the immigrants chapter 2. the immigrants in fourteen hundred and ninety two columbus sailed the...
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THE IMMIGRANTS
CHAPTER 2
THE IMMIGRANTS
In fourteen hundredand ninety two
Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Christopher Columbus wasnot the first European todiscover the Americas
THE IMMIGRANTS
Vikings arrived in the new world 500 years before Columbus
Recent evidence supports this theory
Eric the Red was banished from Iceland under the suspicion that he murdered a member of the community
Eric, his family members and friends traveled to Greenland
THE IMMIGRANTS
Lacking trees on Greenland, Eric sent his son, Leif Ericsson, to find a source of timber
The expedition landed on the north shore of Newfoundland. A settlement was established at L’Ans aux Meadow, NF
Here the Vikings traveled back and forth carrying timber
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
The Vikings encountered the Beothuk. Although relations were not friendly, the Viking settlement lasted about 20 years
Eventually the Beothuk destroyed the Vikings
THE IMMIGRANTS
The Basques were also in North America before Columbus. About 1350 AD
The Basques are fishermen from Northern Spain who can to North America to fish the Grand Banks
Demand for fish in Europe increased because of religious traditions. The Basques were providing for this demand
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
Seasonal settlements were established on the southern shore of Newfoundland but nothing permanent
Limited trade was established with the local peopleThe Basques kept their fishing grounds secret and therefore did
not publicize their knowledge of the new world
THE IMMIGRANTS
The Age of Absolutism created political stability in EuropePower was centralized under a King or Queen and the nation-
state emergedOnce a country was stabilized, exploration could be justifiedPortugal was the first to settle their internal problems
THE IMMIGRANTS
Oriental goods were arriving in Europe over-land from the far east
Goods arrived in the eastern Mediterranean and were then shipped into the interior of Europe
With each transfer, these Asian commodities became more and more expensive
A direct sea route was needed to control prices
THE IMMIGRANTS
In 1488, Bartholomew Diazsailed south around the Cape of Africa to the Orient
The Portuguese began to import goods from the Far East with middlemen
THE IMMIGRANTS
Portugal became very wealthy and the balance of power in Europe changed dramatically
Spain was the next to unify its states under one central authorityThe Spanish Christians defeated the Spanish Muslims in 1480’s The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
consolidated power under the King and Queen
THE IMMIGRANTS
Now, Spain can begin to look outwards to exploration and discovery
In 1492, the Italian discoverer, Christopher Columbus is hired to explore his theories of exploration
Columbus based his theories on the work of the ancient geographer Ptolemy
On October 12th, 1492, Columbus is allowed to prove his theory that one can circumnavigate the globe by sailing over the horizon (knowledge that the Greeks and Romans possessed a thousand years earlier)
THE IMMIGRANTS
The real goal for Spain was to find the passage to India therefore Columbus did not expect the massive land mass (North America) to end his westward progress
Columbus claims the entire New World for SpainColumbus landed in the Caribbean thinking he has found India
THE IMMIGRANTS
He names the islands the West Indies to commemorate his discovery. He calls the people Indians
Spain becomes wealthy through the discovery of gold as native possessions are pillaged and slave labor is used in mining the precious ore
THE IMMIGRANTS
Columbus' voyage fueled the rivalry between Spain and Portugal
King John II of Portugal rejected Spanish claims to the Caribbean islands
Each country disputed the rights of the other to explore the new lands
Portuguese explorer, Pedro Cabral, headed south to Africa was blown off course and landed in present-day Brazil
THE IMMIGRANTS
Cabral claimed this territory for the Portugal, angering SpainThe Pope was sought to negotiated a settlementSpain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesilles in 1494The treaty drew a Line of Demarcation that ran north-south for
about 1100 miles west of the AzoresThe treaty gave all newly discovered lands west of the line to
Spain (Caribbean, Mexico, USA, Canada, South America)
THE IMMIGRANTS
Portugal received the right to colonize and trade with any lands east of the line (Africa, Brazil)
The treaty gave Spain the right to claim most of north and south America
A small portion of Brazil is east of the Demarcation Line, Spain tolerated the Portuguese presence in the New World
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE FRENCHFrance is the next European power to participate in the Age of
DiscoveryJacques Cartier explores the north
east (present day Maine to Newfoundland) far away from Spanish territorial claims
THE IMMIGRANTS
Cartier is looking for a sea route to Asia and wealthHe find neither and France abandons its exploration for 75 yearsThe French will eventually establish a naval base at Port Royal
and 1604 and the settlement of Quebec in 1608New France is established
THE IMMIGRANTS
The early development of New France was engineered by the merchants (fur traders) and the missionaries
The colony of New France always had a difficult time to attract settlers despite their various efforts
The fur trade did not create jobs, the colony was isolated, the incentive called “indentured labor” failed and the climate was too severe
THE IMMIGRANTS
The colony grew from within rather than relying on immigrationBy 1760, 10 000 immigrants came to New France but the
population grew to 65 000 due to a high birth rateNew France grew in size to cover much of eastern and central
Canada, south along the Mississippi River valley
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
New France was lost to Britain following the Seven Years War. This territory was called British North America BNA
THE LOYALISTSFollowing the American Revolution 1776 - 1783, people that
did not support the Revolution were labeled Loyalists and forced out of the newly formed United States of America
These Loyalists traveled north to British North America (Ontario, Canada) rather than return to England
THE IMMIGRANTS
The Loyalists were a hardy group bringing their farming skills with them
They also embedded in British North America a staunch anti-American sentiment
The Loyalists were welcomed by the British government to offset the remnants of the French colonists
THE IMMIGRANTS
British policy favored the Loyalists and the assimilation of the French population was also encouraged
THE GREAT MIGRATIONMore people of British background will arrive in BNA during the
Great Migration 1815 – 1850Irish Potato Famine, Scottish ClearanceThis immigration wave will firmly establish our British roots
THE IMMIGRANTS
PEOPLE FROM MANY LANDS
(SIFTON MIGRATION)During the period 1880 – 1914, 3 million people came to
Canada from many different landsFree land was offered as a way to attract people to the
Canadian westSettlement of the west was important to building the new nation
of Canada
THE IMMIGRANTS
Ukrainians were eager to leave a miserable life in Europe and begin anew in western Canada
Ukrainians were actively recruited – 500 000 eventually relocated to the Canadian prairies
Railway construction attracted oriental immigration as cheap labor
Cities began to grow as immigration increased
THE IMMIGRANTS
Twentieth century immigration saw a decline in European immigration and an increase from the East
Anti-immigration feelings ran high among Canadians especially directed toward the orientals
War created “enemy aliens”Immigration created Canada’s MultiCultural identity
British 2 548 514 3 063 195 3 999 081 4 868 738French 1 298 929 1 649 371 2 061 719 2 452 743Dutch 30 412 33 845 55 961
117 505German 254 319 310 501 403 417 294
635Italian 1 849 10 834 45 963
66 769Jewish 667 16 131 76 199 126
196PolishRussianScandinavianUkrainian
1881 1901 1911 1921