the issue of nationalism
TRANSCRIPT
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The Issue of Nationalism
(A Personal Perspective)
by
Charles W. Bevel
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01 Taking the course, "Slovenian in Perspective" was a
"requirement"; one of those college courses that someone,
sitting in an office somewhere, has decided is "good for you";
that is, it will perhaps broaden your horizons or make you a
better citizen, or something of the kind. I am always a little
resentful of someone making assumptions about what I ought to
know or see. Perhaps some Freudian psychologist would attribute
my attitude to bad toilet training around the age of two. I
attribute it to the fact that at about the age of ten, after
having to fake a religious conversion because of what was "good
for me", I became firmly convinced that I really did have a much
better sense, than did others, of what was good for me. Or at
least a better sense of what felt good to me. And the use of
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what feels good for deciding what is good, as provincial as it
might sounds, has become a powerful barometer for me. Not in a
hedonistic sense, but in the sense of knowing what not to do;
what things to avoid.
02 "Requirements" don't feel good to me and I avoid them when
I can.
03 Undoubtedly I would have taken "Slovenian in Perspective"
anyway. One of the things that does feel good to me is
traveling into heretofore unvisited places, minds and hearts.
And taking the time to know something of another place, and its
people has always felt good to me.
04 Several years ago, I revisited the cotton plantation in
Mississippi where I had grown up as a child. I found a
childhood friend who was still living there. As we talked, I
was struck by the thought of what might be the difference
between the two of us that had caused him to stay there on that
cotton plantation and for me to have spent years of my life
traveling to 44 of the fifty States of this union and at least
ten foreign countries. I didn't ask him, but I suspect it came
down to what felt best to each of us at certain given moments in
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our respective lives. Permanence and stability is how some view
the world and their place in it. Change and chance is the
accepted norm for me.
05 Who are Slovenians? The map of Europe flashed into my
mind. A big black hole loomed between West Germany and Russia.
The Slovenians were in that hole somewhere. I was sure I had
seen signs somewhere along St. Clair Avenue here in Cleveland
with that name. My mind raced back to the early 1950s, when I
had first come up to Cleveland from Mississippi as a twelve-year
old. During my first summer I had stood toe to toe and slugged
it out with an onslaught of sights and sounds, some stranger
than fiction; sounds coming from factories and people; people
speaking foreign languages. Given pocket money I would not
spend it all at the corner store buying pretzel sticks and other
things I had never seen or eaten before. In fact, most of my
money would go into the cash box of the 79th Street bus line. I
would ride all day, transferring and repaying when I had to. I
had to see all of this city; hear all of those sounds.
06 I had never heard "foreigners" talk in their own language
before then, well... Sitting on the bus, my mind flew back to
Mississippi, World War II and cotton fields. We were picking
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cotton next to a group of German prisoners of war who did speak
in their own language. I had developed this strange and
ambivalent feeling toward them, a mixture of intrigue and
resentment. I was intrigued by their language and what Germany
might be like. The resentment came not from the fact that they
were enemy soldiers, but from the fact that they were "white"
and thus were treated much better than we, the black cotton
pickers, although we were Americans.... An animated
conversation between two old ladies wearing "babushkas" brought
me back to Cleveland; foreigners speaking their own language.
Who were they? Poles? Hungarians? Lithuanians?
07 Just as I rode the bus, alone, most of my activities even
at home were alone. I never joined in the fights between my
other brothers and sisters over which radio station to listen
to, or which record to play on the phonograph. I hung back,
waiting for Sunday--my day with the radio. Not understanding a
word, my ears would be glued to it listening to all those
foreigners, listening to polkas. Czechs? Armenians?
Slovenians?
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08 Before the quarter started, I had thought to go to the
library to get a book and read up on Czechoslovakia; to get a
head start on filling in the black hole between West Germany and
Russia. I never got around to it. On the first day in class, I
was momentarily confused when we were given a handout, a travel
booklet about Yugoslavia. I chuckled to myself and was thankful
that I hadn't made it to the library to get that book on
Czechoslovakia. I would have been reading about the wrong
Slavs! Czechoslovakia? Yugoslavia? Slovenians? O. K. Now
that we got that straight!
09 As it was to be, we spent as much time in the class talking
about the Slovakians as we did the Slovenians anyway. Professor
Rupel, a tall, sloped-shouldered man, with disheveled hair and a
slightly bohemian air about him, bulldozed an astounding amount
of cultural, political and military history into the "black
hole" between West Germany and Russia; sometimes too fast,
sometimes too detailed for the time frame. I was frankly
fascinated by it all as I watched his mind race ahead of his
sometimes halting english. "What does all of this history and
politics have to do with Slovenians?", I was asked, by one of
the students with whom I shared a second class. I understood
the question behind the question. And the answer had to do with
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the similarity between that student and my childhood friend who
still resides on the cotton plantation.
10 I know that everything that exists in the Universe is
related to everything else. So I knew that all this history
about Eastern and Central Europe, that seemed so removed from
Slovenia and Slovenians, would serve some purpose in my life.
The connections would be made sooner or later. It was to be
sooner than I thought. It was during this quarter that the
evening television news began to chronicle the crumbling of
governments in east and central Europe. It is ironic in
retrospect, it seemed as if Dr. Rupel knew in advance about the
tidal wave of changes that was now breaking over central Europe,
and felt obligated to prepare us in some way. Whether it was
his intent or not, the things being shoved into the "black hole"
made the breaking news from Europe understandable in a different
way.
11 It is not that my childhood friend or the student who asked
me that question does not also know that everything in the
universe is connected to everything else, they are just
satisfied to accept it and let it be so--an accepting nature
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that I sometimes wish that I had. Will knowing anything at all
about Slovenia make a difference in my life? Will I, or my
skeptical fellow student, ever go to Ljubljana?
12 Slovenia. We watched two Slovenian movies, "The Tenth
Brother" and "Autumn Flowers". What could one learn about
Slovenia from movies, the ultimate vehicle of fantasy? Well, at
least the ultimate before television advertising. I had spent
seven years in Hollywood working in the television and movie
industry, so I saw a part of Slovenia that maybe some of my
fellow students missed: I saw how differently acting and
directing is done in Slovenia. Also in the class I met Eda
Pusl, a Slovenian woman by birth, and fiercely proud of it. Her
own post-war experiences in Yugoslavia had left her extremely
skeptical and distrustful of anyone with official ties of any
kind with the present government in Yugoslavia--including this
visiting University professor, Dr. Rupel. I remembered
Mississippi and understood her feelings. I knew, somehow, I
would find the time to talk with her after the quarter was over.
13 One of the most moving moment that I was to spend with Dr.
Rupel was in a small room in Rhodes Tower, the "ivory" tower of
Cleveland State University. He was to read a paper before a
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joint session of the professors of the Sociology and History
Departments. I arrived late, and he had already begun to read
his paper. It apparently related to the question of Slovenian
independence within (or without!) the state of Yugoslavia, but
placed within the larger issue of the constantly changing face
of Europe through the centuries, of the migration of peoples and
the redrawing of borders, not by human interest but by political
interest, and military might.
13 After he had made his presentation, sensibly and
sensitively outlining the case for Slovenian sovereignty, his
American counterparts, their gills puffed up with the arrogance
of being "Americans" (which they apparently assume provides them
with a God given right to know more about freedom than anyone
else) gathered under the banner of "freedom of speech", and
almost to a man, pounced on him like a school of piranhas, the
flesh eating fish of the Brazilian Amazon.
14 In his paper Dr. Rupel had mentioned the 1956 Hungarian
uprising. I was extremely puzzled by the position taken by one
of the CSU professors, who decried the occurrence of the 1956
Hungarian uprising and was glad that it had been a failure!?
What could be the reasoning behind taking such a position by
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this man who now holds a professorship in the heart of the
"bastion of freedom?" His answer was even more puzzling to me,
"There were no 'democratic traditions' present in Hungary at the
time to be put into place had the Russian tanks failed to crush
the revolution". "What 'profound' reasoning!", I mused. Was
duck to be eaten because one had developed good table manners or
because one was hungry? Did democracy grow on trees only in
American, to be boxed and exported like a monopolized commodity?
I looked at Dr. Rupel and saw that absolute astonishment looks
no different on a Slovenian face than it does on any other.
15 Riding down in the elevator, I couldn't help but wonder
aloud to another professor what might really have been on the
mind of an American professor who would be happy for the failure
of the 1956 Hungarian revolt.
16 "He's Jewish", he replied. Immediately, I understood.
From the bottom of my heart, I understood. I really did. I
understood because I knew the outlines of Jewish history from
Masada, the finale of the failed, two-hundred-year war against
the Roman Empire that lead to the Diaspora, through the bloody
pogroms whose names forms a litany that sounded like the roll
call of practically every European state that has existed since
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the Roman Empire, to the founding of present day Israel. Was
Hungary on that list of pogrommers? Off the top of my head I
couldn't recall. But I understand "Never, again!", and why a
man would prefer the shackles of tyranny enforced by Russian
tanks to the specter of another pogrom.
17 I sometimes wish I didn't know that everything relates to
everything else. Before the elevator had reached the first
floor, my mind had taken up the issue of the founding of the
modern day state of Israel, including all the plans and
discussions concerning where the "new" Israel would be
located--among them a rejected proposal to locate it in Africa,
in what is now present day Uganda. As an African American, I
once wondered how I would have felt if the "Ugandan Plan" of
Jewish resettlement had been carried out, and the American
Government now was pouring nine billion dollars a year into
maintaining another "bastion of freedom" in a fight between
Ugandans and Israelis for a homeland territory. But I already
know what I would feel. I would feel just what I now feel for
the Palestinians.
18 When I look at the history of Jews as a culture, a people,
a race, a religion, the reason behind the necessity for a Jewish
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state is crystal clear to me. But, when I look at the history
of how the present Jewish state came into being, it is hard not
to retch. A Jewish state isn't necessary because of who and
what Jews are. Judaism, whether viewed as a race, religion, or
a culture, has demonstrated for two thousand years that it can
thrive honorably and peacefully anywhere, among any kind of
people. Its language, location and racial makeup, since Masada,
out of necessity, has metamorphosized like a chameleon down
through the centuries. (It had to. Before the present state of
Israel, there had not been a Jewish army since Masada.) Yet
underneath that changing skin, a tradition of religion, culture
and education has run like a deep ocean current carrying in its
swells the gifts of science and common sense. Science tells one
what is. Common sense tells one how to deal with what is.
19 Whatever a Jew or Judaism is, they, or it, stands at the
pinnacle of what I admire about human beings. They know what
is, and they use it to survive. Yet I am uneasy about the
modern state of Israel. I see its birth as a bad omen. A birth?
Shall I be totally outrageous and call it a miscarriage?
Certainly of justice, if no less. I see lots of science; I see
deserts blooming in Israel. But I don't see common sense.
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20 The irony of the whole question seems to escape most
observers. The history of toleration of Jews by Arabs, and vice
versa, when placed next to that of the toleration of Jews by
Europeans is like placing gold next to pig iron. But it is now
the Europeans (who after chasing Jews from pogrom to pogrom
across the face of Europe for two thousand years, ending with
the ovens of Auschwitz) who support the Israelis and justify
their desperate and agonizing attempt to dislocate millions of
Palestinians who just happen to be born on a plot of land that
more Christians than Jews claim belong to the Jews by a two
thousand year old God given mandate.
21 Is American and European support forthcoming because of our
belief in the Jews historical or providential claim to the land?
Or is it because of a mixture of guilt and relief? Is it guilt
over our own shameful (and shameless) histories of anti-
Semitism, and relief that there is finally a place to which Jews
can flee when the anti-Semitic monster raises his head again.
Would Europe and America be just as supportive of my claim if,
as an African American, I ran my small boat upon the shores of
West Africa demanding that the Hausa, Ibo, Kpelle, or Bassa
peoples make room for me because of some religious or
grandfatherly connection that I had to Africa? I doubt it. Yet
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I have been absent from Africa for only four hundred years, not
two thousands. Common sense says that a seven year absence is
the limit on territorial claims.
22 Sometimes desperation will cause us to cast common sense
aside. Facing a monster that has no common sense, to survive,
you become like the monster. The monster was (and is) European
anti-Semitism. The present state of Israel has nothing to do
with Jews or Arabs. It is the bastard child of European racism.
The trauma of World War II brought a two thousand year gestation
to an end. Auschwitz was the delivery room; Hitler was the
physician in attendance. And we all rushed to Palestine to
prepare the nursery.
23 Once while working in Hollywood, in a discussion with a
Jewish friend, I proposed that instead of us sending nine
billion dollars a year to Israel, why didn't we just give them
the State of Arizona and provide them with nine billion dollar a
year until the deserts there bloomed like the one's in Israel?
Though I'll never make the mistake of offering that suggestion
to another Jew, again, that plan would still makes more sense to
me than the present one. But even if such a plan was carried
out, I would clearly understand the violent objections to it by
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the Hopi nation, descendants of the first humans to inhabit that
breathtakingly beautiful land now called Arizona.
24 I understand the Jews who long for a nation. I understand
the Palestinians who long for a nation. I understand Slovenians
who long for a nation. I understand Hopis who long for a
nation. I understand American Blacks who long for a nation. I
understand--I was born in Mississippi. As mentioned earlier, I
once picked cotton in a field next to German POWs, whose country
was killing Jews and Americans, yet they were treated better
than I. At noon time they were trucked into town to eat at one
of the two local "white" restaurants. I sat under a tree in the
field and ate cheese and crackers. I understand what
nationalists feel.
25 Yet, I am not a nationalist, in no sense of the word.
Every time I've had to cross a state "border", something
poisonous has rubbed off onto my skin. Every time I have pushed
on a locked door, something foul and smelly has come off onto my
hand. Borders and locked door don't feel good to me.
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26 My knees buckled slightly as the elevator came to a stop at
the first floor of Rhodes Tower. The doors slid open and I
headed home, thinking about Dr. Rupel and nationalism.
27 To arrive at an understanding of nationalism, where does
one begin? What does it mean anyway? What is a nation? Who
gets included, who excluded? Who does the including, and the
excluding? What are the criteria for citizenship? Swearing an
oath? Saluting a flag? Singing a song? Why does one need a
nation? What are the important elements; the history, the
culture, the racial makeup? Whose history, mine or someone
else's; the public history or the private one? What is "race"
anyway; this word that has no scientific basis, but is
nevertheless used to classify and codify people. Is language
the central issue? Does it come through religion? Is a Jewish
state an oxymoron? If not, is a Catholic state justifiable? Can
there be freedom of religion in a Jewish nation? Can there be
inter-racial marriages in a Black nation? Can one be made a
citizen of a nation against their will? To every one of those
questions, I have found a yes and a no.
28 For me all those questions are moot. Mooted by the very
reality of how I have lived my life. In some cases, how I then
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thought I had to live it. I was born in America. Steeped in
the tradition of saluting the flag, singing the anthem, and
served in the armed forces. Yet I have never truly felt any
allegiance to America. If my personal history counts for
anything, why should I? If America's history as a nation counts
for anything, why should I? Both the African and Choctaw blood
in my veins serve as a constant reminder of chattel slaves and a
people massacred wholesale; those who physically built America
and those who truly "died" for it. The rest of the blood in my
veins, European, serve as a constant reminder of what I can
never be by social custom and by law--a case rejected for review
by the U. S. Supreme Court has taken care of that. Only people
of "pure" European blood can classify themselves as white in
America. Ironically there is not even a racially classifiable
middle ground in America as is in much maligned South Africa.
Not that I ever want to be "white", life has enough burdens
besides having to carry the tiresome and sickly burden of
"whiteness" around on my back. But neither is my life bitter,
it is just beyond all that contradictory and nonsensical stuff.
Not that I ignore it. It is emotional stuff, I never try to
ignore emotional stuff. I just deal with it with knowledge and
common sense.
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29 Nations and nationalities need histories, whether they are
real or fabricated. I don't need history as a means to tell me
who I am. My only need for history is as a compass to tell me
where I will be tomorrow should I not change my course today.
30 With no feeling of allegiance, should I be put out of this
nation? Where should I be put? Where is my nation, if this one
isn't it? Again, I don't feel a personal need for one, not
really. What personal values and worth do I have that needs to
be muasoleumed in nationhood? What things can I say, or do,
that would belong to "my nation" only? Frankly, I can think of
none. A nation usually only takes those things that it can
consider a feather in its cap; leaving the rest of its real
"life" without life. I have no need to deny any of me. I have
a profound need to express all of me.
31 Personally, and I speak personally, a nation is a
suffocating thing. Yet they exist. Some people, human beings,
need them. And for that reason, and that reason alone, I think
that they should exist. Our needs for nations are founded
partially on the genuine fears that we have of each other. What
would happen to us if we are not surrounded by our kind in
culture, language, and religion? Some fears are justified, some
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are not. He who fears doesn't know the difference! He only
knows his fears.
32 I think that there should always be a Klu Klux Klan as long
some white people fear black people. I think that there should
always be a Black Panther party as long as black people fear
white people. The fears are real. That some men would rather
let others starve rather than share is a real thing. For that
reason, long live a democratic, communist nation somewhere! The
fears that the growth rate of non-white people will be the
demise of "white" people is a real thing. For that reason long
live a white nation somewhere! The fear that the greed of some
industrialist will take precedent over a safe, non-polluted
environment is real. Long live a nation of Greenpeacers
somewhere! The fear that the ignorance of others will affect
all of us is real. Long live a nation with mandatory education
somewhere!
33 Food to sustain our bodies cannot be found within the body,
so we seek it without. We all must seek without that which we
cannot find within. And when courage, self-identification,
peace, love, hope and physical safety cannot be found within, we
seek it without. It is not strange. It isn't dumb. It is very
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sensible. No one knows if tomorrow will come or what it will
bring should it arrive, but we all want to be here to see if it
does. And those things that we see as being most helpful to us
in reaching that small goal of seeing tomorrow we latch onto.
Nations, their anthems, flags and armies are a few of those
things that humanity has devised to try and make it to tomorrow.
34 War is real. Men with tank and guns do come trudging
across fields and through people's houses at dinner time.
Sometimes they will only stop when a group of men with like
equipment say, "Don't come this way, or we will blow your asses
off!"
35 Let's face it; we aren't dealing with kittens and parakeets
here. In humanity we are dealing with the most vicious beings
that creation has ever spawned on this earth; untrustworthy at
best and deceitful at worst. I wish we weren't but we are. I
still like us more than any other animal that I have ever
encountered. When I get lonely, I seek out not the company of
chickens or the rolling swells of the sea, but the company of
one of these vicious "beast", another human being. Although I
myself have no personal need that my language, culture, nation
or race be in any way specific, when the needs that I do have
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can only be fulfilled in a complementary way come to the
forefront, I seek out those creatures who need specific nations,
specific races, specific cultures and specific languages, if no
others can be found. And more often than not, they are all that
can be found.
36 Some see a nation as the soil where the seeds of their
personal hopes and dreams can grow eternal. Yet nations are
hardly eternal. They can at best serve as temporary stepping
stones for life's movement across space-time in human form.
Some of those stones will be more durable than others, but none
will be eternal. There are things eternal. Changing, but
eternal, is human life. And that is where my faith and hope
resides.
37 As Dr. Rupel prepares to depart for Slovenia, I don't know
in a personal way what his heart feels. I don't know where his
faith and hope resides. But having heard him speak about
Slovenia, and whether it was his intention or not, I am left
with the feeling that Slovenian nationhood is dear to his heart.
If that is the case, undoubtedly his heart is beating at a much
quicker pace than when he came to Cleveland some three short
months ago. I talked with him personally just once, briefly.
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And that was about this paper; which turns out to be not at all
what I had talked about or wanted to write for his class. I had
wanted to do some historical comparative studies of Black
Nationalism here in America to nationalism in Europe--Slovenia
in particular. But as the changing face of Europe is moving
faster than the news media can account for it, so it seemed that
this quarter has moved from fall to winter faster than I could
account for the time to either research and write that
comparative paper on nationalism.
38 I still would like to do it sometime soon, and though it
will not affect whatever grade I will have gotten from him, I
would like to send it to him. His life has affected mine. To
what extent I don't know yet. I do know that the "black hole"
between Germany and Russia has some foundation material in it
now. I also know that if the earthquake of change that has
rocked the capitals of eastern and central Europe should have
enough force to rent the graves of the dukes of Carinthia and I
should hear that the ghost of France Preseren is calling for
their re-installation to the thrones, I shall smile and know
that there is a place where a nationless soul like myself can
sojourn a while in peace.
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Charles W. Bevel
5/15/89