the last ones standing: why mammalogists should care about caribbean bats

The last ones standing: why mammalogists should care about Caribbean bats

Liliana M. Dávalos Ecology and Evolution, SUNY at Stony BrookDanny Rojas Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro

ASM MeetingJacksonville, 15 June 2015

Caribbean mammal fauna

• Depauperate compared to mainland

• Shaped by extinction

• Native extant mammals are bats

• Rest is rounding error

• Except for present company

Drawing by A. Tejedor

However, many endemics = irreplaceable Myers et al. 2000 Nature

This is not new

The number of peculiar genera in all classes of animals is so great in proportion to those in common with the adjacent mainland, as to lead us to conclude that, subsequent to the original separation from the Mexican area, a very large tract of land existed, calculated to support a rich and varied fauna, and, by the interaction of competing types, give rise to peculiar and specially modified organisms…

Wallace 1876 The Geographical Distribution of Animals

How can we measure this?

• Phylogenetic diversity (PD) = sum of branch length between root and tips for a community

• Identifies evolutionary information added by each species

• Mean pairwise distance (MPD) = mean distance between all pairs of species

• Reflects structuring across the entire tree

• Mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) = mean of branch lengths from each species to closest relative

• Reflects phylogenetic structure of tipsWinter et al. 2013 TREE

Hypothesis & prediction

• Richness alone severely underestimates Caribbean biodiversity

• Measures of evolutionary diversity (ED) will be comparable to communities on mainland

Data criteria

• Published or collected ourselves

• Local scale

• Community sampling

• Floor on richness

• ≥5 spp.

Photo by Jon Flanders

Island caves = 61 Mainland caves = 21 Mainland forests = 18

Photo @ GEPOG

Photo @ Guia Cavernas Santander

Artibeus anderseniArtibeus cinereusArtibeus phaeotisArtibeus watsoniArtibeus bogotensisArtibeus glaucusArtibeus gnomusArtibeus amplusArtibeus planirostris

Artibeus jamaicensisArtibeus obscurus

Artibeus lituratusArtibeus concolor

Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum

Ametrida centurio

Centurio senex

Phyllops falcatus

Stenoderma rufum

Ariteus fl

avescens

Ectophyl

la alba

Enchisthenes h

artii

Platyrrh

inus li

neatu

s

Platyrr

hinus

heller

i

Platyrr

hinus

brac

hyce

phalu

s

Platyrr

hinus

infus

cus

Vampy

rodes

carac

cioli

Vampy

ressa

meli

ssa

Vampy

ressa

pusil

la

Mesop

hylla

mac

conn

elli

Chiro

derm

a villo

sum

Chiro

derm

a tri

nitat

um

Chiro

derm

a sa

lvini

Vam

pyris

cus n

ymph

aea

Vam

pyris

cus b

rock

i

Vam

pyris

cus

bide

ns

Urod

erm

a bi

loba

tum

Urod

erm

a m

agni

rost

rum

Stur

nira

tild

ae

Stur

nira

ludo

vici

Stur

nira

mag

na

Stur

nira

liliu

m

Stur

nira

luisi

Rhi

noph

ylla

fisc

hera

e

Rhi

noph

ylla

pum

ilio

Gly

phon

ycte

ris d

avie

siG

lyph

onyc

teris

syl

vest

risTrinycteris nicefori

Carollia brevicauda

Carollia perspicillata

Carollia castanea

Lionycteris spurrelli

Lonchophylla dekeyseri

Lonchophylla robusta

Lonchophylla mordax

Hsunycteris thomasi

Phyllonycteris poeyi obtusa

Phyllonycteris poeyi poeyi

Phyllonycteris aphylla

Erophylla bombifrons

Erophylla sezekorni

Brachyphylla cavernarum

Brachyphylla pumila

Brachyphylla nana

Glossophaga soricina

Glossophaga commissarisi

Monophyllus redmani

Hylonycteris underwoodi

Lichonycteris obscura

Choeroniscus godmani

Choeroniscus minor

Anoura caudifer

Anoura geoffroyi

Scleronycteris ega

Lonchorhina sp

Lonchorhina aurita

Phyllostomus elongatus

Phyllostomus hastatus

Phyllostomus latifolius

Phyllostomus discolor

Phylloderma stenops

Gardnerycteris crenulatum

Lophostoma brasilienseLophostoma carrikeriLophostoma schulziLophostoma evotisLophostoma silvicolumTonatia bidensTonatia saurophilaMacrophyllum macrophyllum

Trachops cirrhosusChrotopterus auritusVampyrum spectrum

Mimon bennettii

Mimon cozumelae

Desmodus rotundus

Diaemus youngi

Diphylla ecaudata

Micronycteris megalotis

Micronycteris microtis

Micronycteris brosseti

Micronycteris hirsuta

Micronycteris homezi

Micronycteris minuta

Micronycteris sanborni

Micronycteris schmidtorum

Lampronycteris brachyotis

Macrotus waterhousii

Pteronotus macleayii

Pteronotus quadridens

Pteronotus davyi

Pteronotus gym

nonotus

Pteronotus parnellii

Mormoo

ps bla

inville

i

Mormoo

ps m

egalo

phylla

Noctilio

albiv

entris

Noctilio

lepo

rinus

Furip

terus

horre

ns

Thyro

ptera

discif

era

Thyro

ptera

tricolo

r

Pero

ptery

x mac

rotis

Pero

ptery

x kap

pleri

Corm

ura

brev

irostr

is

Pero

pter

yx le

ucop

tera

Dicli

duru

s albu

s

Dicli

duru

s scu

tatu

sCy

ttaro

ps a

lect

o

Sacc

opte

ryx

cane

scen

sSa

ccop

tery

x gy

mnu

raSa

ccop

tery

x bi

linea

taSa

ccop

tery

x le

ptur

aCe

ntro

nyct

eris

max

imilia

niCe

ntro

nyct

eris

cent

ralis

Rhyn

chon

ycte

ris n

aso

Cyn

omop

s pa

ranu

sC

ynom

ops

abra

sus

Cyn

omop

s gr

eenh

alli C

ynomops planirostris

Neoplatym

ops mattogrossensis

Molossops tem

minckii

Molossops neglectus

Nyctinomops laticaudatus

Nyctinomops m

acrotisEum

ops glaucinusEum

ops trumbulli

Eumops auripendulus

Eumops hansae

Molossus rufus

Molossus coibensis

Molossus sinaloae

Molossus currentium

Molossus barnesi

Molossus m

olossus

Promops centralis

Tadarida brasiliensis

Eptesicus furinalis

Eptesicus brasiliensis

Eptesicus diminutus

Eptesicus chiriquinus

Eptesicus lynni

Eptesicus fuscus

Rhogeessa tumida

Bauerus dubiaquercus

Pipistrellus subflavus

Lasiurus blossevillii

Lasiurus atratus

Lasiurus ega

Myotis riparius

Myotis elegans

Myotis simus

Myotis keaysi

Myotis albescens

Myotis nigricans

Myotis fortidens

Natalus major

Natalus jamaicensis

Natalus primus

Natalus stramineus

Natalus tumidirostris

Chilonatalus micropus

Chilonatalus macer

Nyctiellus lepidus

We need a phylogeny to calculate ED

Shi & Rabosky 2015 EvolutionRojas et al. Accepted Syst Biol

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island caves mainland caves mainland forestsGeographic location

Faith

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Mainland forests win PD, caves are alike, though PD = evo info added by species

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PD strongly depends on richness PD = evo info added by species

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Mainland caves win MNTD Standardized to richness

Extinction experiments

• Estimate effect of losing 1 species

• Remove species from phylogeny = extinct

• Remove species from community = extirpate


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Extirpation affects PD of mainland forests the most, island caves next


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Extirpation affects MPD of mainland caves the most, mainland forests next

Photo by Laurel Yohe

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Diff

eren

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n M

NTD

betw

een

the

mod

ified

com

mun

ities

and

the

orig

inal

com

mun

ities

Extirpation affects MNTD of mainland forests the most, island caves next

Photo by Laurel Yohe

To summarize

• Island caves

• Richness = mainland caves

• MPD > mainland

• MNTD > mainland forests

• Extirpation on island caves

• Reduces MPD more than for mainland caves

• Increases MNTD as for mainland forests Photo by Jon Flanders

Were we right?

• Richness underestimates island biodiversity

• Yes, richness also determines PD

• ED comparable to mainland communities

• Yes, MPD and MNTD

• Effect of loss comparable to mainland or even greater

• Endemicity

• Functional diversity (?)Photo by Jon Flanders

Thanks for inviting me!

the last ones standing: why mammalogists should care about caribbean bats

Science

mainland caves

mean distance

mainland forests

adjacent mainland

mean of branch lengths

gepog photo

distance mpd

caribbean bats liliana