the indian subcontinent. mountains: the hindu kush (the khyber pass), the himalayas, the eastern...
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 3 sections 1 & 2The Indian Subcontinent
The Physical Characteristics
Mountains: The Hindu Kush (the Khyber pass), the
Himalayas, the Eastern & Western GhatsRivers:
Indus & Ganges The Deccan PlateauPlains (where most people live)Monsoons (winds that reverse directions
every 6 months) Summer = warm & moist Winter = cool & dry
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Coastal Plains
Deccan Plateau
Farming on the Deccan Plateau
Coastal Fishing Industry
The monsoons bring the rain…
Harappa (the Indus Civilization) 3000-1500 B.C. people began to build
settlements along the Indus River (thousands) Harappa & Mohenjo – Daro were the largest
▪ 35,000-40,000 people All the cities :
Grid system of roads & houses Oven baked mud bricks Walled neighborhoods (house had a square
courtyard surrounded by rooms) Public wells Bathrooms with drainage & sewage Garbage chutes
Society
Theocracy Citadel = Royal palace & holy temple
combinedFarmers (annual flooding of the river)Traded with the city- states of
Mesopotamia
Mohenjo – Daro
Sewage canals
ovens
well
Pictographic writing (we can not translate it!)
The Aryan Invasion The Aryans = pastoral nomads that immigrated into
the region through the Kyber pass that eventually controlled most of India Indo-European Strong warrior tradition Didn’t invent writing until 1000 B.C. (Sanskrit) Began to settle & farm when the iron plow was introduced
to the region (turned the jungle around the Ganges into farmland)
Developed the Caste system & Hinduism 1500-400 B.C. Divided the area into small
principalities that were ruled by Rajas Never unified
.
Sanskrit
Aryan Family Life
extended families (3 or more generations living under 1 roof)
patriarchal (the oldest male had legal authority over the entire family) Only men could inherit property, be priests, or be
educated Marriage
Arranged (divorce was not allowed) Men would marry after they had 12 years of schooling Women would marry very young & her family would
give the groom a dowry (bride price)▪ Suttee = the practice of wives throwing themselves into
the flames of their husband’s funeral pyre
The Caste System
Social hierarchy established by the Aryans (based on occupation & extended family network)
Was reinforced by the idea of reincarnation (soul recycling)
The Varnas (castes)
The Untouchables
Make up about 5% of the populationNot part of the caste systemConsidered inferior to all other
peopleRequired to perform all the “dirty”
jobs in society anything that would pollute the body or
the soul Collecting trash, disposing of dead
bodies, making leather
Untouchables in the modern world
Hinduism
Developed over thousands of years 3 main components of a single creation force
(Brahman): ▪ Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver) , Siva
(the destroyer) Vedas = a book of hymns & ceremonies Goal = the end to a series of lives (Moksha) Reincarnation = a cycle of birth, death, &
rebirth Karma = deeds that determine how you will be
reborn (what goes around comes around!) Dharma = divine law (duty) Yoga = physical training used to help bring
together Brahman & man
Temple
meditation
Offerings to a shrine
Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) A Prince who went searching for the “the cure to
human suffering” Goal = for a person to reach Enlightenment
A release from suffering▪ Believed that the material world was not real, but
an illusion ▪ Believed all suffering was caused by people’s
attachment to the material world Bodhi = wisdom or enlightenment Nirvana = ultimate reality & oneness with the
Great World Soul Believed in reincarnation, but ejected the belief
in Hindu gods Did not believe “Buddha” was a god!!!!!!!
Basic Principles of Buddhism
4 noble truths: Ordinary life is full of suffering This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals
& to see others as extensions of ourselves The way to end desire is to follow the Middle path
The 8-fold path (the middle path): Right view – know the 4 truths Right intention – decide what you really want Right speech – speak only the truth & speak well of others Right action – do not: kill, steal, lie, be unchaste, or take
drugs Right livelihood – do work that uplifts our being Right effort – try! Right mindfulness – control your instincts Right concentration - meditate
The South Asian view of Buddha is much different than the Chinese interpretation
Mauryan Dynasty
The Persians, Greeks & Macedonians all invaded from the west (327 B.C. Alexander the Great)
324-341 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya drove the foreigners out & established an empire (paranoid of assassination) Divided the territory into provinces with local governors
Asoka is often considered to be the greatest leader in the history of India Used Buddhist ideals Established India as a major trade crossroads (the silk
road) 183 B.C the last Mauryan king was killed by one of
his military commanders & India broke up into smaller kingdoms
The Kushan Kingdom
1st century A.DBactria = AfghanistanNomadic warriors 320 A.D. defeated by invadersControlled trade through the Kyber pass
The silk road connected China & the Roman world (4,000 miles)
The camel caravans only transported luxury goods
The Kingdom of the Guptas
Prince Chandragupta (no relation to the first one)
Took over the old Mauryan territoryTraded with China (Faxian was a
Buddhist monk who visited & praised the kingdom)
Most of their wealth came from religious trade (pilgrims)
The Huns invaded in the 5th century
Indian LiteratureVedas (once passed down orally)Historical epics (religious & moral
lessons) Mahabharata (longest poem in the world)
▪ Bhagavad Gita (most famous section)▪ In taking action, one must not worry about success or failure. One should only be aware of the moral rightness of the act itself
RamayanaKalidasa was a poet
The Cloud Messenger
Architecture
The Pillar Erected along the roads during Asoka’s reign
to mark sites related to events in Buddha’s life
The Stupa Was originally a house for relics of the
Buddha Built in the shape of burial mounds
The Rock Chamber Developed by Asoka to provide rooms for
monks & religious services (carved into cliffs)
Science
Astronomy Charted the movement of the “heavenly
bodies” Recognized the Earth was a sphere that
rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun
Mathematics Aryabhata created algebra Introduced the concept of zero Created the number system we use
today
Chapter 3 sections 3 & 4
China
Geography of ChinaThe Huang He (Yellow) & Chang
Jaing (Yangtze) Rivers were some of the greatest food producing areas of the ancient world The Huang He is often referred to as “China’s sorrow” because of its devastating floods (sometimes killing up to 1,000,000 people)
Only 10% of land is arable Gobi Desert Himalayas
Huang He
The Gobi
Loess Plateau
Takla Makan Desert
The Tibetan Plateau
Yangtze Gorges
The First Dynasties 2,000 B.C.: Xia (SYAH) Dynasty 1750-1045 B.C.: Shang Dynasty
Capital @ Anyang (built out of wood) Aristocracy held the power (the territories
were governed by warlords) Early kings were buried with corpses of faithful
servants in the royal tombs Oracle bones (first Chinese writing) were used
to communicate with the gods The belief in an afterlife mutated into “ancestor
worship” Known for their bronze casting
Chinese SocietyThe peasants worked the land for their
warlords, but they also had land for their own use
Merchants were considered the property of the local lord & were not very well thought of
Family served as the basic economic & social unit finial piety = duty of the members of
the family to subordinate their needs & desires to those of the male head of the family
Male supremacy, but women did have influence in politics
Bronze Horse
Vessel
The Zhou (JOH) Dynasty
1045-256 B.C. Revolted against the Shang because the king swam in “ponds of wine” & “ruined the moral of the nation” the king was seen as a link between Heaven & Earth Mandate of Heaven = Kings claimed to have
the authority to rule because they had the blessings from the gods▪ The king, who was chosen to rule because of his talent &
virtue, was then responsible for ruling the people with goodness & efficiency
▪ He was expected to rule according to the “proper way” called the Dao/Tao (DOW)
▪ If he failed, he would be overthrown by a new leader & begin a new Dynastic Cycle
The dynasty rules successfully
for many years, then begins to decline
The central government
begins to collapse; Rebellions
& invasions begin
The dynasty collapses
The Dynastic Cycle
Yes! This is money!
The Period of Warring States 403 B.C. – 221 B.C.
Qin (CHIN) Dynasty 221-202 B.C.
Qin Shihuangdi (CHIN SHUR HWONG DEE) was the first emperor of China
Practiced Legalism: Burned books, and oppressed local culture
to assert his own power & he would execute anyone who disobeyed him
Divided the government into 3 parts: Civil Military the censorate (government inspectors)
Began to appoint government officialsUnified China by:
Established a road system Creating a universal monetary unit
(money) Built the first Great Wall of China to
keep out the Xiongnu (SYEN NOO)The emperor died in 210 B.C. (terra cotta
tomb) & the dynasty was overthrown 4 years later
Tomb of the 1st Emperor
The Han Dynasty 202 B.C. -220 A.D
Liu Bang (LYOH BONG) = Han GaozuReplaced Legalism with
Confucianism Established the Civil Service exam as a way
to get into the government Established schools to teach Confucian ideal,
Chinese history & lawsHan Wudi extended the boarders all
the way to modern Vietnam & pushed back the Xiongnu (the nomads to the north, beyond the Great Wall)
Han Society
All men had to serve in the military & provide free labor (forced) for up to 1 month / year
many small farmers were forced to become tenants for the local aristocratic families, and the warlords began to raise their own armies
Was conquered because of peasant unrest & invasion from the north
Expanded trade along the silk road (trade route from China to the Middle East)
New technologies: water mills for grinding grain iron casting & Steel Paper sailing technology (rudder & for & aft riggings)…
expansion of trade
Fall of the Han
Weak rulers led to a decline in power of the central government
Noble families amassed all the land & forces small farmers to become tenants
Widespread peasant unrest Nomadic raids in the north 190 B.C. rebel armies sacked the capital 220 China erupted into civil war
gilded bronze palace-lamp,
Tomb Figurines
Chinese Writing
Invented in the Shang DynastyEvolved over thousands of yearsPictographic & Ideographic
One Chinese character (symbol) is a pictograph
2 or more combined are an ideograph
Chinese Philosophies
During the Zhou (JOH) DynastyConfucianismLegalismDaoism or Taoism (DOW)
Confucianism
551 B.C. Confucius = Kongfuzi (KOONG FOO DZUH) Wrote The Analects (political & ethical not
religious) Concerned with restoring & maintaining
order in the real world, not with spirituality (opposite of Buddhism)
Encouraged people to follow the Dao ( the proper way)through duty & humanity
Believed that government should not be controlled by those of noble birth (AKA aristocrats), but should be open to all men of superior talent
His teachings were the center of Chinese education & government for the next 2,000 years
5 constant relationships:
Parent & child Husband & wife Older sibling & younger sibling Older friend & younger friend Ruler & subject
Daoism (Taoism) Laozi (LOW DZUH) AKA “the Old Master” (we do
not know if he actually existed) Given credit for writing the Tao Te Ching (The
Way of the Dao) Does not concern itself with spirituality Believed the best way to follow the will of
heaven is inaction Believed in acting spontaneously, and
letting nature take its course
Legalism
Believed that people were evil by nature, and that they must be suppressed by harsh laws & punishments
Believed that strong rulers established an orderly society & they did not need to be compassionate
Believed fear kept the people in lineOften referred to as the “school of law”