the israeli innovations for overcoming water scarcity by novel water technologies
DESCRIPTION
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"TRANSCRIPT
Eilon Adar Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research
J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
[email protected] Colombia 2013
Water in the Middle East
is a scarce commodity
Demand and the actual consumption of water is far beyond
the annual rate of replenishment, exceeding the safe yield.
Annual renewable amount to about 1,400 m3
per person per year - less than 20% of the global average.
Closing the Gap between Water Availability (Supply) and Demand .
All major water resources
in the region are
transboundary – Cross-Borders Water
Resources
The Goal: Bridging Over Water Shortage
Securing Sufficient & Adequate Water Supply by implementing novel
water innovations and technologies
1. Improving Water utilization efficiency: irrigation & water application; water reuse; water management: supply and quality
2. New Water: Reclaimed treated sewage &
Seawater and groundwater desalination
Simultaneously performed !
Agriculture: past and present
1958
1963-1975
1985-2010
Open field cultivation- History!
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• Elevating Water Use Efficiency: • Eliminate soil water evaporation.
• Sub-surface drip irrigation; Pulse-response irrigation; • Sequential use of water.
Protected cultivation Net houses & Green Houses
Avoiding soil water evaporation and top soil salinity
Water use efficiency on the farm scale
Isolated confined "soil root zone”
Developing plant species that can tolerate relatively wide range of water & soil quality under variable micro-climate conditions
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Salt resisting shoots grafted with Merlot
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New Mango plantation on sandy salty soil in the Arava Valley.
Olive plantation in the Southern Arava Valley Olive plantation in the Southern Arava Valley
Grafted plants
Commercial varieties
Salt tolerant species
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BGU Grafted Melons Tolerate Salty Water
Mini Watermelon Tolerate Salty Water
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Will the conventional policy of Water Saving & Increasing Water-Use Efficiency enable humanity to avoid water shortages and provide water security? Will the conventional policy of Water Saving & Increasing Water-Use Efficiency enable humanity to avoid water shortages and provide water security?
At most, only temporarily mitigate water scarcity! At most, only temporarily mitigate water scarcity!
We shall not be able to meet the increasing demand for water (and food) by simply improving water-use efficiency.
We shall not be able to meet the increasing demand for water (and food) by simply improving water-use efficiency.
One cannot sustain the water and food supply with a
diminishing amount of water and a continuously growing
population.
One cannot sustain the water and food supply with a
diminishing amount of water and a continuously growing
population.
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Sub-Surface Water Saving Account:
Enhanced Groundwater Recharge
Exposed Groundwater in the Arava (Timna Mine)
Groundwater in the Arava Valley
Hatzeva Reservoir 19.1.2010 אלבטרוס: צילום
Attenuation of Floods along the Arava Wash
SKY VIEW
Infiltration Lagoons
Ein Yahav Village
Groundwater production wells
Water release from Nekarot Reservoir to enhance groundwater recharge
RA
S
Sludge Treatment
The AGAR® Technology
• Advanced Biomass Carriers
• Increased effective surface area
• Unique aeration design (airlift double role)
Cotton plantations
Drip Irrigation with treated effluents
In
Judea Lowland Plateau
Israel: 82% Reclaimed Effluents = 68% of the water used by the
agriculture Sector
Israel: 82% Reclaimed Effluents = 68% of the water used by the
agriculture Sector
Reverse Osmosis Desalination
Production of Alternative New Water
On Sept 2006 completed first 100 Million m3/year
Creating New Water: seawater, groundwater & treated sewage desalination
By May 2010 - 150 Million m3/year
Ashkelon Plant
Hadera – 2010
Desalination plant
160 million M3/y
96”C
oncrete
pipe
Two 64”
HDPEIntak
e pipe,
1,300
m
64”HDPE
outfall pip
e, 800
m
96”Con
crete pip
e
Palmachim 85 Mm3/y. April 2010
036
100130 145 160
280 305
405
505
20042005
2006
2007
2008
20092010
2011
2012
2013
Development of sea water desalination plants in Israel along
the national system
(60 )30
(100)
(135) 100
Hadera
Palmachim
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Full production Since 12/05
Construction phase. Production at 10/09
Shafdan
(100) Full production Since 9/07
Sea Water Desalination Cost : 0.60- 0.70 US $/m3
Sea water desalination plant Saline water desalination plant
(150M/y)
605 Mm3/y in 2015!
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Gypsum crystals Mag x100
Calcium crystals Mag x800
Avoid sealing & damaging of membranes by minerals deposition
Gypsum crystals Mag x100
Avoid sealing & damaging of membranes by minerals deposition
Bio-fouling
Extracellular Material
(Polysaccharides, Proteins)
Benefits of antimicrobial peptides:
•Active against wide range of microorganisms
•Bacteria do not acquire resistance to it;
•Non toxic to humans
Peptide
Peptide
Peptide
Peptide
Re
ve
rse
os
mo
sis
me
mb
ran
e s
urfa
ce
Covalent immobilization of peptides on RO membranes through long linkers
Antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria by
permeabilization of bacterial cell membrane
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In-Land RO Desalination Plant
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Toward Zero Liquid Discharge Wind Aided Intensified Evaporation
From a Prototype to Alfa Model and Beta site
Prototype
Alfa Model
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WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: Mekorot – Israel’s national water company
Location: Ketziot – Israel
Application: Brackish water desalination brine Colombia 2013
WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: Dead Sea Works
Location: Israel
Application: Minerals production Colombia 2013
WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: General Motors
Location: Ramos Arizpe – Mexico
Application: BW Desalination brine
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The Main Challenge: Safe Discharge of Surplus Flow back/Produced Water Generated During
Production
Large volumes
Improper configuration
of sewage treatment
plants (STP’s)
Only a small fraction of
the flow back can be cut
into a new frac without
significant treatment to
remove TDS
On-site capacity
limitations frequently
require producers to
truck excess water to
alternative commercial
disposal facilities which
can be a major expense
and risk (Hazmat spills)
Water Reuse Practices and Brine Management Alternatives
Why Reuse?
• Potential to reduce discharges
• Minimize underground injection of wastewater
• Conserve water resources
Byproduct Brine
• For now, evaporation or discharge into drainage systems are still the most common methods in North America (reuse of treated water is growing in Australia). Hence, brine minimization solution is of critical need!
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Increasing water saving and eliminating groundwater contamination associated with leaching and tailing of mining industry
Eilon M. Adar & Ofer Dahan
Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research at the Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus
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Real time monitoring of the heap hydraulic and chemical properties
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The tailing dumps, the piles of waste material, and the superficial channels of effluents increase the rate of contamination of the aquifers, affecting all the downstream rivers and groundwater reservoirs with negative impact on agricultural activities that take place downstream.
Objectives Increasing water use efficiency for saving on water application by the mining industry. Eliminating deep percolation of polluted water to protect local aquifers and eliminating further contamination of downstream groundwater reservoirs. The goals are: Introducing an efficient water application method that decreases losses by evaporation and eliminates un-necessary deep percolation; Improving leaching efficiency in the heap-leaching production processes; Containing the already polluted groundwater to avoid further contamination of the downstream aquifers; Assessing the hydro-chemical evolution of the percolating water along the vadose zone; Assessing the hydro-chemical evolution within the sub-aquifer unites along the groundwater flow trajectories.
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Methodology In order to face the aforementioned objectives one has to determine the following parameters: • Developing of combined under-cover high-low pressure sprinkling-dripping water
application system; • Identifying the precise subsurface flow paths within the unsaturated (vadose) zone
from the on-surface treatment heap leaching piles and floatation and tailing lagoons down to the local aquifers;
• Identifying the groundwater flow trajectories within and in-between sub-aquifer units; • Identifying the hydraulic connectivity among the water bearing formations and the
neighboring aquifers; • Quantify the water fluxes across the vadose (unsaturated) zone; • Quantify the groundwater fluxes within and in-between sub-aquifer units.
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Optimization of heap leach productivity while reducing environmental pollution
The concept
Forming HYDRAULIC CONNECTIVITY between the SOIL WATER and the sampler
Direct contact Vadose zone Sampling Ports
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Real time monitoring of the heap hydraulic and chemical properties
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Chloride concentration in soil water extracts (right hand profile), water samples collected by the VSP (left hand four profiles), and in shallow groundwater under a natural sand dune overlying the Coastal Aquifer, Israel.
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Tortolas Area – Sources of Groundwater Recharge
X ?
Groundwater Barrier Groundwater Barrier
Mountain-Front Recharge ?
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Moavian
Desert
Dead Sea
Negev
Desert
Sedom
The Arava Valley
A complex hydrogeological systems with scarce hydrological information
Yotvata
Ya’alon
UOA 2013
Tucson, 10, 2013
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Exposed Groundwater in the Arava (Timna Mine)
dt
dp
dp
dV
dt
d
dt
dp
dp
dV
nn
=)(
dt
dV
nnn
n
)(111
nnnnn
R
r
rnr
J
j
njn
I
i
inidt
dVWQqq
Water Balance Expression for Cell n
dt
dhSWQqq nn
R
r
rn
J
j
nj
I
i
in
111
The Mathematical Description
dt
dhg
dt
dpghp dt
dh
dp
dgV
dt
dp
dp
dV
nn
2
nnn=)(
dt
dV
n
nnn
dp
dgVS
*
dt
dhS
n *
nnn=)(
dt
dV
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n Cnk
C4k
n CIk
C2k C1k
C3k
C3k
CIIk
CIIIk
CR4k
CR3k
CR2k CR1k
Cnk
Mass balance expression for every "k" dissolved species
dt
dc
dt
dcc nkVnV=)(
dt
dV
nnnknnknn
dt
dc
dt
dhc nk*
nVn*
nS
nknnkrn
R
1rrknj
J
1jnkin
I
1iik
WcQc)q(c)q(c
(k=1,2,3,...,Kn)
)c(dt
dVWcQc)q(c)q(c
nknnnnkrn
R
1rrknj
J
1jnkin
I
1iik
dt
dc
dt
ndp
dp
dcc nkVnV=)(
dt
dV
nnnknnknn
dt
dhg
dt
dpghp
dt
dc
dt
ndh
dp
dcc g nkVnV=)(
dt
dV
nnnknnknn
n
nnn
dp
dgVS
*
nnn VV *
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The Mixing Cells Modeling (MCM) concept
Water Balance Expression
011 1
)1(
n
J
j
nj
R
r
I
i
inrn WQQSnn n
All potential sources are identified
nn
J
j
nj
R
r
I
i
inrn WQQSnn n
11 1
)2(
Leakage from the clay & marls formations
Wn
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Mass Balance Expression
nk
I
i
J
j
nnjnkinink
r
rnrnk WQCQCSCnR
1 11
)3(
rnrkQC
inkC
inkC
nkC
Every source is designated by a unique hydro-chemical composition
N
ALMATY
GARKENT
TALDYKORGAN
Il
y
STUDYAREA
StorageWater
BALKHASH
South-East Kazakhstan
Sand dune terrain
Illi River
Irrigated RICE fieldsColombia 2013
5 2 1 1 {
{
O 1 O 2 {
{ O 3
O 4
2 2 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0 0
1 8 0 0
1 6 0 0
1 4 0 0
1 2 0 0
1 0 0 0
8 0 0
6 0 0
g Q I I - I I I 5 - 7 - 3 . 5
6 . 1 - 7 . 1
a p Q I I
a p Q I V 3 3 1 7
3 0 8
0 . 0 5 - 6 5
N 2 i l
5 2 0 6
0 . 3
1 0 0 0
9 0 0
8 0 0
7 0 0
6 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
Q o u t
0 . 2 - 1 4 4 0 . 8 - 3 3 . 3
a p Q I
N 2 i l
0 . 4
a p Q I I
0 . 4 - 9
0 . 3
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 . 2 - 1 5 4 5 . 1 - 6 4 . 2
4 9 . 1 - 3 5
3 0 - 2 2 . 6
0 . 5
0 . 2
a p Q I I I
8 3 . 1
S
S
Q o u t 5 8 - 3 . 2
0 . 2
0 . 3 - 1 1
5 0 3 6
3 6 1 a p Q I I I
S 0 . 1
+ 4 0 . 2
R
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
B
C
C
7 0 0
6 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
S
+ 1 6 . 5
A
5 0 3 3 3 0 1
S
R + 2 4 . 8
3 5 8
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
0 . 3 - 1 0 4 8 . 8 - 4 4
V E S N O V K A R i v e r
0 . 1 1 4 . 8 - 2 3 . 7
S C A L E :
H O R I Z O N T A L 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 V E R T I C A L 1 : 2 0 0 0 0
0 5
0 5
R
R
R
1 3 1 8
5 0 1 9 5 0 2 0
5 0 2 1
Q o u t
Pm
Pm
Almaty Basin, Kazakhstan
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5 cell
interflow between cells
interflow between levels
outflow
streambed infiltration
source of pollution
mountain front recharge
pumpage
1
2
5 3 6
4
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
1
6
2
3
4
5
7
1
4
6
5 2
3
300
43
1342 0 0 51
0 75
24
403 4825 1071
7
8
7
36000 45000
50600
29300
57
80
0
42
30
0
7932 39713
17
54
6
49
44
7
11621
0
0
6205
56241 0
17670
500
17
90
0
22000
5870
12300 14400 11400
9848 20484
15789 17345 2546 11338
62567
20000
0
0 0
7035
0
31
90
0
Simplified Flow Pattern
And
Calculated Fluxes
in
Almaty Basin
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Mulde coal mining area, Germany.
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Contaminated lakes in the flooded mining pits.
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Concerns: contaminated subsurface groundwater trajectories and
polluted shallow water flow paths!!!
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4.525.000 4.530.000 4.535.000 4.540.000 4.545.0004.520.000
5.725.000
5.720.000
5.730.000
5.735.000
5.740.000
5.745.000
5.715.000
Goit37587
Goit211
Goit455
Goit385
Goit432
HyO37/69up
HyO36/69up
HyJ23E/2.2
Grob880
HyO27/69
GermanyLevel 1-2Cells configuration
I IIIII
VI
V
IVVII
VIII
IX
X
XI
S-2
S-2
S-2
S-1
S-2
S-3
S-2S-4S-5
S-3
S-4S-5
S-6
S-5
S-6
S-5
External source
Intermediate flow
Pumping rate (%)
662
894
618
650
644
620
660
772
877
570
894 EC (S/cm)
OUTFLOW
552
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The groundwater flow pattern and connectivity among sub-aquifer units in the Mulde groundwater basin
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Basic Assumptions for the Transient Mixing Cell Model (MCMtr) The spatial structure, geometry, size and volume of the cells remain constant along the entire duration of the model; The isotopes and the dissolved minerals are inert and do not compose any chemical reactions within the aquifer; The dissolved ions are in pseudo-equilibrium with the rocks and soil minerals; All potential unknown fluxes (groundwater fluxes between compartments of the system and discharge of external contributors to the compartments) have been identified in terms of its hydrochemical and isotopic composition. Spatial and temporal variations in chemical and isotopic composition within the aquifer is exclusively due to 1) variable mixing ratios among the recharge components, and 2) dilution and mixing along the groundwater flow-paths. Complete mixing of all dissolved constituents within the designated cells; No gradients of hydraulic heads, isotopic and chemical compositions are allowed within the cells, only across the cell's boundaries.
Groundwater and surface water resources combined with the
anthropogenic impact (industry and agriculture), create a complex
hydrological and hydro-chemical flow system.
The spatial distribution of various sources of pollutants along rivers
and within lakes is closely related to the relative contribution of each of
the active sources.
complex hydrological and hydrochemical flow system
Diffused sources.
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Objectives
Identifying active sources of recharge: fresh water &
pollutants;
Quantifying the amount of deep percolation into each sub-
aquifer unit along every segment of the aquifer;
Quantifying the groundwater fluxes within and along
every water bearing sub-aquifer unit;
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Future implementation: The impact of mining on the quality of
groundwater reservoirs Colombia 2013
Heap Leaching
Piles
Evaporation Lagoons
Deep percolation from processing And
Tailing water
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Sources of Groundwater Recharge and Possible Pollutants Into the downstream Basin
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Surface reclamation does not eliminate subsurface downstream leachate and leakage!
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Summary
The MCM is aimed for complex hydro-geological basins with lack of hydrological
information that eliminate the possibility to solve hydrological model based on the
continuity equation.
The MCM model identifies and provides a quantitative assessment of deep
percolation into groundwater from different sources such as mining and agriculture.
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Innovation In Water: The Origins are Already In the Bible!
Water needs care & attention
Thank you