The The Inca Inca

EmpireEmpire

BackgroundBackground

Empire extended Empire extended along the Pacific coast along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands and Andean highlands from northern border from northern border of modern Ecuador to of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Maule River in central Chile Chile

Inca originated in Inca originated in village of Paqari-village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco south of Cuzco

Official language: Official language: QuechaQuecha

Polytheistic Polytheistic religion-religion- Pantheon Pantheon headed by Inti-the headed by Inti-the sun godsun god

combined features combined features of animism, worship of animism, worship of nature godsof nature gods

offered food, offered food, clothing, and drinkclothing, and drink

rituals included rituals included forms of divination, forms of divination, sacrifice of humans sacrifice of humans and animalsand animals

Events leading to Events leading to Rise and FallRise and Fall

14381438: Manco Capac established capital at : Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) Cuzco (Peru)

1400-15001400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of : Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million peopleAndean population about 12 million people

15251525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of : Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named sons because no successor named

15321532: Spanish arrived in Peru: Spanish arrived in Peru 15351535: Empire lost: Empire lost

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro 15271527: Pizarro wanted : Pizarro wanted

to discover wealth; to discover wealth; embarked on his third embarked on his third voyage to the New voyage to the New WorldWorld

Sept. to Nov. 1532Sept. to Nov. 1532::

The Cajamarca The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000injuring 5,000

November 16, November 16, 15321532: Atahualpa : Atahualpa captured by captured by Spaniards, offered Spaniards, offered gold for his gold for his freedom.freedom.

Pizarro accepted Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons more than 11 tons of gold of gold

($6 million+) ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, jewelry, & vases, but never released but never released Atahualpa.Atahualpa.

July 26, 1533: July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killedAtahualpa was killed

Manco Capac (1022-Manco Capac (1022-1107)1107)

founder of Inca founder of Inca dynasty dynasty

declared himself Sapa declared himself Sapa Inca, divine son of the Inca, divine son of the SunSun

skilled warrior and skilled warrior and leaderleader

chief religious leaderchief religious leader exercised absolute exercised absolute

powerpower

Pachacuti (1438-1471)Pachacuti (1438-1471) Usurped throne form Usurped throne form

brother Inca Urconbrother Inca Urcon Considered the founder Considered the founder

of the Inca Empire of the Inca Empire Skilled warrior and Skilled warrior and

chief religious leaderchief religious leader Claimed he was divine, Claimed he was divine,

son of the sunson of the sun Exercised absolute Exercised absolute

powerpower

Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy policy of forced resettlement ensured political policy of forced resettlement ensured political

stabilitystability officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept

records on a quipu (collection of knotted records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, cropspopulation, crops

use of road system strictly limited to use of road system strictly limited to government, military businessgovernment, military business

private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starvedcitizens never starved

no written records; oral tradition preserved no written records; oral tradition preserved through generationsthrough generations

Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments

constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road systembridges, 2250mi road system

developed important medical practices- surgery developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesiaon human skull, anesthesia

resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grainresources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain

TodayToday descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-

speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Perupopulation of Peru

combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technologytechnology

rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst rural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two of inhabited centers, combination of two

towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) populationtowns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population Indian community close-knit, families usually Indian community close-knit, families usually

intermarrying; much of agricultural work done intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperativelycooperatively

religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities hierarchy of spirits and deities