The Intelligence The Intelligence

Function Function

Issues in Crime and JusticeIssues in Crime and Justice

CJ 4610 CJ 4610 –– PA 5315PA 5315

Professor James J. DrylieProfessor James J. Drylie

Week 8Week 8

Rand Corporation Rand Corporation

�� This presentation is based on the This presentation is based on the

Rand Corporation report:Rand Corporation report:

•• State and Local Intelligence in the War State and Local Intelligence in the War

on Terrorismon Terrorism

�� http://rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAhttp://rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RA

ND_MG394.pdfND_MG394.pdf

State and Local IntelligenceState and Local Intelligence

�� Terrorism respects no boundaries.Terrorism respects no boundaries.

�� As a result, we see an overlap of the As a result, we see an overlap of the intelligence function for national intelligence function for national security and SLTLE.security and SLTLE.

�� Local cops are the Local cops are the ““eyes and earseyes and ears”” in in the war on terrorism.the war on terrorism.

�� They are uniquely positioned to They are uniquely positioned to augment federal capabilities.augment federal capabilities.

�� SLTLE are present in nearly every US SLTLE are present in nearly every US community. community.

�� SLTLE rely on community policing and SLTLE rely on community policing and

maintain relationships and have maintain relationships and have

knowledge of local individuals and groups.knowledge of local individuals and groups.

�� Just how widespread is the SLTLE effort in Just how widespread is the SLTLE effort in

the field of counterterrorism intelligence?the field of counterterrorism intelligence?

�� It will range from investigation of potential It will range from investigation of potential

criminal acts that are predicates of criminal acts that are predicates of

terrorist activity to normal police activities terrorist activity to normal police activities

not directly related to the counterterrorist not directly related to the counterterrorist

function. function.

Assessing Developments Assessing Developments

�� The Rand Corporation conducted a The Rand Corporation conducted a

postpost--9/11 survey of law enforcement 9/11 survey of law enforcement

agencies to assess the agencies to assess the

•• BreadthBreadth

•• ScaleScale

•• Dimensionality Dimensionality

�� of SLTLE counterterrorism intelligence.of SLTLE counterterrorism intelligence.

The StudyThe Study

�� A stratified, random sample of 209 A stratified, random sample of 209

local law enforcement agencies and local law enforcement agencies and

the 50 state agencies.the 50 state agencies.

•• What is a stratified, random sample?What is a stratified, random sample?

�� Sampling that is divided into parts or strata Sampling that is divided into parts or strata

according to characteristics. according to characteristics.

•• State agenciesState agencies

•• Local agenciesLocal agencies

•• Population served Population served

The sampleThe sample

�� Represented nearly 18,000 Represented nearly 18,000 LEAsLEAs, ,

including the approximate 1,000 with including the approximate 1,000 with

at least 100 fullat least 100 full--time sworn officers. time sworn officers.

�� The sample was designed to achieve The sample was designed to achieve

geographic representation. geographic representation.

78%78%39395050State State

agenciesagencies

81%81%169169209209Local Local

agenciesagencies

RateRateNumber Number

responderesponde

dd

Number Number

surveyedsurveyed

Results Results

�� State agencies were more likely to be State agencies were more likely to be

familiar or knowledgeable of terrorist familiar or knowledgeable of terrorist

groups within the state.groups within the state.

�� Local agencies were less likely to indicate Local agencies were less likely to indicate

knowledge in this regard. knowledge in this regard.

�� Most local agencies (88%) reported no Most local agencies (88%) reported no

incidents attributable to terrorist groups.incidents attributable to terrorist groups.

�� One in ten reported a range of 1One in ten reported a range of 1--5 5

incidents. incidents.

771515OtherOther

3388MillennialMillennial

24247474Single issueSingle issue

333838ReligiousReligious

19198282Hate groupsHate groups

171785%85%RightRight--wingwing

Local Local State State Type of Type of

GroupGroup

0.40.488Over 21Over 21

0.10.1331616--2020

0.40.4881111--1515

11141466--1010

1010353511--5 years5 years

88883232NoneNone

LocalLocalStateStateFrequency Frequency

over 5over 5--yearsyears

Organizational Issues Organizational Issues

�� Most local agencies have not created Most local agencies have not created a separate CTU.a separate CTU.

�� Tends to occur in larger agencies Tends to occur in larger agencies within the CIU. within the CIU.

�� Local agencies have often relied on Local agencies have often relied on federal guidelines for shaping the federal guidelines for shaping the intelligence function. intelligence function.

�� Oversight has routinely been internal Oversight has routinely been internal through the through the CoCCoC..

�� Some agencies Some agencies –– LAPD LAPD –– has an has an external mechanism. external mechanism.

The postThe post--9/11 changes 9/11 changes

�� A sharp increase in the amount of A sharp increase in the amount of

information shared.information shared.

�� Creates a paradoxCreates a paradox

•• Due to the sheer number of cooperating Due to the sheer number of cooperating

agencies progress can be inhibited.agencies progress can be inhibited.

�� FederalFederal

�� MilitaryMilitary

�� TransportationTransportation

�� Regulatory Regulatory

�� MedicalMedical

�� First responder First responder

http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/ttic/

Policy Implications Policy Implications

�� The overall picture is somewhat mixed.The overall picture is somewhat mixed.

�� There has been a marked increase in There has been a marked increase in

intelligence activity, but Rand Corporation intelligence activity, but Rand Corporation

identifies four major issues that need to be identifies four major issues that need to be

addressed:addressed:

•• Sustainability is questionableSustainability is questionable

•• Training appears insufficient Training appears insufficient

•• There is scant doctrine to help shape activitiesThere is scant doctrine to help shape activities

•• The courts will continue to balance between The courts will continue to balance between

privacy and civil liberties privacy and civil liberties

Specialized Terrorism UnitsSpecialized Terrorism Units

�� Local agencies Local agencies

•• 16% reported a specialized CTU.16% reported a specialized CTU.

•• 10% reported a CIU.10% reported a CIU.

•• 49% had a narcotics unit. 49% had a narcotics unit.

�� State State

•• 75% had a specialized terrorism unit75% had a specialized terrorism unit

•• 64% had separate intelligence units 64% had separate intelligence units

Cooperative Efforts Cooperative Efforts

�� 79% of local agencies with 79% of local agencies with CTUsCTUs

reported participating in joint federal reported participating in joint federal

exercises after 9/11.exercises after 9/11.

�� Nearly all state agencies Nearly all state agencies particpatedparticpated..

Information Information

�� Close to 50% of local agencies obtain Close to 50% of local agencies obtain

information from state agencies, the information from state agencies, the

federal government, and from OSINT.federal government, and from OSINT.

�� 66% of 66% of LEAsLEAs considered the information considered the information

provided by the federal government to be provided by the federal government to be

useful.useful.

•• Remember the paradox.Remember the paradox.

�� 66% reported not relying on radical 66% reported not relying on radical

publications or other alternatives as publications or other alternatives as

sources of information.sources of information.

•• Why? Why?

Assessment Activities Assessment Activities �� Most Most SLTLEAsSLTLEAs conducted risk and/or conducted risk and/or

threat assessments in the year prior to threat assessments in the year prior to

9/11 or the year following.9/11 or the year following.

•• http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/animation.htmlhttp://securebuildings.lbl.gov/animation.html

�� State agencies tended to be more State agencies tended to be more

proactive in this regard.proactive in this regard.

•• The report does not mention that most federal The report does not mention that most federal

initiatives followed the downward flow of initiatives followed the downward flow of

information and preinformation and pre--9/11 many local agencies 9/11 many local agencies

were still not in the loop. were still not in the loop.

�� UASI is a classic example. UASI is a classic example.

So what do we know?So what do we know?

�� Counterterrorism and intelligence are Counterterrorism and intelligence are

not as prevalent as some may think.not as prevalent as some may think.

�� A big factor is money.A big factor is money.

•• Intelligence is an analytical processIntelligence is an analytical process

•• Analysis requires peopleAnalysis requires people

•• People cost money People cost money

Mandates and Guidelines Mandates and Guidelines

�� Based on the case studies of 8 Based on the case studies of 8

departmentsdepartments

•• CharloteCharlote--MecklenbergMecklenberg, NC, NC

•• Columbus, OHColumbus, OH

•• Fairfax County, VAFairfax County, VA

•• Las Vegas, NVLas Vegas, NV

•• LAPDLAPD

•• San DiegoSan Diego

•• Oakland, CAOakland, CA

•• Washington DC Metropolitan PDWashington DC Metropolitan PD

Special Services Special Services

CommandCommandMetroMetro

Criminal IntelligenceCriminal IntelligenceSan DiegoSan Diego

Bureau of IntelligenceBureau of IntelligenceOaklandOakland

CT and CI BureauCT and CI BureauLos AngelesLos Angeles

Homeland Security Homeland Security

Bur.Bur.Las VegasLas Vegas

Criminal InvestigationCriminal InvestigationFairfax CountyFairfax County

Intelligence BureauIntelligence BureauColumbusColumbus

Criminal IntelligenceCriminal IntelligenceCharlotteCharlotte--MecklenbergMecklenberg

Unit Name Unit Name AgencyAgency

�� Local agencies varied in the Local agencies varied in the

codification and application of formal codification and application of formal

guidelines for the guidelines for the

•• CollectionCollection

•• UseUse

•• Dissemination Dissemination

•• Retention Retention

Structure, Tasks, and CostsStructure, Tasks, and Costs

�� Generally, local agencies did not Generally, local agencies did not

develop distinct organizational units develop distinct organizational units

for the CT or CI function.for the CT or CI function.

�� Many executed this in conjunction Many executed this in conjunction

with the intelligence activities with the intelligence activities

pertaining to other major crimes.pertaining to other major crimes.

•• GangsGangs

•• OCOC

Personnel and Training Personnel and Training

�� The human resources necessary for The human resources necessary for

in the intelligence function create a in the intelligence function create a

burden for local and state agencies burden for local and state agencies

that may not be supported that may not be supported

financially. financially.

�� There still is a lack of standardization There still is a lack of standardization

in training. in training.

Old practices, new information Old practices, new information

�� The beat officer and road trooper The beat officer and road trooper

stands to be an excellent source of stands to be an excellent source of

information.information.

�� Community policing and intelligenceCommunity policing and intelligence--

led policing help to foster improved led policing help to foster improved

output form line personnel who output form line personnel who

become in problem identification and become in problem identification and

solving. solving.