the last great nomadic challenges: from chinggis khan to timur
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14. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan The Mongol Drive to the West The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Last Great The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to From Chinggis Khan to TimurTimur
14
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Last Great Nomadic Challenges
I. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
II. The Mongol Drive to the West
III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Last Great Nomadic Challenges
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
• Mongol Culture– Nomadic pastoralists
Goats, sheep
– Tribe Divided into clans
– Temporary confederations– Leaders elected
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan
• Kabul Khan– 1100s, defeats Qin forces– Grandson, Temujin
• Chinggis Khan– Born Temujin– Develops alliances among Mongols– 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Building the Mongol War Machine
• Mounted warriors• Tumens,10,000 troops• Messenger force• Adopted gunpowder, cannons
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan
• 1207, expedition• China
– Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China
• Kara Khitai defeated– Mongolian
• Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated• Return to China
– Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed
• 1227, death of Chinggis Khan– Empire from Persia to North China Sea
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Life Under the Mongol Imperium
• Harsh, tolerant• Chinggis Khan
– Capital at Karakorum– Shamanistic
Tolerated other religions
– New administration
• Commerce thrives
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire
• 1227, division of empire– Three sons, one grandson– Ogedei, third son
Elected great khan
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Drive to the West
• Golden Horde– Khan's tent
• Russia in the 1200s– Many kingdoms– Mongols (Tartars) invade
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Drive to the West
• Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan– 1236, begins conquest of Russia– 1240, Kiev taken and sacked– Novgorod spared
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Russia in Bondage
• Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde• Commerce benefits• Moscow thrives
– Metropolitan head of Orthodox church– Leads Russian resistance to Mongol
• Kulikova, 1380– Golden Horde defeated
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe
• Hungary, 1240• Death of Ogedei
– Batu retreats
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands
• Hulegu– Grandson of Chinggis Khan– Ilkhan– West to Mesopotamia, north Africa– 1258, Baghdad sacked– 1260, stopped by Baibars
Egyptian Mamluks
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Interlude inChinese History
• Ogedei renews attack on China• Kubilai Khan
– Grandson of Chinggis Khan– Attacks Song– 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty– Capital at Tatu (Beijing)
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture
• Mongol women retain liberties• Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence
• Mongol patronage– Attracts scholars, artists
• Religious toleration– Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians,
Daoists, Muslims
• Marco Polo– Visits court
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance
• Ethnic Chinese resist– Especially scholar-gentry
• Kubilai– Protects peasant lands– Famine relief– Tax, labor burden lessened
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Fall of the House of Yuan
• Death of Kubilai– Dynasty already weakened– Song revolt
• 1274, 1280, Japan attacked– Failure
• By 1350s, territory lost• Ju Yanzhang
– Founds Ming dynasty
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur
• Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)– Turkish– Base at Samarkand
• 1360s, conquests– Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
• 1405, death– Empire dissolves– End of steppe nomad conquests
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections:The Mongol Linkages
• Legacy of the Mongol imperium– Negative consequences– New military technology, skills– Trade
Much greater exchange Traders grow in wealth and sometimes status
– China opened to western influence– Plague?