the inca empire - california institute of technologyclay/perutrip/talks/inca_empire_ader.pdf ·...
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The Inca Empire
Thomas Ader August 26, 2010
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INTRODUCTION
How do we know about the Incas ? No system of writing…
- Spanish conquerors writings - Native accounts - Ethnographic studies - Archaeology
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OUTLINE
• History of the Incas • Social organization • Economic structure • Political structure • Religion and Ideology • Material culture
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ORIGIN: myth and reality The Pacariqtambo Legend
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
Lake Titicaca Legend
felipeguamanpomadeayalaNASA
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INCA DYNASTY
SAPA INCA (“unique Ruler”)
Manco Capac Sinchi Roca Lloque Yupanqui Mayta Capac Capac Yupanqui Inca Roca Yahuar Huacac Viracocha Pachacuti (“Earth shaker”) Topa Inca Huayna Capac Huascar / Atahualpa
REIGN
? (1100 – 1200 A.D.) ? ? ? ? ? ? – 1438 1438 – 1471 1471 – 1493 1493 – 1525 1525 – 1532 / 1532 – 1535
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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EMPIRE EXPANSION • Started with Pachacuti
(Viracocha ?) 1438-1471 rebuilt Cuzco from scratch public work, Machu Picchu codified Inca law, taxation system Considered as the founder of the Inca empire.
• Topa Inca carried on • Huavna Capac had some
difficulties at the North-East
Pachacu5
TopaInca
HuaynaCapac
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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DECLINE • Long absence of Huavna Capac from Cuzco • War of succession between 2 of his sons:
Huascar and Atahuallpa • Population dying from European diseases
(smallpox) • Arrival of the Spaniards (Pizarro) with better
weapons and war tactics The Spaniards take over Cuzco on November
16, 1532
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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POPULATION
Different population estimates
General consensus between 6 and 14 million people. 0
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History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: CLASSES
Sapa Inca
Hahua & Capac Incas
Curacas
Common people (runakuna)
Panacas Acclas Yanacona Camayos
Outside the classes system
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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THE LIFE CYCLE
• Birth and childhood: Tough conditions to make tough individuals. High mortality rate.
• Puberty rites: 14 for boys, 1st menstruations for girls. Permanent name given.
• Kinship and marriage: Monogamy for commoners, polygamy for nobles.
• Old ages: Less hard physical work until no work expected.
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
• No money, no shops or market • Sapa Inca owned everything and gave the
people what they needed to live • No trade with surrounding empires
• Economy based on agriculture and herding (foodstuffs, clothes)
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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ECONOMIC STRUCTURE • Taxes: human labor (crops, textile, army,
mining, etc.) • Land was divided in 3 parts: – state religion – emperor – sustenance for local population
• Nobles owned private estate and people to work on them and didn’t pay taxes.
• Most productive land in Cuzco seized forever by the emperor.
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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POLITICAL STRUCTURE
• Tawantinsuyu tawa = “four” suyu = “region” • Basics of politics – reciprocal obligation – social groups – local lords
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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POLITICAL STRUCTURE
• Division in regions function of number of people. Curacas Heads of households hunu curaca 10,000 piska waranga curaca 5,000 waranqa curaca 1,000 pisca pachaca caraca 500 pachaca caraca 100
• Spies from the emperor to control.
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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ADMINISTRATIVE INFRASTRUCTURES
• Highway system 1 to 4 meters wide
• Bridges, oroyas, regular stations
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History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES
• Postal system (chasqui) • State storage facilities • Aqueducts • Terraces
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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INCA ARMY
• Sapa Inca didn’t inherit lands. • 35,000 to 140,000 men. • Each man had to go to war at least once. • Took sacred objects as hostages.
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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RELIGION & IDEOLOGY
• Official Pantheon Legitimize Inca power
• Animistic spirits: Huacas Guardians of people, places or things
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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INCA PANTHEON
Viracocha The creator
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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INCA PANTHEON
Inti Sun God Ancestor of Inca Dynasty
Argentina
Peru (1820)
Uruguay
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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INCA PANTHEON
Mamaquilla
Mamacocha mother sea
Pachamama mother earth Pachacamac
Illapa
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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ANIMISTIC SPIRITS: HUACAS
Mummies (burned by the Spanish)
Water
Snow covered mountain peaks
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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MATERIAL CULTURE
• METALS: bronze, copper, gold, silver. No techniques for working iron or steel.
• CLOTH: the most precious good.
Inca tunic
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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INCA ARCHITECTURE
No mortar used, not enough space to slide a sheet of paper between the stones.
History Society Economy Politics Religion Material
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See you soon!
Thank you!
Time to wake up…
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ReferencesPapers
“SacredMountains,CeremonialSites,andHumanSacrificesAmongtheIncas”,JohanReinhardandConstanzaCeru5,Archaeoastronomy19:1‐43,2005(canbedownloadedathMp://academic.umf.maine.edu/magri/PUBLIC.acd/fys100/)
Books
“TheIncas:NewPerpecAves”,GordonF.McEwan,ABC‐CLIO,2006
CaltechBooks
“ThehistoryoftheIncas”,AlfredMétraux.TranslatedfromtheFrenchbyGeorgeOrdish,NewYork,PantheonBooks,1969
“TwilightofancientPeru;thegloryanddeclineoftheIncaEmpire”LieseloMeandTheoEngl.TranslatedbyAlisaJaffe,NewYork,McGraw‐Hill,1969
“Peruvianprehistory:anoverviewofpre‐IncaandIncasociety”,RichardW.Kea5nge,Cambridge[Cambridgeshire];NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1988
Internet
Wikipedia