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Protection of the Food Consumer.

THE LANCET.LONDON: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 19,1914.

AT the present juncture questions of economy infood consumption have become of more than

ordinary importance, and the findings of the SelectCommittee of the House of Commons on "ShortWeight" deserve attention. This Committee, ofwhich Sir ARCHIBALD WILLIAMSON was chairman,reported in July on the steps to be taken to protectpurchasers of goods sold in packages, and buyers ofbread, from short weight or measure. In regardto packages they recognise that sale by grossweight, including the tin or wrapper, is often

a matter of custom and convenience with whichit is undesirable to interfere. But certain

practices, such as the selling of tea in

wrappers or containers of unnecessarily heavyweight, are clearly to the disadvantage of the

purchaser. Tha Committee stigmatises such prac-tices as reprehensible, and recommends that in thecase of tea, coffee, and powdered cocoa it should beillegal to sell by retail by any other system than bynet weight. In the case of other articles vendors

selling by gross weight should be compelled so toinform the purchaser by prominent notice, andshould bear the onus of proving that the weight ofthe wrapper, so included, is reasonable. Manypeople will be surprised that it should be neces-sary for the Committee to make the further recom-

mendation that short weight or measure generallyin the retail sale of goods should be made a statutoryoffence, and that the duty of enforcing the lawshould rest with local authorities administeringthe Weights and Measures Acts. At present, itwould seem, the duties of these authorities ceasewhen they have seen that the weights, measures,and scales themselves are up to standard. A

measure may be accurate, but it may be wrongly orfraudulently used; moreover, its shape and theordinary custom of the trade may often resultin the consumer getting less than the nominal

quantity. Milk measures, to which the Committee

draws attention, are not free from this objection.The Committee makes special recommendations

for the sale of bread, which is at present governedby two Bread Acts, those of 1822 and 1836 respec-tively, which are in large measure obsolete.

It is recommended that " fancy bread " shouldbe defined and exempted from official require-ments as to sale by weight, but that in the case ofother bread sale by weight should be strictlyenforced when it is sold over the counter, and thatbread sold outside the shop should be sold eitherin parcels of 1 lb. and multiples of 1 lb. or in

loaves the minimum guaranteed weight of which

is stated orally or by notice to the purchaser ondelivery. A new Bread Act incorporating theadministrative measures which the Committeerecommends for this purpose seems s to be needed.But it is to be feared that the Committee hasnot realised the way in which its good intentionsmay be defeated by methods which give the con-sumer plenty of weight without equivalent foodvalue. In 1911 Dr. J. M. HAMILL reported to theLocal Government Board on the use of " improvers "

in flour, a use which at that date was becomingcommon, and which is believed to have since con-

siderably increased. These impro vers "-prin-cipally mineral phosphates-offer to the miller andbaker the advantage of increased loaf productionfrom a given quantity of flour. The gain in

production is due to the increased amount

of water which the flour absorbs and to theincrease in the volume of the dough result-

ing from the improved elasticity of the gluten.The protein content of flour is an importantmatter from the standpoint of nutrition, and

flour from " weak wheats, which are generallypoor in gluten, contains less protein than flour from44 strong " wheats which are rich in gluten. By theuse of improvers flour from weak wheats, althoughinferior as regards protein content, is made to

simulate flour from stronger wheats. A new Bread

Act, limited to questions of weight, and with noreference to these modern practices, would notafford much benefit to the consumer whom it isdesired to protect.We hope that the local authorities concerned will

not at the present time relax any of their normalefforts for the prevention of adulteration of food orfor controlling weights and measures, or for dealingwith food which is unwholesome. We have everyconfidence in the food traders of the country as awhole. They will not take advantage of scarcity orhigh prices to make fraudulent substitutions of

inferior articles for articles of better class, or toget rid of stock which could not be sold withoutrisk to health. But they as well as the public willsuffer if either the authorities entrusted with the

protection of the food supply, or the magistrates,allow national exigencies to be made the excuse fordisregarding any breaches of the food laws at thepresent time. It should, in conclusion, be notedthat the Select Committee strongly supports therecommendation of various witnesses that powershould be given to local authorities to institute

proceedings under the Merchandise Marks Act toprevent the misdescription of foods.

The King Edward VII. WelshNational Memorial Association.THE campaign against tuberculosis in Wales is

being carried out with commendable zeal by theKing Edward VII. Welsh National Memorial Asso-ciation, working in collaboration with the local

authorities a,nd the Insurance Committees. The

second annual report of the association has justbeen published, and contains an interesting account

756

of the work which has already been accomplishedand an outline of other measures which are beingorganised to combat the disease. The history of

the movement is in brief that a national con-

ference was held at Shrewsbury in September, 1910,for the inauguration of a national campaignfor the eradication of tuberculosis, as a Welsh

National Memorial to King EDWARD VII. The

charter of incorporation was granted by the Kingin Council on May 17th, 1912, and it expresslyincluded the border county of Monmouth withinthe operations of the association. The first reportwas published just a year ago, giving details of

the memorial scheme and of the work accomplishedup to that time. In the present report the councilof the Memorial Association refers, with naturalgratification, to the fact that a national fund ofover £200, 000 has been raised, and that at the

present time means of treatment have been

organised so as to be within the reach of everytuberculous patient in the Principality. The

country concerned, including Monmouthshire, hasbeen divided into 14 dispensary districts or districtsanatorium areas, each in charge of an officer calleda tuberculosis physician, assisted by a tuberculosisnurse. In each area there is an institute or head-

quarters with a series of visiting stations. Localtuberculosis hospitals for cases under observationand for cases unsuitable for sanatorium treatmenthave also been provided. The association alreadypossesses 87 such hospital beds, and has made

arrangements with other authorities for the further245, but it is proposed to provide institutions with549 beds in addition to the 87 at present owned bythe association, when the arrangements with otherauthorities may be terminated. Sanatoriums are

also provided, and at the present time there arefive sanatoriums under the control of the associa-

tion, with a combined accommodation of 228 beds,while arrangements have been made so that 71 bedsare available in other institutions, giving a total of299 sanatorium beds now at the disposal of theassociation. Two new sanatoriums, one near

Denbigh with 156 beds for adults and at least 30for children, and one near Talgarth with 254 bedsfor adults and 50 for children, are in course oferection.The medical staff of the association at present

consists of 28 members-namely, an honoraryconsulting surgeon, a medical director, 12 tubercu-losis physicians, 8 assistant tuberculosis physicians,2 relief physicians, 1 locum tenens, and 3 medicalsuperintendents of sanatoriums. There is also

an education staff concerned with the dissemina-tion of information in regard to the disease.The report of the medical committee of the asso-ciation upon the year’s activities gives a satisfactoryrecord of useful work accomplished. The total

number of persons examined by the tuberculosis

physicians during the year ending March 31st, 1914,was 8763, of which 3230 were men, 2363 were

women, 1612 were girls under 16, and 1558 wereboys under the same age. The number of infected

persons diagnosed during the year was 5212, or

60 per cent. of the total number seen. During th&year 1484 contacts were examined, and of these 360were diagnosed as being definitely tuberculous, or24 per cent. of the cases examined. Of the5212 cases diagnosed as the subjects of tuber-

culosis 4470 suffered from pulmonary forms of

the disease, while 742 presented non-pulmonarylocalisations of their lesions, being 86 and14 per cent. respectively. The recommendations.made in regard to these cases fall under four heads-viz., domiciliary treatment, treatment at one of theassociation’s institutes, hospital treatment, and

sanatorium treatment. Only 11 per cent. of thetotal number of recommendations made were

reference of the patient to a sanatorium, and,the pressure of work fell chiefly upon the insti.tutes and the hospitals. The medical committee-believe that already they can see an improvement,in the type of case coming to them, and theyanticipate that an increasing percentage will befound suitable for hospital and sanatorium treat-ment.

One of the most important features of the cam-paign undertaken by the association is the organi-sation of educational agencies for disseminatingknowledge in regard to the disease. It is underthe control of a superintendent of education andchief medical lecturer, Dr. R. OWEN MORRIS. Theeducational work is conducted upon four mainlines: suitable pamphlets and leaflets are sold anddistributed broadcast, a travelling antituber-culosis exhibition visits the more populous centres,lectures are given in schools, colleges, and publichalls, and conferences of school teachers are held

with the sanction of the education authorities.The medical committee in their report rightlylay special stress upon the importance of edu-

cating the people against the danger of pro-miscuous spitting and earnestly invite the

county councils and county borough councils to

exercise their powers for making and enforcing.by-laws dealing with the offence of spitting in

public places. Their recommendation is supportedby some striking observations made, at the sug-

gestion of the medical director, Dr. MARCUS

PATEESON, by Dr. F. C. W. CLIFFoRn, the tuber-culosis physician for the Swansea district area.

He examined the sputum on the Swansea foot-

paths, and found that of 162 specimens from thestreets tubercle bacilli were present in 116, of144 collected in the Swansea parks they were

present in 68, while of 42 specimens examined fromthe football grounds 20 contained the bacilli. Ofa total of 348 specimens examined no less than204 were found to contain tubercle bacilli. The

medical committee of the association are also

devoting special attention to the teeth of patientscoming under their notice and are endeavouring tocombat public ignorance on food values, therapeuticroutine, and so on, by the circulation of pamphlets.Dr. PATERSON and his collaborators may well be

proud of what they have done.