the interwar years
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An Age of Anxiety:Prelude to World War I I
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Prelude to War
Search for stability
Europe characterized by pessimism
Aversion to war
Totalitarians, Fascism, Dictatorships
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Prelude to War
World War I - The Treaty of Versailles
This treaty had been very unfavorable to Germany Territory lost Sole blame for the war Limited defense capabilities Reparations
Inflation
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The Ruhr Crisis
1923 - Germany announced that it can’t pay reparations
Invasion of the Ruhr by France
Inflation gets worse – hyperinflation
Weimar Republic Reichstag
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Crisis in Germany
Other countries made plans to help ease the German burden
The Dawes Plan – 1924
Treaty of Locarno - 1925
Kellogg-Briand Pact -1928
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The Great Depression
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Rise of Fascism
Germany – Adolf Hitler
Italy – Benito Mussolini
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Desperation
Many Europeans were desperate for change
This provided an opening for fascism / totalitarianism
Form of government usually headed by a dictator. It involves government control over politics, economy, culture, religion and society.
1. Extremely nationalistic and expansionist.
2. Hate Marxism/communism/socialism
3. Hate liberalism – individual not important
4. The state was the all important political structure.
5. Celebrate war and violence – militaristic
6. Racism
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
-Italy’s economy was in decline after WWI
-Didn’t gain territory they were promised
-1919 Mussolini started the 1st Fascist Party
-Gained support
-By 1926, controlled Italy
-Hitler admired Mussolini
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HITLER’S RISE TO POWER
FACTORS IN HITLER’S RISE TO POWER
Germany's defeat in WWI and the effect of the defeat on the German people.
Economic, political, and social developments in Germany 1920-30s.
Way in which Hitler appealed to the German people.
Ineffectiveness of the Weimar Republic Reichstag
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HITLER’S RISE TO POWER
Beer Hall Putcsh – November 8, 1923
-Mein Kampf – 1924“My Struggle”
Set forth his ideas / plans for the future of Germany- Blame Aryans vs. Jews- Leadership -International conquest -Step Plan -Lebensraum – “living space” or “breathing space”
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Legal Takeover
Reichstag Elections Propaganda National Campaigns
Election of 1930 Nazi’s increased their seats in the Reichstag Gained increased support
Election of 1932 Storm Troopers
1933 – Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany Reichstag Fire
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Nazi Goverment
The Enabling Act
Hitler established a police state GESTAPO
Very repressive
Very racist and ethnocentric Anti-semitism Jews losts their jobs Synagogues were burned down
Censorship
Night of the Long Knives
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Anti – Semitism
Stage I - Nuremberg Laws 1935
Stage II - Crystal Night [Night of broken glass]- Nov 1938
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Anti – Semitism
Stage III
Holocaust
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Japan – Rise of Militarism
Japan – the Rise of Militarism
- Asia for Asians
- Military leaders took control of government
- Aggressive imperialism
- Japan grew closer to Italy and Germany
Emperor Hirohito
General Tojo