The Last Emperor

• Henry P'u Yi • Coup D’état 1911• Ruling family forced

to leave forbidden city in 1913.

• Dies as a gardener in 1967 in Peking (Beijing).

1911 Revolution

• War Lords Rule• Free Elections in 1913• Sun Yat-sen appointed

President.• Election is stolen from

him.• Military leaders take over.• Constitution put in place

with a Congress.• Appearance of Democracy

only.

Beginning of Communism in China

• 1919 –Comintern – “Communist International meeting” wants to spread communism.– Grigorii Voitinsky sent to

establish communism in China.

• 1920 –in secret the Communist Party of China (CCP) is formed.

Resurgence of Sun Yat-sen

• Fled country after having election in 1913 stolen from him.

• Returned in 1918.• The Kuomintang (KMT) –

The Nationalists.• Communists vs.

Nationalists• 1923-27 –First United

Front– Agreement between Soviets,

CCP, KMT

Communism vs. Nationalism

• CCP• Communist Party of

China• Mao Zedong

• KMT• Kuomintang• Sun Yat-sen• Chiang Kai-shek

Northern Expedition

• 1926 –CCP and KMT attack warlords in northern China.

• Chiang Kai-shek –leader of the KMT

• Enormous success, Chiang realizes he doesn’t need communists.

Shanghai Massacre 1927

• Chiang Kai-shek and KMT turn on CCP following Northern Expedition

• Western Intelligence gives position of Communists

• Death upon suspicion of communism.

• Nationalist government rules China from 1927-1949.

• CCP done for?

Mao Zedong

• Flees from the Shanghai Massacre

• Rebuilds CCP using peasants.

• Chiang Kai-shek tries to eliminate CCP.

The Long March

• 1934-1935• To escape the KMT• 18 mountain ranges,

24 rivers• 1 military battle per

day.• Over 100,000 people

started, 8,000 ended the Long March.

World War II in Asia

• Focus shifts from battle between CCP and KMT to China vs. Japan.

• Mao gains support for seeing Japanese as the enemy.

• Chiang loses support for continuing to see CCP as the enemy.

Second United Front

• 1936• Chiang was captured and

forced to enter into the Second United Front.

• Two different types of resistance against the Japanese.– Nationalists: Pull back and

wait for Americans to beat Japanese.

– Communists: Use Guerilla Warfare to protect citizens against Japanese. Much more successful.

End of World War II

• 1946 treaty between Mao and Chiang signed.

• Celebration between Communists and Nationalists is short.

• Battle again between Communists and Nationalists.

CCP strategy

• Kill landlords– 15,097 killed following

WWII.

• Massive land redistribution

• Lenient policy of surrender. – Free train ride home for

Nationalist soldiers.

• CCP captured all of China by 1949.

KMT reaction

• Chiang Kai-shek raided the Forbidden City.

• Fled to Taiwan• Set up Republic of

China.

People’s Republic of China

• Communist victory in October 1949.

• Mao declares the People’s Republic of China.

Maoist China

• Constant revolution is necessary.

• Emperor-like figure.– Cult of Personality

• Becomes friendly with the Soviets.

• Breaks from Soviets

The Great Leap Forward (1957-1961)

• “Long live the general direction! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People’s Commune!”

• To increase industrial and agricultural production and development.

• Production numbers false, ’62-’63: “Years of Hunger” 20 million starved to death.

Cultural Revolution(1966-1976)

• Mao forced into early retirement.

• Appealed directly to the people –Emperor-like figure.

• The Red Guard• Against supposed

“Capitalists”• 1969: Mao executes many

of the Red Guard and sends the rest to labor reform camps.