the iiv'stitute for advanced study · 2020. 2. 11. · the iiv'stitute for advanced study...

THE IIv'STITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

Founded by Mr . Louis Bamberger and Mrs . Felix Fuld

PRINTED BY

THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

BULLETIN NO . II

Igq.I-igq4

THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

Frincetan, New Jersey

March, 1945

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bxtract frauz tlze letter addressed bythe Founders to their Trustees, datedNewark, New Jersey, June 6, 1930

"It is fundamental in our purpose, and our express desire,that in the appointments to the staff and faculty, as well asin the admission of workers and students, no account shall betaken, directly or indirectly, of race, religion, or sex . We feelstrongly that the spirit characteristic of America at its noblest,above all, the pursuit of higher learning, cannot admit of anyconditions as to personnel other than those designed to pro-mote the objects for which this institution is established, andparticularly with no regard whatever to accidents of race,creed, or sex ."

PAGE

Trustees iv

Officers of the Board of Trusteesand Standing Committees v

Staff of the Institute vi

Calendar, 1 944- 1 945, 1 945- 1 946

Members, 1942-194 .5 ix

I The Founders

1

II School of Mathematics 6

111 School of Economics and P'olitics

14

IV League of Nations 20

V School of Humanistic Studies 25

VI Gest Oriental Library

35

TRUSTEES

Terms Expire

1 945

ABRAHAM FLEXNER, New York, New YorkLESSING J . ROSENWALD, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania

1 946

JoIrN F. FuLTON, New Haven, ConnecticutMICHAEL Sc1IAAP, New York, New YorkLEWIS H. WEED, Baltimore, Maryland

1 947

JoxN R. HARDIN, Newark, New JerseySAMUEL D . LEIDESDORF, New York, New YorkHENRY ALLEN MOE, New York, New York

1948

EDGAR S. BAMBERGER, East Orange, New JerseyHERBERT H . MAASS, New York, New YorkLEO WOLMAN, New York, New York

1 949

FRANK AYDELOTTE, Princeton, New JerseyLEWIS W . DOUGLAS, New York, New YorkOSWALD VEBLEN, Princeton, New Jersey

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

President : HERBERT H. MAASSVice-Presid,ent : LEWIS H . WEEDChairman : JoHN R. HARDINTreasurer : SAMUEL D . LEIDESDORFAssistant Treasurer : IRA A . SCHURSecretary : EDGAR S . BAMBERGERAssistant Secretary : JANE S . RICHARDSONAssistant Secretary : LEAH HARRIS

STANDING COMMITTEES OF THEBOARD OF TRUSTEES

The President, the Chairman, and the Director are membersof all committees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE : Mr. Maass, Chairman ; Messrs.Bamberger, Flexner, Hardin, Leidesdorf, Moe, Schaap,Veblen, Weed, Wolman

FINANCE COMMITTEE : Mr. Leidesdorf, Chairman ; Messrs.Hardin, Maass, Schaap, Wolman

BUDGET COMMITTEE : Mr. Weed, Chairman ; Messrs. Douglas,Leidesdorf, Rosenwald

COMMITTEE ON BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS : Mr . Veblen,Chairman ; Messrs . Bamberger, Maass

COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS : Mr. Moe, Chairman ; Messrs.Fulton, Leidesdorf

iv

v

SCHOOL OF HUMANISTIC STUDIES

Professors

HETTY GOLDMANERNST HERZFELD (Emeritus)E. A. LowEBENJAMIN D. MERITTERWIN PANOFSKY

Field Mediaevalist

KURT WEITZMANN

Research Assistant

*HANNS SWARZENSKI

Assistants

FRANCES FOLLIN JONESJUDITH E . SACHS

GEST ORIENTAL LIBRARY

Curator

NANCY LEE SWANN

STANDING COMMITTEE : Professors von Neumann, Riefler,Lowe

LISRARY COMMITTEE : Professors Weyl, Warren, GoldmanSECRETARY OF I'ACULTY : Benjamin D . Meritt

Absent on leave, 1944-1945.

* Abscnt on Icavc, 19•1 .1-1945 .

vi

vii

STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE

FRANK AYDELOTTE, DirectorABRAHAM FLEXNER, Director EmeritusDOROTHY R . PERSONS, Librarian

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS

ProfessorsjAMES WADDELL ALEXANDER

ALBERT L'INSTEIN (Emeritus)MARSTON MORSEOSWALD VEBLEN

JOHN VON NEtiMANN

HERMANN WEYL

Associate

WALTHER MAYER

Assistants

VALL'NTINE BARGMANNERNST G. STRAUS

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS

Professors

EDWARD MEAD EARLE

"' DAVID MITRANYWINFIELD W . RIEFLER

WALTER W . STEWARTROBERT B . WARREN

CALENDAR

1 944- 1 945

First term : September 18—December 16Second term : January 29—May 5

° 1 945- 1 946

First term : September 17—December 15Second term : February 4—May 4

ADMISSION OF MEMBERS

Applications for admission should be addressed ta theInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. TheTrustees have set aside a sum which may be used for stipendsfor persons of distinct ability and promise who require alimited amount of financial aid .

MEMBERS, 1 942 - 1 945

HANS BARON, (1944-1945), Ph .D ., University of Berlin, 1922RICHARD P . BLACKMUR, ( 1 944- 1 945), Lecturer in Humani-

ties, Princeton UniversityOSCAR BRONEER, (1942-1944), Ph .D ., University of Califor-

nia, 1931SHIING-SHEN CHERN, (1943-1945), D•SC., University of

Hamburg, 1936 ; Professor, National Tsing I-Iua Univer-sity

KEI-WON CHUNG, (1942-1945), Ph .D., Princeton University,1938

PAUL A . CLEMENT, (1942-1945), Ph .D., The Johns HopkinsUniversity, 1930

IAVIN S. COHEN, (1942-1943), Ph .D., The Johns HopkinsUniversity, 1942

REV. JOHN S . CREAGHAN, S .J ., (1944.-1945), M .A., FordhamUniversity, 1939

RUTH J . DEAN, (1943-1944), D.Phil ., University of Oxford,1938 ; Assistant Professor, Mount Holyoke College ; A.A.U.W. Fellow

CHARLES DE TOLNAY, (1942-1945), Ph.D., University ofVienna, 1925

ADOLFO DORFMAN, (1943-1944), Ing. Indust., Universityof Buenos Aires, 1932 ; Director, School of Economics,Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores, Buenos Aires ; Gug-genheim Fellow

CHARLES WARREN EVERETT, (1945), Ph .D., Columbia Uni-versity, 1931 ; Guggenheim Fellow

GEORGE H . FORSYTH, JR., (1944.-1945), M.F.A., PrincetonGraduate College, 1927

PAUL FRANKL, ( 1 942 - 1 945), Ph .D., University of Munich,1910

ix

GUIDO FUBINI, (1942-1943), Dr . Math ., University of Pisa,1900, died June 6, 1 943

FELIx GILBERT, (1942-1943), Ph.D., University of Berlin,1931

KvRZ G~nEL, (1942-1945), Ph .D., University of Vienna,1930

JEAN GOTTMANN, (1942-1944.), Licenci ē ēs lettres, Sorbonne,1936 ; Dipldm ē d '$tudes Superieures d 'Histoire et Geog-raphie, 1934 ; Lecturer in Geography, Johns HopkinsUniversity

ALBERT A . GRAU, (1944-1945), Ph .D., University of Michi-gan, 1944 ; H. H. Rackham Fellow

JACOB HAMMER, (1944-1945), Ph .D., Columbia University,1926 ; Associate Professor, Hunter College

OLAF HELMER, (1944-1945), Ph .D ., University of Berlin,1934 ; University of London, 1936 ; Lecturer, The NewSchool for Social Research

NING Hu, (1943-1945), Ph.D ., California Institute of Tech-nology, 1944 ; Fellow of National Tsing Hua University

ROBERT A . KANN, (1942-1945), Dr. jur., University ofVienna, 1930

ADRIENNE KOCH, (1944-1945), Ph .D., Columbia University,1942 ; Guggenheim Fellow

SHU1cHI KUSAxA, (1942-1943), Ph .D., University of Cali-fornia, 1942 ; Instructor, Smith College since 1943

RENSSELAER W . LEE, (1942-1945), Ph.D., Princeton Uni-versity, 1926 ; Professor, Smith College

DORO LEVI, (1942-1945), Ph .D ., University of Florence,1920 ; Guggenheim Fellow

CLARENCE D . LONG, JR ., (1942-1943), Ph .D., Princeton Uni-versity, 1938 ; Associate Professor, Wesleyan University;Guggenheim Fellow

FRIEDRICI-I LUTZ, (1943-1945), Dr . rer . pol ., University ofTiibingen, 1925 ; Associate Professor, Princeton Univer-sity

LTIENNE MANTOUX, (1942-1943), Docteur en droit, Univer-sity of Lyon, 1941 ; Rockefeller Fellow

x

JONATHAN MITCHELL, (1942-I945), A .B ., Amherst College,1921

WOLFGANG PAULI, (1942-1945), Ph .D ., Un1VerSlty of Mu-nich, 1921 ; P'rofessor, Eidgen ōssische Technische Hoch-schule, Ziirich

STEFAN T. PossoNy, ( 1 942- 1 943), Ph .D., University ofVienna, 1935

TIBOR RAD6, (1944-1945), Ph .D., University of Szeged,1921 ; Professor, Ohio State University

A. E . RAUBITSCHEK, ( 1 944- 1 945), Ph .D., University ofVienna, 1935 ; Fellow of the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens, 1944-1946

DONALD E . RICHMOND, (1944-1945), Ph .D., Cornell Univer-sity, 1926 ; P'rofessor, Williams College

ROIIERT SCHATTEN, (1944-1945), Ph .D., Columbia Univer-sity, 1942 ; Assistant Professor, University of Verinont

WALTER SCHIFFER, ( 1 943- 1944), Dr. jur., University ofBreslau, 1929 ; Docteur ēs sciences politiques, Universityof Geneva, 1937 ; Guggenheim Fellow

CARL L. SIEGEL, (1942-1945), Dr . Phil ., University of Gō t-tingen, 1920

EDMUND SILBERNER, (1942-1944), Ph .D., University ofGeneva, 1 935

OLIVER STRUNK, ( 1943- 1 945), Litt .D., University of Roch-ester, 1936 ; Assistant Professor, Princeton University

ALFRED TARSicI, Ph .D ., University of Warsaw, 1923 ; AdjointProfessor, University of Warsaw ; Guggenheim Fellow

PAUL TEDESCO, (1942-1945), Ph.D ., University of Vienna,1920

TRACY Y. THOMAS, ( 1 943- 1 944), Ph .D., Princeton Univer-sity, 1923 ; Professor, Indiana University

EUGENE VANDERPOOL, (1944-1945), A .B ., Princeton Univer-sity, 1929 ; Agora Fellow of the Amcrican School of Clas-sical Studies at Athens, 1 932- 1 945

LUTHER 1 . WADE, JR ., (1942-1943), Ph .D ., Duke University,1941 ; National Research Council Fellow

xi

JEAN WEILLER, (1942-1943), Agrēg ē , Facult ē de droit, Uni-

versity of 1'aris, 1936 ; Professor, University of Toulouse;Rockefcller Fellow

MARInN WELKER, (1942-1943), Ph.D ., University of Penn-

sylvania, 1938 ; A .A.U.W. FellowJ. 1!;RNEST WILxINS, Jr. ., (1942-1943), Ph .D., University of

Chicago, 1942 ; Julius Rosenwald Fellow

LUCTUS WILMERDING, TR ., (1945), M .A., Oxford, 1929FuMIO YAGI, (1942-1943), M.S ., University af Washington,

1941 ; Ph .D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1 943TuNG YIU, (1942-1945), M .A ., Oxford, I942 ; Professor,

National Northwestern Union University, China ; Fellowin Oriental Languages and Literatures, Princeton Univer-sity

RESEARCH ASSISTANTS, 1941- 1944

Sclzool of Mathematics

JOHN W . CALKIN, (1942)AUDREY WISIIARD MCMILLAN, (19[}2-1943)WII.LIAM R . TRANSUE, (1942-1943)G1:ORGE W . WIIAPLES, (1941-1942)

School of Economics and Politics

VALENTINE T. BILL, (1942-1944)I'IARRY CHESTER, (1942-1g43)ALFRED LANDAU, (1942-1943)

Sclzool of Humanistic Studies

DAVID J . ANDERSON, ( 1 943- 1 944)

Members of the Economic, Financial and Transit Depart-ment of the League of Nations on mission at the Institutefor Advanced Study.

DR. ALEXANDER LOVEDAY, Director

MR. JOHN H . CHAPMAN

MR. PAUL DEPERON

MR. FOLKE HILGERDT

MR. W. MARTIN HILL

MR . MIROSLAV A . KRI2

MR. JOI īN LINDBERG

MR . CONSTANTINE F . MACGUIRE

MR . RAGNAR NURKSE

MR. J . ANSGAR E. ROSENBORG

MRS. PHYLLIS W . VAN ITTERSUM

MR. PERCY GILL WATTERSON

Great Britain

New Zealand

Belgium

Sweden

Eire

Czechoslovakia

Sweden

Eire

I;stonia

Sweden

Netherlands

Great Britain

MR . . JACOUES J. POLAK (left the service in April 1943)

xii

I

THE FOUNDERS

TxE Institute mourns the death in 1944 of its twoFounders, Louis Bamberger and Caroline BambergerFrank Fuld. Since 1930 the Institute has been thegreatest interest in their lives . Both Mr. Bambergerānd Mrs . Fuld followed every detail of the develop-ment of the young institution . While Mrs . Fuld'shealth made it impossible for her to attend meetingsof the Board of Trustees during the last few years ofher life, Mr . Bamberger was constant .in his attend-ance and tireless in his attention to every detail ofInstitute business.

Louis Bamberger was a great merchant, a loyalJew, a public-spirited citizen of Newark and a patri-otic American . While he had only a limited amountof schooling, he possessed an instinct for excellence.In partnership with his brothers-in-law, Louis Frankand Felix Fuld, he built up one of the great depart-ment stores of the United States . In the field that hechose for his lifework, he had his part in a creativeachievement of the first order . He and his partners ac-complished this by their skill in coordinating theefforts of many individual men and women.

Mr. Bamberger's modesty and his generosity cre-ated a spirit of loyal cooperation in his fellow work-ers. When upon his retirement in 1929 he distributedone million dollars in gifts to the men and women whohad contributed most to the success of the Bamberger

2 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

THE FOUNDERS

3

store, that act was in keeping with his character . Itwas likewise in keeping with his character that heand his sister should decide to follow the advice ofDr. Abraham Flexner to devote the fortune they hadearned to the establishment of an Institute for menand woznen devoted to higher scholarship in whichnot size, not popular acclaim, but rather excellencein creative scholarship should be the sole basis ofpreferment.

Mr. Bamberger and Mrs . Fuld sought no recogni-tion for themselves . They left to the Trustees and theFaculty the task of deterrnining the fields of workand the educational policies of the institution whichthey founded . They wished only to make it as usefulas possible to higher learning in America . Theirselflessness, their public spirit, their complete absenceof vanity and prejudice are a lesson to every Trusteeand to every individual who may benefit by theirgenerosity. They made no speeches to Trustees, Fac-ulty or Members, but by their acts they have laidupon everyone connected with the Institute the in-junction "Establish thou the work of our hands . "

The Founders made an initial gift of $s,000,000in 1930 which made possible the opening of a Schoolof Mathematics in 1933 . At various times during thenext few years, the endowment funds of the Institutewere increased by the Donors to approximatelyS8,000,000, and the two Schools of HumanisticStudies and of Economics and Politics were startedin 1935. In accordance with the wish of the Donorsthat the Institute should be located in the state of

New Jersey, Princeton was decided upon . The Trus-tees and Faculty of Princeton University gave theInstitute a most cordial welcome and have generouslymade available to the staff and members the resourcesof the Princeton University Library and other facili-ties for advanced work . For several years the workof the Institute in mathematics was conducted inFine Hall, and the Institute work in the history ofart is still carried on in McCormick Hall . In 1939Fuld Hall, the gift of the Founders, was opened andnow 'houses most of the Institute activities . An addi-tional gift by the Founders in 1940 znade possiblethe organization of a working library . Fuld Hall islocated on the Olden Farm, the site of the Battle ofPrinceton, west of the borough, beyond the GraduateCollege. Both Mr. Bamberger and Mrs . Fuld havemade the Institute residuary legatee under their wills.While the two estates have not yet been settled, it isexpected that these bequests will result in a substan-tial addition to the endowment funds.

One purpose of the Founders, that the Instituteshould confer the Ph .D. degree, was during the193o's, with their full approval, abandoned . It islicensed to do so under its charter but experiencehas shown that the need of facilities for post-doctoralresearch are so much more urgent and so much lessfully met in other places that the Institute has con-centrated upon this field.

As it has developed, the Institute has become nota college or a university or a research foundation . Itis an institution in which a small permanent group of


THE FOUNDERS

5

professors serves as the nucleus of a larger, temporarygroup of mature, though generally younger scholars.It has been found that the scholars thus brought to-gether are so much interested in their respective tasks,in their own development and in the advancement ofknowledge, that the usual ac2idemic arrangementssuch as regular courses, required attendance, degrees,examinations and administrative supervision can bedispensed with as superfluous.

In these respects, which are all consequences of thefact that it limits its membership to scholars of a highlevel of maturity, the Institute differs from all Amer-ican universities. It is like a universitv in that itssuccess depends on the influence that it has on itstemporaiy members as well as on the individual dis-covcries of its professors . While it is like a researchinstitute in that the members of its staff are contribu-tors to knowledge, it differs in two major respects,(i) the emphasis on the stream of temporary mem-bers which flows through it and (2) the absence ofa specified program of research and of all regimenta-tion.

Bulletin No . 10 of the Institute was published inOctober 1941, two months before Pearl Harbor . Forsome timc, before the date of that catastrophe, variousmembers of the Faculty had already been called uponfor national service—defense work as it was thencalled. With the coming of the war the members ofour staff began to be greatly in demand for suchservice and the Trustees adopted a generous policyof releasing members of the Faculty for important

war work for which they possessed special qualifica-tions. The requirements of military secrecy make itimpossible as yet to tell in detail the story of the warwork of the members of our Faculty, but when thatstory can be told, it will be an extremely interestingand creditable one.

The war has made heavy demands likewise uponour temporary members . Mathematicians and phys-icists have been needed for teaching and for war re-search. Economists have been called upon for varioustypes of government service and the members ofthe School of Humanistic Studies have been able tomake interesting and important contributions to thewar effort in connection with the invasion of NorthAfrica, Sicily, Italy and Greece, and in the preserva-tion of cultural monuments.

Nevertheless in the interv ā ls of war work, scholarlyresearch has progressed steadily . The publications ofthe Faculty and Members of the Institute during theyear 1943-1944 exceeded in volume and importancethose for any previous year since its foundation.

In the chapters which follow are given in con-densed form the most important facts about the workof the several Schools from 1941 when our last Bul-letin was published, down to the end of the academicyear i g43- 1 g44, together with certain notes aboutresearches in progress during the year 1 944- 1 945•

II


IN the School of Mathematics work is carried onby individual research, individual contact with stu-dents, by seminars, by courses of lectures and by othermeans, as each professor sees fit . In the past the workof the permanent staff was greatly amplified by theactivities of the temporary members, and it is ex-pected that the same will be true in the future . Thelectures and seminars, held either in our own build-ing or in Fine Hall on the campus of Princeton Uni-versity, are open to advanced students in the Univer-sity, while, vice versa, University courses are open tomembers of the Institute . There is the closest coopera-tion by both groups in seminars as well as in theMathematics Club.

Since America's entrance into the war, the mem-bers of the permanent staff have given part, in somecases almost all, of their time to important work con-nected with the war effort . Nor could the youngermathematicians and physicists be spared . Neverthe-less the amount of pure research carried on in mathe-matics and theoretical physics during these years hasbeen impressive.

The following brief survey of the research activi-ties of the staff members and of some of the presenttemporary members might at the same time serveas a necessarily somewhat indefinite outline of a pro-


7

gram for 1945-1946. Because of its confidential char-acter all war research work has been excluded.

Professor Alexander is at present coinpleting anexposition of topology from a combinatorio-algebraicpoint of view. He expects to lecture in i g4s- i g46 onapplications of topology to analysis.

Professor Chern worked on differential geometry,with particular emphasis on problems related totopology.

Professor Einstein worked on the theory of bi-vector fields and other fields the structural elementsof which depend on two space-time points, as a pos-sible means for the construction of a unified fieldtheory of relativity . This research will be continued.

Dr. G6del has been continuing his work on the in-dependence of the axiom of choice and Cantor's con-tinuum hypothesis . He is at present engaged in in-vestigating some aspects of the work and life ofLeibnitz.

Professor Morse studied the variational theory inthe large without assuming the traditional regularitycondition . Further research will be directed towardnew topological methods in the theory of harmonicand analytic functions and relations between integralequation theory and variational theory in the large.

Professor Pauli, with a number of collaboratorsfrom the Institute and Princeton University, carriedon research on the quantum theory of wave fields ingeneral and of the meson field in particular, withapplications to the problem of nuclear forces .



9

Professor Rad ō is working on a book on Lengthand Area.

The main topics of Professor Siegel's research inthe period covered by this report have been : symplec-tic geometry, and automorphic functions of severalvariables, i g41- i 942 ; zeta functions, discontinuousgroups (in particular the group of units in a simplealgebra), Waring's problem in arbitrary algebraicnumber fields, i g42- i 9c4 .3 ; indefinite quadratic forms,

1 943- 1 944 .Professor Veblen is at present trying to reorganize

and complete his work on spinors which was inter-rupted in 1942.

Prof essor von Neumann's work in 1 q4i-1 9q.2 wasmostly concerned with various questions related tooperator theory and the ergodic theorem. In i 9/Hhe completed a book on the theory of games and eco-nomic behavior, in collaboration with Professor OskarMorgenstern of Princeton University . In the im-mcdiate future his interests will probably be centeredon hydrodynamics and non-linear differential equa-tions.

Professor Weyl's investigations concern applica-tion of integral equations to the theory of harmonicintegrals, non-linear problems of hydrodynamics,theory of analytic curves . In 1945-i946 he plans tolecture on Hilbert ' s mathematical work and its in-fluence on present-day mathematics.

A quarterly journal called Annals of Mathennatics,a collection of advanced mathematical texts knownas the Princeton Mathenzatical Series, and the less

formal photoprinted Annals o f Mathenzatics Studies,are published by the Princeton University Press un-der the joint sponsorship of the Department ofMathematics of Princeton Cniversity and the Schoolof Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study.The Annals of Mathenzatics Studies continue in im-proved form the Princeton Mathematical Notes,multigraphed notes of lecture courses given in Prince-ton for which there had been an ever increasing de-mand in this country and abroad . The editors of thePrinceton Mathematical Series are Professors Mars-ton Morse, H. P. Robertson, and A . W. Tucker. Theeditorial board of the Annals of Matlienaatics con-sists of Professors S . Lefschetz, H . F . Bohnenblust,J. von Neumann, and associate editors from variousinstitutions.

The following is a list of (I) courses and sevzinarsheld by znembers f rom 194 i- i 944., (2) lectures andseries of lectures given by members and visitors dur-ing the same period . The courses and seminars givenor planned for the present academic year 1944-45 areincluded .

1941-1942Courses and Seminars

Seninar on Harmonic Integrals (main speakers : H . Fred-eric Bohnenblust, Claude Chevalley, Gerhard Y. Hoch-

schild, Hans Samelson, Albert W. Tucker, t,ndr ē Weil,Hermann Weyl)

JAMES W . ALEXANDER : Selected Topics in Topology

MARSTON MORSE : Seminar on the Foundations of the Var-iational Theory of Multiple Integrals

Io THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY


II

JoHN VON NEUMANN : Selected Topics in Operator The-ory ; Quantum Mcchanics

HERMANN WEYL : Functions of Complex Variables ; FluidDynamics ; Algebra Seminar (with George W . Whaples,Ellis R. Kolchin and Richard D. Brauer)

VALENTINE BARGMANI.r : Methods of Mathematical Phys -ics ; Statistical Mechanics (courses at Princeton Uni-versity)

SUI3RAItMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR : Stellar DyIlamlCSJosEnlz L. llooB : Continuous Stochastic ProcessesWOLFGANG PAULI : Theory of Cosmic Rays ; Theory of the

Meson Field ; Advanced Quantum Mechanics (course atPrinceton University)

CARL L. SIEGEL : Modular FunctionsGEORGE W . WHAPLES : Class Field Theory

Lectures and Serie .r of Lectures

A. A . ALBEr.T : Composition of quadratic formsALERED

BRAVER : On the solvability of the linear Dio-phantine equation in positive integers

JOI-IN W . CAI.x1N : Ideal theory in operator rings ; Opera-tional theory of boundary value problems

SUBRAI-iMANYAN CLIANDRASEKHAR : The abuIldallce of thCelements

KENNI:TIZ S . CoLE : Mathematical biophysics ; Nerve prob-lems

RICHARD CouP.ANT : On the rcduction of variational prob -lems to problems with a finite number of coordinates

JosErH L. llooB : Markof£ chainsJrssE DOUGLAS : The inverse of the calculus of variationsPAUL ERDŌ S : On certain sequences of integersAAI:oN FIALKOw : Foundations of conformal differential

geometryJACQvES HADAMARD : Some byproducts of the tlleory of

linear partial equations ; On Huygens ' s principlei1-?nRSHALL HALL : Abstract projective spaces

PAUL R . HALMOS : Relative dimension ; Numerical dimen-sion

GusTAV A. HEDLUND : Non-conjugacy and transitivityGERHARD P . HOCHSCHILD : Derivations of semi-simple

algebrasSHIZUO KAKUTANI : On rings of analytic functions (with

Claude Chevalley)GEORGE W . MACKEY : Some generalizations of a theorem of

EidelheitSAUNDERS MACLANE : Group exteI1S10n5 in infinite com-

plexesHENRY B . MANN : Proof of the alpha plus beta hypothesisWALTHER MAYER : General homology theoryDEANE MONTGOMERY : Topological transformation groupsWoLrGANG PAULI : The present state of the meson theoryHANS SAMELSON : On spheres that are group manifolds;

Topology of group manifolds ; On monothetic groupsLEONARD J . SAVAGE : Metric dif)'erential geometry ; Report

on Rashevsky's book on mathematical biophysicsARTHUR H . STONE : Connectedness and coherence ; Com-

plement on coherenceMARSHALL H . STONE : Spectral theoryALFRED TARSKI : Algebra of topologyROBERT M . THRALL : Representations of groupsJoHN VON NEUMANN : Examples of operator rings of finite

continuous classHERMANN WEYL : On some non-linear differential equa-

tions of hydrodynamicsGEORGE W . WHA p LES : Remarks on class field theory

HASSLER WHITNEY : Geometrical aspects of combinatorial

topologyOSCAR ZARISKI : Reductions of singularities of surfaces

1942-1943Courses and S .eminars

HERMANN WEYL : Course on Meromorphic Functions andCurves ; Seminar—Reports on members ' own research



13

(Irvin S. Cohen, Local rings ; Luther I . Wade, Tran-scendency problems)

VALENTINE BARGMANN : Electricity and Magnetism(course at Princeton University ; repeated 1944)

WOLFGANG FAULI : Quantum Electrodynamics and MesonTheory ; Analytical Mechanics (course at Princeton Uni-vcrsity)

Lectures

WALTHER MAYER : Scries of lectures on Intersection theoryCARL L . SIEGEL : Discontinuous subgroups of the symplec-

tic group ; Discontinuous groups

1943-1944

Courses and Seminars

JAMES W . ALEXANDER : Algebraic TopologyWOLFGANG PAULI with JOSEF M. JAUCx and VALENTINE

BARGMANN : Seminar on Current Topics of TheoreticalPhysics

CARL L . SIEGEL : Analytical Theory of Numbers .

Lectures

A. A . ALBERT : QuasigroupsSI-IIINC-sI-IrN CHERN : Theory of geometrical objects and

the method of equivalence ; Sphere bundles ; Pontrjagin'stheory of characteristic cycles ; Homotopy theory ; Com-pact Lie groups and their representations

GODOFREDO GARC ĪA : On the regularization of the problemof three bodies

NING Hu : Cosmic ray production ; Recent developmentsconcerning the strong coupling theory in Switzerland

HERMANN WEYL : A recent progress in the geometry ofnumbers

1944-1945 °

Courses and Seminars

Mathematical Seminar (Carl L . Siegel, Automorphic func-tions ; Shiing-shen Chern, Fibre bundles and differentialgeometry ; Hermann Weyl, Quadratic forms in divisionalgebras and their reduction)

WOLFGANG PAULI : Theory of Relativlty

III


THE members of the Faculty of the School of Eco-nomics and Politics have been engaged in variousforms of important war work. Professor Riefler re-turned froin London in the autumn of 1944 wherehe had served for two years as Minister to Englandin charge of Economic Warfare . Professor Mitrany,on leave since September 1939, was first on the staffof the Royal Institute for International Affairs, andmore recently has acted as political adviser to aDutch committee studying post-war problems . Pro-fessor Warren and Professor Stewart have been part-time advisers to the Treasury Department iu Wash-ington, with special reference to the relation betweenfiscal operations and the banking system . ProfessorEarle is serving part-time as special consultant to theArmy Air Forces.

During the years 1942-44, the work of the Schoolof Economics, though greatly affected by the war,was continued along the lines of earlier years . The

"scope of the work is indicated by the various studiespursued by the members of the School . Dr. DavidDurand, Dr. W. Braddock Hickman and Dr . Clar-ence Long gave up their memberships in the Instituteto enlist in the armed services. Before leaving Dr.Durand completed his investigation of the BasicYields of Corporate Bonds, 1900-1942, which was

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 15

published by the National Bureau of Economic Re-search in June 1942. At the time of Dr . Hickman'sdeparture, he had finished an analysis of the termstructure of interest rates, a study of why short-termrates vary as they do in relation to long-term rates;also he had drafted a report on interest structure andwar financing, making comparisons between the twoworld wars and considering the problems and tech-niques of control . Dr. Long, during the two years ofhis membership, was engaged in a major study of themagnitude and composition of unemployment andthe changes in the labor force in this country overthe past three decades . Some part of his findings, T heLabor Force in Wartime America, was published inMarch 1944 by the National Bureau of EconamieResearch.

Professor Friedrich A. Lutz, for two years a mem-ber of the Institute, on leave from Princeton Univer-sity, is engaged in a study of the theory and practiceof investment, in which the theoretical analysis ischecked empirically both by available statistical dataand wherever possible by the rules and practices ofthose who rnake the actual decisions concerning capi-tal expenditures . These studies, like the studies al-ready referred to, are a cooperative undertakingwith the National Bureau of Economic Research.Dr. Lutz's study on "Corporate Cash Balances inManufacturing and Trade, 1914-1943" will be pub-lished by the Bureau early in 1 945•

Mr. Jonathan Mitchell is bringing to completionhis report on the struggle in the Senate over the

z6 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 17

Treaty of Versailles . Mrs. V. T. Bill, who was en-gaged on a study of the social and cultural history ofRussia, gave several lectures on the subject to a groupat the Institute . Dr. Walter Schiffer, a member of theSchool of Economics on a Guggenheim Fellowship,is preparing a study on the conflicting theoreticalideas underlying the origin and activity of theLeague of Nations . This study was interrupted byhis appointment to a research position in the fieldof international administration at Syracuse Univer-sity. Dr. Adrienne Koch, also a Guggenheim Fellow,is studying the social philosophy of Jefferson, Madi-son and Monroe as expressed both in their writingand in their behavior as statesmen. Mr. R. P. Black-mur, on leave from Princeton University, is complet-ing his study of Henry Adams . Mr. Lucius Wilmerd-ing, Jr., whose appointment as a member of the In-stitute began March 1945, will complete his historyof the government accounting offices, a sequel to hisbook on the history of the efforts of Congress to con-trol expenditures.

During the past rivo years several conferences havebeen held at the Institute . The American EconomicHistory Association held its fall meetings both for1943 and 1944 in Princeton . In the summer of 1943Sir -William Beveridge was invited to the Instituteto meet with a group of economists, both English andAmerican, to discuss the problems of social security.The League of Nations Delegation on Economic De-pressions, of which Professor Riefler is Chairman,

held a series of meetings in the aūtumn of 1944 andearly in 1945, and will shortly complete and publishits Report on Economic Stability in the Post-WarWorld.

After the war, the School of Economics plans toinitiate studies in international political and eeo-nomic problems that will include studies in publicfinance during the period of the war, wartime bank-ing and investrnent, and international monetary ex-perience. These projects, which would make full useof the varied war experiences of the members of theSchool, must, however, remain tentative until suit-ably prepared scholars are again free to undertakethem.

Professor Earle has continued his studies ofAmerican foreign relations, with a view to publish-ing a volume on the changing conditions of Americansecurity. His seminar on military affairs had to beinterrupted in the spring of 1942 because of the entryof all of its meznbers into the Arzned Forces or otherbranches of Government service . Professor Earlehimself has devoted part of his time to studies forthe Office of Strategic Services, the War DepartmentGeneral Staff, and the Headquarters of the Army AirForces. As a member of a small committee which con-ducted certain studies for General H . H . Arnold, hemade a brief trip overseas during the spring and sum-mer of 1944. He hopes at an early date to publish ashort book on the impact of air power upon worldpolitics .

i8 THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY


19

Professor Earle, the members of his seminar, anda number of scholars from other institutions col-laborated in the publication in October 1943 of avolume Makers of Modern Strategy, which was astudy of military thought from Machiavelli to Hit-ler. Professor Earle edited the volume with the col-laboration of Dr . Felix Gilbert of the Institute andProfessor Gordon A . Craig of Princeton University,and also wrote four chapters . Members of the semi-nar who contributed to the volume were Messrs.Gilbert, Mantoux, Possony, DeWeerd and Gott-mann. Makers of Modern Strategy was intended pri-marily to be a study in history and political theoryrather than a technical commentary on the conductof military operations.

In September 1942 the members of ProfessorEarle's seminar, in collaboration with the Office ofPopulation Research and the School of Public andInternational Affairs of Princeton University, con-ducted a conference on Military Man Power andAmerican Policy for the War Department GeneralStaff . It is hoped that in the autumn of 1945 Profes-sor Earle may be able to resume his seminar and tocontinue his own studies in American foreign rela-tions and the impact of changing military technology,especially air power, upon the policies of the UnitedStates.

Professors Earle and Riefler hope to collaborate insponsoring at the Institute a series of studies in eco-nomic warfare, in which they will draw on their ownexperiences in the present conflict as well as on those

of other scholars who have been in government servicehere and in Great Britain.

Members of Professor Earle's seminar have con-tinued the publication of books and articles on sub-jects connected with military policy and the foreignpolicy of the United States as follows:

Dr. Felix Gilbert, The Roots of American Foreign

Policy;Dr. Jean Gottmann, Les relations commerciales

de la France;Dr. Stefan Possony, The Axis Grand Strategy:

Blueprints for the Total War, and translation (incollaboration with Lieutenant Daniel Vilfroy) ofField Marshal Ritter von Loeb's Defense and Lieu-tenant General Erfurth 's Surprise in War;

Dr. Edmund Silberner, The Idea of War in theEconomic Literature of the Nineteenth and Twen-

tieth Centuries;Professor Harvey DeWeerd, Great Soldiers of

World War II ;Dr. Bernard Brodie, Sea Power in the Machine

Age, and A Guide to Naval Strategy;Dr. Richard P. Stebbins (in collaboration with

Professor Grayson Kirk), War and National Policy.

Dr. Robert A . Kann is engaged in a study of Feder-alism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Professor Earle has been appointed a Fellow inMilitary Science of the Library of Congress and alecturer in the Army and Navy Staff College.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

21

IV

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

TIIi: members of the Economic, Financial andTransit Department of the League of Nations,* whocame on mission from Geneva to Princeton in the fallof 1940, have been working since that time at FuldHall under the direction of Dr . Alexander Loveday.Originally consisting of thirteen officials, the grouphas now increased to thirty-seven, of whom twenty-five are local personnel . In addition, the followinghave undertaken studies for the Department, eitheroutside Princeton or at the Institute :

Mr. KENNETII BOL'LDINGProfessor W . ADAMS BROWN, Jr.Professor GOTTI^RIED HABERLERMiss MARGARET W . JosEPx, seconded by the British

GovernmentDr . FRANx W. NOTESTEIN and other members of

the Office of Population Research of PrincetonUniversity

Mr. AGUSTIN L. OLMEDO, seconded by the MexicanGovernment

Mr . LouIS RASMINSKY, seconded by the CanadianGovernment

Mr . ARMANDO SERV ĪN, seconded by the MexicanGovernment

Professor EUGENE STALEYP īOfeSSOP JACOB VINERProfessor JEAN S . WEILLERDr. JULIUS WYLER

* List of ofiicials givcn on page xiii .

During the last four years the Economic andFinancial Department has continued in Princeton thepreparation and publication of certain of its regularpre-war volumes, i .e.:

The World Economic Survey, 1939/41 and 1941/42(two editions)

Money and I3ankinq, 1940/42The Statistical Year-Book, 1940/41 and 1941/42

(two editions), the latter including an Addendum

1942/43A separate edition of the League's Monthly Bulletin

of Statistics has been published regularly in thiscountry since January 1942 . This is entirely preparedfor photo-printing each month in the Institute . A new

edition of the volume on Money and Banking is inthe press and new editions of the World Economic

Survey and the Statistical Year-Book are now in

preparation.A program of studies on post-war problems was

laid down for the Department by the Economic andFinancial Committees of the League, which haveheld three joint meetings—one in London in April-May 1942, and two in Princeton in August 1942 andDecember 19L3. The following studies have alreadybeen published, while others are in course of prepara-tlOn :

Relief Deliveries and Relief Loans, I919-1923Europe ' s Overseas Needs, I919-1920, and How They

Were MetAgricultural Production in Continental Europe during

the I914-18 War and the Reconstruction PeriodInternational Currency Experience


LEAGUE OF NATIONS

23

The Network of World TradeEurope's Trade

Commercial Policy in the Inter-War Period : Interna-tional Proposals and National Policies

Trade Relations between Free-Market and ControlledEconomies, by Professor J . Viner

Quantitative Trade Controls : Their Causes and Nature,by Professor G. Haberler and Martin Hill

Economic Fluctuations in the United States and theUnited Kingdom, 1918-1922

Prosperity and Depression, by Professor G . Haberler(new and enlarged edition)

The Future Population of Europe and the Soviet Union :Population Projections I940-70, by Dr. Frank W.Notestein and other inecnbers of the Office of Popula-tion Research of Princeton University

Among other publications prepared in PrincetonaI•C :

Wartime Rationing and ConsumptionFood Rationing and Consumption, I 943/44An Annotated Catalogue of Selected Publications on Eco-

nomic and Financial Subjects

Studies now neal•ing co .mpletion and likely to bepublished shortly include :

A Study on Industrialization and TradeA Collection of Memoranda on Customs UnionsA Study on Aspects of the International Raw Materials

ProblemCertain Studies on Demographic Questions

A preliminary draft of a general report on com-mercial policy has been prepared for submission tothe Economic Committee at its next meeting, which,it is hoped, may be held at an early date .

The League's Delegation on` Economic Depres-sions has held six meetings in Princeton and pub-lished the first part of its report in 1943, under the

title The Transition from War to Peace Economy.The second part of its report, dealing with the longer-term problem of ensuring economic stability and thefullest possible use af productive resources, is nowin press. The Delegation has met under the chairman-ship of Professor Winfield W. Riefler, since the deathof the former Chairman, Sir Frederick Phillips of theBritish Treasury.

The text has just been sent to the press of threemodel conventions covering the main aspects of in-ternational tax relations adopted by a conference offiscal off'icials of the Americas organized by the Eco-nomic and Financial Department in Mexico City in1943. Further studies of post-war tax problems arebeing made by the Department.

Mr . Paul Deperon, a member of the League group,has been on mission in Latin America in connectionwith a study of the conditions conducive at once tothe acceptance of foreign capital and to capital ex-port. He visited government officials and experts inBolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Panama,Peru and Venezuela.

The Director, Dr. Loveday, has been actively con-cerned in recent months with problelns of the futureorganization of international economic and financialwork. He and other members of the Departmenthave been participating in the work of the InterimCommission on Food and Agriculture and have at-


tended the sessions of the UNRRA Council, as wellas the International Monetary Conference held atBretton Woods last July . The Department has alsobeen represented at the International Labor Con-ference in Philadelphia in April 1944 ; the Confer-ence of Cozninissions of Inter-American Develop-ment organized by the Inter-American DevelopmentOrganization in May 1944 ; the Middle East Finan-cial Conference in Cairo in April 1944 ; the Inter-American Demographic Congress in Mexico inOctober 1943 ; and the Middle East Statistical Con-ference at Cairo in November 1943. Close workingcontacts have been maintained with other Inter-American organizations such as the Inter-AmericanStatistical Institute.

During its four years at Fuld Hall the Library ofthe League of Nations group has built up a substan-tial collection of ofrcial documents and other pub-lications required in connection with the work of theDepartment. This documentation is mainly con-cerned with extra-European countries . The Depart-ment's Library receives regularly about 800 periodi-cals and has an annual accession to its collection ofabout 3,000 volumes and pamphlets coming fromsozne 5o countries and colonial territories .

V


THE work of the epigraphical seminary has beencarried forward in spite of some readjustments madenecessary by the war . Mr. W . Kendrick Pritchettentered the armed forces early in 1942, so that thepreparation of a proposed new edition of the Profo-

pographia Attica which he was to supervise had to be

postponed. A considerable amount of work, however,has been done in the assembling of materials, andthe undertaking can be resumed at once as soon as thewar is over and various collaborators return to civil-ian life . Mr. Pritchett is now a captain in the Army

Air Corps . At the earliest opportunity after his re-turn he will spend a year in Athens carrying outoriginal investigations on the source znaterial forthis book.

In the summer of 1942 Mr . Anthony Raubitschekaccepted a teaching position at Yale University.After two years there he has now returned to theInstitute where he is engaged in publishing the in-scriptions found in the excavations of the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies at Athens . Mr. Raubit-schek is a member of the staff of the School but hewill be in residence at Princeton for two years inorder to bring to completion as much as possible ofthe very considerable task of publishing the newepigraphical discoveries .



27

This publication continues with regular install-ments in the journal Hesperia . Mr. Paul Clementcontinues to serve as Managing Editor of this journalas well as of the other publications of the AmericanSchool . Professor Meritt is editor of Hesperia andrepresents the interests of the Institute in the workthat has been done in Athens ; he is now supervisingthe general program of publication . His own con-tributions of original material have been made inHesperia . Professor Meritt is also editor of theArjzerican Journal of Philology and serves as a mem-be r of the Boards of Management of two Britishjournals, thc Classical Quarterly and the ClassicalReview.

During the summer of 1944 the Christian texts inthe epigraphical collection were studied by Mr.Raubitschek and Father John Creaghan, who spenttwo months as a member of the Institute workingupon these later documents . This material is nowready for publication . During the spring and earlysummer of 1944 Mr . Eugene Vanderpool was also amember of the epigraphical seminary . He was incharge of the work in the Agora excavations whenGreece was occupied by the Germans and after spend-ing some time in concentration camps in Germanyreturned on the "Gripsholm" in March . He was ableto finish at the Institute two studies which he hadbegun in Greece, one dealing with inscriptions andone with ceramics . Mr . Raubitschek's definitive pub-lication of the Dedications from the Athenian Acrop-olis is being sponsored by the Archaeological Insti-

tute of America, with assistance from the Institute,and will probably appear in 1 945.

The Institute has some twenty thousand paper im-pressions or "squeezes" of the documents of Athensof which about six thousand are of the new inscrip-tions found in the Agora. The program of theepigraphical seminary is to continue the study andpublication of these texts.

Dr. Meritt has been granted leave of absence forthe academic year 1945-46 to enable him to serve asEastman Professor at the University of Oxford pro-vided war conditions make it feasible for him to doso.

During the war years Professor Goldman, with thecollaboration of Miss Frances Follin Jones, has com-pleted the work on Halae, and it has been publishedin Hesperia . In the same journal, Dr . Leicester B.

Holland, formerly of the Library of Congress, whospent a semester at the Institute in 1941-1942, pub-lished a long article on Colophon.

Professor Goldman's first volume on the Tarsusexcavation, which covers the Roman and Hellenisticperiods, has now been, with the assistance of MissJones, completed for publication . It contains an im-

portant chapter by Miss D. H. Cox on the coinageof Tarsus, prepared on a grant made to ProfessorGoldman by The American Philosophical Society.

The work of Dr . Marion Welker, who was at theInstitute for a year on a scholarship of the AmericanAssociation of University Women, has been accepted



29

by the American Oriental Society for publication inits Series under the title of "The Painted Pottery ofthe Second Millennium B .C . and its ChronologicalBackground ."

The studies of Dr. Saul Weinberg were cut short byhis entry into the army, but his Guggenheim fellow-ship has been renewed and he expects to return to theInstitute to complete the manuscript of his book onthe pre-history of Greece and the Aegean.

In the spring of 1944, Professor John Garstang ofLiverpool spent six weeks at the Institute confer-ring with Professor Goldman on the pre-history ofancient Cilicia. Professor Garstang has recently ex-cavated a prehistoric site at Mersin, a harbor townin Cilicia, near Tarsus.

It has been customary for Professor Lowe to give ageneral course in palaeography at the Institute everyyear, but during the last two years, with the country atwar, there have been no graduate students in Latinpalaeography in Princeton . Contact with youngerscholars, however, was maintained continuously byshort courses given in New York University, the Uni-versity of North Carolina, Bryn Mawr College, andthe Pierpont Morgan Library. There exists in Amer-ica considerable interest in the subject ; and it isworth mentioning that the progress of palaeograph-ical studies will in the coming years more and moredepend on American support and the labors of Amer-ican investigators . This tendency was already notice-able before the present war : it is generally admitted

that the most important contributions to Latinpalaeography during the last quarter-century, bothqualitatively and quantitatively, were inade by Amer-ican scholars.

Miss Ruth J . Dean, Associate Professor at MountHolyoke College, spent a year at the Institute ( 1 943-44) preparing for publication her study of the i3thcentury Dominican scholar, Nicholas Trevet, begunseveral years ago at Oxford and continued on variousjourneys abroad . Dr . Jacob Hammer, Associate Pro-fessor at Hunter College, is devoting the current year(1944-45) to textual studies of Geoffrey of Mon-mouth, of which a number have already appeared.In his brief sojourn at the Institute, he has alreadymade great progress in collating the mass of manu-script material which is to serve as the basis for adefinitive edition of this medieval British historian.The first volume, entitled "Variant Version of theHistoria Regum Britanniae," is nearly completed.

Dr. Lowe's fourth volume of Codices Latini An-tiquiores, the second half of the section dealingwith the oldest manuscripts in Italian libraries(Perugia—Verona), has been seen through the press—all but the preface which has been held back inorder to take advantage of a recently published workin Italy which promised to be important . The bōokhas at last arrived, and as a result certain aspects ofearly Italian writing will have to receive more ex-tensive treatment in the preface . Work has been pro-ceeding at the same time on the bibliography of Vol-umes V and VI which will deal with the manuscripts


of France. Field work abroad will be resumed as soonas travel becomes practicable.

In Persian archaeology, Professor Herzfeld, whoretired in 1944, is continuing active work on a specialresearch grant: His Matēriaux Pour un Corpus In-scriptionum Arbicarum : Aleppo is now being printedby the Princeton University Press and a volume onZoroaster and His World is being prepared for pub-lication. Professor Herzfeld plans another trip toPersia when war conditions make this possible.

The Monuments et Inscriptions D'Aleppo wereprepared, during the years i9o8 and 1930, as partof the surveys undertaken, under the auspices of theInstitut de France and under the direction of M . Maxvan Berchem, of Geneva, for the Matēriaux pour unCorpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum . Many volumes ofthis work, e .g. Egypt, Jerusalem, Tripolis, Asia Minorhave been published between 1894 and 1922, but thedeath of Max van Berchem caused them to stop . Thepresent volumes are intended as a continuation andresumption of the interrupted work. Therefore theyfollow in methods and shape the style developed inthe former volumes.

Aleppo consists of two volumes of text and onevolume of plates. Apart from a few pre-Arab inscrip-tions, it contains 275 inscriptions surveyed, trans-lated and interpreted as to their diplomatic and his-toric contents . These inscriptions were found on thegreat fortification of the town, city walls and gatesand citadel, and on its mosques, colleges, hospitals,caravanserais, fountains and baths, beside a few pri-


31

vate buildings, altogether 90 buildings not countingwalls and citadel . The publication, as "Matēriaux

pour un Corpus, " does not only give the inscriptions,but the survey of the buildings as well, in their essen-tial parts. With a few exceptions, buildings and in-scriptions were unknown when this survey started.They date between A .D. Ioo and A .D . 15oo. Fortifi-cation and 40 buildings are older than the conquestby the Mongols in A .D . 126o, hence date from the

period immediately preceding the crusades and dur-ing the crusades. No other town possesses so manymonuments of the first successors of Saladin as Alep-

po.Thus, the very complete picture of the civilization

of that period is important for the study of the con-tact between the Christian and the Muhammedanworld at that decisive phase of the Middle Ages.

In the history of art a varied list of books andarticles have been published or prepared for publica-tion by the faculty and members of the Institute. Dr.

Frankl has published several articles, with others inpress, and worked on his study of the Gothic Style asinterpreted in literary sources from the inception ofthe style up to our own day . Miss Lawrence wrote amonograph on the Early Christian Sarcophagi ofRavenna which will be published as soon as circum-stances permit. Dr . Swarzenski completed, apartfrom several articles, his book on The Berthold Mis-

sal, which was published by the Pierpont MorganLibrary in 1 943•



33

Dr. de Tolnay published, apart from several ar-ticles, the first volume of his monumental work onMichelangelo (Michelangelo, vol . I : The Youth o fMichelangelo, Princeton, 1 943) as well as Historyand Technique of Old Master Draurings, New York,1943. The second volume of his Michelangelo (TheSistine ChapeL) is in print and scheduled for publica-tion in the spring of 1945. Dr. Weitzmann publishedseveral articles . In addition his two books, oneentitled Roll and Codex, the other The ByzantineOctateuchs, will appear at the earliest possible mo-inent. The illustrations are already in print.

Professor Panofsky published, apart from severalarticles, a book AlbrechtDūrer, Princeton, 1943 (sec-ond edition, 1945) . His edition, translation and com-mentary upon the writings of Abbot Suger of St.Denis is in print and scheduled for publication inthe early summer of 1 945•

Owing to the disappearance of graduate studentsand other war conditions, educational activities wereconsiderably reduced . Dr. Lee fulfilled, on a part-time basis, his obligations as Professor at Smith Col-lege and delivered, in 1942, a series of lectures onNicolas Poussin at Johns Hopkins University . Dr.Swarzenski gave, in 1942, a graduate seminar onRomanesque book illumination in Princeton . Dr. deTolnay delivered, in 1942, a series of lectures on oldmaster drawings in Princeton . Dr. Weitzmann gave,in 1941 and 1942, graduate seminars on Byzantinebook illumination in Princeton, and delivered a seriesof lectures on the same subject at Dumbarton Oaks

(Research Library of Harvard University) in 1942.Professor Panofsky gave a graduate seminar onBaroque art in Princeton in 1941 and a graduate lec-ture course on medieval architecture and sculp-ture at New York University in 1941 . He also de-livered the Lorado Taft lectures at the li niversity ofIllinois in 1943, the Page-Barbour Lectures at theUniversity of Virginia in 1942, and a series of lec-tures on the Gothic Style in the Pierpont MorganLibrary in 1943.

Of the two members who joined the group thisyear, Dr . Strunk is working, in close collaborationwith Dr. Weitzmann, on such unpublished manu-scripts, photographed by Dr . Weitzmann in Greece,as throw light upon the history of Byzantine music.Mr . Forsyth, recently released from the Navy, iscompleting his monograph on the Church of St . Mar-tin in Angers, the plates of which had already beenprinted before he went into service . In addition, heassists Professor Panofsky in the preparation ofhis book on Gothic based on the Page-Barbour Lec-tures delivered in 1942.

In October, 1943, Dr. Swarzenski left the Insti-tute, with a leave of absence for the duration of thewar, in order to join the staff of the National Galleryof Art in Washington where he functions as Curatorof Sculpture and Assistant to the Chief Curator.

Dr. Lee devoted much of his time to his taskas Editor-in-Chief of the Art Bulletin, which hasemerged as the leading art historical magazine of theworld. In October, 1944, Dr . Lee resigned from


this editorship and accepted the post of ExecutiveSecretary of the "Committee of the American Coun-cil of Learned Societies on Protection of CulturalTreasures in War Areas ." Throughout the year 1 943-44, Dr. Lee himself, as well as Dr . Frankl, Dr.Weitzmann and Prof,essor Panofsky also partici-pated in the preparation of the maps, lists and hand-books issued by this Committee for distribution tothe Armed Forces.

vz

GEST ORIENTAL LIBRARY

IN the Gest Oriental Library at 20 Nassau Streetthere are now more than ioo,000 volumes on theshelves according to the Chinese standard libraryfourfold classification system. Far Eastern acquisi-tions of Princeton University other than those in thefield of Oriental Art continue to be shelved in theGest Library, and now number more than 4,000 vol-umē s . Since February, 1943, Dr . Chung Kei-won,who has pursued his study in Far Eastern languagesin the Library for several years, has been on leave ofabsence for government war work, first in New YorkCity and later in Washington, D.C. Mr . Yiu Tung(M .A. Oxon) still gives frequent volunteer servicesalong with his use of the facilities of the Library asFellow in the Graduate School of Princeton Univer-sity. Since October, 1943, however, Mr . Yiu hasserved as instructor in Princeton University, teachingChinese language classes in the Navy School of Mili-tary Government, Princeton, but at the end of sixmonths he will resume his full-time study in the De-partment of Oriental Languages and Literatures ofthe University.

With the able assistance of Mr. Yiu a study by Dr.Nancy Lee Swann, Curator of the Library, of anA .D . first century Chinese text has been put in formfor publication. This text entitled "Treatise on Food


and Money" (Shih-huo Chih, Han Shu 24 A .B.) is,except for one document of more limited scope, the

earliest extant economic history of China . It covers

the period from the earliest times down to A.D . 25.

Among special features of the study are a chronologi-

cal table of contents of the treatise in parallel col-

umns, a translation and study of two related texts,

Han Shu 91 and Shih-chi 129, a series of running

comments and chronologically arranged references

under wealth, poverty and rates of interest, and a

staternent on Han money . The topics of the text it-

self are in many instances startlingly modern.

the iiv'stitute for advanced study · 2020. 2. 11. · the iiv'stitute for advanced study...

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