The Kennedy & Johnson Years

Chapter 28

Kennedy – The New Frontier

1960 Presidential Campaign Republican VP Richard E. Nixon

with Henry Cabot Lodge vs. Democrat John F. Kennedy

with Lyndon B. Johnson

Election of 1960 Kennedy had to overcome:

Election of 1960 On his side

money for campaign youthful, energetic appearance ____________ hero

Election of 1960 1960 – ____________________arrested

in Atlanta for sit-down strike Eisenhower and Nixon ignored

the situation JFK championed him in his

campaign _________________talked the judge

into releasing him, pending appeal

Won _______________voters

Election of 1960

Nixon had to overcome:

Appearance in 1960 presidential debate – looked _______________________________

_______________

President and 1st family youthful, energetic, and exposed on TV to the public

Jackie elegant and well spoken. Fluent in _______________________and an asset on foreign trips

Caroline and later John were photographed in the White House and at Hyannis Port with their parents.

CamelotInaugural Address:

“Ask not what your country can do for you…..”

Camelot

Effect on youth was to inspire them. Many future diplomats and politicians became politically active in the early 1960’s, including

Advisors to Kennedy were young; average age 47.

_____________was Attorney General.

Camelot Kennedy’s infirmities

were hidden from the media.

Bad back and __________ disease often left him in pain.

_______________ also kept from media

Cuba ____________________backed by

USA US companies owned over

50% of land and resources US mob ran Havana casinos

– “sin city”

Cuban Revolution Middle class of professionals,

primarily in Havana, supported

Peasants supported

Cuba only _________from Continental United States

Under previous treaties, US had right to intervene if Cuba had domestic problems

Eisenhower authorized a plan for the CIA to train Cuban refugees to invade Cuba

Kennedy had to approve the plan a few months after he took office

Opposed the plan but military advisors advocated approval

Reluctantly gave his consent

April 15-16, 1961 Invasion force was dropped off

as planned Castro’s forces were waiting for

them Kennedy withdrew American air

support and left them to be captured

Out of 1500,

Cuba began getting economic aid from the Soviet Union

Built

Khrushchev demanded that all American troops leave

When Kennedy refused Khrushchev had a wall built to keep

Known as the ____________, it was a symbol of the so-called _____________and Cold War

It remained until 1989.

In 1962, the Soviet Union was behind the USA in missile technology

Soviet Union had mid-range missiles only

USA had long-range missiles capable of hitting the USSR from the USA

USA had mid-range missiles positioned in Europe to hit the USSR

_____ spy planes photographed missile sites in Cuba

Kennedy and his advisors met secretly to discuss their options

If the sites were operational, missiles could reach the USA in and Washington DC in about

USA believed the sites were not yet operational but that the Soviet Union was in the process of sending the nukes to Cuba

October 22, 1962 Kennedy appeared on TV to announce a

Demanded that the Soviets withdraw all nukes from Cuba

They declined

the Soviet ships reached the naval blockade

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy & Khrushchev reach an agreement on October 27, 1962

October 28, 1962 Khrushchev announced that the missiles were withdrawn in return for a promise from the USA

Secretly, the USA also agreed to withdraw missiles from _____________, which was Khrushchev’s objective all along.

Closest the world came to nuclear holocaust

Cuban Missile Crisis Results:

Decrease dependence on nukes and increase capabilities of conventional military

______________Founded by Kennedy in 1961. Volunteers went to foreign

countries to promote peace

Founded by Kennedy in 1961. Volunteers:

Food, loans and Peace Corps volunteers sent to Africa

Alliance For Progress offered billions to Latin American countries if they promised to begin democratic reforms.

Response to Alliance for progress

by Ché Guevara After the failed April 1961 "Bay of

Pigs" invasion of Cuba, U.S. Pres. J.F. Kennedy attempted a "regime change" by other means. He proposed a large aid package to Latin America and called it the Alliance for Progress……(Kennedy’s goal) “to build a hemisphere where all men can hope for a suitable standard of living and all can live out their lives in dignity and in freedom."

………..Nothing could have been further from the truth. The United States was looking for a way to isolate the revolutionary government of Cuba and provide a counterbalance to the example of socialism that Cuba provided.

Response to Alliance for progress

Ché Guevara

Domestic Policies Kennedy shocked to find out that

over 42 millions Americans Kennedy one of wealthiest

presidents; personal income of ______________, family income many times that.

In May 1961 passed the Area Redevelopment Act to assist distressed regions.

Began working on an anti-poverty program that he planned to introduce in 1964

Domestic Policies Called for cooperation between

industry, labor and government to reduce

Labor agreed to concessions but the steel industry attempted to raise prices.

Kennedy canceled government contracts for steel and was accused of using heavy-handed tactics. Steel industry capitulated and decided not to raise prices after all.

Space Program Eisenhower established

____________ Thought trip to moon was waste

of money _____________- Soviets orbital flight

encircled the earth. Khrushchev “Communist triumph over a decaying capitalistic system."

Space Program

Kennedy, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth."

Space Program Promised manned flights to the

moon by end of decade Started ____________ program Assassinated before it was

accomplished

Assassination – Nov. 22, 1963

Dallas, Texas in motorcade through city

______________arrested and accused of shooting from book deposit building

______________killed Oswald 2 days after his arrest and before he could stand trial.

Died in prison a few years later of natural causes.

Convened by Johnson to put an end to the conspiracy theories

Found that Oswald had acted alone and so had Ruby

Few people believed them

Johnson – The Great Society

“Kennedy inspired...Johnson delivered.”

Johnson - sworn in on Air Force One

Kept Kennedy’s Addressed Congress on Nov. 27,

where he praised Kennedy and promised to continue his agenda

Congress agreed to support the programs they previously opposed

proposed by Kennedy

War on PovertyState of the Union Address,

1964 Created

__________________________with $1 billion budget to oversee anti-poverty program

_________– job training for youths 16 to 21

___________– preschool for underprivileged children

War on PovertyState of the Union Address,

1964 ________ – Volunteers in

Service to America – Peace Corps at home

Allowed American Indians to support and operate their own anti-poverty programs

Civil Rights Act of _______ Section 703 (a) made it unlawful

for an employer to "fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment, because of such individual's _____________ _________ __________ ______________, or ___________________________.

Election of 1964 Lyndon Johnson and Hubert

Humphrey

Anti-poverty and Civil Rights

Barry Goldwater and William Miller

“extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice”.

Johnson victory with _____of the vote

Great Society – 1965 ________ – health care for people

over 65

__________ – health care for poor people

Elementary and Secondary Education Act – 1.3 billion to schools in poor areas

Great Society – 1965 _________________– Urban renewal

and subsidized housing

___________________________________________________created to oversee Omnibus programs

Great Society – 1965 Money given to National

Endowment of the _____ and National Endowment of the ________________

Created the Corporation for

Environmental Issues Rachel Carson - Wrote Silent

Spring in 1962 about the effects of ____ on wildlife.

Pesticide companies denied culpability and held up progress for years

Johnson passed the Water Quality Act of 1965; the Air Quality Act of 1967; and the Water Pollution Act of 1968 to help clean up the environment

was outlawed

Environmental Issues Johnson created new

(1968)

Immigration Act of 1965 ___________ – 20,000 per country

outside of Western Hemisphere Overall limit of 170,000 Eastern

Hemisphere 120,000

Western Hemisphere**Exempt from Quotas

Warren Court Decisions ______________________________(195

4) Separate but equal is not

constitutional

_______________________(1963) – Lawyers must be provided free of charge if defendants could not afford them

Bill of rights not just for the wealthy

Warren Court Decisions ____________________(1964) –

Right to an attorney during police interrogations

Bill of Rights not just for the educated

_________________– (1966) – Defendants have to be aware of their rights to exercise them.

Same as above

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy -Johnson Johnson committed

to restore order and prevent a communist rebellion.

Withdrew a year later after installing a pro-American government by

Vietnam French colony until 1954 _________________in 1955 divided it

into North and South Vietnam Eisenhower – sent _________,

military advisors and millions of dollars to support S.V.

Kennedy – sent an additional _________ military advisors/troops

By 1964, S.V. was losing and a take over by communist NV seemed imminent

Johnson committed _______________

Foreign Policy and the Great Society

By 1966 America

Opposition to programs mounted – included lack of local control and the desire for more money in Vietnam

Programs slowed but remained strong until Reagan Era. Many still exist in some form.