powney, Martin Rose, Matthew Thomas, Michele Dix, Mike Keegan, Neil Georgeson, Nigel Campbell, Patrick Feehily, Pete Daw, Peter Massini, Peter Wright, Rachel Conti, Rhodri Ball, Richard De Cani, Richard McGreevy, Ross Hudson, Simon Cooper, Simon Cousins, Simon Wyke, Stefan Trinder, Wayne Hubbard Will McKee

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CONTENTSMAYORS FOREWORD .......................................................................................... 5 OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 9 CHAPTER ONE CONTEXT AND STRATEGY ................................................................. 15 Context ............................................................................................................................................. 16 A growing population ....................................................................................................................... 16 A changing population ...................................................................................................................... 18 More households............................................................................................................................... 19 A growing and ever changing economy............................................................................................. 20 Persistent problems of poverty and disadvantage ............................................................................. 23 A changing climate............................................................................................................................ 26 Ensuring the infrastructure to support growth .................................................................................. 27 Securing the legacy of 2012.............................................................................................................. 27 A new focus on quality of life ............................................................................................................ 28 A changing planning system.............................................................................................................. 29 Conclusion: Planning for growth ....................................................................................................... 29 Strategy: The Mayors vision and objectives ...................................................................................... 32 Quality of Life ................................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER TWO LONDONS PLACES ....................................................................37 Spatial strategy ................................................................................................................................. 38 Looking beyond London .................................................................................................................. 39 Realising the benefits of 2012 .......................................................................................................... 43 Sub-regions ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Outer London ................................................................................................................................... 46 Inner London..................................................................................................................................... 52 The Central Activities Zone ............................................................................................................... 54 Opportunity Areas and Intensification Areas ..................................................................................... 59 Town Centres .................................................................................................................................... 63 Strategic outer London development centres .................................................................................... 66 Strategic industrial locations ............................................................................................................. 67 Strategic network of green infrastructure .......................................................................................... 70 The Key Diagram ............................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER THREE LONDONS PEOPLE .................................................................75 Ensuring equal life chances for all ..................................................................................................... 76 Improving health and addressing health inequalities ......................................................................... 78 Housing............................................................................................................................................. 80 Housing Supply ................................................................................................................................. 81


Affordable housing ............................................................................................................................ 95 Londons housing stock ................................................................................................................... 101 Social infrastructure ....................................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER FOUR LONDONS ECONOMY ............................................................113 Economic Context ........................................................................................................................... 114 Economic Sectors and Workspaces .................................................................................................. 116 New and emerging economic sectors .............................................................................................. 132 Improving opportunities for all ........................................................................................................ 133 CHAPTER FIVE LONDONS RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE ...........................137 Climate Change Mitigation .............................................................................................................. 139 Climate Change Adaptation ............................................................................................................. 151 Waste .............................................................................................................................................. 158 Aggregates, contaminated land and hazardous substances ............................................................. 169 CHAPTER SIX LONDONS TRANSPORT .............................................................175 Integrating Transport & Development ............................................................................................. 177 Connecting London ......................................................................................................................... 188 CHAPTER SEVEN LONDONS LIVING PLACES AND SPACES ..............................209 Place shaping ................................................................................................................................. 210 Historic environment and landscapes .............................................................................................. 219 Safety, Security and Resilience to Emergency .................................................................................. 228 Air and Noise Pollution ................................................................................................................... 229 Protecting Londons Open and Natural Environment ...................................................................... 231 Blue Ribbon Network ...................................................................................................................... 241 CHAPTER EIGHT IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING AND REVIEW ........................253 Collaboration across London ........................................................................................................... 254 Plan-Monitor-Manage..................................................................................................................... 255 Planning Obligations and the Community Infrastructure Levy......................................................... 256 Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 258 Looking to the future ...................................................................................................................... 260 ANNEXES Annex 1 - Opportunity and intensification areas ............................................................................ 261 Annex 2 - Londons Town Centre Network ..................................................................................... 277 Annex 3 - Strategic Industrial Locations ......................................................................................... 287 Annex 4 - Housing Provision Statistics ........................................................................................... 291 Annex 5 - Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 295 Annex 6 - Index of Policies ............................................................................................................ 313

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FOREWORDI am delighted to publish my spatial development strategy for London a keystone in realising my vision for London as the best big city in the world. I am conscious in doing so of carrying on a proud tradition of planning for London - a tradition associated with great names like Wren, Bazalgette and Abercrombie, and with innovation in areas like housing, the Green Belt and, more recently, tackling climate change. Although the London Plan is only a decade old, the debate engendered by this document proves that Londoners understand its importance, and are serious about ensuring it provides a framework for their city to develop in ways that meet their needs and aspirations. My vision for London embraces two objectives. London must retain and build upon its world city status as one of three business centres of global reach. It must be somewhere people and businesses want to locate, with places and spaces to meet their needs. This economic dynamism is vital to ensuring the prosperity Londoners (and the rest of the United Kingdom) need, to maintaining the world-beating innovation increasingly needed to address global challenges, and to secure the highest quality development and urban environments. London must also be among the best cities in the world to live, whatever your age or background. We need enough homes, meeting a diversity of needs. The local and distinctive have to be treasured. Our neighbourhoods must be places where people feel safe and are proud to belong. Our unique resources of green and open spaces must be defended and improved, and we must

realise the opportunities presented by the Thames and other waterways. We must close the unacceptable gaps in life chances, opportunities and quality of life between Londoners; tackle disadvantage and discrimination and ensure opportunities accessible to all. Fundamentally, we must pay attention to quality as well as quantity, and protect the things that make London London; this new emphasis is at the core of what makes this new Plan distinctive. These objectives are not opposites. We cant achieve one without the other. But there can be tensions between them, especially given the scale and scope of growth and change explained in this Plan more Londoners (and more at either end of the age spectrum), more jobs, more households and wider changes, such as a warming climate. All of this at a time when public resources are going to be limited. Given this background, turning vision into reality means London needs a plan. Daniel Burnham warned against little plans, as they do not stir


the blood and are unlikely to be realised. On the other hand, London has seen attempts to reorder it to some masterplan come and go. I have struck a balance between inspirational vision and realism about the means available to make this a reality. This sounds dull. But given the sheer scale of the issues those of us concerned for Londons future have to face, striking this balance is no small endeavour. Clarity and realism are essential. So this Plan is more focussed than its predecessor. It concentrates on things of really strategic, Londonwide importance and does not try to micro-manage aspects better sorted out locally. It sets clear outcomes, but allows more flexibility for imagination and innovation about means of delivery. It avoids setting unnecessary targets where they distract attention from practical action. I believe that clearer, deliveryoriented policies in a crisper plan make for a stronger document. It addresses all parts of the capital outer, inner and central, and places where people live as well as places where they work. It recognises and supports the things that make different areas of our city distinctive and helps them play to their strengths; equally, it shows how London is more than just a collection of neighbourhoods and sets a clear strategic framework for tackling Londonwide issues. This is a Plan for growth and opportunity. In London that means welcoming development, ensuring it delivers social, environmental and other aims. The clear framework in this document will give developers the confidence to go ahead with investment in the fabric of our city, and communities and those taking decisions on their behalf the tools they need to ensure their aspirations are given practical effect. That is my

approach to planning; I believe it delivers real benefits for the city and its people. This emphasis on growth with quality is going to be difficult in a time of constrained resources, but not impossible. Every penny will have to count and the infrastructure we already have will have to sweat. We are already looking at innovative funding techniques, including the Community Infrastructure Levy. We have been able to secure key investments for London such as Crossrail and the Underground upgrades; I will continue to make the case for investment in London showing how it makes sense in its own terms, but is also crucial to the prosperity of the whole country. This Plan also supports changes in how we live and do business taking account of a changing climate think of how living in and using a city will change as the sort of summer temperatures experienced today as a heatwave become the norm. This raises challenges, but opportunities too London can profit from continuing to set a global example in how it deals with climate change and helps limit its future extent and impact. Publishing the new Plan is not the end of the process. I will work with all the organisations, groups, enterprises and individuals concerned in planning for the capital to implement its policies. We are bringing forward a more robust approach to this, with a regularly updated implementation plan. We will also monitor delivery and make changes as and when necessary. Delivery is not just for us in City Hall boroughs and neighbourhoods have an increasingly important role, and I want to see this Plan used by them as a resource for localism, helping them develop and then implement local approaches to meet their needs, but also add up Londonwide

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to more than the sum of the parts. That multifaceted approach to what local means has been the genius of London over the last two thousand years; it will help ensure we have a city we can be proud to hand on to those who follow us. I would like to thank everyone who took part in preparing this document. It has attracted unprecedented interest and comment, and this has helped us bring forward a better Plan. I would particularly pay tribute to Simon Milton, who so ably led this project on my behalf. His untimely death robbed him of the opportunity to see the fruits of his hard work; I believe this Plan is a worthy memorial.

Boris Johnson Mayor of London


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overview AND iNtroD uctioN

The lo nd on p l a n 2 011 o V e R V Ie W a n d In TR odUCT Io n

0.1 Thisintroductionexplainsthestatusofthis

newLondonPlan,whatitcoversandthe processitwentthroughbeforeitwasformally published.

What is the London Plan?0.2 StrategicplanninginLondonistheshared

responsibilityoftheMayorofLondon, 32LondonboroughsandtheCorporation oftheCityofLondon.Underthelegislation establishingtheGreaterLondonAuthority (GLA),theMayorhastoproduceaspatial developmentstrategy(SDS)whichhas becomeknownastheLondonPlanand tokeepitunderreview.Boroughslocal developmentdocumentshavetobein generalconformitywiththeLondonPlan, whichisalsolegallypartofthedevelopment planthathastobetakenintoaccountwhen planningdecisionsaretakeninanypartof Londonunlessthereareplanningreasons whyitshouldnot.0.3 ThegeneralobjectivesfortheLondonPlan,

andtheprocessfordrawingitup,altering andreplacingit,arecurrentlysetoutin theGreaterLondonAuthorityAct1999(as amended),detailedregulationsandguidance inGovernmentOfficeforLondonCircular 1/2008.

- arangeofsocialissuessuchas childrenandyoungpeople,health inequalitiesandfood - arangeofenvironmentalissuessuch asclimatechange(adaptationand mitigation),airquality,noise andwaste theframeworkforthedevelopment anduseoflandinLondon,linkingin improvementstoinfrastructure(especially transport);settingoutproposalsfor implementation,coordinationand resourcing;andhelpingtoensurejoineduppolicydeliverybytheGLAGroupof organisations(includingTransportfor London) thestrategic,London-widepolicycontext withinwhichboroughsshouldsettheir detailedlocalplanningpolicies thepolicyframeworkfortheMayors owndecisionsonthestrategicplanning applicationsreferredtohim anessentialpartofachievingsustainable development,ahealthyeconomyanda moreinclusivesocietyinLondon1

0.4 UnderthelegislationsettinguptheGLA,the

The London Plan is: theoverallstrategicplanforLondon, settingoutanintegratedeconomic, environmental,transportandsocial frameworkforthedevelopmentofLondon overthenext2025years thedocumentthatbringstogetherthe geographicandlocational(althoughnot sitespecific)aspectsoftheMayorsother strategiesincludingthosedealingwith: - transport - economicdevelopment - housing - culture

LondonPlanshouldonlydealwiththingsof strategicimportancetoGreaterLondon2. Thelegislationalsorequiresthatthe LondonPlanshouldtakeaccountofthree cross-cuttingthemes:3 economicdevelopmentand wealthcreation socialdevelopment;and improvementoftheenvironment.

0.5 TheMayorhasalsohadregardtothe

principlethatthereshouldbeequalityof opportunityforallpeople,andto: - reducinghealthinequalityand promotingLondonershealth - climatechangeandtheconsequences ofclimatechange

11- achievingsustainabledevelopmentin theUnitedKingdom - thedesirabilityofpromotingand encouraginguseoftheThames, particularlyforpassengerand freighttransportation - theneedtoensureconsistency betweenthestrategiespreparedby theMayor - theneedtoensureconsistencywith nationalpoliciesandinternational treatyobligationsnotifiedtothe MayorbyGovernment,and - theresourcesavailabletoimplement theMayorsstrategies.

legislationgivingitformalstatusaspartof thedevelopmentplan(seeparagraphO.2).0.9 LondonelectedanewMayorinMay2008.

UndertheCrimeandDisorderAct1998,the GLAalsohastodoallitreasonablycanto preventcrimeanddisorder.

Shortlyafterhiselection,heconsultedon PlanningforaBetterLondon(July2008), whichoutlinedhisintendedapproachto planning.Consulteesarguedstronglythat ratherthanchangingthePlanincrementally overhistermofoffice,heshouldmove straighttoafullreviewleadingtoa replacementLondonPlanespeciallyasthis wouldlessenuncertaintyfacedbyboroughs indrawinguptheirdevelopmentplan documentsandbythedevelopmentindustry inlookingatwhichpolicieswouldapplyto theirprojects.0.10 TheMayoralsobelievedthatitwasvery

0.6 IndrawingupthenewLondonPlan,the

Mayorhasalsohadregardtorelevant EuropeanUnionlegislationandpolicy instrumentsliketheEuropeanSpatial DevelopmentPerspective(ESDP)4.

Why was the London Plan replaced?0.7 TheMayorislegallyrequiredtokeepthe

LondonPlanunderreview5.Government guidancealsosetsouttheprocedureto befollowedwhenhedecidesthatthe Planshouldbeamended(oraltered underplanninglaw),orwhenhedecides thereshouldbeacompletelynew(or replacement)Plan.0.8 ThefirstLondonPlanwaspublishedin2004.

importanttosetaclearspatialframework reflectinghispoliciesandprioritiesasearlyas possible,somethingimpossiblewithamore incrementalapproach.Withallthisinmind, heannouncedanimmediatefullreviewof theLondonPlanin2008,leadingtoformal publicationofareplacementplantowards theendof2011.Initialproposalswere published,inadocumententitledANew PlanforLondon,inApril2009formally forconsultationwiththeLondonAssembly andtheGLAfunctionalbodies(theLondon DevelopmentAgency,LondonFireand EmergencyPlanningAuthority,Metropolitan PoliceAuthorityandTransportforLondon), althoughcommentswereinvitedfromanyone whowishedtogivethem.0.11 Thesecommentsweredrawnuponin

Sincethen,twosetsofalterationswere madetoit,andanupdatedversion,bringing thesealterationstogether,waspublishedin February2008.Althoughitwaskeptup-todate,thebasisofthePlanandthepolicies itsetoutdatebacktobefore2004.Much haschangedsincethenandthestatusof thePlanhasaltered,withnewplanning

preparingadraftreplacementPlan,which waspublishedforfullpublicconsultation betweenOctober2009andJanuary 2010.Responseswerereceivedfrom 944authorities,developers,groupsand individuals,makingapproximately7,166 separatecomments.Anexaminationin publicwasheldbyanindependentpanel


appointedbytheSecretaryofStatebetween JuneandDecember2010;thePanelmade 124recommendations,manyofwhichare reflectedinthetextofthenewLondonPlan. Thisprocessofconsultationandengagement isintendedtoenablepublicinvolvement inthePlanspreparation.Itreflectsthe principlesintheAarhusConventiononaccess toinformation,publicparticipationand accesstojusticeinenvironmentalmatters whichhasbeenratifiedbythe UKGovernment.

planningsystemcallsreasonedjustification). Thesetakeaccountof thelegalrequirementssetoutin paragraphs0.2-0.6aboveandthe variousissuesthatEuropeanandnational legislationrequirestobeconsidered otherrequirementsofplanninglawand Governmentplanningpolicyandguidance IntegratedImpactandHabitats RegulationsAssessments(seebelow) commentsreceivedduringtheconsultation andengagementprocesssetoutin paragraph0.11above therecommendationsofthePanelthat conductedtheExaminationinPublic .15ThenewLondonPlantakestheyear2031 0

0.12 Atthesametime,theMayoralsoreviewed

hisEconomicDevelopment,Transportand LondonHousingstrategies.Thesestrategies havenowbeenpublished: TheLondonHousingStrategy (February2010) TheMayorsTransportStrategy (May2010) TheMayorsEconomicDevelopment StrategyforLondon(May2010)

HealsopublishedLeading to a Greener London,anenvironmentprogrammeforthe capital.Togetherwithhisotherstrategies (suchastheMayorsAirQualityStrategy, publishedinDecember2010),theseprovide ajoined-upsuiteofstrategicpoliciesfor Londonsfuture.

asitsformalenddate(thepreviousversion oftheLondonPlanlookedforwardto2026). Thisdatehasbeenchosenbothbecause Governmentadvicesuggestsatwentyyear planningperiodshouldbeused,andbecause theMayorbelievesalonger-termviewof Londonsdevelopmentshouldbetakento informdecision-making,developmentand investment.0.16 Londonplanningdoesnotstopwith

The basis of this document0.13 Onitsformalpublication,thisdocument

becametheLondonPlan.Ittherefore replacestheversionpublished(consolidated withalterationssince2004)inMarch2008.It isthepoliciesinthisdocumentthatformpart ofthedevelopmentplanforGreaterLondon, andwhichshouldbetakenintoaccountin takingrelevantplanningdecisions,suchas determiningplanningapplications.0.14 TheLondonPlansetsoutpoliciesand

publicationofanewLondonPlan.As explainedlater,theassumptionsonwhich Planpoliciesarebased,andtheeffectiveness ofthosepolicies,willbemonitored.If circumstanceschange(amajorchangeto theeconomy,forexample),thePlanwill bealteredor,ifnecessary,replaced.This approachisknownasplan,monitorand manageandisexplainedinmoredetailin Chapter8.

Integrated Impact Assessment .17Thedevelopmentofthisplanhasbeen 0

explanatorysupportingmaterial(orwhatthe

subjecttoafullIntegratedImpact Assessment(IIA).TheIIAapproachaddresses alloftheMayorslegaldutiestocarry outcomprehensiveassessmentsofthe

13plananditsproposedpolicieswithinone integratedprocess.TheIIAcoveredthelegal requirementstocarryoutaSustainability Appraisal(SA)(includingaStrategic EnvironmentalAssessment(SEA))anda HabitatsRegulationAssessment(HRA).0.18 TheIIAalsoincludedaHealthImpact

- - -

Transport Livingplacesandspaces;and Implementation,monitoring andreview.

Endnotes1 2 3 4 GovernmentOfficeforLondon.Circular1/2008 GreaterLondonAuthorityAct1999,section334(5) GreaterLondonAuthorityAct1999,section30 TheESDPsetsoutaframeworkofplanningpolicies tooperateacrosstheEU,inparticularimplementing theprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentand balancedurbansystems GreaterLondonAuthorityAct1999,section339(1) TheIIAreportcanbefoundatwww.london.gov.uk/ shaping-london/london-plan/strategy/download

Assessment(HIA)andanEqualitiesImpact Assessment(EqIA)tomeettheMayorsduties undertheGreaterLondonAuthorityAct 1999(asamended)andequalopportunities legislationseeparagraphs0.4-5. Finally,theIIAcoveredrelevantaspectsofa CommunitySafetyImpactAssessment(CSIA) toensurethatthestatutoryrequirementsof theCrimeandDisorderAct1998,andthe newlyenactedPoliceandJusticeAct2006 arealsomet.

5 6

0.19 TheIIA6andtheHabitatsRegulation

Assessmenthavehelpedshapethe preparationofthenewLondonPlan, ensuringawiderangeofsustainabilityissues andtheimportanceofprotectingspecific habitatsweretakenintoaccountateach stageoftheprocess.

The structure of this document0.20 TheMayorintendedthatthenewLondon

Planshouldbedifferentfromtheprevious versionshorter,moreclearlystrategicand user-friendly,andarrangedintopic-based chaptersintendedtomakepolicieson particularissueseasiertofind.Itisarranged asfollows: achapteroutliningthecontextforthe Plananditspolicies aclearspatialvisioninachapter onPlaces topic-basedchaptersonLondons: - People(includinghousingand socialinfrastructure) - Economy - Responsetoclimatechange


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CHAPTER onE

ConTExT And sTRATEgy

The lo nd on p l a n 2 011 C o n Te X T a n d S TR aT eG Y

1.1 Thischapterexplainsthemajorissuesfacing

1.3 ThenewLondonPlanlooksforwardto2031,

Londonovertheperiodto2031,providing thebackgroundtothedetailedpoliciesthat follow.ItthensetsouttheMayorsvisionof thewayLondonshoulddevelopoverthat periodanddetailedobjectivesthosepolicies willsupport.

Context1.2 The2000yearhistoryofLondonhasbeen

oneofconstantchange.Ithasgrown fromaportandrivercrossingpointinto abustlingcentreofnationalGovernment andinternationalcommerce.Ithasbeenan imperialcapital,andacityembracingvillages andtownsasitgrew.Ithasbeenhomefor peopleinallwalksoflife,andfromallparts oftheworld.Ithasledinindustrialand scientificinnovation,whilealsoenjoyinga globally-recognisedheritage.Wealthand poverty,oldandnew,cityandsuburban rubshoulders.Severaltimesinitspastit hasfoughtoffdisasterandresistedthebest effortsofplannerstoremakeit.Thisisthe dynamic,ever-changingcityanditspeople thatthepoliciesinthisplanseektosustain.Figure 1.1 Annual population change 1971-2009100

fiveyearsfurtherthanthe2008version.Itis obviouslymoreandmoredifficulttosaywhat mayhappenthefurtherforwardyoulook. Itcanalsobehardtothinkbeyondwhatis happeningnowandtheimmediatefuture (particularlyagainstthebackgroundofrecent dramaticdevelopmentsintheglobaland Londoneconomy).However,wecandrawon pastexperiencetopickoutsomethingsthat Londonwillhavetoplanfor:

A growing population1.4 Londonspopulationislikelytocontinueits

steadygrowth.1.5 ThechangestoLondonspopulationsince

1971areshowninfigure1.1.Londons populationgrewuntilimmediatelybefore theSecondWorldWar.By1939,Londons populationreacheditspeak,at8.6million, followingaperiodoflarge-scaledevelopment thepartofMiddlesexnowmakingup north-westLondongrewbyaround800,000 inthe1930s.Thisperiodalsosawthe beginningofpoliciestoconstrainLondons

50

Thousands

0

-50 Inner London -100 Outer London Greater London -150 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

Source:OfficeforNationalStatisticsmid-yearpopulationestimates Source: Office for National Statistics mid-year population estimates

17physicalgrowth(suchastheGreenBelt), encouragedevelopmentinotherpartsof thecountryandreducethedensityatwhich Londonerslived.Decentralisationaccelerated inthepost-waryearswithmeasureslike thebuildingofthenewtowns.Asaresult Londonspopulationstartedtofall,reaching alowof6.7millionin1988.1.6 Londonspopulationhasgrowneveryyear

since1988,evenduringthequitesevere economicdownturnoftheearly1990s indeed,growthacceleratedthen.At mid-2009itwasestimatedthatLondons populationwas7.75million,(up85,000on thepreviousyear).Ofthese,3.06million livedininnerandcentralLondonand4.69 millioninouterboroughs.1.7 Thereasonforthechangeisthatmore

peopleofchildbearingagehavemovedto thecity,leadingtostrongnaturalpopulation growth(thesurplusofbirthsoverdeaths).In 2009,Londonsawnaturalgrowthof81,000, representing38percentofthenatural growthofthepopulationofEnglandand Wales,whilehavingonly14percentoftheir totalpopulation.1.8 Theothercomponentofpopulationchange

ismigration,whetherbetweenLondonand therestoftheUnitedKingdomorbetween hereandtherestoftheworld.London usuallyseesnetout-migrationtoother (especiallyneighbouring)UKregions,partly offsetbysignificantnetin-migrationfrom overseas.Thishasbeenthepatterninfive ofthepasteightyearswithanoverallnet migrationlossof82,000inthatperiod.1.9 Unlesssomethinghappenstoreverse

Couldsomethinghappenthatwould reducenaturalgrowth?Atpresent,London hastwo-and-a-halftimesasmanybirths asdeaths.Theriseinbirthssince2001has slowedinthepasttwoyears,butnomajor declineinannualnumbersisexpected. Theavailableevidencetendstoshowthat economicdownturnsdonotaffectfertility ratessignificantly.Thiswasconfirmed byLondonsexperienceinthe1990s. Policiestodecentralisepopulationcould beputinplace,asinthe1940s,butthis wouldmeanstepslikebuildingnewtowns outsideLondon.Thisdoesnotlooklikely inthenearfuture. Couldchangestomigrationoutweigh naturalgrowth?Itistooearlytosay whateffectthecurrentdownturncould haveonmigrationoverthewholeperiod to2031,butsomereductioninthenet inflowintoLondonfromoverseashas occurredsince2007.Netinflowtothe UKasawholedeclineduptotheendof 2008,largelyasaresultofcitizensfrom theA8countriesinEasternEuropethat accededtotheEuropeanUnionin2004 leavingthecountry.Sincethenthenet inflowtotheUKhasincreasedlargelyasa resultofthereluctanceofBritishcitizens tomoveoverseas.Italsoseemsclearthat intheshorttermatleast,therateofnet out-migrationfromLondontotherestof theUKwillremainatalowlevel.Datato mid-2010showLondonbuckingtheUK trendofreducedmobility,andattracting recordnumbersofincomersfromthe restofthecountry.Thedurationofthese trends,andtheextenttowhichtheywill reverttopreviouspatternsastheeconomy improves,willhavetobemonitored. .10Thereiscross-partypoliticalconcernover 1

thesenowdeep-seatedtrends,Londons populationwillcontinuetogrowbetween nowand2031.Isthekindofsignificant changethatwouldalterthesetrendslikely?

migration.However,untiltheresultsofthis aretranslatedintofirmevidenceofachange intrend,itseemsfarmorelikelythannot

THE lo nd on P l A n 2 011 C o n TE x T A n d s TR AT Eg y

Map 1.1 Distribution of population growth 2006-2031E nf ie ld

B arne t H arrow H aringe y W altha F ore st

I sll

B re nt H illingdon E aling

H

k

in

s B rom le y S utton Croydon

% growth 2006 to 203136 to 54 18 to 36 0 to 18 -1 to 0

GLA 2009 Round Population Projections Crown copyright. All rights reserved. 100032216 (2011)

thatLondonwillhavetoplanforagrowing populationto2031.Theperiodislikelyto seegrowthfromthepresentlevelof 7.62millionto: 7.80millionby2011 8.06millionby2016 8.32millionby2021;and 8.57millionby2026.

toincreaseby34percent(nearly300,000) toreach1.17millionby2031.Theover90s areexpectedtoalmostdoubleinnumber,to 96,000,asmedicaladvances,improvements inlifestylesandnewtechnologiessupport improvedlifeexpectancies.Wewillhave toplanfortheschoolsandotherfacilities neededbymoreyoungpeople,while alsoaddressingtheneedsofanageing population. .12Londonspopulationwillalsocontinueto 1

By2031Londonspopulationmaybe8.82 million(seeFigure1.2).Theprojected distributionofpopulationgrowthby2031is showninMap1.1.

A changing population .11Londonspopulationwillalsochangein 1

composition.Figure1.3comparestheage structureofLondonspopulationin2008with thatprojectedfor2031.Itwillcontinuetobe youngerthanelsewhereinEnglandandWales therewillbemoreschoolageLondoners in2026and2031andmoreaged3574. Thenumberofpeopleover65isprojected

diversify.Black,Asianandotherminority ethniccommunitiesareexpectedtogrow stronglyasaresultofnaturalgrowthand continuedmigrationfromoverseas.By2031, anadditionalsixLondonboroughsarelikely tohaveamajorityoftheirpopulationfrom thesegroups,withHarrow,Redbridge,Tower Hamlets,Ealing,HounslowandCroydon joiningBrentandNewhamwhichhavehad suchmajoritiessince2001.

19Figure 1.2 Londons population 1971-20319,500 9,250 9,000 8,750 8,500

Thousands

8,250 8,000 7,750 7,500 7,250 7,000 6,750 6,500 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 ONS Mid-year Estimates GLA 2009 Round London Plan 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

Source: Greater London Authority DMAG Source:GreaterLondonAuthorityDMAG

Figure 1.3 The age structure of Londons population 2008-2031Age 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 20,000 Population 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Males Females

2008 2031

Source:GreaterLondonAuthority,2009roundofpopulationprojections Source: Greater London Authority, 2009 round of population projections1.13 Onthebasisthataround10percentof

Londonerswillhavesomekindofdisability orsensoryimpairment,therearelikelytobe morepeopleinLondonwhohaveparticular mobility,accessandothersupportneeds. EnsuringLondonanditsinfrastructureis

accessibleandinclusivewillhavetobeakey themeofthenewLondonPlan.1.14 ThenumberofeconomicallyactiveLondoners

(aged16-74)isprojectedtoincreasefrom 3.9millionin2006to4.1millionin2011and


4.6millionin2031anincreaseof690,000 overtheperiodasawhole.

By2031therearelikelytobe3.99million households.

More households1.15 Populationgrowthofthisorderwilltend

A growing and ever changing economy1.17 Londonseconomyislikelytoresumegrowth,

tomeanmorehouseholds.Socialtrends willalsoplayapart.Theperiodto2031is likelytoseeadecreaseinthenumberof marriedcouples,morethanoffsetbyan increaseincohabitingcouples.Thereisalso likelytobealargeincreaseinoneperson households,particularlyamongmiddle-aged people,andinloneparentandothermultiadultbutnon-familybasedhouseholds. Thesetrendsmeanwewillhavetoplan formorehomes,particularlymeetingthe accommodationneedsoffamiliesandsingle personhouseholds,bothofwhicharelikely toincreaseinnumber. .16FromthecurrentnumberofLondon 1

probablyataslowerratethanbeforethe currentdownturn.Itisalsolikelytocontinue tochange.1.18 Theworldeconomyexperienceddramatic

households(3.20millioninmid-2007),the periodislikelytoseegrowthto: 3.32millionhouseholdsby2011 3.49millionby2016 3.66millionby2021;and 3.83millionby2026.

changesbetween20079,withacredit crunch,bankfailuresandaseveredownturn intherealeconomy,andwithincreases inbusinessfailuresandunemployment. However,itdoesseemincreasinglyclearthat insofarasthesehaveimpactedonLondon, theydonotsignalthekindoffundamental long-termeconomicchangehereseen,for example,inthe1980s.TheLondonPlanhas tolookbeyondwhatishappeningtoday.It doesseemlikelythatglobalisation,supported bymassproduction,technologicalinnovation, reducingtransportandcommunicationcosts andcountriesacrosstheworldcontinuing toopentheirmarketstointernationaltrade, willsupportresumedeconomicgrowth.The worldeconomywillbeyetmoreintegrated by2031andlarger,withChina,Indiaand othercurrentlyemergingmarketshaving greatereconomicweightandprovidingwider

Figure 1.4 Londons employment 1971-20074,800 4,600 4,400 4,200 4,000 3,800 3,600

Thousands

1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Source:ExperianBusinessServices Source: Experian Business Services

21marketsforproductsandservices.Closerto home,agrowingLondonpopulationislikely initselftosupportanexpandingeconomy, withgrowingdemandforleisureandpersonal services,healthandeducation.1.19 Figure1.4showsemploymentinLondon

services,suchascomputing,whicharenow importantbutwhichsimplydidnotexistto thesameextentthirtyyearsago.1.21 Thisbackgroundmeanswecanputthe

between1971and2007.Theseyearssaw hugeeconomicchangesasLondonsonce verystrongmanufacturingsectordeclined, andwasmorethanmadeupforbyagrowth inservices.In1971,thereweremorethan onemillionmanufacturingjobsinLondon. Adecadelatertherewere713,000andby theendofthecentury,only326,000.The pictureforbusinessservicesisalmostthe opposite,with457,000jobsin1971,500,000 in1981and1.02millionby1999.Overall, employmentinLondondeclinedthrough the1970s(from4.6millionin1971to4.3 millionin1979),andthenfellfurtherduring therecessionofthelateseventiesandearly eightiesto4.1millionin1983.1.20 Employmentthengrewduringtheservice

sector-dominatedupturnofthelate 1980s,reaching4.29millionin1989.The significantdownturnoftheearlynineties sawemploymentfallingto3.8millionby 1993.Therewasthenaperiodofsubstantial, ifuneven,servicedrivengrowth,andby 1999,totalemploymenthadreached4.4 million.Londonsoutputexpandedby45 percentbetween1992and2001,while civilianworkforcejobsincreasedbyaround 15percentoverthesameperiod.There wasafurtherslowdownin2002following thecollapseofthedot.comboomandthe 9/11terroristattacksintheUnitedStates; butoutputreboundedandincreasedby 16percentbetween2003and2007,while employmentincreased4percent.By2007, Londonstotalemploymentwas4.7million. HistoryshowsLondonisaninnovativecity, whichconstantlyreinventsitselfandhas madethemostofcomponentsofbusiness

currentsituationintosomeperspective, andcantakeabalancedviewaboutthe likelihoodofrenewedgrowth.London continuestobeseenasapre-eminent globalbusinesslocation;the2010European CitiesMonitorrankedLondonasEuropes topcitybusinesslocation(apositionit hasheldeveryyearsince1990).Thiswas reinforcedbytheGlobalFinancialCentres Index(publishedin2007,2008,2009and 2010bytheCityCorporation),thelatest ofwhichranksLondonastheworldstop financialcentre(withNewYork),andbythe MasterCardWorldwideCentresofCommerce Indexpublishedin2007and2008,showing Londonfirst,aheadofNewYork.Among thereasonsforthisareLondonsworldclass highereducationandresearchinstitutions, itsstatusascapital,seatofGovernmentand legalcentre,andthewidespreadchoiceof Englishlawfordisputeresolution.1.22 Forallthesereasons,theprojections

preparedforthisPlan,andthoseofthefour independentforecasterswhomonitorthe Londoneconomy,areallbaseduponLondon experiencingacyclicalrecoveryfollowing therecentrecession,followedbylonger termpositivejobgrowththereafter.The projectedjobsgrowthislowerthanthatin earlierversionsoftheLondonPlan,reflecting changestotheeconomyinrecentyears.1.23 Withouteconomicgrowth,thesituation

wouldbedireforLondon.Itwillbeessential tomakesurethegrowingnumberof Londonersofemploymentage(1674) overtheperiodto2031havetherangeof opportunitiestheyneedanissuelikelyto beallthemoreacuteifjobsgrowmoreslowly thanpopulation(althoughthepopulation


Figure 1.5 Employment projections 2008-31 and historic data 1971-20077 ,0 0 0 6 ,0 0 0

Manufacturing5 ,0 0 0

Wholesale Retail

Thousands

4 ,0 0 0 3 ,0 0 0 2 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 0 0

Hotels & restaurants Financial services Business Services Health & Education Other Services Total

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031Source: GLA Economics Source:GLAEconomics

Map 1.2 Distribution of employment growth 2007-2031

Employment Growth 2007-203125 % to 47 % 15 % to 25 % 10 % to 15 % 5 % to 10 % 2 % to 5 % GLA Economics 2010 Triangulated Employment Projections by borough Crown copyright. All rights reserved (LA100032216) (2011)

andeconomicprojectionsunderpinningthis Plandonotsuggestthiswillbethecase). Acitywithaneconomyasdependentupon theprivatesectorasLondonalsoneeds

growthtoensureitsfabricreceivesthepublic investmentitrequires.Ifitdoesnot,London willnotbeabletogoonmakingasignificant netcontributiontothenationalexchequer.

23Fortunately,theevidenceavailablesuggests noreasonwhygrowthshouldnothappen, eveniftherearesomechangestothesize andshapeofLondonsfinancialandglobally orientedbusinessservicessectorsintheshort tomedium-term.1.24 Whatchangesmightweseetothekind

ofeconomyLondonhasoverthisperiod? ProjectionspreparedforthisPlansuggest thatthetotalnumberofjobsinLondon couldincreasefrom4.68millionin2007to 5.45millionby2031growthof16.6per centoranadditional776,000jobsoverthe periodasawhole.Manufacturingisprojected tocontinuetodecline,from224,000jobs in2007to89,000by2031,whilebusiness andfinancialservicescouldgrowfrom1.56 millionin2007to1.98millionin2031, representing38percentofthenewjobs (excludingsectorswithfallingemployment suchasmanufacturing)projectedbetween nowand2031.Jobsinotherservices(leisure andpersonalservices)areprojectedtogrow by360,000(aboutathirdofprojectednew jobs),andthoseinhotelsandrestaurants aresettogrowby235,000(aboutafifthof newjobs).Othersectorswheregrowthmight beexpectedincludehealthandeducation, whichcouldseearound54,000morejobs andretail(36,000newjobs).Wecanalso expectchangestothewayLondonworks, asfirmsadjusttotheimperativesofclimate changeandmakemoreuseofinformationand communicationstechnology.Figure1.5shows theseprojectionsinthecontextofchange since1971.1.25 WhereinLondonarethesejobslikelytobe?

growthininnerLondon.Thetrendtowards acomparativelylowerlevelofemployment growthinouterLondon,despiteitbeing wherethemajorityofLondonerslive, suggeststhatthispartofthecapitalmight notberealisingitsfullpotentialtocontribute toLondonssuccess.Map1.2andTable1.1 showsthelocationofprojectedemployment growthovertheperiodofthisPlan.

Persistent problems of poverty and disadvantage1.26 AlthoughLondonseconomyhasbeen

generallysuccessfuloverthepasttwenty years,noteveryonehasbenefitedandthe incidenceofpovertyhasnotfallen.Income povertyratesforchildren,workingageadults andpensionersarehigherinLondonthan elsewhereintheUK.Aquarterofworking ageadultsand41percentofchildrenarein povertyafterhousingcostsaretakeninto account.Povertyisparticularlyconcentrated inhouseholdswithdependentchildren (workingagepeoplewithoutchildrenhave povertyratessimilartothoseintherestof thecountry).Deprivationisalsoconcentrated amongBlack,Asianandethnicminorityand disabledLondoners. .27Asaresult,Londonisanincreasingly 1

polarisedcity.Ontheonehand,ithasseen amajorgrowthinearnings,withsignificant risesbothinthenumberofthoseearning highsalaries,andintheamounttheyearn. Thisleavesthoseonlowincomesorwithout employmentfurtherandfurtherbehind.This polarisationisassociatedwitharangeof socialproblemsofill-health,substanceabuse andcrime. .28Thelabourmarket,andhowindividualsfare 1

Employmenthasgrownfastestincentral andinnerareasofLondonunsurprisingly giventhatfinancialservicesandthose businessservicesstronglyrelatedtoittend toconcentratethere,whilesectorswithlower levelsofgrowthordeclinestendtobemore dispersed.Therehasbeenparticularlystrong

init,isofcentralimportance.Households withchildreninLondonaremuchmore likelytobeworklessthanchildlessones, somethingreflectedintheirparticular exposuretopovertyhighlightedearlier.

The lo nd on p l a n 2 011 C o n Te X T a n d S TR aT eG Y

Table 1.1 Employment projections 2007-2031 by borough Adjusted triangulated forecasts Barking Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden City Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington Kingston Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond Southwark Sutton TowerHamlets WalthamForest Wandsworth Westminster Total 2007 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 growth 20072031 10.0% 12.1% 5.2% 12.0% 4.9% 24.5% 28.1% 3.5% 10.8% 10.1% 8.6% 20.8% 35.7% 15.5% 7.6% 5.4% 7.0% 3.4% 25.2% 18.8% 2.9% 12.8% 9.0% 7.5% 29.8% 6.3% 2.7% 26.5% 5.7% 46.4% 6.3% 7.0% 17.9% 16.6%

51 134 75 110 131 290 339 150 139 110 80 92 132 85 82 85 203 134 193 129 87 136 76 81 83 76 92 217 73 206 68 127 610 4,676

51 136 74 112 129 307 373 146 137 109 80 95 139 87 82 83 201 130 205 131 85 138 77 83 88 74 90 241 72 227 68 126 624 4,797

52 140 74 116 129 326 401 145 138 111 80 98 149 89 83 82 202 129 220 138 83 141 77 83 94 73 88 246 72 251 67 127 646 4,953

52 139 73 115 128 340 423 144 143 113 81 104 166 92 82 83 202 129 233 148 83 143 77 84 100 75 87 255 71 279 68 127 674 5,114

54 145 76 119 132 350 428 149 148 118 85 107 173 95 86 87 210 133 238 151 86 148 80 86 103 79 91 264 74 290 70 131 696 5,280

56 150 79 124 137 361 435 155 154 121 87 111 178 98 88 89 217 138 241 153 89 154 83 87 107 81 95 275 77 301 73 136 720 5,452

25Disabledpeoplearealmosttwiceaslikely tobeunemployedasnon-disabledpeople. Moregenerally,Londonhashadhigher levelsofunemployment,andlowerlevelsof employmentthanotherpartsofthecountry. Employmenthereisincreasinglyskewed towardsoccupationsneedinghigherlevel skillsandqualificationsgiventhenature ofthesectorsinwhichLondonspecialises. Risinglandvalueshavealsosqueezed outlowervalueactivities.Makingsure Londonerscangetbetteraccesstothejobs intheircitywillbeakeypriorityatatime whenpopulationislikelytogrow,butthe economysgrowthmaybelessrobust.1.29 Deprivationtendstobegeographically

concentrated(seeMap1.3).Lookingat thefactorsthatarebroughttogetherinthe GovernmentsIndexofMultipleDeprivation (whichcoversaspectslikeemployment,Map 1.3 Index of Multiple Deprivation (2007)

housing,health,educationandaccessto services),itbecomesclearthatthereare particularconcentrationsofdisadvantage, especiallyininnernorth-eastLondon, runningfromTowerHamletsnorthwards throughHackneytoHaringeyandeastern Enfield,eastwardstoNewhamandWaltham ForestandonbothsidesoftheThamesto BarkingandDagenhamandthesouthern partofHaveringandfromLambethand SouthwarkeastwardstoBexley.Thereis anotherclusterinwestLondon,around ParkRoyal.Thispatternisfairlyconsistent acrossthevariouscomponentsoftheIndex, althoughsomeshowarathermoredispersed pattern(thatforhousing,forexample).This suggeststheimportanceofgeographically targetedapproachestodevelopmentand regeneration,focussinginvestmentand actiononplaceswiththehighestneed.

Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007Rank within London 0 - 20 % most deprived 21- 40 % 41- 60 % 61- 80 % 81-100 % least deprived Source: Department for Communities and Local Government ONS Lower Super Output Area Boundaries (2007)

Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Greater London Authority 100032216 (2011)


1.30 Thereisaclearlinkbetweendeprivation

andhousing.Londonisaveryexpensive placetolive,aproblemexacerbatedbythe incometrendsidentifiedearlier(seepara 1.26).Theresultcanbethatthosewithlower incomesfinditverydifficulttoaccessthe housingtheyneed,withmanyhavingno optionbuttoseeksocialhousing.Thisinturn canleadtosocialhousinganddeprivation beingcloselylinked,withpeoplefindingit increasinglydifficulttomoveonfromsocial intootherformsofhousing.

theconsequencesoftheurbanheatisland effectthewaydenseurbanareastendto getwarmerthanlessbuilt-upareas,andto coolmoreslowly.Heatimpactswillhave majorimplicationsforthequalityoflifein London,particularlyforthosewiththefewest resourcesandlivinginaccommodationleast adaptedtocope. .34Therewillalsobeanincreasedprobability 1

A changing climate1.31 Someclimatechangeisnowinevitable.

Althoughitisimpossibletopredicthowthese changeswillimpactonLondonspecifically, itislikelythatthedirectionandspeedof changearesuchthattheeffectsofthis willbeincreasinglyfeltovertheperiodof thisLondonPlan.By2050,whatweinthis countrythinkofasbeingaheatwaveofthe kindexperiencedinthesummerof2003may wellbethenorm.TheGovernmentslatestUK ClimateChangeProjectionssuggestthatby the2050s,Londoncouldseeanincreasein meansummertemperatureof2.7degrees,an increaseinmeanwinterrainfallof15percent andadecreaseinmeansummerrainfallof 18percentovera19611990baseline(see Chapter5).1.32 Londonhastobereadytodealwithawarmer

offloodingandaneedtocopewiththe greaterconsequenceswhenitdoeshappen. Sealevelswillbehigher;therewillbemore frequentandhighertidalsurges;significant increasesinpeakThamesandotherriver flows;andthepotentialformoresurface waterflooding.Itislikelythatasignificant proportionofLondonscriticaland emergencyinfrastructurewillbeatincreased riskfromflooding,especiallyasLondon accommodatesthekindofgrowthexpected to2031.Therearelikelytobemorepeople livingandworkingonthefloodplain15per centofLondonliesonthefloodplainofthe Thamesanditstributaries,andthereare1.5 millionpeopleand480,000propertiesthere already.Floodingisalsolikelytoimpactworst ondeprivedcommunitiesmanyofwhichlive intheareasthatmaybeaffectedandareless likelytobeinsured.1.35 Afurtherproblemarisingfromclimate

climate,andonelikelytobesignificantly wetterinthewinteranddrierduringthe summer.Wealsohavetoplayourpartin makingsuretheextentandimpactsoffuture climatechangearelimited.Actiontakennow andovertheperiodcoveredbythenewPlan willhelpreducewhathastobedoneforthe yearsafterthat.1.33 Adaptingtotheclimatewecananticipate

overthenexttwodecadeswillinclude makingsureLondonispreparedforheat wavesandtheirimpacts,andaddressing

changewillbeanincreasingshortageof water.SoutheastEnglandisalreadywater stressedduringparticularlydryweather, Londonswaterconsumptionoutstrips availablesupplyandpercapitawaterusage isincreasing.Therearelimitedadditional waterresourcesavailableinthiscornerofthe UK,andovertimeoptionslikenewreservoirs mayhavetobeconsidered.Wewillalso havetoensurethatthereisadequateand appropriatewaterinfrastructuretoensurea resilient,efficientandeconomicsupplyof watertohomesandbusinesses.

271.36 Betweennowand2031,decisionswillhave

tobemadeatglobal,nationalandregional levelsthatwillhaveprofoundconsequences forthefutureoftheplanet.Theseissuesare increasinglylikelytodominatethepolicy agenda,andtomeanchangesintheway Londonrelatestotherestoftheworld,how itworksandhowweliveourlives.They arelikelytodriveashifttoalowcarbon economy,makingresourceefficiencya priorityandencouraginginnovationandnew enterprises.1.37 Encouragingenergyefficiencyisimportant

successandagoodqualityoflife.The planningoftransportservicesandthe physicalinfrastructuretheyrequirewillneed tobecarefullyco-ordinatedwiththegrowth anddevelopmentenvisagedbythisPlan.This isakeythemebothofthisPlanandofthe MayorsTransportStrategy. .40Inadditiontothishardinfrastructure,a 1

forreasonsgoingbeyondclimatechange.A growingcitywithmorehouseholdsandjobs willneedreliableandsustainablesupplies ofelectricityandgastopoweritshomes, officesandotherworkplaces,transport networkandleisurefacilities.Energyissues, includingresilience,securityofsupplyand infrastructureprovisionarelikelytobe increasinglyimportantintheyearsto2031.

growingandincreasinglydiversepopulation willcreatedemandformoresocial infrastructure,rangingfromschools,colleges anduniversities,theatres,museumsand librariesthroughhealthfacilitiestospacesfor localgroupsandplacesofworship.Agreen infrastructureofgreenandotheropenspaces alsohasacrucialparttoplayinensuring goodhealthandahighqualityoflifeas wellashelpingtoaddressthechallengesof climatechange.1.41 Allthesedemandswillhavetobemanaged

Ensuring the infrastructure to support growth1.38 Whathasbeensaidhereaboutenergyand

waterhighlightstheimportanceofensuring Londonhasphysicalinfrastructureadequate fortheneedsofagrowingcity,meetingthe highestandmostmodernstandardstohelp ususethecitysresourcesasefficientlyand sustainablyaspossible.Itwillbeimportant forthewholerangeofutilityproviders toworktogetherandwiththecapitals governmenttomakesureLondonhasthe infrastructureitneeds,intheplacesitis neededwhetherthisisthenetworkof substationsandpowerlinesdistributing electricity,thenetworkofwaterorgas mainsorthewiresandfibreopticcablesthat facilitatetheflowofinformationincreasingly importanttoamoderncity.1.39 Transportinfrastructurewillalsohavea

whilepublicresourcesarelikelytobe short.Somemaybemetbymakingbetter useofexistinginfrastructure,butitis likelythataddressingthemallwillrequire thecapitalslocalauthorities,businesses, voluntaryorganisationsandother stakeholdersconcernedaboutLondons futuredevelopmenttoworkwiththe Mayorinmakingthestrongcaseforfuture investmentinthecapitalsfabric.Allofthese organisationswillhavetoworktogether toidentifyandoptimiseuseofthevarious waysoffundinginfrastructurewhether makingthebestuseofthemechanisms withintheexistingplanningsystem,pressing fornewrevenue-raisingpowersorexploring innovativeapproachesliketaxincrement financing.

Securing the legacy of 20121.42 TheOlympicandParalympicGameswilltake

vitalparttoplayinsupportingthecapitals

placeinLondonin2012.Theearlypartof theperiodcoveredbythisPlanwillseethe preparationsforensuringthattheyarethe


bestGameseverthesafest,greenest,most inclusiveandaccessible,providingaglobal showcaseforthecapitalatitsbestandan inspirationalcelebrationofinternational sport. .43AftertheGames,itwillbevitaltomakethe 1

mostofthelegacytheyleavebehind.This presentsauniqueopportunitytosecureand acceleratethedeliveryofmanyelementsof theMayorsstrategies,andforthisreason itistheMayorshighestregeneration priorityforthisperiod.Theuniquestatus ofeastLondon,andtherecognitionarising fromassociationwiththeGames,will beusedtoeffectapositive,sustainable andfullyaccessibleeconomic,socialand environmentaltransformationforoneof themostdiverse-yetdeprived-partsof London.

A new focus on quality of life1.44 Atitsbest,Londoncanprovidewhatis

amongstthehighestqualityoflifetobe foundanywhere.Unfortunately,thisisnot theuniversalexperienceofLondoners, asindicatorslikethedisparitiesinlife expectancyindifferentplacesacrossthe cityshow.Thereisalsoaperceivedtension betweenthedemandsofgrowthandthe conditionsforagoodandimproving qualityoflife,andaconcernaboutthelossof thingsthathavemadelivinginLondonand itsneighbourhoodsadistinctiveexperience. Itisunsurprising,therefore,thatconsultation onproposalsforthisPlanhaveshowna growingconcernwithqualityoflifeissues, suchas: ensuringthereareenoughhomes meetingtheneedsofLondonersatall stagesoftheirlivesandwhatevertheir circumstances,anddesignedsothey activelyenhancethequalityofthe neighbourhoodsinwhichtheyarelocated

tacklingLondonspersistentproblems ofdeprivationandexclusion-and inparticulartheunacceptablehealth inequalitiesthatexistinoneofthe wealthiestcitiesintheworld-inorderto ensureequallifechancesforall protectingandimprovingLondonsnatural environmentandhabitatsanditsgeneral environmentalqualityatbothlocaland London-widelevels(andrecognisingthe linksbetweenthetwo),withactionto targetproblemsofairqualityandother formsofpollution ensuringanetworkofvibrantandexciting towncentreswitharangeofshopsand otherfacilities makingsureallLondonerscanhaveaccess togoodqualityandhealthyfood ensuringLondonersinallpartsofthecity haveadequateefficienttransportnetworks andservices,andthesupportforcycling andwalking,toenablethemtoaccessjob, socialandotherlifeopportunities,while minimisinganyadverseimpactsonthe environmentorqualityoflife recognising,andactivelyrealising,the wholerangeofbenefitswhichnetworks ofgreenandopenspacesandwaterways bring theimportanceofarangeofreadily accessiblecommunityandculturalfacilities meetingtheneedsofagrowingand increasinglydiversepopulation takingeffectivestepstoensureLondoners feelsafeintheircityandtheirlocal neighbourhoods,anddonothavetofeel constrainedingoingabouttheirlivesby crimeandfearsabouttheirsafety protectingandenhancingwhatis distinctiveaboutthecityandits neighbourhoods,securingasenseof placeandbelongingthroughhighquality architectureanddesignthatsitswellwith itssurroundings.

29

Manyoftheseissuestieintothekeytrends wehavealreadyidentifiedasfacingLondon to2031.

A changing planning system1.45 TheMayorintendstotakeanew,more

consensualapproachtoplanningfor London,workingwithalltheagencies andorganisations(whetherintheprivate, publicorvoluntaryandcommunitysectors) involvedinthecapitalandinneighbouring regions(theEastandSouthEastofEngland). Thiswillfocusmoreondeliveryofagreed andsharedobjectives,lessonprocess orstructure.Itwillbebasedonaclear recognitionoftheneedtoplanforallpartsof London,andallthosewholive,work,study orvisithere,andtheneedforengagement, involvementandconsultationonallsides. .46Thereareotherchangestoplanninginand 1

TheGovernmentisalsomovingtowards newdevelopmentmakingazerocarbon contribution. TheGovernmenthasintroduceda CommunityInfrastructureLevytoraise resourcestohelpdeliverinfrastructure neededtosupportgrowththroughthe planningsystem. TheGovernmentalsocontinuestoissue newpolicyguidanceonaspectsofthe planningsystemthatwillhavetobe takenintoaccount.Ithasindicatedthatit intendstoconsolidatenationalplanning guidanceintoasingleNationalPlanning PolicyFramework.

Conclusion: planning for growth1.47 Giventhisbackground,theonlyprudent

forLondonandtheUKmoregenerallythat arealsoaddressedinthenewLondonPlan: thechangeintheLondonPlanslegal statussinceitwasfirstwritten(seepara 0.8) theGreaterLondonAuthorityAct2007 widenedtheMayorspowerstodealwith strategicplanningapplicationsandgave himresponsibilityforanumberofnew statutorystrategies.Furtherchangeis likelyoncetheLocalismBill,currently beforeParliament,receivesRoyalAssent. TheGovernmenthasindicatedits intentiontochangetheplanningsystem radically,togiveneighbourhoodsfar moreabilitytodecidetheshapeofthe placeswherepeoplelive.TheLocalismBill includesprovisionstomoveresponsibility fortheplanningoflargeinfrastructure projectsfromtheInfrastructurePlanning CommissiontothePlanningInspectorate andtointroduceneighbourhoodplanning.

courseistoplanforcontinuedgrowth. Anyothercoursewouldeitherrequire fundamentalchangesinpolicyatnational levelorcouldleadtoLondonbeing unpreparedforgrowth.Theprojectionswe haveusedarenottargets,andforthemost partitisnotaquestionofchoosinggrowth. Thereisnopolicytodecentralisepopulation withintheUK,anditdoesnotappearthat thisislikelytochangeinthenearfuture.1.48 Inpracticaltermsthismeansplanningfor:

Agrowingpopulationensuring Londonhasthehomes,jobs,services, infrastructureandopportunitiesagrowing andevermorediversepopulationrequires. Doingthisinwaysthatdonotworsen qualityoflifeforLondonasawholemeans wewillhavetoensurewemakethebest useoflandthatiscurrentlyvacantor under-used,particularlyineastLondon wherethegreatestpotentialexists. Anevermorediversepopulation ensuringLondonhastheschoolsandother facilitiesneededbyagrowingnumber ofyoungerpeople,whilealsoaddressing theneedsofanageingpopulation,with


homesandneighbourhoodssuitablefor peopleatallstagesoftheirlives.Wewill alsoneedtoplanforthewholerange ofothersocialinfrastructureLondons communitiesandneighbourhoodswill needtosupportahighandimproving qualityoflife. Agrowingandeverchangingeconomy Londonhasalwaysbeenattheforefront ofenterpriseandinnovation.Italreadyhas adiverserangeofeconomicspecialisations extendingbeyondfinanceandbusiness servicestoareassuchasinformationand communicationstechnology,transport services,cultureandcreativity,thevisitor economyandmediaandpublishing.The next20yearsarelikelytoseecontinued changestotheLondoneconomy,with newsectorsandenterprisesemerging, buildingonthecapitalsrichresourcesof researchandinnovationanditsworld-class universitiesandspecialistinstitutions.This periodmay,forexample,seesignificant growthintheenvironmentalsectors, drivenbyanincreasingshifttoalowcarboneconomywithnewknowledge andtechniquesbeingappliedtothe challengesfacingtheplanet,across thecreativesectorsandinnewforms ofbusinessservicesmeetingtheneeds ofnewmarketsandachangingworld. Againstthisbackground,itmakessense bothtopromoteandsupportinnovation andtoensuretherearepoliciesinplace thatallowthemthespacetogrowin placesmeetingtheirneeds,supportedby therangeofinfrastructuretheyrequire. Substantialprogressintacklingpersistent problemsofpovertyanddeprivation ensuringaplanningpolicyframework thatsupportsactiontotackleproblems ofunemploymentandworklessnessin particularbymakingsureLondonershave theeducationandskillstheyneedto getbetteraccesstothejobsintheircity, helpingtoco-ordinategeographically

targetedapproachestodevelopmentand regeneration,focussinginvestmentand actiononplaces(suchastheregeneration areasidentifiedinthisPlan)withthe greatestneedtoaddresspersistentspatial patternsofdisadvantageandcontributing tothepromotionofgreaterhousing choice,supportingthepoliciesinthe MayorsLondonHousingStrategy. Makingrealprogressinaddressingclimate changeintermsofboth: - Adaptation:makingsurebuildings andthewiderurbanrealmare designedwithachangingclimatein mind,encouragingurbangreening protecting,enhancingandexpanding thecitysstockofgreenspacetohelp coolpartsofthecity,continuingto manageandplanforfloodrisks;and - Mitigation:reducingouremissions ofgreenhousegasestominimise futurewarminganditsimpacts. Developmentcanbemanagedto helpthisdesigningbuildings tobeenergyefficient,promoting decentralisedandrenewableenergy andpatternsofdevelopmentthat reducetheneedtotravelbyless environmentallyfriendlymodesof transport. Carefulandefficientmanagementand useoftheresourcesavailabletoLondon, includingavoiding,reducingandreusing muchofwhatisnowregardedaswaste, andensuringadequate,modernphysical, transportandsocialinfrastructuretomeet theneedsofagrowingandvibrantcity, andadiversepopulation. ProtectingandenhancingLondonsnatural environmentandhabitats,whilealso extendingandmakingthemostofthe capitalsopenandgreenspaces-ranging fromtheRoyalParkstolocalrecreation

31grounds-forallthebenefitstheybringto thecapitalanditspeople. ImprovingqualityoflifeforallLondoners andallofLondonenablinggrowthand change,whilealsosupportingtheretention ofLondonsheritageanddistinctiveness, andmakinglivinghereabetterandmore enrichingexperienceforall. JointapproachesbyLondonplanning authoritiesandthoseinneighbouring regionsonthesustainablemanagement ofgrowth,lookingatpopulation movementandtrends,housingandlabour markets,commutingpatternsandwaste. 1.50 Itiseasytolookatthedirectionandpace

Theseactionswillbeessentialtoensuring thecapitalremainsasafeandattractiveplace toliveinandtodobusiness;theycanalso helpensureLondongainsfrombeinganearly moverintheemergingbusinessofclimate changeadaptationandmitigation.Overthe yearsto2031,theyarelikelytodrivechanges acrossissuesliketheeconomy,transportand housing.

1.49 Inlookingathowthesechallengesaretobe

ofchangehighlightedhereandbedaunted. Itisworthrememberingthatchange presentsopportunitiesforLondon,aswell aschallenges.ThenewLondonPlanaimsto makethemostoftheformerinaddressing thelatter.Agrowingpopulationwillsupporta growingeconomy,withmorepeoplewanting goodsandservices.TherearepartsofLondon inrealneedofdevelopment,particularlyin eastLondonandtheopportunityareasand areasforintensificationidentifiedinthis Plan.Intheinter-waryears,Londonsawthe creationofsuccessfulneighbourhoodswhere peoplelivedandworked,andthereareplaces inLondonwithaneedfordevelopmentand regenerationandthecapacityformaking newneighbourhoodsforthefuture.Acoordinatedapproachtoplanningforgrowth andtheinfrastructureneededtosupportit willbeessentialtomeetingtheimmediate needsofthecityanditspeopleandproviding foundationsforlastingdevelopmentand improvementforfuturegenerationsof Londonerstheapproachattheheartofthe conceptofsustainabledevelopment.1.51 Thespatialandlocationalpolicies

met,itisimportanttorememberthatthe privatesectordominatesLondonseconomy, accountingfor70percentofeconomic activity.Achievingalltheenvironmental, economicandsocialobjectivesoutlined inthisPlanreliesuponmodernisation andimprovementofthecapitalsstockof buildingsandpublicrealm,andthisinturn meansencouragingprivateinvestmentand development.Theapproachtakeninthis Planistowelcomeandsupportgrowth anddevelopment,buttoensurethatit contributestoLondonssustainedand sustainabledevelopment.Economicsuccess; makingthekindofstepchangeneeded inenvironmentalissues;andimproving thehealth,wealthandqualityoflifeof Londonersareallinextricablylinked.Itis impossibleoverthelongtermtosucceedin anyoneinisolation.

underpinningthisPlanaresetoutindetailin Chapter2andsucceedingchapters.Inshort, theMayorwillseektomanagegrowthto ensureittakesplaceinthemostsustainable waypossible-withintheexistingboundaries ofGreaterLondon,andwithoutencroaching ontheGreenBeltorLondonsotheropen spaces.EastLondonwillcontinuetobe aparticularspatialpriority,toensureits existingdevelopmentandregenerationneeds aremet(andinparticulartopromotegreater convergenceinsocialandeconomicchances withtherestofthecapital),andtoensure themostismadeofthereservoirofstrategic opportunitiesfornewhomesandjobsthat existthere.


Strategy: The Mayors vision and objectives1.52 Againstthecontextsetoutinthischapter,

theMayorhasputforwardavisionforthe sustainabledevelopmentofLondonoverthe periodcoveredbythisPlan: 3.

Over the years to 2031 and beyond, London should: excel among global cities expanding opportunitiesforallitspeopleand enterprises,achieving the highest environmental standards and quality of lifeandleading the worldinitsapproach totacklingtheurbanchallengesofthe21st century,particularlythatofclimatechange. Achievingthisvisionwillmeanmakingsure Londonmakesthemostofthebenefitsof theenergy,dynamismanddiversitythat characterisethecityanditspeople;embraces changewhilepromotingitsheritage, neighbourhoodsandidentity;andvalues responsibility,compassionandcitizenship. 5.

4.

1.53 Thishighlevel,over-archingvisionis

supportedbysixdetailedobjectives. Theseembodytheconceptofsustainable development.Theygivemoredetailabout howthevisionshouldbeimplemented,and linkittothedetailedpoliciesinthefollowing chapters:

6.

Ensuring London is:1. A city that meets the challenges of economic and population growthin waysthatensureasustainable,goodand improvingqualityoflifeandsufficient highqualityhomesandneighbourhoods forallLondoners,andhelptacklethehuge issueofdeprivationand inequalityamong Londoners,includinginequalityinhealth outcomes. 2. An internationally competitive and successful citywithastronganddiverse

economyandanentrepreneurialspirit thatbenefitallLondonersandallpartsof London;acitywhichisattheleadingedge ofinnovationandresearchandwhichis comfortablewithandmakesthemostof itsrichheritageandculturalresources. A city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoodsto whichLondonersfeelattached,which provideallofitsresidents,workers, visitorsandstudentswhatevertheir origin,background,ageorstatuswith opportunitiestorealiseandexpresstheir potentialandahighqualityenvironment forindividualstoenjoy,livetogetherand thrive. A city that delights the sensesand takescareoveritsbuildingsandstreets, havingthebestofmodernarchitecture whilealsomakingthemostofLondons builtheritage,andwhichmakesthemost ofandextendsitswealthofopenand greenspaces,naturalenvironmentsand waterways,realisingtheirpotentialfor improvingLondonershealth,welfareand development. A city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment locallyand globally,takingtheleadintacklingclimate change,reducingpollution,developing alowcarboneconomy,consumingfewer resourcesandusingthemmoreeffectively. A city where it is easy, safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs, opportunities and facilitieswith anefficientandeffectivetransportsystem whichactivelyencouragesmorewalking andcycling,makesbetteruseofthe Thamesandsupportsdeliveryofallthe objectivesofthisPlan.

1.54 Theprinciplessetoutintheseobjectives,

andparticularlythethird,willbeapplied bytheMayortothenewandexisting neighbourhoodsintheLeeValleythatwill

33developandevolvefollowingthe2012 OlympicandParalympicGames. (seePolicy2.4).1.57 Thisisafundamentalthemethatruns

throughallthechaptersandpoliciesofthis Plan,inparticularthepoliciesdealingwith: qualityoflifeissuesinparticularplaces withinLondonparticularlythoseonthe 2012Gamesandtheirlegacy(2.4),outer London(2.62.8),innerLondon(2.9), theCentralActivitiesZone(2.10-12), regenerationareas(2.14),towncentres (2.15)andgreeninfrastructure(2.18)in ChapterTwo(LondonsPlaces) ensuringequallifechancesforall (3.1),improvingandaddressinghealth inequalities(3.2),ensuringanadequate supplyofgoodqualityhomesforall Londoners(3.33.15)andsufficientsocial infrastructure(3.163.19)inChapterThree (LondonsPeople) ensuringanddevelopingaLondon economythatprovidesjobs,goodsand servicesLondonersneedincludingthose ondevelopingtheeconomy(4.1),arts, cultureandentertainment(4.6),retail, towncentresandsmallshops(4.74.9), encouragingaconnectedeconomy(4.11), andimprovingopportunitiesforall(4.12) inChapterFour(LondonsEconomy) mitigatingthescaleoffutureclimate change(5.15.8),adaptingtothe changethatisnowinevitable(5.95.13) and,aspartofthis,ensuringhighwater qualityandsufficientwatersupplyand wastewaterinfrastructure(5.145.15) inChapterFive(LondonsResponseto ClimateChange) providingatransportnetworkenabling easyaccesstojobs,opportunities andfacilitieswhilemitigatingadverse environmentalandotherimpactsin ChapterSix(LondonsTransport) supportingahighqualityurbanliving spaceincludingbuildingneighbourhoods andcommunities(7.1),inclusive environments(7.2),highqualitybuilt environments(7.37.7),protectionof

1.55 UndertheGLAAct1,theMayorisrequiredto

haveregardtothedesirabilityofpromoting andencouragingtheuseoftheRiverThames safely,inparticularfortransportationof freightandpassengers.Healsorecognises theimportanceoftheThamesandother Londonwaterwaystoarangeofpolicy objectives,includingmitigatingclimate change,providingimportantleisureand amenitybenefits,andenhancementof Londonsnaturalenvironmentandeconomic development.Specificpoliciesdealingwith theBlueRibbonNetworkofwaterways aresetoutinChapter7,butotherpolicies (suchasthoseonsportsfacilities(Policy 3.19),developingLondonseconomy(Policy 4.1),Londonsvisitorinfrastructure(Policy 4.5),floodriskmanagement(Policy5.12), sustainabledrainage(Policy5.13),water qualityandwastewaterinfrastructure(Policy 5.14),wateruseandsupplies(Policy5.15), freight(Policy6.14),placeshaping(policies 7.1-7.7)andthehistoricenvironmentand landscapes(policies7.8-7.12)willalsobe particularlyrelevant.

Quality of Life1.56 TheMayorscommitmenttoensuringall

Londonerscanenjoyagood,improving andsustainablequalityoflifenow,overthe periodto2031andintothefuture,underpins thevisionandobjectives.Thequalityof lifethatLondonersexperiencewhenliving, working,visitingandmovingaroundLondon isfundamentaltohowtheyfeelaboutthe cityandtohowthecapitalisperceived fromoutside.Thedecisionswemakeabout ourcitynowwillshapethequalityoflife ofthosewhocomeafterusandtheirview ofhowsuccessfulwehavebeeninour stewardshipofLondon.


Londonsheritage(7.87.12),airand noisepollution(7.147.15),protection andenhancementofopenandnatural environments(7.167.22)andoftheBlue RibbonNetworkofwaterways(7.247.30) inChapterSeven(LondonsLivingPlaces andSpaces) strategicprioritiesforuseoftheplanning systemtosecureinfrastructureandother benefitstosupportimprovingqualityof lifeinChapterEight(Implementation, MonitoringandReview). .58Italsorequiresactiononissuesoutsidethe 1

andpromotionofsocialandeconomic convergencewithotherpartsofLondon andasthelocationofthelargest opportunitiesfornewhomesandjobs. C Othermayoralplansandstrategies, decisionsondevelopmentproposalsand investmentpriorities,andboroughDPDs anddevelopmentdecisionsshouldaimto realisetheobjectivessetoutinparagraph 1.53sothatLondonshouldbe: a acitythatmeetsthechallengesof economicandpopulationgrowth b aninternationallycompetitiveand successfulcity c acityofdiverse,strong,secureand accessibleneighbourhoods d acitythatdelightsthesenses e acitythatbecomesaworldleaderin improvingtheenvironment f acitywhereitiseasy,safeand convenientforeveryonetoaccessjobs, opportunitiesandfacilities.1.59 ThecontentofpoliciesinthisPlanissplit

scopeoftheLondonPlanandaddressedin othermayoralstrategiesandprogrammes (actiononcrimeandanti-socialbehaviour, forexample). PoliCy 1.1 dElivERing THE sTRATEgiC vision And objECTivEs foR london Strategic A GrowthandchangeinLondonwillbe managedinordertorealisetheMayors visionforLondonssustainabledevelopment to2031setoutinparagraph1.52andhis commitmenttoensuringallLondoners enjoyagood,andimproving,qualityoflife sustainableoverthelifeofthisPlanand intothefuture. B Growthwillbesupportedandmanaged acrossallpartsofLondontoensureittakes placewithinthecurrentboundariesof GreaterLondonwithout: a encroachingontheGreenBelt,oron Londonsprotectedopenspaces b havingunacceptableimpactsonthe environment ThedevelopmentofeastLondonwillbe aparticularprioritytoaddressexisting needfordevelopment,regeneration

between: strategic:strategicallyimportant statementsofMayoralpolicy planning decisions:policiesthatwill beappliedbytheMayorandother planningauthoritiesindecidingplanning applications LDF preparation:advicetoboroughs inpreparingtheirlocaldevelopment frameworks,tendingtofallintotwo categories.First,areasofflexibility,where authoritiesmaywanttoconsiderhowits particularcircumstancesmightdifferfrom thoseofLondonoverall.Secondly,areas whereitwillbenecessaryforboroughsto carryoutmoredetailedanalysesoflocal circumstancesonwhichtobasepolicies forlocaluseindeterminingplanning applications.

351.60 Thisthreepartdistinctionisintendedto

Endnote1GreaterLondonAuthorityAct1999,section41(5)(d)

makethePlaneasiertouse.AswiththePlan itself,policiesshouldbetakenasawhole, andnottheirindividualparts.Planning decisionspoliciesshouldbereflectedinLDFs andLDFpreparationpoliciesshouldinform planningdecisions,withstrategicpolicy providingthecontextforboth.TheMayor willtakeallthreecategorisationsintoaccount intakingdecisionsonstrategicplanning proposalsandthegeneralconformityof LDFswiththeLondonPlan.Paragraphswith policieshavebeenletteredA,B,C/a,b,cto easereference.Numbersareusedinpolicies wherethereisahierarchyofpreferenceswith 1beingthefirstpriority.


37

CHAPTER TWO

LOndOns PLACEs

The lo nd on p l a n 2 011 l o n do n s p l a c e s

2.1 Thischaptersetsoutpoliciestosupport

deliveryoftheMayorsvision(seeparagraph 1.52)andsixdetailedobjectives(see paragraph1.53)andparticularlythoseof ensuringLondonis: Acitythatmeetsthechallengesof economicandpopulationgrowthin waysthatensureasustainable,goodand improvingqualityoflifeandsufficienthigh qualityhomesandneighbourhoodsfor allLondoners,andhelpstacklethehuge issueofdeprivationandinequalityamong Londoners,includinginequalityinhealth outcomes. Acitythatbecomesaworldleaderin improvingtheenvironmentlocallyand globally,takingtheleadintacklingclimate change,reducingpollution,developinga lowcarboneconomyandconsumingfewer resourcesandusingthemmoreeffectively.

ThesewillberealisedacrossLondon,taking accountofthechallengesandopportunities facingdifferentplacesacrossthecapital,the issuesofsustainablemanagementofgrowth facingLondonanditsneighbouringregions inthegreatersouth-eastofEngland,andits linkswiththerestoftheUnitedKingdom, Europeandtheworld.

ofthemprejudicingthatoftheothers;but rathersupportingandpromotingit.Within thisconcentricframework,itpromotes apolycentricapproachrecognisingthe importanceofarangeofdifferentcentres (particularlytowncentres,butalsospecialist centreswiththecapacitytohelppromote thedevelopmentofouterLondon).Tothis topdownstrategicapproach,thePlan alsobringsrecognitionofthebottomup importanceofneighbourhoodsandlocality. Thegeographicalstructureitsetsoutisalso intendedtorelatelanduseanddevelopment capacitytoexistingandproposedtransport provisionaseffectivelyaspossibleacross Londonandthewidercityregion,enabling maximumusetobemadeofpublictransport. Finally,thischapterrecognisesthat administrativeboundariesdonotnecessarily reflectneighbourhoodsoreconomicor functionalareasontheground-some boroughs,forexample,havecharacteristicsof central,innerandouterLondonwithintheir boundaries.

Spatialstrategy2.3 Thepoliciesinthischaptersettheoverall

2.2 Thischapteralsosetsoutspecialpoliciesfor

areasofLondonfacingparticularneedsor withdistinctivepartstoplayinthecapitals developmentovertheperiodto2031, particularlyusingthelegacyofthe2012 GamestoregeneratetheLowerLeeValley. ItrecognisesthatLondonisacomplexurban areacomprisingawiderangeofdifferent placeswhichinter-relateandcontributeto thevitalityandsuccessofacitythatismore thanjustthesumofitsindividualparts. Ittakesanapproachtospatialpolicythat recognisesdistinctivebutcomplementary rolesforcentral,innerandouterLondonand whichdoesnotseethedevelopmentofany

spatialcontextandpolicywhichunderlies thisPlanandtheMayorsotherstrategies andpolicies-particularlyhisEconomic DevelopmentandTransportstrategies. Thesedocumentstakethepolicieshereand addressspatialissuesfromtheirparticular perspectives,focussingforexampleonthe prioritiesforpublicsectorinterventionto promoteeconomicdevelopmentortheway decisionsontransportinvestmentwillbe taken.Ofnecessitythesestrategieswillbe consistent,butnotidentical.2.4 Themostefficientusewillhavetobe

madeofLondonslimitedreservesofland, identifyingplaceswiththepotentialfor developmentonastrategicscale,and ensuringpoliciesareinplacetoenablethis tohappen.Inspatialterms,thiswillmean

39renewedattentiontothelargeareasof unusedlandineastLondonwherethereare boththepotentialandneedfordevelopment andregeneration.Itwillalsomeanmaking themostofplacesidentifiedinthischapter ashavingthepotentialforlarger-scale development,whileatthesametime providingasupportiveframeworkformore localactiontotakeadvantageofsmallerscaledevelopmentopportunitiesacross London.2.5 AllpartsofLondonwillhaveacontribution

b thatthedevelopmentofLondon supportsthespatial,economic, environmentalandsocialdevelopment ofEuropeandtheUnitedKingdom,in particularensuringthatLondonplays adistinctiveandsupportivepartinthe UKsnetworkofcities. B TheMayorwillcontinuetoseekappropriate resourcesandinvestmentfromGovernment andelsewheretoensureLondonexcels amongworldcitiesandasthemajor gatewaytoEuropeandtheUK.2.6 Throughoutitshistory,Londonhasbeen

tomakeaspartofacomplexurbanwhole. TheCentralActivitiesZone(seepolicies 2.10-2.12)hasacomplementaryrelationship withouterandinnerLondon,providing opportunitiesnotlikelytobeavailable inotherpartsofthecityandsupporting achievementofenvironmental,socialand economicobjectivesLondonwide.Similarly, centralLondoncannotfunctionwithout outerLondonshomesandenterprises.Inner Londonsopportunitiesandproblemsare influencedbyitslocationbetweenthese areas.Thischapteridentifiesopportunities andwaysofrealisingthem.

acitythathashadtofacetheworldand takeaccountofdevelopmentsfarbeyond itsborders.Thisopennesstoglobalchange willcontinuetobeessentialifthevisionand objectivesoutlinedinthisPlanaretobe delivered.2.7 Londonisaworldcitywitharoleinthe

LookingbeyondLondonPOLiCy 2.1 LOndOn in iTs gLObAL, EuROPEAn And uniTEd KingdOm COnTExT Strategic A TheMayorandtheGLAGroupwill,andall otherstrategicagenciesshould,ensure: a thatLondonretainsandextendsits globalroleasasustainablecentrefor business,innovation,creativity,health, educationandresearch,cultureandart andasaplacetolive,visitandenjoy; and

globaleconomyrivalledonlybyNewYork. Assuch,itfulfilsfunctionsandattracts investmentthatothercitiesintheUnited KingdomandinEuropedonot.It hasadistinctiveroletoplayinthespatial developmentofthecountryandcontinent aspartofapolycentricnetworkofcitiesand urbanareas,andtheMayorrecognisesthe importanceofensuringLondondoesthis inwaysthatpromotesustainablesuccessat European,nationalandcityregionlevels. Herecognisestheimportanceofthisto thecontinuedprosperityandwell-beingof Londonanditspeople.2.8 ThevisionandobjectivessetoutinthisPlan

supporttheEuropeanUnionsGrowthand JobsStrategyaimedatensuringEuropehas themostcompetitive,knowledge-based economyintheworldby2010andthe emergingEurope2020strategyforsmart, sustainableandinclusivegrowththatwill


replaceit.Londonwillhaveamajorpartto playasoneofthecontinentsmostimportant globalgateways.ThisPlanalsoadoptsthe keyconceptsoutlinedintheEuropeanSpatial DevelopmentPerspectiveanapproachto spatialplanninganddevelopmentpromoting economicandsocialcohesionandbalanced andsustainabledevelopment,particularly throughpolycentricurbansystems1, co-ordinatedapproachestotransportand communicationsandmanagementofnatural andculturalheritagetohelpconserve regionalidentityandculturaldiversityinthe faceofglobalisation.2.9 LondonformspartofNorthWestEurope,

jointworktoaddressthechallengesclimate changeposetoEuropescities,particularlyon theroleofgreeninfrastructure. .10Londonssuccessisinextricablyboundup 2

alongwithParisandtheIledeFrance, theRandstadtcities(likeAmsterdamand Rotterdam)intheNetherlands,Brussels andtheRhine/RuhrcitieslikeEssenor Dortmund.Thesecitiesfacecommon challenges,suchaseconomicchanges, communitycohesion,infrastructure investmentanddeliveryandlocalandglobal environmentalthreats.WhiletheSpatial VisionforNorthWestEuropepreparedby theNorthWestEuropeInterregIIIBSpatial VisionWorkingGrouphighlightsLondon asoneofthepivotalcentresoftheworld economy,italsoidentifiestheLondonarea asabottlenecktocross-Europemovement, reinforcingtheimportanceofimproving transportinfrastructurearoundandwithin thecapital.TheMayorwillsupportjointwork andstrategiestohelpmeetthesechallenges, inparticularlookingtonationalgovernments andEuropeaninstitutionsforhelpin addressingstrategictransportissuessuch aswaysofmovinginternationalthroughtrafficaroundLondon,insteadofthrough it.HeathrowiscurrentlytheUKsonlyhub airport,andtheMayorrecognisesitscritical importancetotheLondoneconomyand thecentralplacewhichitplaysinLondons internationalcompetitivenessandstatusas aworldcity.TheMayorisalsosupporting

withthatoftheUnitedKingdomasawhole. Ithasuniqueeconomicspecialisationin fieldssuchasfinance,businessandlaw thatarenot,andcouldnotbe,replicated anywhereelseinthecountry.Asthenations capital,itisacentreforgovernment,law andadministration.Ithasaleadingrolein theUKsvisitoreconomy,asagatewayto therestofthecountry.Overall,itmakesa substantialcontributiontonationalprosperity (forexample,bymakingasubstantialnet contributiontotherestoftheUKthrough taxation).TheMayorstronglysupports workingwiththeothernations,citiesand regionswithintheUKtohelpensurethat Londonssuccesssupportsthatofthe countryasawhole,andthatitmakesits propercontributiontoasustainableand balancedpolycentricnetworkofcorecities. .11ThisPlanwillmakeasignificantcontribution 2

tothisthroughitsoverallstrategyofseeking toaccommodatethesubstantialpopulation andeconomicgrowthexpectedoverthe periodto2031withinthecurrentboundaries ofGreaterLondon.Butthiswillonlybe possibleonthebasisofproperinvestmentin thesocialandphysicalinfrastructureneeded tosupportgrowthsustainably,andthrough agreementwithauthoritiesandagenciesat European,national,Londonwideandlocal levelstoensureresourcesareusedwisely andeffectively.TheMayorwillcontinueto makethecaseforinvestmentinLondonso itcancontinuetomakeitscontributionto sustainabledevelopmentatalltheselevels.

41POLiCy 2.2 LOndOn And THE WidER mETROPOLiTAn AREA Strategic A TheMayorandtheGLAGroupwill,and otherrelevantagencies(particularly boroughsandsub-regionalpartnerships) should,workwithregional,sub-regional andlocalauthoritiesandagenciesin theEastandSouthEastofEnglandto securethesustainabledevelopmentand managementofgrowthinthewider metropolitanareaandthegreatersoutheastofEnglandandtoco-ordinate approachestootherstrategicissuesof commonconcern. B TheMayoriscommittedtoworkingwith theplanningauthoritiesintheSouthEast andtheEastofEnglandregionsthrough theInter-RegionalForumandanysuccessor body,andthroughsuitablearrangements tobeestablishedwithlocalauthoritiesand otherappropriatepartners. C TheMayorwillworkwithpartnersin neighbouringregionsandappropriateparts ofLondontobroadlyalignapproaches (and,whereappropriate,planningpolicy frameworks)andtolobbyfortimely andsufficientinvestmenttorealisethe potentialof,andaddressthechallenges facing,thecityregionasawholeandareas withinit(particularlythegrowthareas andcorridorsreferredtoinPolicy2.3), especiallythosedealingwithpopulation andeconomicgrowth,infrastructureand climatechange. DThroughthisprocesstheMayorwillseekto ensurethat: a appropriateresources,particularlyfor transport(includingportsandlogistics) andotherinfrastructure(including openspace,health,educationand otherservices)aremadeavailableto securetheoptimumdevelopmentofthe growthareasandcorridorsasawhole andthosepartswhichliewithinLondon b commonpoliciesandproceduresare followedtoensurethatthereis,so faraspossible,alevelplayingfield particularlyadjacenttoLondons boundaries.Thiswillhelptopromote spatiallybalancedandsustainable economicgrowth,andtomeethousing, energyandsustainabilitytargets,and standardssuchasthoseforparking cintegratedpoliciesaredevelopedfor adaptationtoandmitigationofclimate change,logisticsprovisionandthe adaptationofsharedinfrastructure d jointlyownedpoliciesaredevelopedto helprationalisecommutingpatterns, bothatdifferenttimesofthedayand toencouragereversecommutingwhere appropriate,includingthepromotion ofpublictransportimprovementsto enhanceaccesstokeydestinations eintegrationisachievedwithother strategiestoensurethatappropriate skillstrainingisavailableandother barrierstoworkareovercome f commonmonitoringdataarecollected, reviewedandassessedonaregularbasis withneighbouringlocalauthorities,as appropriate g reviewsoftheLondonPlanhaveregard torelevantplansandstrategiesof neighbouringlocalauthorities. LDFpreparation E InpreparingandimplementingDPDs, boroughs(particularlythoseinouter London)shouldworkwithauthoritiesand agenciesinneighbouringregionsoutside GreaterLondontodevelopcommon approachestoissuesofcross-border significance.


.12Londonisatthecentreofacityregion 2

2.14 WhiletheMayorwillpromoteinter-regional

coveringalargepartofsouth-eastEngland, hometo21millionpeopleandsome 11.5millionjobs.Thisisarapidlygrowingand developingarea;overthenexttwodecades, anarrowerareacomprisingLondonandthe surrounding30kilometresaloneislikelyto seea13percentgrowthinpopulation,a 15percentgrowthinhouseholdsand 13percentgrowthinjobs.2 .13Londonexertsasubstantialeffectover 2

workonkeystrategicissues,engagement atamorelocalorsub-regionallevelwillalso bei

the london plan 2011

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