Kennedy and Johnson1960’sChapter 20

John Fitzgerald Kennedy35th President/election of 1960

O Defeats Richard Nixon – How?O War-hero

O 1st televised debateO Kennedy looked good, held his own,O well prepared

O African-American voteO Martin Luther King arrested

O Eisenhower chose not to interveneO Nixon chose not to respondO JFK called brother, Robert, a lawyer, to

see if there was anything he could do to get King out of jail

“Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for

your country.”

Camelot YearsO JFK is young with a good-looking

familyO Used television to bolster imageO Surrounds himself with the “best and

brightest” O Appoints his brother Robert as his

Attorney General – becomes his most trusted advisor

Military PolicyO Didn’t want the threat of nuclear

weapons to always be the only option for defense

O Strengthens and modernizes the military’s ability to fight a non-nuclear warO called Flexible Response

CUBAO Fidel Castro comes to power from 1956 –

1959O Declared himself Communist and

welcomed any aid and assistance from the Soviet Union

O U.S. puts economic sanctions on Cuba after Castro overthrows existing governmentO Sugar

Bay of PigsApril 17, 1961

O CIA secretly trains Cuban exiles to trigger uprising to overthrow Castro

O Set up by Eisenhower, Kennedy approved after taking office

O NOTHING went according to planO 5000 U.S. backed Cuban exiles enter “Bahia

de Cochinas” O Air strike failed, CIA said it was successfulO Cuban troops outnumbered Cuban exilesEmbarrassment to Kennedy administration

Crises in Berlin1961

O June, Khrushchev wanted to close all access roads to West Berlin, Kennedy refused

O Berlin Wall - Khrushchev constructs wall of concrete and barbed wire separating democratic West Berlin from communist East Berlin to stop the flow of refugees from fleeing

Cuban Missile CrisisO Summer of 1962, Soviet arms flow

into CubaO October 14, U.S. aerial photographs

show nuclear missiles (ready for launching) in Cuba

O October 22, Kennedy informs the people and sets up Naval blockade in Atlantic to prevent Soviet ships from sending more missiles

The HOT LINEO In 1963, the United States and

the Soviet Union, Kennedy and Khrushchev, established a “hot line” or direct line between the two countries to communicate at once in the event of another crisis.

O (Contrary to popular belief, the hot line in the United States is in the Pentagon, not the White House.) "The quick brown fox

jumped over the lazy dog's back 1234567890."

Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program

• Federal funding for education• Medical care for the elderly• Government intervention to halt the

recession with tax cuts. • End to racial discrimination.

• President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees.

March 1, 1961 Peace Corps• Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third

World countries• sending young American

volunteers to developing countries

New Frontier impossible to complete

• Due to conservative Congress. • Disappointed many civil rights activists =

feared splitting Democratic Party.• New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's

"Great Society"

SPACE, the final frontier!O Kennedy promises to put the

first man on the moon!

“This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU

Kennedy Assassination

O 22 November 1963O Dallas, Texas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-LA0ypFXig

O Lee Harvey OswaldO Assassinates JFKO Former U.S. marineO Soviet defectorO Communist

24 November 1963

Oswald is murdered on live TV by Jack Ruby

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n9VQ-dXrwQ

Lyndon B. JohnsonO Sworn in as 36th President aboard Air

Force OneO November 22, 1963

Warren CommissionO Due to bizarre chain of events, many

wondered if Oswald was part of a conspiracy

O Investigation concluded Oswald acted alone

O Learned the U.S. system of government is solid

O “from the brutal loss of our leader we will derive not weakness but strength.”

O --Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon B. JohnsonO Master politicianO Chosen as vice-president because

Kennedy needed his political connections

Domestic AgendaO Tax ReductionO Civil Rights Act of 1964

O Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex (gender)

O Economic Opportunity Act – EOAO Approved $4 billion for youth programs, anti

poverty measures, small business loans, and job trainingO Job Corps Youth Training ProgramO Volunteers in Service to America – VISTAO Project Head Start O Community Action Programs

Know two

Election of 1964O Democrats – Lyndon B. JohnsonO Republicans – Barry Goldwater

O Democrats take control of CongressO LBJ promises to keep troops out of Vietnam

Great SocietyO Johnson’s legislative program that would

end poverty and racial injusticeO 1964-65 Elementary and Secondary

Education Act gave $1 billion in federal aid to public and parochial schools

O Education is key to “unlock Great Society”Medicare –insurance for 65 & older

Medicaid – extended healthcare to welfare recipients

O HUD – Housing and Urban DevelopmentO Low rent public housingO Headed by Robert Weaver, 1st African-

American cabinet memberO Immigration Act of 1965

O Ended quota systemO Environment

O Water Quality Act of 1965O Required states to clean up rivers

O Clean up attemptsO Consumer Protection

O Safety laws in labeling of consumer goodsO Automobile safety

Supreme Court – Warren CourtO Chief Justice Earl Warren

O Liberal reform decisionsO Banned state-sanctioned prayer in public schoolsO State required loyalty oaths unconstitutionalO Limited power of censoring books and filmsO Free speech in school

O Reapportionment – way in which states redraw election districts

Court decisions

O Baker v Carr – “one person, one vote”O Reynolds v Sims – extended “one person, one

vote”O Mapp v Ohio – ruled evidence seized illegally

could not be usedO Gideon v Wainwright – provide free legal

counsel to those that cannot afford itO Escobedo v Illinois – right to a lawyer during

questioningO Miranda v Arizona – reading of rights before

questioning

Impact of Great SocietyO No president in post-war era extended the

power and reach of the federal governmentO War on poverty initially successfulO Tax cut spurred economy but Great Society

contributed to budget deficitO By 1966 conservatives take a stand

O Ronald ReaganO Vietnam overshadows goals of Great Society