The Logic of Turkish

David Pierce

September

Corrected March

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University

Istanbul Turkey

httpmatmsgsuedutr~dpierce

This work is dedicated to the memory of Chaninah Maschler (October ndashAugust ) my language tutor during my first year atSt Johnrsquos College (Annapolis amp Santa Fe) From her I learned AncientGreek and I learned about language itself and the life of inquiry

Contents

Introduction

Origins

Alphabet

Pronunciation

Everyday words and expressions Interactions Signs Pleasantries Numbers Comparisons Verbs Colors Interrogatives

A bit of grammar

Polysyllabism and euphony

Some common suffixes

More Suffixes

Parts of speech Conjunctions Interjections Particles

Contents

Word order

Inflexion of nouns Declension Demonstratives Two kinds of person Negation Annexation

Conjugation of verbs Possession and Existence Verbal nouns Stems

Vocal endings Modal endings

Verbs from verbal nouns Verbal adjectives Verbs from verbal adjectives Pure verbs Questions Compound tenses

Subordination

Sayings

Journalese

Dictionary

Bibliography

List of Figures

The vowels The vowel cube

Personal pronouns and suffixes

Parts of speech Connectives and conjunctions Postpositions

Characteristics of verbs

A newspaper sentence diagrammed

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

This work is dedicated to the memory of Chaninah Maschler (October ndashAugust ) my language tutor during my first year atSt Johnrsquos College (Annapolis amp Santa Fe) From her I learned AncientGreek and I learned about language itself and the life of inquiry

Contents

Introduction

Origins

Alphabet

Pronunciation

Everyday words and expressions Interactions Signs Pleasantries Numbers Comparisons Verbs Colors Interrogatives

A bit of grammar

Polysyllabism and euphony

Some common suffixes

More Suffixes

Parts of speech Conjunctions Interjections Particles

Contents

Word order

Inflexion of nouns Declension Demonstratives Two kinds of person Negation Annexation

Conjugation of verbs Possession and Existence Verbal nouns Stems

Vocal endings Modal endings

Verbs from verbal nouns Verbal adjectives Verbs from verbal adjectives Pure verbs Questions Compound tenses

Subordination

Sayings

Journalese

Dictionary

Bibliography

List of Figures

The vowels The vowel cube

Personal pronouns and suffixes

Parts of speech Connectives and conjunctions Postpositions

Characteristics of verbs

A newspaper sentence diagrammed

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Contents

Introduction

Origins

Alphabet

Pronunciation

Everyday words and expressions Interactions Signs Pleasantries Numbers Comparisons Verbs Colors Interrogatives

A bit of grammar

Polysyllabism and euphony

Some common suffixes

More Suffixes

Parts of speech Conjunctions Interjections Particles

Contents

Word order

Inflexion of nouns Declension Demonstratives Two kinds of person Negation Annexation

Conjugation of verbs Possession and Existence Verbal nouns Stems

Vocal endings Modal endings

Verbs from verbal nouns Verbal adjectives Verbs from verbal adjectives Pure verbs Questions Compound tenses

Subordination

Sayings

Journalese

Dictionary

Bibliography

List of Figures

The vowels The vowel cube

Personal pronouns and suffixes

Parts of speech Connectives and conjunctions Postpositions

Characteristics of verbs

A newspaper sentence diagrammed

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Contents

Word order

Inflexion of nouns Declension Demonstratives Two kinds of person Negation Annexation

Conjugation of verbs Possession and Existence Verbal nouns Stems

Vocal endings Modal endings

Verbs from verbal nouns Verbal adjectives Verbs from verbal adjectives Pure verbs Questions Compound tenses

Subordination

Sayings

Journalese

Dictionary

Bibliography

List of Figures

The vowels The vowel cube

Personal pronouns and suffixes

Parts of speech Connectives and conjunctions Postpositions

Characteristics of verbs

A newspaper sentence diagrammed

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

List of Figures

The vowels The vowel cube

Personal pronouns and suffixes

Parts of speech Connectives and conjunctions Postpositions

Characteristics of verbs

A newspaper sentence diagrammed

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Introduction

It is a great mystery how a young child can learn a language seeminglywithout effort and without any sense of the analysis that adult scholarswill use to understand the language

These notes are an analysis of the majority language of Turkey madeby a native speaker of English To me Turkish is remarkable in a numberof ways

It is an inflected language like Greek or Latin (or French as faras verbs are concerned) Turkish nouns are declined and verbs areconjugated a noun or verb from the dictionary takes on variousforms when actually in use

However while Greek is taught as having three declensions []lowast

and Latin as having five [] Turkish has only one (see Chapter page )

Likewise while Greek has two conjugations and Latin has four andFrench has three [] Turkish has only one (Chapter page )

In Turkish there are no such irregularities as in English where amare is and were are understood as forms of be while went is aform of go

A Latin noun is feminine or masculine and a Greek noun may alsobe neuter Thus Latin and Greek nouns have gender but Turkishnouns have none English retains the three genders of Greek inthe third-person pronouns she he and it Turkish has only onethird-person pronoun (page )

Beyond mere inflexion Turkish has manifold regular ways of build-ing up complex words from simple roots (page )

Thus although much Turkish grammar and vocabulary can be ex-plained through morphology the explanation need not be cluttered

lowastBracketed numerals refer to the Bibliography at the end

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

up with many paradigms illustrating the various means to the sameend

There is no Turkish verb like have possession is indicated by per-sonal suffixes (pages amp )

Turkish has eight written vowels like Finnish [] and their use (inboth languages) shows regular variations that correspond to vowelharmony in speech (pages amp )

Turkish has many regular formulas for use in social interactions(Chapter page )

The present document may be of practical value to the visitor toTurkey It may help the reader puzzle out what a sign or a packagelabel might mean I assume the reader will be interested in the varietyof ways that humans have developed to express themselves in words

I first visited Turkey in and I moved here in joining themathematics department of Middle East Technical University in AnkaraBut the language of instruction there is English I have used Turkishfor communicating with my students only since when I moved toIstanbul and joined the mathematics department of Mimar Sinan FineArts University

I first learned Turkish from Bengisu Ronarsquos Turkish in Three Months[] and then from Geoffrey Lewisrsquos Turkish Grammar [] Lewis canbe read for literary pleasure He succeeds in sharing the excitement of thediscoveries that he has made about the uses of Turkish Although I havebenefited from other works too (which are found in the Bibliography)Lewis is the main source for the grammatical analysis that I presentI have however made some adjustments and simplifications to suit mypurposes and understanding

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Origins

Persian is an Indo-European language Arabic is a Semitic languageTurkish is neither Indo-European nor Semitic but Turkic HoweverTurkish has borrowed many words from Persian and Arabic

English too has borrowed many words from another language namelyFrench but for opposite or complementary reasons In the eleventh cen-tury of the Common Era in to be precise the Normans invadedEngland thus making their dialect of French the language of the rulingclass Meanwhile Seljuklowast Turks overran Persia but rather than im-posing their language on the country they themselves adopted Persianwith its Arabic borrowings as their administrative and literary language[ p xx] Seljuks under Alp Arslan also invaded Anatolia defeatingthe Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes in at the Battle ofManzikertdagger

Soon Anatolia was invaded from the west as well In in what isnow Clermont-Ferrand Pope Urban II preached the first Crusade Thefirst Crusaders reached Constantinople (Istanbul) in the following year[] Ultimately from the ruins of the Byzantine and Seljuk Empiresthere arose the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu the Ottoman Empire Osmanhimself died as his followers took Bursa in They went on to takeAdrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in and then Constantinople itself in []

The last Ottoman Sultan was deposed in The Turkish Republicwas declared by Mustafa Kemal the future Atatuumlrk in the followingyear

Ottoman Turkish freely borrowed words from Persian and Arabic []

lowastThe founder of the Seljuk dynasty is Selccediluk in Turkish but the adjective derivedfrom his name is Selccediluklu See the suffix -l on page

daggerThe Turkish name for the town is Malazgirt the order of battle there is shownin an historical atlas [ p ] used by schoolchildren in Turkey

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Many of the borrowings were abolished in the Language Reform whichgot going around As Lewis writes in The Turkish Language ReformA Catastrophic Success [ p ] this reform ldquocould more accurately betermed a revolution than a reform since lsquoreformrsquo implies improvementrdquoand indeed Language Revolution (Dil Devrimi) is what it is called inTurkish Some Arabic and Persian words have still been retained in thelanguage of the Turkish Republic others have been replaced either byneologisms fashioned in supposedly Turkic style or by borrowings fromEuropean languages like French

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Alphabet

Ottoman Turkish was generallylowast written in the Arabic or Arabo-Persianalphabet Since the Harf Devrimi Letter Revolution culminating in thelaw ldquoOn the Adoption and Application of the New Turkish Lettersrdquo of [ pp ] Turkish has been written in an alphabet derivedlike the English alphabet from the Latin alphabet To obtain the -letter Turkish alphabet from the -letter English alphabet

) throw out (Q q) (W w) and (X x)) replace the letter (I i) with the two letters (I ı) and (İ i)dagger and) introduce the new letters (Ccedil ccedil) (Ğ ğ) (Ouml ouml) (Ş ş) (Uuml uuml)

In alphabetical order the Turkish letters are

A B C Ccedil D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ouml P R S Ş T U Uuml V Y Z

There are vowels namely a e ı i o ouml u and uuml and their namesare themselves The remaining letters are consonants The name of aconsonant x is xe with one exception ğ is yumuşak ge soft g

lowastIn the museum in Milas (the Mylasa mentioned in Herodotus) in the Muğlaprovince of Turkey for example there is a stone with a Turkish inscription in Greekletters

daggerThe dotless ı being hard to read in handwriting Atatuumlrk wrote it as ı This canbe seen in samples of his writing in museums

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Pronunciation

Turkish words are spelled as they are spoken They are usually spokenas they are spelled but some words taken from Persian and Arabic arepronounced in ways that are not fully reflected in spellinglowast Except inthese loanwords there is no variation between long and short vowelsdagger

There is hardly any variation between stressed and unstressed syllablesAccording to their pronunciation the eight Turkish vowels can be un-

derstood as labelling the vertices of a cube I propose to think of all of thevowels as deviations from the dotless letter ı As fits its simple writtenform ı is pronounced by relaxing the mouth completely but keeping theteeth nearly clenched the opening of the mouth can then be conceivedof as a sideways ı The Turkish national drink rakı is not pronounced likerocky in the latter wordrsquos latter syllable the tongue is too far forwardRelax the tongue in the latter syllable letting it fall back then you canproperly ask for a glass of rakıDagger

The letter ı is the back unround close vowel Other vowels deviatefrom this by being front round or open as tabulated in Figure Physically the deviations correspond to movements of the tongue lipsand jaw respectively in the geometric conception of Figure the devi-ations correspond respectively to movement right up and forward Forlater discussion of vowel harmony I let stand for a generic close vowel for a generic unround open vowelsect

lowastThis is by design the alphabet was intended for transcribing ldquopurerdquo spoken Turk-ish [ pp f] However a circumflex might be used to indicate a peculiarity ora distinction such as that between the Persian kacircr profit and the Turkish kar snowStill the circumflex does not affect the alphabetical order of a word

daggerI shall say presently that ğ lengthens the preceding vowel but one can think ofthe extra length as belonging to the consonant

DaggerTurks who work with tourists may adopt touristsrsquo mispronunciation of rakısectI do not know of anybody else who uses this notation Goumlksel and Kerslake [

pp xxxiii ] use capital I and A respectively According to Lewis [ I p ]

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Pronunciation

ı backi front

unround

u backclose

uuml frontround

a backe front

unround

o backopen

ouml frontround

Figure The vowels

o

a e

ouml

u

ı i

uuml

unround

round

back frontclose

Figure The vowel cube

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

The vowel a is like uh in English ouml and uuml are as in German or arelike the French eu and u and Turkish u is like the English ozwnjo of put andsoot Diphthongs are obtained by addition of y so ay is like the Englishı of sky and ey is the English a of statelowast

The consonants that need mention are c like English j ccedil like Englishch ğ which lengthens the vowel that precedes it (and never begins aword) j as in French and ş like English sh Doubled consonants areheld longer elli fifty is different from eli its hand

some people write -ler2 for example to indicate that there are two possibilies for thevowel instead I shall write -lr Likewise instead of -in4 which has four possibilitiesI shall write -n

lowastThe English pronunciation symbols here are as in Fowlerrsquos [ p iv] scheme ldquoae ı o u ozwnjo (mate mete mite mote moot) ldquoă e ı o u ozwnjo (rack reck rick rock ruckroot)rdquo

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Everyday words and expressions

By learning some of the following you can impress or amuse Turkishpeople or at least avoid embarrassing yourself when trying to open adoor or visit the loo

Interactions

LuumltfenTeşekkuumlrlerBir şey değil PleaseThanksItrsquos nothinglowast

Evethayır Yesno Varyok There isthere isnrsquotAffedersiniz Excuse medagger

Efendim Madam or Sir Dagger (a polite way to address anybody including whenanswering the telephone)BeyefendiHanımefendi SirMadamMerhaba Hello Guumlnaydın Good morningsect

Hoş geldinizHoş bulduk Welcomethe response to thispara

İyi guumlnlerakşamlargeceler Good dayeveningnight

Guumlle guumlle Fare welllowastlowast (said to the person leaving)Allaha ısmarladık or Hoşccedila kalın Good byedaggerdagger (said to the person stayingbehind)

lowastLiterally One thing [it is] notdaggerAf aff- is from an Arabic verbal noun meaning a pardoning and edersiniz is the

second-person plural (or polite) aorist (present) form of et- make Turkish makes a lotof verbs with et- this way For example thanks is also expressed by Teşekkuumlr ederim Imake a thanking Grammatically affedersiniz is a statement (You pardon [me]) andnot a command but it is used as a request

DaggerEfendi is from the Greek αὐθέντης whence also English authenticsectLiterally Day [is] brightparaLiterally You came wellWe found wellThe suffix -lr makes these expressions formally plural

lowastlowastLiterally [Go] smilingdaggerdaggerLiterally To-God we-commended and Pleasantly stay

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Signs

Signs

BayBayan MrMs or gentlemenrsquosladiesrsquo toilet clothing ampcİtinizccedilekiniz Pushpull the door girişccedilıkış entranceexitsolsağ leftright soğuksıcak coldhot

Pleasantries

Nasılsınızİyiyim teşekkuumlrler sizBen de iyiyimHow are youIrsquom fine thanks youIrsquom also finelowast

Elinize sağlık Health to your hand This is a standard compliment to achef who will reply Afiyet olsun May it be healthy Anybody may sayAfiyet olsun to somebody who is eating is about to eat or has finishedeating The closest expression in English is not English but French bonappeacutetitKolay gelsin May [your work] come easyGeccedilmiş olsun May [your sickness difficulty ampc] have passed (this canalso be said after the trouble has passed)İnşallah If God wills that is if all goes according to planMaşallah May God protect from the evil eye used to avoid jinxing whatone praises also written on vehicles as if to compensate for maniacaldrivingAllah korusun May God protect also written on vehiclesRica ederimdagger I request or Estağfurullah can be used with the sense of Idonrsquot deserve such praise or Donrsquot say such [bad] things about yourself Ccedilok yaşayınSiz de goumlruumln Live longYou too see [long life] (the responseto a sneeze and the sneezerrsquos acknowledgementDagger)Tanrıtanrıccedila godgoddess

lowastThe second-person forms here are plural or polite the familier singular forms areNasılsın sen

daggerLiterally I make a request the same kind of formation as affedersinizDaggerThe familiar forms are Ccedilok yaşasen de goumlr

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Everyday words and expressions

Numbers

Sıfır bir iki uumlccedil doumlrt beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yuumlz bin milyon milyar yuumlz kırk dokuz milyon beş yuumlz doksan yedi bin sekiz yuumlz yetmiş

Comparisons

Buumlyukkuumlccediluumlk largesmallDahaen moremost az less en az leastAşağıyukarı lowerupper altuumlst bottomtop dışiccedil outsideinside

Verbs

Here and elsewhere a hyphen denotes the stem of a verb (See Chap-ter page )

Al-sat-ver- take buy sell givealışsatışalışveriş buyingsellingshoppingİn-bin-gir-ccedilık go down off onto into out up

Colors

Ccedilaykahve teacoffee portakal orange turunccedil bitter orangerenk colorkırmızı portakalrengi turuncu sarı redorangeyellowyeşilmavimor greenbluepurplekara siyah ak beyaz kahverengi blackwhitebrown

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Interrogatives

Interrogatives

Nekimkaccedil What who how many how muchNe zaman nerede nereye nereden niccedilinlowast nasıl ne kadarWhen where whither whence why how how much

lowastFrom ne iccedilin for what Neden from what is also used for why

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

A bit of grammar

The Turkish interrogatives just givenmdashkim ne ampcmdashalso function asrudimentary relatives Ne zaman gelecekler bilmiyorum I donrsquot know whenthey will come (literally What time come-will-they know-not-I ) But mostof the work done in English by relative clauses is done in Turkish by verb-forms namely participles the book that I gave you in Turkish becomessize verdiğim kitap you-wards given-by-me book or the book given to youby me

In Turkish you can describe somebody for a long time without givingany clue to the sex of that person there is no gender Even accom-plished Turkish speakers of English confuse he and she in Turkish thereis a unique third-person singular pronoun (o on-) meaning indifferentlyhesheit In translations in these notes I shall use he and she alter-natelylowast it should be remembered that it may also be an option

lowastThere is a LTEX package called he-she by Alan Munn that allows this alternationto be made automatically

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Polysyllabism and euphony

Turkish builds up long words from short meaningful units it is agglu-

tinative or synthetic For examplelowast the question

Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan mısınız

is written as two words but pronounced as one and can be analyzed asa stem with suffixes which I number

Avrupa0lı1la2ş3tır4ama5dık6lar7ımız8dan9 mı10sınız11

The suffixes translate mostly as separate words in English in almostthe reverse order Are10 you11 one-of 9 those7 whom6 we8 could-not 5

Europeanize (make4 be2come3 Europe0an1) dagger Each of the suffixes heredisplays vowel harmony each of its vowels adjusts to harmonize withthe preceding vowel as described below Strictly the interrogative mısınızare you is not a suffix but it still exhibits vowel harmony and so itis called enclitic If we change Europeanize to Turkify the questionbecomes

Tuumlrkleştiremediklerimizden misiniz

In Avrupalı European I understand the suffix -lı as a specialization of-l The last vowel of Avrupa is a back unround vowel so when -l isattached to Avrupa then the generic close vowel settles down to theclose vowel that is back and unround namely ı

Likewise the suffix -laş is a specialization of -lş with a generic un-round open vowel Since ı is back the becomes the back unroundopen vowel in the formation of Avrupalılaş- become European

lowastI take the example from [ p ]daggerThe numbered correspondence between Turkish and English is somewhat strained

here The interrogative particle mı strictly corresponds to the inversion of you are toform are you Also one might treat -laş as an indivisible suffix

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Polysyllabism and euphony

When the modern Turkish alphabet was invented something like theldquogenericrdquo vowels and could have been introduced for use in writingdown the harmonizing suffixes But then the Turkish alphabet wouldhave needed letters since the distinct ldquospecializedrdquo vowels are stillneeded for root-words (as well as non-harmonizing suffixes) such as thefollowing

an moment bal honey al- take buyen most -est bel waist el hand

bıldırcın quail ılık tepidin- go down bil- know il provinceon ten bol ample ol- becomeoumln front boumll- divide oumll- dieun flour bul- find ulaş- arriveuumln fame buumllbuumll nightingale uumlleş- share

As for consonants they may change voice depending on phoneticcontext In particular some consonants oscillate within the followingpairs

td pb ccedilc kğ

Agglutination or synthesis can be seen on signs all over An

indirim (in0dir1im2)

is an instance2 of causing1 to go-down0 that is a reduction a sale youwill see the word in shop-windows From the same root

inilir (in0il1ir2)

means is2 got1 down-from0 is an exitmdashit is written at the rear door ofcity busses so you should not try to enter therelowast

As the last two examples suggest not only can one word feature morethan one suffix but also many different words can be formed from oneroot For example from the root oumll- die spring the following words (Thedots indicate syllable divisions and like the hyphens on verb stems arenot part of normal spelling)

lowastThe form inilir can also be understood as an aorist participle descended from ason page

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

oumllmiddotduumlr- killoumllmiddotduumlrmiddoten killeroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotesiye murderouslyoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenlowast executioneroumllmiddotduumlrmiddotmenmiddotlikdagger (his post)oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott- have (someone) killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumlcuuml deadly fataloumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumll- be killedoumllmiddotduumlrmiddotuumllmiddoten murder victimoumllmiddotesiye to deathoumllmiddotet (provincial) plagueoumllmiddoteyaz- almost dieoumllmiddotguumln lifeless witheredoumllmiddotguumlnmiddotluumlk lifelessnessoumllmiddotmez immortaloumllmiddotmezmiddotleşmiddottir- immortalizeoumllmiddotmezmiddotlik immortalityoumllmiddotmuumlş dead

oumllmiddotuuml corpseoumllmiddotuumlk deathly lookingoumllmiddotuumlmiddotluumlkDagger morgueoumllmiddotuumlm deathoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotcuumll mortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluuml transitoryoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlk burial moneyoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotluumlmiddotluumlk mortalityoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuuml deathlikeoumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlz immortaloumllmiddotuumlmmiddotsuumlzmiddotluumlk immortalityoumllmiddotuumln- (This would be a passiveverb if oumll- were transitive oumll- isinstransitive so oumllmiddotuumln- must be im-personal referring to the dying ofsome generic person See Chapters and )

lowastDisused neologism for cellacirctdaggerDisused neologism for cellacirctlıkDaggerDisused neologism for morg

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Some common suffixes

The following suffixes are used all the time Three of them have alreadybeen seen among the words derived from oumll- in the previous chapter Themeanings of the root-words in the examples below are probably obviousbut they are given later in the Dictionary (Chapter page )

-c person involved with kebapccedilı kebab-seller kilitccedili locksmithbalıkccedilı fishmonger dedikoducu rumor-mongergazeteci journalist or newsagent

-c language of Tuumlrkccedile Turkish (the language of the Turks)Hollandaca Dutch

-l-sz includingexcluding suumltluumlsuumltsuumlz withwithout milkşekerlişekersiz sweetenedsugar-freeetlietsiz containing meatmeatless alsoHollandalı Dutch (person)lowast koumlyluuml villagersarılı (person) dressed in yellow

-lk container of or pertaining to tuzluk salt cellarkimlik identity kitaplık bookcase guumlnluumlk daily or diarygecelik nightly or nightgown

-daş mate arkaarkadaş backfrienddagger yolyoldaş roadcomradeccedilağccedilağdaş eracontemporary karınkardeş bellysiblingDagger

meslekmeslektaş professioncolleague

lowastSomebody who does not wish to confuse ethnicity with nationality will refer toa citizen of Turkey as Tuumlrkiyeli rather than the usual Tuumlrk

daggerldquoI am one sir that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now makingthe beast with two backsrdquomdashIago in Shakespearersquos Othello But in Turkish a friend isnot necessarily a lover but is rather somebody with whom you would stand back toback while fending off the enemy with your swords

DaggerThatrsquos right therersquos no vowel harmony here nor in the next example

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

-l (makes verbs from nouns and adjectives)başla- make a head (begin) koumlpekle- make like a dog (cringe)lowast

kilitle- make locked (lock) temizle- make clean (clean)

-lr more than one of (not normally used if a definite number is named)başlar heads beş baş five headkişiler people on iki kişi twelve person

-nc -th birinci ikinci uumlccediluumlncuuml first second thirdkaccedilıncı in which place (ldquohow manyethrdquo) sonuncu last

Two more suffixes are used with numbers like -nc though they arenot so common as this

-(ş)r (of or for) each birer ikişer one each two eachkaccedilar how many how much each

-()z from a multiple birth ikiz uumlccediluumlz twin(s) triplet(s)

lowastThe example is in [ XIV p ] but it appears that koumlpekle- normallymeans dog-paddle while cringe is koumlpekleş-

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

More Suffixes

Turkish grammarians distinguish between constructive and inflexional

suffixeslowast Words with inflexional suffixes do not appear in the dictionarywords with constructive suffixes (usually) do Of the common suffixeslisted in the previous chapter only -lr is inflexional (and perhaps -csee page )

There are several series of personal inflexional suffixes they are inFigure with the personal pronouns for comparison The plural ending

person st nd rd

number sing pl sing pl

pronoun ben biz sen siz o on-

possession -()m -()mz -()n -()nz -(s)

predicative -(y)m -(y)z -sn -snz -

verbal -m -k -n -nz -

subjunctive -(y)ym -(y)lm -(y)sn -(y)snz -

imperative - -(y)n(z) -sn

Figure Personal pronouns and suffixes

-lr (page ) combines with the third-person forms here to make

onlar -lr -lr -lr -lr -snlr

lowastThat is yapım ekleri and ccedilekim ekleri [ p ]

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

respectively but the distinct plural forms of the third-person endings arenot always usedlowast

Second-person plural forms are used politely to address individuals asin French In examples below I use the archaic English second-personsingular formsmdashthou thee ampcmdashto translate the corresponding Turkishsingular forms

A suffix of possession attaches to a noun to show the person of thepossessor of the named entity

kitabım kitabımız kitabın kitabınız kitabımy book our book thy book your book his book

The suffix does not indicate that the entity is a possessor of somethingelse that job would be done by the possessive case-ending (page )

A predicative suffix can make a complete sentence it turns an ex-pression into a predicate whose subject is the person indicated

kitabım kitabız kitapsın kitapsınız kitapI am

a bookwe are

a bookthou art

a bookyou are

a bookshe is

a book

While the example of kitabım is ambiguous being either a noun or asentence examples with nouns ending in vowels are not ambiguous

ağam my lord ağayım I am lord

But su water is an exception its possessed forms being

suyum suyumuz suyun suyunuz suyu

lowastThe last four series of suffixes in the table do not seem to be given names else-where Neither have I seen them gathered together with the possession suffixes andthe pronouns in this way For example Lewis [] has the pronouns on page thepossession suffixes (which he calls personal suffixes) on page and the remainingsuffixes on pages ndash where they are simply said to be of Types I II III and IVrespectively The corresponding page numbers for Oumlzkırımlı [] are and he does use the term possession suffix (iyelik eki) but numbers the other suffixesndash

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

More Suffixes

The ending -drlowast is also predicative

Abbas yolcu Abbas the traveller Yolcudur Abbas Abbas is a travellerdagger

See sect page for the interaction of the plural ending -lr with thepossession suffixes the predicative suffixes and -dr

Predicative suffixes are also used with some verb-forms The remainingpersonal suffixes in Figure are used only with verb-forms See Chap-ter page

Nouns are declined roughly as in Latin they take the case-endingsdiscussed in Chapter page However a big difference from Latinis that Turkish adjectives are not inflected to ldquoagreerdquo in any way withthe nouns that they modify Thus Turkish adjectives as such are in-declinableDagger They may however be used as nouns in which case theyare declinable like every noun Comparison of adjectives is achievedwith the particles daha en and az given above on page these precedeadjectives

lowastIt derives from an ancient verb-form meaning he stands [ VIII p ]daggerAbbas yolcu is a proverbial name for a traveller See page DaggerThe native English speaker may have a jolt upon realizing that when used as an

adjective the Turkish bu (page ) is translated by either this or these depending onthe number of the associated noun but these as a noun is in Turkish bunlar

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Parts of speech

Besides nouns pronouns adjectives and verbs Turkish has adverbsconjunctions particles and interjections At least these are approximateEnglish names for the Turkish parts of speech listed in Figure lowast

Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are given in Fig along with the Booleanconnectives used to symbolize themdagger In the table de and da are special-izations of the enclitic d for ise see Chapter page

Interjections

Concerning Turkish interjections my English sources [ ] say al-most nothing The enormous Cambridge Grammar of the English Lan-guage [] weighing in at pages spends one paragraph on Englishinterjections But Atabay et al [] devote almost ten percent of their bookto Turkish interjections mostly by giving literary examples of about fortyof them Those that seem most common in my experience are as followswith some possible translations of some instances of their use

E Whatrsquos this all about

Eh So-so

Ay Ouch

Of Irsquom fed up

Tu Thatrsquos too bad

Aman Thatrsquos terriblelowastAtabay et al [] use the terms ad sıfat belirteccedil adıl ilgeccedil bağlaccedil uumlnlem and

eylem but give the Ottoman terms zarf edat rabıt and nida in footnotes Oumlzkırımlı[] gives both modern and Ottoman terms except rabıt and nida Redhouse [] saysconjunction is not simply rabıt but rabıt edatı ie conjoining particle

daggerMy main source for propositional logic in Turkish is Nesin []

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Parts of speech

Ottoman modern Englishisim ad nounsıfat oumlnad adjectivezarf belirteccedil adverbzamir adıl pronounedat ilgeccedil particlerabıt bağlaccedil conjunctionnida uumlnlem interjectionfiil eylem verb

Figure Parts of speech

notA A değil not A

A andB A ve B A and B

A ile B

A B de A B too

A ama B A but B

A fakat B

A ancak B

hem A hem B both A and B

A orB A veya B A or B

A ya da B

ya A ya B either A or B

notA and notB ne A ne B neither A nor B

A rarr B (eğer) A ise (o zaman) B if A (then) B

A harr B A ancak ve ancak B A if and only if B

Figure Connectives and conjunctions

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Particles

case of object

gibi like possessive or bare

kadar as far as dative

doğru towards dative

dolayı because of ablative

goumlre according to dative

iccedilin for possessive or bare

ile with possessive or bare

Figure Postpositions

Eyvah Oh my god (in a bad sense)

Haydi Come on letrsquos go

Bravo Bravo

Yazık What a shame

Yahu Look here now

Yaşa All right excellent

Particles

Among the particles may be listed the postpositions which are some-what like prepositions in English Some common examples are in Figure They follow their objects instead of preceding them but they stilldo work that might otherwise be done with cases such as are given inChapter page Like the object of a Greek or Latin prepositionthe object of a Turkish postposition may itself be a case of a noun Adifference from Greek and Latin (and for that matter English) is that aTurkish postposition itself may take a personal suffix

The objects of gibi iccedilin and ile are possessive when they are pronounsbare when they are nounslowast

lowastAlderson and İz [] define gibi as The similar the like Similar like As as soonas just as as though Van Schaaik [ p ] interprets this as meaning that gibi isa noun postposition or conjunction Perhaps the editors are explicit about this in

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Parts of speech

benim iccedilin for me Tuumlrkiye iccedilin for Turkey onun gibi like her

gibisi yok therersquos nothing (nobody) like it (him) she has no likeyağmur yağacak gibi goumlruumlnuumlyor it looks like rain

The postposition ile can also be suffixed as -l and understood as a case-ending see page

the big Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary to which he refers I have only the conciseversion which seems not to assign parts of speech to its entries except to distinguishtransitive from intransitive verbs In any case van Schaaik himself argues that gibishould be understood as a predicate

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Word order

In a Turkish sentence the modifier usually comes before the modifiedThis means

bull adjective (used attributively) precedes noun

bull adverb precedes verb

bull object of postposition precedes postposition

In a sentence

bull subject precedes predicate

bull objects precede verb

bull indirect object precedes direct object

But these are not absolute rules see for example the sayings numbered and in Chapter (page )

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Inflexion of nouns

A Turkish noun can take inflexional endings usually in the followingorder

) the plural ending -lr (page )

) a possession suffix (Chapter page )

) a case-ending (below)

) a predicative suffix (Chapter page )

Declension

The cases of Turkish nouns that do not have the third-person possessionsuffix -(s) are as followslowast

Bare The dictionary-form of a noun used for subjects and indefinitedirect objects

Clarifying In (y) for definite direct objects

Dative In -(y) for indirect objects

Ablative In -dn for that from which

Locative In -d for place where

lowastThe Turkish term for case is durmiddotum state of affairs Turkish names for the fol-lowing cases are respectively yalın durum then belirtme youmlnelme bulunma ccedilıkmatamlayan benzerlik durumu then araccedillı durum [ p ] but some variation is pos-sible Atabay et al [ p ] give also the Latin terms nominativus accusativusdativus locativus ablativus determinativus and aequativus for the first seven theydo not give Oumlzkırımlırsquos eighth case Some grammarians [ p ] [ p ] do notrecognize the seventh case

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Declension

Possessive In -(n)n

Relative In -c with meanings like according to or in the mannerof one use was given in Chapter page

Instrumental In -()n this case is obsolescent but can be seen inexamples like yazmiddotın during the summer [ p ] and the neologismoumlrneğmiddotin for example [ p ] The instrumental sense is achievednow with the postposition ile with which can be suffixed as -l

For example

Guumllmiddotler guumlzelmiddotdir bana bir guumll al Roses are beautiful buy me a roseGuumllmiddotuuml koparmayın Donrsquot pick the rose

Guumllmiddoteguumllmiddotdenguumllmiddotde tofromon (athe) roseGuumllmiddotuumln dikenmiddoti Rosersquos thorn

Guumllrsquoce according to Guumll ccedilocukccedila childishly or baby-talkGuumllrsquole Ayşe Ayşe and Guumll bıccedilakmiddotla kes- cut with a knife

The third-person possession suffix -(s) is followed by -n before the case-endings are added except for ile

guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnuuml guumlluumlne guumlluumlnden guumlluumlnde guumlluumlnuumln guumlluumlnce guumlluumlyle

The singular personal pronouns from Figure are declined as follows

ben beni bana benden bende benim bence benimlesen seni sana senden sende senin sence seninleo onu ona ondan onda onun onca onunla

Note thatbull ben and sen show a vowel change in the dativebull their possessive forms take the corresponding possession suffixes

from Table (although the second-person singular possession suffixis the same as the possessive suffix anyway)

bull the postposition ile is suffixed to the possessive forms as in the rulegiven on page

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Inflexion of nouns

Demonstratives

The third-person pronoun oon- is also the demonstrative adjective thatother demonstratives are

bubun- thistheselowast

şuşun- (for the thing pointed to)

Two kinds of person

Nouns can indicate person in two senses

A possession suffix shows the person of a possessor of the namedentity

guumllmiddotuumlmguumllmiddotuumlmuumlzguumllmiddotuumlnguumllmiddotuumlnuumlz myourthyyour roseguumllmiddotuumlDenizrsquoin guumllmiddotuuml his roseDenizrsquos rose

A predicative suffix shows the person of the entity itself

GuumllmiddotuumlmGuumllmiddotuumlzGuumllmiddotsuumlnGuumllmiddotsuumlnuumlzI amWe areThou artYou are a rose

Recall from page that the plural suffix -lr combines with

) the third-person possession suffix -(s) to make -lr

) the third-person predicative suffix (which is empty) to make -lr

Thus the plural ending -lr can show multiplicity of three different things

) the entity itself

guumllmiddotler roses guumllmiddotlermiddoti her roses

lowastSee page note Dagger

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Negation

) its (third-person) possessor

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their rose

) the (third-person) subject of which the entity is predicated

Guumllmiddotler They are roses

The plural ending will not be repeated Thus also

guumllmiddotlermiddoti their roses

Whether -lr denotes plurality of subject or predicate can be indicatedby use of -dr

Guumllmiddotduumlrmiddotler They are rosesGuumllmiddotlermiddotdir They are the roses

The four kinds of noun suffixes are used in order in

Guumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotdemiddotsiniz You are in my roses

Negation

A sentence made from a noun with a predicative ending is negated withdeğil the predicative ending is added to this

Guumll değilmiddotim I am not a rose I am not RoseGuumllmiddotlermiddotimmiddotde değilmiddotsiniz You are not in my roses

Annexation

When two nouns are joined even though the first does not name a pos-sessor of the second the second tends to take the third-person suffix ofpossession

boumllmiddotuumlm department matematik boumllmiddotuumlmmiddotuuml mathematics department

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Inflexion of nouns

You can see this feature in many names of things

İş Bankamiddotsı Business Bank Tekirdağ rakımiddotsı Tekirdağ [brand] rakıEski İmaret Camii Old Soup-kitchen Mosquelowast

Note that cami is usually construed as here as ending in a consonantalbeit a consonant not shown in spelling the glottal stop [ pp ]Thus we have camii rather than camisidagger

The plural ending if used still precedes the suffix of possession asbefore

deniz anamiddotsı deniz anamiddotlarmiddotı jellyfishDagger (one or several)

However if the two nouns are written as one word they may or may notstill be treated grammatically as two

atamiddotsoumlzmiddotuuml father saying (proverb) atamiddotsoumlzmiddotlermiddoti proverbssect

ayakmiddotkabmiddotı foot container (shoe) ayakmiddotkabmiddotımiddotlar shoes

The possession suffix is not normally repeated

lowastThis little mosque in Istanbul off the tourist trail was built in the th centuryas the Church of St Savior Pantepoptes [ p ]

daggerOne does sometimes see camisi instead camii as for example in [] The Englishmosque shares its ultimate Arabic origin with the Turkish mescit small mosque [ ]while cami is related through its Arabic source to Cuma Friday Thus a cami wouldappear to be strictly a Friday mosque a mosque where communal Friday prayers aremade This is made explicit in Iran where a grand mosque may be called Masjed-eJameh Mosque of Friday the Turkish would be Cuma Mescidi Thus Persian andTurkish alike join nouns by adding an ending to the noun being qualified but thenthey write the nouns in opposite order However the Persian construction was usedin Ottoman Turkish and can still be seen in some names as of the Abide-i HuumlrriyetMonument of Liberty in Şişli Istanbul and of the road that runs south from it Abide-i Huumlrriyet Caddemiddotsi The monument commemorates the Constitutional Revolution of [ p ] and is normally closed to visitors though I was invited in by thecaretaker when I walked up to the gate It memorializes a progressive developmentin Turkey that predated Atatuumlrkrsquos rise but it also contains the last remains of two ofthe instigators of the Armenian Genocide of namely Enver and Talacirct In anycase the modern form of its name would be huumlrriyet anmiddotıtmiddotı or even oumlzguumlrmiddotluumlk anıtı

Daggerliterally sea mother(s)sectAs in the titles of [ ] the sources for Chapter page

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Annexation

Tuumlrk soumlzuuml Tuumlrk atasoumlzuuml Turkish saying Turkish proverb

However from doğmiddotum guumlnmiddotuuml birthday I have seen the formation Nidarsquonindoğum guumlnuumlsuuml Nidarsquos birthday as a grafitto near the Suumlleymaniye Camiiin Istanbul Nidarsquonin doğum guumlnuuml would be correct

Sometimes two bare nouns are combined without change

mercimek ccedilorbası or mercimek ccedilorba lentil soup

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

Possession and Existence (To have and to be)

There is no Turkish verb corresponding to the English have Possessionis normally indicated by suffixes of possession (Chapter page ) Theexistence of possession or of anything else is expressed by the predicativeadjective var non-existence is expressed by yok

Guumllmiddotuumlm var My rose exists I have got a roseGuumllmiddotuumlm yok I have not got a rose

One can also express ownership by means of the noun sahip owner orelse the postposition ait belonging to which follows nouns in the dativecase

Verbal nouns

The dictionary-form of a verb is usually the infinitive in -mk removethis ending and you have a stem However not every stem is found inthis way some stems are further analyzable and they might not be foundas part of a dictionary form We shall consider these in the next sectionMeanwhile there are (at least) two more kinds of verbal noun that maybe in the dictionary with endings

-m resembling the -ing of the English gerund and

-(y)ş indicating manner

So we have

okumakokumaokuyuş to read reading way of readinglowast

lowastSee also saying on page

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Stems

The common stem in these examples is oku- This is the dictionary-formin one dictionary [] and I wish it were so in all dictionaries since thensimple verbs would always come before those obtained from them bymeans of constructive suffixes (Chapter page ) I give verbs as stemsin this documentlowast

Stems

A finite Turkish verb generally consists of a simple stem followed in orderby endings that I shall call

) vocal) modal) characteristic and) personal

The vocal endings (or voice suffixes [ p ]) seem to be treatedgenerally as constructive suffixes while the modal endings are inflexionalsuffixes Neither of these kinds of endings need be present in a verb

A verb with only vocal or modal endings and no characteristic andpersonal endings is a stem Although stems with modal endings are notfound in the dictionary they can still be made into verbal nouns with-mk -m or -(y)ş

Vocal endings

One or more vocal endings may be found in a stem in the followingorder

) reflexive -()n

) reciprocal -()ş

) causative -(d)r -()t or -r (depending on the verb)

) passive or impersonal -l or -()n

lowastSee also page and its note lowast

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

Two or more causative endings can be used A reciprocal and a causativeending together make the repetitive ending -()şmiddottr

okumiddotn- be read okumiddott- make (somebody) readoumll-oumllmiddotduumlr-oumllmiddotduumlrmiddott-oumllmiddotuumln- (see Chapter page )

sev- love sevmiddotiş- make lovebul- find bulmiddotun- be

ara- look for aramiddotşmiddottır- do research

Modal endings

Modal endingslowast indicate affirmation denial impossibility and the pos-sibility of these Strictly lack of a modal ending indicates affirmationdenial is with -m impossibility -(y)m possibility -(y)bil

oku- read okumiddotyabil- can read

okumiddotma- not read okumiddotmamiddotyabil- may not read

okumiddotyama- cannot read okumiddotyamamiddotyabil- may be unable to read

Once in Ankara when a taxi driver found out he would be taking me allthe way to the airport he told his friend

Gelemeyebilirim Maybe I canrsquot come [drink tea with you]

The modal endings can be analyzed as follows [ pp f] Thesuffix -m negates the obsolete verb u- be able negated becomes theimpotential suffix -(y)m the (living) verb bil- know with a bufferbecomes the potential suffix -(y)bil But you cannot combine these justas you please only the six given formations are available However thereare a few other verbs that can be suffixed as bil- is one example is yaz-in oumllmiddoteyaz- (Chapter page )dagger

lowastI use this terminology having failed to find a better Lewis groups these endingstogether [ p ] but does not give them a name

daggerGoumlksel and Kerslake group these suffixable verbs together [ p ] butanalyze the impotential suffix -(y)m into two suffixes -(y) and the negating -mwhich they consider separately [ ]

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Verbs from verbal nouns

Verbs from verbal nouns

Again a simple stem possibly with vocal and modal endings added isstill a stem From this we can make verbal nouns such as the infinitiveand the gerund Both

bull the locative case (in -mk) of the infinitive and

bull the instrumental case (in -l page ) of the gerund

can take predicative endings thus becoming finite verbs

Okumiddotmakmiddottamiddotdır He is engaged in reading Okumiddotmamiddotlı She must readlowast

Verbal adjectives

Also obtained from a stem are five verbal adjectives or participlesdagger

present in -(y)n

future in -(y)ck

past-present in -dk

past in -mş

(positive) aoristDagger in -()r or -r

Aorist participles with negative or impotential stems are anomalous sowe must speak of the

lowastAmong Turkish speakers I have encountered resistence to the analysis of the-ml of okumalı as -m plus -l Goumlksel and Kerslake [] present the -ml suffixwithout further analysis The older Lewis does analyze the suffix [ VIII p ]while noting that rarely the gerund with -l may be a simple adjective in additionto he must hang asmalı can just mean vine-covered [ X p ]

daggerLewis refers to the past-present and the past participles as the di-past and miş-past respectively while noting [ IX p ] that the former may denote presentactivity like done in things done today as opposed to things done yesterday

DaggerGeniş zaman broad tense see below

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

negative aorist in -mz

impotential aorist in -(y)mz

A future or past-present participle can take a suffix of possession indi-cating the person of the subject of the action indicated by the participle

okumiddotduğmiddotum kitap book that I did read or am readingokumiddotyacağmiddotım kitap book that I shall read

Thus a possession suffix indicates so to speak the possessor of the actionnamed by the participle This possessor may be named by a noun in thepossessive case

Guumllrsquouumln okuduğu kitap The book read by Guumll

The present past and aorist participles do not take possession suffixesexcept with the usual sense

gelmiddoten gidmiddoten that which comes that which goesdolmiddotmuş filled minibus (because it is usually filled)

dolmiddotmuşmiddotumuz our minibusakmiddotarmiddotsu flowing water stream

saymiddotılmiddotabilmiddotir saymiddotılmiddotamaz countable uncountable []

A number of the proverbs in Chapter page feature present partici-ples often with case-endings

Verbs from verbal adjectives

The future aorist and past participles can take predicative endingsthereby becoming finite verbs Since the third-person predicative end-ing is empty the participles themselves may also be finite verbs

Okumiddotyacak She will readOkumiddotr He reads is a readerOkumiddotmaz She does not readOkumiddotyamaz He is illiterate

Okumiddotmuş She read [in the pastaccording to what we are given to understand]

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Verbs from verbal adjectives

Another family of verbs can be understood under this scheme as fol-lows The verb yuumlruuml- walk was originally yorı- [] We can conceiveof this as being suffixable to a verb just as bil- is (page ) Then weshould be able to form aorist participles like sayılayorır on the pattern ofsayılabilir Thus we would be using a suffix -(y)yorır on the pattern of-(y)bilir that is -(y)bil + r

It seems that speakers of an ancestor of modern Turkish did this [p f] but now the suffix -(y)yorır has been abraded to

-()yor

This ending is not used to make participles as such but with the pred-icative endings it still forms finite verbs namely verbs of the present

tense

okuyorum I am reading okuyoruz we are readingokuyorsun thou art reading okuyorsunuz you are readingokuyor he is reading okuyorlar they are reading

Compare with the aorist

okurum I read okuruz we readokursun thou readst okursunuz you readokur she reads okurlar they read

A difference between aorist and present-tense verbs is illustrated in acomment on Turkish driving habits [ VIII p ]

Başka memleketlerde kazara oumllmiddotuumlrmiddotler biz kazara yaşımiddotyormiddotuzIn other countries they die by accident we are living by accident

The difference between the aorist

anlamam I am not somebody who understands

and the present-tense

anlamıyorum I donrsquot understand at the moment

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

is shown by Ali Nesin [] In Nesin was selling copies of MatematikDuumlnyası magazine at the Istanbul Book Fair when a man visited thestand identified himself as a mathematician said he had heard of themagazine but declined to buy a copy saying Ben bunları anlamam I donrsquotunderstand these things Nesin responds

I never saw a mathematician who said anlamam Many say an-lamıyorum everybody says it but I never encountered some-body who said anlamam

Pure verbs

A verb without characteristic or personal endings is a stem (page ) averb without personal endings is a base Thus a base is a stem plus acharacteristic So far then from the stem sev- for example we have thebases

sevmekte sevmeliseven sevecek sevdik sevmiş

sever sevmez sevemezseviyor

All are nouns or adjectives at least in origin and all take predicativeendings

There are verbs that do not start out as any other part of speechThe subjunctive and imperative endings in Figure page attachdirectly to stems without a characteristic The second- and third-personsubjunctives are rarely seen and the first-person subjunctive has theeffect of an imperative Since there are no official first-person imperativeendings it may be useful to combine the subjunctive and imperativeendings into one series of verbs that are imperative (or perhaps optative)in meaning

seveyim sevelim sev sevin sevsinlet me love let us love love thou love you let him love

Finally there are a

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Pure verbs

definite past tense with characteristic -d and a

conditional mood with characteristic -s

The personal endings used with these bases are the endings called verbalin Figure

okudum I did readlowast okuduk we did readokudun thou didst read okudunuz you did readokudu she did read okudular they did read

Okumiddotsa If only he would read

Roughly the difference between okumuş and okudu is that the latter con-notes eyewitness knowledge the former inference or hearsay Thus thepast in -mş may be called the inferential past

In practice a past-tense form need not have a past meaning

geldim literally I came may mean Irsquom coming right away

You can say good-bye to your friend on the telephone with either of

oumlptuumlm I kissed oumlpuumlyorum I am kissing [thee]

The conditional characteristic -s appears in the logical form A ise B ofFigure page Here ise is understood as attached to A It is normallyused in compounds as considered in sect Let us just note here thatconditional forms are used to denote sufficient conditions not necessaryconditions In the implication A rarr B

bull A is sufficient for B andbull B is necessary for A

In Turkish it is A that will feature the conditional characteristic whilein French B would be conditional

All of the characteristics can now be collected as in Figure

lowastI use did here simply because of the ambiguity of the written form of read byitself is it pronounced red or red

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

participle basenecessitative -ml

-mktpresent -n

-yorfuture -(y)cak

positive -()r -raorist negative -mz

impotential -(y)mz-mş

past-dk -d

conditional -simperative -

Figure Characteristics of verbs

Questions

The interrogative particle m (which appeared in Chapter page )precedes the predicative endings but follows the other personal endings

Okumiddotmakmiddotta mımiddotyım Am I engaged in readingOkumiddotmamiddotlı mımiddotyım Must I readOkumiddotyacak mımiddotyım Am I going to read

Okumiddotr mumiddotyum Do I readOkumiddotmaz mımiddotyım Do I not read

Okumiddotyamamiddotz mıyım Can I not readOkumiddotmuş mumiddotyum Did I supposedly readOkumiddotyor mumiddotyum Am I reading

Okumiddotdum mu Did you see me readingOkumiddotsamiddotm mı Should I read I wonder

Okumiddotyayım mı Shall I read do you want me to read

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Compound tenses

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed by means of the defective verb

i- be

The stem i- takes no vocal or modal endings It forms no verbal nounsIt does form the participle iken which has a suffixed form -(y)ken andmay follow a verb-base

Gelmiddotirmiddotken bana oyunmiddotcak tren gemiddottirmiddotir mimiddotsinlowast

When you come will you bring me a toy train

The stem i- forms the bases imiddotmiş imiddotdi and imiddotse which can be suffixedas -(y)mş -(y)d and -(y)s Hence two compound bases in i- areformed imiddotmişmiddotse and imiddotdimiddotyse Verbs in i- are negated with a precedingdeğil and ldquointerrogatedrdquo (made into questions) with a preceding m thedeğil precedes the m if both are used Verbs in i- may be attached tonouns verbs in i- with simple (not compound) bases may be attached toverb-bases not in i- Missing forms in i- are supplied by ol- become

Kuşmiddotmuş It was apparently a birdHayır uccedilakmiddottı No it was a plane

Uccedilak ise niccedilin uccedilmiddotmumiddotyor If it is a plane why is it not flyingUccedilmiddotacakmiddottı It was going to fly

Uccedilmiddotarmiddotsa binmiddotecek mimiddotsiniz If it flies will you boardCcedilabuk ol Be quick

Olmiddotmak ve sahip olmiddotmak To be and to be an owner (the Turkish title ofthe French movie Etre et avoir)

The sentence

Geccedilmiş olsun

lowastSaid in a cartoon (in Penguen) by a calf to his father who is trying to explainwhy he (the bull) is going with the butcher on a long trip from which he will neverreturn

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Conjugation of verbs

was listed on page Formally it is a perfect imperative Passed may itbe let it have passed The form is useful for translating Euclid Whenin Proposition I of the Elements [] Euclid says

ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ∆Γ

this is not quite as Heath [ p ] would have it Let ∆Γ be joined itis more like Suppose ∆Γ has already been joined This reminds us thatEuclid did not have erasable writing boards like ours in his lectures (notto mention his completed manuscripts) the diagrams had already beendrawn [ p ] This may not be enough reason to bother with theperiphrastic perfect imperative of English but the Turkish translation issomewhat simpler

Birleştirilmiş olsun Let it have been joined []

as opposed to

Birleştirilsin Let it be joined

In any case as noted on page Geccedilmiş olsun may be said of bad thingssuch as sickness that are already known to have passed Perhaps itshould be understood as a wish that the bad things should pass evenfrom memorymdashand not just that they should pass but that they shouldalready have passed

Subordination

As noted -(y)ken is used with a verb-base to subordinate the verb Thereare various endings used with verb-stems that subordinate the verb toanother

bull -(y)nc (denotes action just before that of the main verb)

bull -(y)ncy kadar until mdashing

bull -(y) (the ending used in Guumlle guumlle page Chapter )

bull -(y)rk by mdashing

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Compound tenses

bull -mdn without mdashing

bull -mdn oumlnce before mdashing

bull -dktn sonra after mdashing

Here are a couple of literary examples given in []

Ccediliftliğe doğru istemiddotmemiddotyerek yuumlruumlduumlShe walked towards the farm without wanting to

İlkyazlarla yeniden canlanışı doğanın kış başmiddotlamiddotyınca soumlnmesiWith spring comes naturersquos rebirth with winter its extinction

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Sayings

Various collections of Turkish proverbs are available [ ] Thesayings below are taken from these books Ideally if a translation is notgiven (or even if it is) the reader should be able to supply a translationon the basis of the present document All needed root-words should bein Chapter

Bakmakla oumlğrenilse koumlpekler kasap olurduIf learning were done by watching dogs would be butchers

Bal tutan parmağını yalarThe worker takes a share of the goods

Balcının var bal tası oduncunun var baltasılowast

A honey-seller has a honey-pot a woodsman has an axe

Bir deli kuyuya taş atmış kırk akıllı ccedilıkaramamış

Ccedilok yaşayan bilmez ccedilok gezen bilir

Geccedil olsun da guumlccedil olmasınLet it be late just donrsquot let it be difficult

Gelen gideni aratırWhat comes makes you look for what goes (The new makes youmiss the old)

Goumlnuumll ferman dinlemez

Goumlruumlnen koumly kılavuz istemezYou donrsquot need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

lowastNormal word order would be Balcının bal tası var oduncunun baltası var

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Her yiğidin bir yoğurt yeyişi vardırEveryone has his own way of doing things

Hocanin dediğini yap yaptığını yapma

İsteyenin bir yuumlzuuml kara vermeyenin iki yuumlzuumlThe person who asks for something has a black face but the personwho doesnrsquot give it has two

Kedi uzanamadığı ciğere pis der (sour grapes)

Meyvası olan ağacı taşlarlar

Nasihat istersen tembele iş buyurIf you want to hear advice ask a lazy person to work

Olmaz olmaz deme olmaz olmaz

Oumllenle oumlluumlnmez One doesnrsquot die with the dead

Soumlz guumlmuumlşse suumlkucirct altındır

Uumlzuumlmuuml ye bağını sorma

Yolcudur Abbas bağlasan durmazlowast

Abbas is a traveller tie him down he does not stop

Yuvarlanan taş yosun tutmaz

lowastNormal word order would be Abbas yolcudur

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Journalese

One may in theory know all of the grammar presented so far withoutbeing able to make sense of sentences in a newspaper This chapterrepresents my attempt to analyze two such sentences First here are() one of these sentences () a word-by-word translation and () aproper English translation

numaralı kararda barış guumlcuumlnuumlnbu goumlrevi yerine getirebilmesi iccedilinLuumlbnan ordusuna yardımcı olmasıistenirken soumlz konusu goumlrevininengellenmeye ccedilalışılması durumunda guumlccedilkullanabileceği belirtiliyor

numbered in-the-decision peace its-forcesrsquothis duty [do] to-its-place to-be-able-to-bring forLebanon to-its-army assistant its-beingwhile-being-desired word its-subject dutyrsquosto-be-impeded [io] its-being-worked in-its-state forcethat-it-will-be-able-to-be-used it-is-made-clear

In the decision numbered as it is desired that the peaceforces will help the Lebanese army so that it can fulfill thisduty it is made clear that in case the duty under discussionis being hindered force can be used

In Figure I diagram the Turkish sentence by the following principles No two verbs (or forms of verbs) are on the same line The complements of a verb are on the same line with the verb ormdash

if they involve verbs themselvesmdashare attached to that line fromabove

Modifiers of nouns are raised above the nouns

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

b

b

b

numaramiddotlıkararmiddotda b

b

b

bbarışguumlcmiddotuumlmiddotnuumln

b

biccedilin

b

b bugoumlrevmiddoti

byermiddotimiddotne

bgemiddottirmiddotebilmiddotmemiddotsi

b

b

Luumlbnanordumiddotsumiddotna b

yardımmiddotcıb olmiddotmamiddotsı

b istemiddotnmiddotirmiddotken

b

b

b

b

soumlzkonumiddotsugoumlrevmiddotimiddotnin

b

b

engelmiddotlemiddotnmiddotmemiddotyeccedilalışmiddotılmiddotmamiddotsı

durmiddotummiddotumiddotnda b

bguumlccedil

bkulmiddotlanmiddotabilmiddoteceğmiddoti

belirtimiddotlimiddotyor

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Figure A newspaper sentence diagrammed

The diagram retains the original word-orderAnother example concerns the electricity that my spouse and I experi-

enced in Ankara before moving to Istanbul Here I merely embolden allwords that are verbs or are derived from verbslowast

Oumlzellikle işten eve geliş saatlerindekarşılaştıkları kesintilerin ldquobıktırdığınırdquo soumlyleyenAnkaralılar aile bireylerinin evde olduğu birarada yemek yediği saatlerin elektrik kesintileriyuumlzuumlnden karanlıkta geccedilirilmesinin modernşehirlerde eşine az rastlanılır bir durum olduğunuifade etti

Especially from-work homewards coming at-these-hoursencountered by-the-cuts ldquofed-up-withrdquo sayingAnkarans family membersrsquo at-home being onein-an-interval meal eating its-hoursrsquo electric cutsfrom-their-face in-the-dark being-passedrsquos modern

lowastThe sentence is from Birguumln November I didnrsquot record the source of theearlier sentence

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Journalese

in-cities to-its-equal little encountered a state beingexpression made

Saying they are fed up with cuts experienced especially atthe hours of coming home from work Ankarans indicatedthat the passing of hours when family members are at homeeating a meal together in the dark because of electricity cutswas a situation rarely meeting an equal in modern cities

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Dictionary

Nouns adjectives verbs and adverbs used elsewhere in these notes (ex-cept perhaps Chapter ) are listed here For postpositions see Chap-ter Verbs are given as stems with a hyphenlowast Forms with construc-tive suffixes are generally not given unless they are anomalous

ağa lordağaccedil treeak- flowakıl wisdomaile familyal- take buyaltın goldan- think ofana anne motheranla- understandara intervalara- look for callarka backas- hangat horseata fatherayak footbağ tie bondbağ vineyardbak- lookbal honey

balık fishbalta axebanka bankbarış peacebaş headbelir- become visiblebıccedilak knifebık- get boredbil- knowbin- go up or onbirey individualbirleş- uniteboumll- dividebul- findbuyur- commandcadde roadcami mosquecan soul lifeciğer liverCuma Fridayccedilabuk quick fast

lowastThe big Redhouse dictionary [] lists verbs this way but with an equal sign (=)in place of a hyphen Other dictionaries as [] or [] list verbs in their infinitiveforms in -mk

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Dictionary

ccedilağ eraccedilalış- workccediliftlik farmccedilocuk childccedilorba soupde- saydedikodu gossipdeli maddeniz seadevir- overturndiken thorndil tongue languagedinle- listen todoğ- be borndoğa naturedur- stopduumlnya worldengel obstacleeski old not neweş match equalet meatet- make doev house homeferman imperial edictgazete newspapergece nightgeccedil lategel- comegetir- bringgit- gogoumlnuumll heartgoumlr- seegoumlrev dutyguumlccedil powerguumll rose

guumll- smile laughguumlmuumlş silverguumln dayhoca (religious) teacherhuumlrriyet libertyiccedil- drink smokeifade expressionilkyaz springimaret soup-kitchen (Ottom hist)iste- desire ask foriş work businesskap containerkar snowkacircr profitkaranlık darkkarar decisionkarın bellykarşıla- go to meetkasap butcherkazara by chancekebap kebabkedi catkes- cutkılavuz guidekış winterkilit lockkim whokişi personkitap bookkonu topickonuş- speakkop- break offkoru- protectkoumlpek dogkoumly village

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

kul slavekullan- usekuş birdkuyu wellmemleket native landmercimek lentilmeslek professionmeyva fruitnasihat advicenumara numberodun firewoodoku- readol- become beordu armyoyun game playoumlğren- learnoumlğret- teachoumll- dieoumlrnek exampleoumlzel special privateoumlzguumlr free not boundparmak fingerpis dirtyrakı arakrastla- meet by chancesahip ownersarı yellowsat- sellsay- countsev- loveson endsor- ask (about)soumln- die down go outsoumlz expression wordsoumlyle- say

suumlkucirct silencesuumlt milkşehir cityşeker sugartas pottaş stonetembel lazytemiz cleantren traintut- holdtuz saltuccedil- flyuza- get longeruumlzuumlm grapever- giveyala- lickyap- make doyardım aidyaşa- liveyaz summeryaz- writeye- eatyemek foodyeni newyer ground placeyiğit (brave) young manyoğurt yogurtyol roadyosun moss seaweedyumuşa- become softyuvarla- rollyuumlruuml- walkyuumlz yuumlz face

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Bibliography

[] A D Alderson and Fahir İz (eds) The concise Oxford Turkishdictionary Oxford Reprinted

[] Neşe Atabay Sevgi Oumlzel and İbrahim Kutluk Soumlzcoumlk tuumlrleri Pap-atya İstanbul

[] Robert Avery et al (eds) New Redhouse Turkish-English dictio-nary Redhouse Press İstanbul

[] Serap Bezmez Richard Blakney and C H Brown (eds) The largerRedhouse portable dictionary English-Turkish Turkish-EnglishRedhouse Istanbul

[] Huumlseyin Dağtekin Genel tarih atlası [General history atlas] İnkilacircpİstanbul

[] Tufan Demir Tuumlrkccedile dilbilgisi Kurmay Ankara

[] Euclid Euclidis Elementa Euclidis Opera Omnia vol I Teubner Edidit et Latine interpretatvs est I L Heiberg

[] Euclidrsquos Elements Green Lion Press Santa Fe NM All thirteen books complete in one volume The ThomasL Heath translation edited by Dana Densmore MR MR(j)

[] Oumlğelerin kitabından birinci kitap [the first of the booksof Euclidrsquos Elements] ed Mathematics Department Mimar SinanFine Arts University Istanbul September Euclidrsquos Greek textwith Turkish version by Oumlzer Oumlztuumlrk amp David Pierce

[] H W Fowler A dictionary of modern English usage Oxford Uni-versity Press London Corrected reprint of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Bibliography

[] Aslı Goumlksel and Celia Kerslake Turkish A comprehensive grammarRoutledge London and New York

[] Reha Guumlnay A guide to the works of Sinan the Aarchitect in Istan-bul YEM Istanbul July

[] T F Hoad (ed) The concise Oxford dictionary of English etymol-ogy Oxford University Press Oxford and New York Reissuedin new covers

[] Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K Pullum The Cambridge gram-mar of the English language Cambridge University Press Cam-bridge UK reprinted

[] John Patrick Douglas Balfour Baron Kinross The Ottoman cen-turies Morrow New York

[] Sinan Kuumlccediluumlk (ed) Atasoumlzleri ve deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Karaca Ankara6 TDKrsquonın yaptığı son değişikliklere uygun olarak hazırlan-mıştır

[] Terttu Leney Finnish Teach Yourself

[] G L Lewis Turkish grammar Oxford University Press

[] Geoffrey Lewis The Turkish language reform A catastrophic suc-cess Oxford Linguistics Oxford University Press Oxford reprinted

[] Geoffrey Lewis Turkish grammar second ed Oxford UniversityPress First edition

[] Librairie Larousse (ed) Larousse de poche Librairie Larousse Paris

[] James Morwood (ed) The pocket Oxford Latin dictionary OxfordUniversity Press First edition published by Routledge ampKegan Paul

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Bibliography

[] Ali Nesin Oumlnermeler mantığı İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları

[] Ali Nesin Matematik Duumlnyasından Matematik Duumlnyası ()no httpwwwmatematikdunyasiorgarsivPDF05_3_

01_02_GIRISpdf

[] Sezgisel kuumlmeler kuramı Nesin Matematik Koumlyuuml Kitaplığıvol Nesin Yayıncılık İstanbul

[] Reviel Netz The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics Ideasin Context vol Cambridge University Press Cambridge A study in cognitive history MR MR (f)

[] Sevan Nişanyan Soumlzlerin soyağacı Ccedilağdaş Tuumlrkccedilenin etimolojik souml-zluumlğuuml [The family tree of words An etymological dictionary of con-temporary Turkish] rd ed Adam Yayınları İstanbul

[] Emin Oumlzdemir Accedilıklamalı atasoumlzleri soumlzluumlğuuml Remzi İstanbul

[] Ali Puumlskuumllluumloğlu Arkadaş Tuumlrkccedile soumlzluumlğu Arkadaş Ankara

[] Atilla Oumlzkırımlı Tuumlrk dili dil ve anlatım [the Turkish language lan-guage and expression] İstanbul Bilgi Uumlniversitesi Yayınları Yaşayan Tuumlrkccedile Uumlzerine Bir Deneme [An Essay on Living Turkish]

[] Bengisu Rona Turkish in three months Hugorsquos Language Books

[] Steven Runciman The First Crusade University Press Cambridge

[] Herbert Weir Smyth Greek grammar Harvard University PressCambridge Massachussets Revised by Gordon M Messing Eleventh Printing Original edition

[] Hilary Sumner-Boyd and John Freely Strolling through istanbulTauris Parke Revised and updated from the edition

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of

Bibliography

[] Ayhan (Ediskun) Tuumlrkhan Konuşan deyimler soumlzluumlğuuml Atasoumlzlerive soumlz gurupları Remzi İstanbul

[] Gerjan van Schaaik The Bosphorus papers Studies in Turkish gram-mar ndash Boğaziccedili University Press Istanbul

[] Erik J Zuumlrcher Turkey A modern history IB Tauris London reprint of the new edition of